Bridge Structures

The State of the Art of 

Precast/Prestressed Integral Bridges

IB-01

209 West Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, IL 60606 Phone: 312-786-0300 Fax: 312-786-0353 http://www.pci.org e-mail: i [email protected]

PCI Publication Number IB-01 Copyright © 2001 By Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute First Edition, First Printing, 2001 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without the written permission of  the Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute.

ISBN 0-937040-66-5

This report has been prepared and reviewed as a Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI) Committee effort to present the state of the art for design of and construction of integral, i.e. jointless prestressed concrete bridges. Substantial effort has been made to ensure that all collected data and information included in this report are accurate. PCI, the committee members, and the quoted agencies cannot accept responsibility for any errors or oversights in the use of  this material or in the preparation of any final design and engineering plans. This report is intended for reference by professional personnel who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its contents and who are able to accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. Actual conditions on any project must be given special consideration and more specific evaluation and engineering judgement may be required that are beyond the intended scope of this state-of-the-art report. The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the agencies mentioned, and do not constitute a standard, or policy for design or construction.

Printed in U.S.A.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The subcommittee wishes to thank all those who participated in the development of this report. The subcommittee also extends its gratitude to the many individuals in the respective organizations of the members who contributed to this report for their active participation either in developing the material or in editing and typing. Finally, the subcommittee expresses its appreciation to the support of the Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute Committee on Bridges to embark on a major effort which will be a benefit to the precast concrete industry. Members of the Subcommittee on Integral Bridges: Vijay Chandra, P.E. Willis Grinstead, P.E. James Gallt, P.E. Morad Ghali, P.E. Edward Wasserman, P.E. Kris Bassi, Retired, P.E. Claude Napier, P.E. Henry G. Russell, P.E.

Parsons Brinckerhoff, Inc. (Chair) Harrington & Cortelyou, Inc. Palmer Engineering Co. Post, Buckley, Schuh & Jernigan, Inc. Tennessee Department of Transportation Ontario Ministry of Transportation FHWA Consultant (Ex Officio Member)

The Subcommittee acknowledges the valuable contribution made by Ms. Lori Gale, P.E. at Parsons Brinckerhoff, Inc. in reviewing and making suggestions to improve the report, Mr. Stephen Weintraut, P.E. of Butler, Fairman & Seufert, Inc. and Mr. William Dowd, P.E. of HDR for their contribution in providing the case studies. Assistance with the preparation of a portion of the graphics was received from the Texas Department of  Transportation and the Florida Department of Transportation. Their contributions to this manual are gratefully appreciated. The final editing of the manuscript, final graphics preparation, layout, and prepress work were performed by Roy L. Eriksson, P.E., Eriksson Technologies, Inc.

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Table of Contents Page

1. Introduction 1.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

2. Integral (Jointless) Bridges 2.1 Basic Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 2.2 Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

3. Superstructure Design 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

Superstructure Details at Integral Abutments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Continuity at Piers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Movements and Restraint Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Approach Slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

4. Abutment Design 4.1 Abutment Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 4.2 Accommodating Superstructure Movement at Abutments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 4.3 Passive Pressure Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 4.4 Details at Abutments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 4.5 Problems and Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

5. Pier Design 5.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 5.1 Accommodating Superstructure Movements at Piers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 5.2 Analysis and Design of Semi-Rigid Piers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

6. Analysis Considerations 6.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 6.1 Equivalent Cantilever Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 6.2 Forces in Substructure Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 6.3 Conclusions from Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

7. Survey of Current Practice 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 Data Collection/Survey Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 Lessons Learned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 Future Research Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38

8. Case Studies Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 9. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 11. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48

Appendix: Case Studies A.1 The Nebraska City Viaduct, Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 A.2 I-496 Bridge Over I-69, Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61 iv

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Table of Contents Page A.3 Menauhant Road Bridge, Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 A.4 Deer Creek Industrial Park Access Bridge, West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72 A.5 Tennessee State Route 50 Over Happy Hollow Creek, Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76

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List of Figures Page Figure 1.1 Elevation of a Typical Integral Bridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Figure 3.1 Connection of the Superstructure to the Integral Abutments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Figure 3.2 Typical Pier Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Figure 3.3 Retrofitting at Piers for Continuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8

Integral Abutment Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Typical Integral Abutment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Typical Semi-Integral Abutment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Typical Approach Slab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Sleeper Slab Detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Integral Bridge Abutment Detail 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Integral Bridge Abutment Detail 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Integral Bridge Abutment Detail 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

Figure Figure Figure Figure

5.1 Typical Flexible Bent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 5.2 Typical Isolated Rigid Pier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 5.3 Semi-Rigid Pier to Superstructure Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 5.4 Typical Hinged-Base Pier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6

Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

A.1.1 Elevation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 A.1.2 Cross-Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 A.1.3 Computer Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 A.1.4 Detail at Pier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 A.1.5 Longitudinal Section at Approach Slab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 A.1.6 Abutment 2 Piles Encased in Corrugated Metal Pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58 A.1.7 Abutment 2 Girder in Place Before Abutment Pour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58 A.1.8 Abutment 1 Abutment Forms in Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59 A.1.9 Pipe Sleeves Through Abutment to Accommodate Conduit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59 A.1.10 The Completed Nebraska City Viaduct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 A.1.11 Aerial View of the Completed Nebraska City Viaduct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60

Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

A.2.1 Plan and Elevation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61 A.2.2 Cross-Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62 A.2.3 Bearing and Abutment Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 A.2.4 The Completed Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 A.2.5 View of the Underside of the Bridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 A.2.6 Abutment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 A.2.7 Pier Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 A.2.8 Girder Ends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66

Elevation of Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 Substructure Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 Stiffness Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 Simplified Pile Deformation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Soil-Pile Interaction Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Forces Acting on End Bent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

Figure A.3.1 Plan and Profile of Menauhant Road Bridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 Figure A.3.2 Bridge Section with Fishing Pier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68 Figure A.3.3 Bridge Section without Fishing Pier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68 vi

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List of Figures Page

Figure A.3.4 Typical Abutment Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 Figure A.3.5 Aerial View of Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 Figure A.3.6 Box Beams Being Set into Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

A.4.1 Bridge Elevation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72 A.4.2 Cross Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72 A.4.3 Typical Abutment Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73 A.4.4 Pier Diaphragm Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73 A.4.5 Elevation View: Three-Span Continuous for Live Load and Integral Abutments . . . . .74 A.4.6 Plan View: Deer Creek Industrial Park Access Bridge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74 A.4.7 Continuous for Live Load at Piers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 A.4.8 Erection of AASHTO Type IV Girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 A.4.9 Erection of Girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75

Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

A.5.1 Aerial View of S.R. 50 Over Happy Hollow Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76 A.5.2 Plan and Elevation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80 A.5.3 Cross-Section and Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 A.5.4 Pier Plan and Elevation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82 A.5.5 Abutment Plan and Elevation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83 A.5.6 Abutment Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84 A.5.7 Structural Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84 A.5.8 Slab Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85 A.5.9 Approach Slab Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86

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List of Tables Page Table 6.1 Soil Spring Stiffnesses for Loose and Dense Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Table 6.2 Displacement and Moment Versus Soil Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 Table 6.3 Effective Length of Pile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 Table Table Table Table Table

7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5

Summary of Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 Response from each Agency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 Why Integral Bridges Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 Geometrical Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 Agency Design Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41

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