[BOOK] 1st Icbc Proceedings

PREFACE

The honorable, We must say thankful to Allah SWT, that we have been given a chance to attend this International Conference on Biodiversity Crisis (ICBC) in International Convention CenterIPB, Bogor, and on behalf of the steering committee, welcome you to the beautiful city ofBogor, Indonesia. This year’s meeting is a very good moment to introduce the biodiversity ofIndonesia and its  potential as natural resources, genetic resource, r esource, humanity, and ecosystem. This is also a great time for both, researchers and practitioners to share and strengthen their knowledge in  purpose to give a meaningful contribution c ontribution for ecosystem and humanity. We really hope that at the end of this conference, there will be new ideas. Furthermore, those ideas are not only written on the paper but can also be put into practice. Ladies and gentlemen, Universitas Negeri Jakarta are built in Indonesia as a commitment of the Lembaga Penelitian to play a part in the development of conservation, humanity and biotechnology. As the member of this International Conference on Biodiversity Crisis is held. We would like to express our gratitude and appreciation to all the writers in this abtract book, keynotes speakers, presenters, participants, member of steering committees and technical commitees, as well as all of our colleagues for the invaluable contributions in this conference. We wish all participants can enjoy the culture and beautiful sights ofBogor, Indonesia. May all of you have a great and memorable time in Indonesia.

Jakarta, 4 September 2014 Head of Lembaga Penelitian Universitas Negeri Jakarta

Dr. Ucu Cahyana, M.Si  NIP: 196608201994031002 196608201994031002

!!

PREFACE

The honorable, We must say thankful to Allah SWT, that we have been given a chance to attend this International Conference on Biodiversity Crisis (ICBC) in International Convention CenterIPB, Bogor, and on behalf of the steering committee, welcome you to the beautiful city ofBogor, Indonesia. This year’s meeting is a very good moment to introduce the biodiversity ofIndonesia and its  potential as natural resources, genetic resource, r esource, humanity, and ecosystem. This is also a great time for both, researchers and practitioners to share and strengthen their knowledge in  purpose to give a meaningful contribution c ontribution for ecosystem and humanity. We really hope that at the end of this conference, there will be new ideas. Furthermore, those ideas are not only written on the paper but can also be put into practice. Ladies and gentlemen, Universitas Negeri Jakarta are built in Indonesia as a commitment of the Lembaga Penelitian to play a part in the development of conservation, humanity and biotechnology. As the member of this International Conference on Biodiversity Crisis is held. We would like to express our gratitude and appreciation to all the writers in this abtract book, keynotes speakers, presenters, participants, member of steering committees and technical commitees, as well as all of our colleagues for the invaluable contributions in this conference. We wish all participants can enjoy the culture and beautiful sights ofBogor, Indonesia. May all of you have a great and memorable time in Indonesia.

Jakarta, 4 September 2014 Head of Lembaga Penelitian Universitas Negeri Jakarta

Dr. Ucu Cahyana, M.Si  NIP: 196608201994031002 196608201994031002

!!

Proceedings st

st

1 International International Conference on Biodiversity Crisis (1  ICBC) 2014

Reviewer

Prof. Dr. Endang Sukara, M.Sc. Prof. Dr. H.A.R. Tilaar Prof. Dr. Fedik A. Rantam Prof. Dr. I Made Putrawan Prof. Dr. Amos Neolaka, M.Pd. Prof. Dr. Mulyana, M.Pd. Prof. Dr. Ivan Hanafi, M.Pd Dr. Burhanuddin Tola, MA Dr. Rini Puspitaningrum, M.Biomed. Dr. Fachruddin M. Mangunjaya, M.Si. Dr. Herwasono Soedjito

Jakarta, September 2014 Lembaga Penelitian Universitas Negeri Jakarta

!!!

Proceedings 1st International Conference on Biodiversity Crisis (1 st ICBC) 2014

Reviewer : Prof. Dr. Endang Sukara, M.Sc. Prof. Dr. H.A.R. Tilaar Prof. Dr. Fedik A. Rantam Prof. Dr. I Made Putrawan Prof. Dr. Amos Neolaka, M.Pd. Prof. Dr. Mulyana, M.Pd. Prof. Dr. Ivan Hanafi, M.Pd Dr. Burhanuddin Tola, MA Dr. Rini Puspitaningrum, M.Biomed. Dr. Fachruddin M. Mangunjaya, M.Si. Dr. Herwasono Soedjito

Hak Cipta dilindungi Undang-Undang  All Rigth Reserved Published by Editor Cover design by Printed by

: Lembaga Penelitian Universitas Negeri Jakarta Jalan Rawamangun Muka, Jakarta Timur : Ria Amelia : Noor Isnin : Primagraphia

v hlm; 118 hlm ISBN: 978-602-99618-3-6 !"

TABLE OF CONTENT PREFACE ............................................................................................................................ ORGANIZING EDITOR PROCEEDING’S 1 BIODIVERSITY CRISIS TABLE OF CONTENT

ii

ST

 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON

...................................................................................................

......................................................................................................

iii v

CONSERVATION PROCEEDING

1.

2.

Sutomo

Wartika Rosa Farida

Groundcover Species Composition In Tropical Forest WalkGuiding Track of “Eka Karya” Bali Botanical Garden: Correlation With Habitat Variables And The Rise of Invasive Alien Species Ageratina  Riparia................................................................................

1

Mating Behavior of Slow Loris ( Nycticebus coucang ) at Captivity.............................................................................

11

BIOTECHNOLOGY PROCEEDING

3.

4.

5.

6.

Aroem naroeni

Laifa Annisa H.

Sayid Ridho

Sayid Ridho

Exploring Natural Product for Fighting Against HIVAids.....................................................................................

17

The Oral And Saliva Condition of Indonesian Male Smokers...............................................................................

23

A Solid-Phase Two-Site Chemiluminescent Immunometric Assay For Insulin Measurement as a Marker ofInsulin Producing Cells From Differentiation of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells....................................................

25

A Solid-Phase Two-Site Chemiluminescent Immunometric Assay For Insulin Measurement as a Marker ofInsulin Producing CellsFrom Differentiation of Human Umbilical Cord Blood Mononuclear Cells..........................................

26

Colored Stone Mining at The kolbano Beach. A Conservation Study in South Central Timor of East Nusa Tenggara.............................................................................

27

HUMAN PROCEEDING

7.

8.

Amos Neolaka

Afriantoni

Implications Of Socio-Agrarian Conflict Between PTPN VII Cinta Manis With Villagers Of Economic And Environmental In Sustainable Development Context In Ogan !

9.

10.

11.

12.

Melati Azzahra

Dwi Atmanto

Oot Hotimah

Hamidah

Ilir Of South Sumatra Province...............................................

39

Efforts to Increase The Motivations To Learn Science Class IV SDN Balimester East Jakarta 07 Through Quantum Learning Method.....................................................................

56

 Eco-Hydraulic: An Approach to Save Water Ecology On Earth Surface...........................................................................

57

The Role of Society In Conservating Bogor Botanical Gardens, West Java..................................................................

68

How To Improve Society Economic By Zone Model OfA Maritim Education Tourism In Seribu Islands......................................................................................

94

!"

1

Groundcover Species Composition in Tropical Forest Walk-Guiding Track of “Eka Karya” Bali Botanical Garden: Correlation with Habitat Variables and the Rise of Invasive Alien Species Ageratina riparia 1,2

2

Sutomo & Eddie van Etten 1 Bali Botanical Garden ‘Eka Karya’ – Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) 2 School of Natural Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup Western Australia Corresponding author : [email protected]

ABSTRACT Groundcover vegetation is generally more vulnerable to change in the face of environmental changes and biological invasion than tree cover vegetation, yet limited attention has been paid on this layer of vegetation. Species diversity and composition of the groundcover vegetation in Tropical Forest Walk-Guiding Track of “Eka Karya” Bali Botanical Garden was inventoried in 2 2 via a series of 4m   plots making up a total survey area of 72 m   area. We found 20 species of  groundcover vegetation, and the most important species as determined by the Importance Value  Index (IVI) were from the family Urticaceae (52.34%). Groundcover species composition was also dominated by an invasive species, Ageratina riparia, with an IVI value of 26.44%. Based on Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA), distribution patterns of groundcover species were mainly influenced by light intensity, especially for invasive and grass species. The result from this  study indicates that more attention should be paid to the groundcover species, especially to the invasion of non-native species during the decision-making process for biodiversity conservation in the garden. Limiting disturbance to the tree layer may be best strategy to minimise invasive of exotic groundcover species.

INTRODUCTION

Tropical rain forest guiding track is one of the six self-guided walking tracks in Bali Botanical Garden. This track is

  60 years old tracks through dense areas of trees

±

mainly composed by  Altingia excelsa, Bischofia javanica  and Schima walichii. Other component of the track is the groundcover species which is currently neglected in the inhouse research in the garden. Groundcover vegetation as one component of forest ecosystem plays an important role in ecosystem function. Groundcover species are more sensitive to disturbance compared to trees species. Groundcovers are usually takes a form of grasses, herbaceous, shrubs and seedlings of trees (Aththorick, 2005).  Groundcover community according to Setiadi et al . (1980) can be used to describe the condition of soil, as soil fertility may be detected by the type of species of groundcovers that grows dominantly in that particular

2

site. However, groundcover species also vulnerable of becoming of impacted by the occurrence of groundcover species that is exotic and invasive. Invasive species caused  problems for local ecosystems and their native species. Invasive species affecting the soil nitrogen availability in China (Bao   et Bangladesh (Biswas et

al. 2007),

al. 

2009), threaten the mangrove ecosystem in

and influencing plant diversity in riparian ecosystem in

Oregon (Fierke and Kauffman 2006). Research on tree species structure and composition has been conducted widely in Indonesia and elsewhere such as in Bukit Soeharto East Kalimantan (Syaukani

et al.

2005). However information regarding groundcover research is still scant (Sutomo

et al.

2011). As an education and conservation media, the tropical rain forest guiding track needs to be completed with information of the vegetation as a component of the track not only the trees species but also the groundcover species. Such information will also be needed for the monitoring of invasive alien species that might establish to help in generating management plans of invasive alien species control in the garden. METHOD

The project was conducted in the tropical forest self-guided walking track in the Bali Botanical Garden (Figure 1). Bali Botanical Garden is situated in an area named Bedugul. Bedugul is located in a high plateau at the center of the Island of Bali, about 70 km North of Denpasar. The altitude of the botanical garden ranging from 1250 – 1500 m asl. Generally according to Schmidt’s and Fergusson’s climate classification, Bedugul area is included in the A type of this climatic classification, with rainfall average of 2000 mm/year, with 155, 6 rainy days/per year average and temperature range from 11,5-24°C. Sampling was done by establishing line transect perpendicular through the forest. Along the transect, 2 x 2 m square plots was established with distance between plots were 20 m. In total there were 18 plots in the study sites. In each plot, groundcover plants species (herbs, shrubs and seedlings) were noted and number of individuals counted (Kent and Coker 1992)

3

Figure 1. Location of the tropical rain forest self-guided walking track (blue line) situated in the Eka Karya Bali Botanical Garden in Bedugul area (Insert, red circle)

Importance Value Index for each groundcovers species in the study site was enumerated using the formula as follow IVI = RD + RF, where RD = relative density of a species, and RF = is relative frequency of a species.

Relative Density of species A Relative Frequency of species A

=

 Number of individual of  A species

x 100% Total number individual of  all species Frequency value of  A species = x 100% Total frequency value of  all species

A series of ordination technique was used to obtain a more thorough analysis of abundance of invasive and its relationship with the environmental factors. Non metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMS) ordination analysis was then used to obtain information regarding the abundance distribution of invasive alien species of interest Ageratina riparia in each plots of the study site. Non metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMS) ordination

4

model was created using PRIMER software (Clarke and Gorley 2005). A Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was also used to identify the distribution of groundcovers species along the measured environmental gradients (ter Braak 1986). The CCA axes were evaluated statistically using a Monte Carlo permutation test. The CCA analysis was done using CANOCO program V.4.5 (ter Braak and Smilauer 2002).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

As many as 20 groundcovers species were found in the study site of tropical forest guiding track of Bali Botanical Garden (Table 1). Importance Value Index calculation (Table 1) revealed that the composition of groundcovers were dominated by seven species namely Urticaceae (52.34%), Ageratina riparia (26.44%), Athyrium sp (22.04%), Zingiber cassumunar  (15.89%), Dendrochnide sp (15.77%), Poaceae1 (13.94%) and Desmodium sp (13.59%). Table 1. Importance Value Index (IVI) of groundcovers in the tropical forest guiding track of Bali Botanical Garden Species name RD RF IVI Urticaceae 35.90 16.44 52.34  Ageratina riparia 18.22 8.22 26.44  Athyrium sp 4.23 17.81 22.04  Zingiber cassum unar 2.19 13.70 15.89  Dendrochnide sp 8.92 6.85 15.77  Poaceae1 9.83 4.11 13.94  Desmodium sp 5.37 8.22 13.59  Arisaema sp 3.40 4.11 7.51  Poaceae2 3.78 1.37 5.15  Araliaceae 0.91 4.11 5.02 Selaginella sp 2.27 2.74 5.01  Borreria alata 1.89 1.37 3.26  Melastoma sp 0.76 1.37 2.13 Sp1 0.76 1.37 2.13  Ficus fistulosa 0.45 1.37 1.82 Strobilanthus sp 0.38 1.37 1.75  Athyrium sp 0.30 1.37 1.67  Ardisia sp 0.23 1.37 1.60 Saurauria sp 0.15 1.37 1.52 Syzygium sp 0.08 1.37 1.45

We used Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) to examine the relationship  between environmental factors with groundcovers species distribution. Based on the

5

analysis (Table 2), 13.8% of variance in groundcovers species composition was explained  by CCA axis 1and 70% by CCA axis 2. For species-environment data, we found that CCA axis 1 explained 52.1% of the variance in the relationships, while CCA axis 2 explained 26.6%. There was a significant relationship between species composition of groundcovers and environmental factors, with a coefficient correlation value 0.92 in CCA axis 1 and 0.716 in CCA axis 2. Distribution pattern of some groundcovers species was mainly influenced by light intensity in the first axis and slope in the second axis (Figure 2).  Borreria alata, Ageratina riparia and Poaceae distribution was mainly located along light intensity and soil acidity gradients, while  Dendrochnide  sp and  Ficus fistulosa  were mainly distributed along slope and air humidity gradients. However distribution pattern of some groundcovers such as Glichenia sp,  Ardisia  sp, and Selaginella  sp seemed to be unrelated with environmental factors measured. Table 2. Summary of CCA ordination of species-environment data in the study site Total Axes 1 2 3 4 inertia Eigenvalues: Species-environment correlations: Cumulative percentage variance of species data: of species-environment relation: Sum of all eigenvalues Sum of all canonical eigenvalues

0.446 0.921

0.228 0.716

0.122 0.61

0.06 0.519

13.8 52.1

20.8 78.7

24.5 92.9

26.4 100

3.244

3.244 0.856

6

Figure 2. Groundcovers species distribution along some environmental gradients measured in tropical rain forest guiding track Bali Botanical Garden

Tropical forest guided-walk in Bali Botanical Garden is an important facility and as a tool kit to demonstrate and showcase to the visitor of the garden of the native or naturalized but non invasive species that comprised the forest structure. This track is significant to students studying tropical forest ecology as well. However result from this study revealed that groundcovers species composition is mainly dominated by exotic invasive of  Ageratina riparia (Figure 3). Besides  E. riparium  the composition is also comprise of other invasive species such as  Borreria alata and Melastoma malabathricum although their existence in the study site was not as dominating as  E. riparium.  Eupatorium riparium or  Ageratina riparia  is an exotic invasive species and popular ornamental plant that has been widely spread from its home region in Central America. It is naturalized in many tropical regions of the world and is invasive in Hawaii, Australia, Indonesia and other islands of the Indian Ocean” (http://www.issg.org).

7

Figure 3. Invasive alien species  Ageratina ripariacrowd out other plants

 Ageratina riparia  can form dense quasi monospecific stands which crowd out

native plants, limiting their regeneration. The accomplishment of invasive alien plants is owing to their opportunistic utilization of anthropogenic disturbances, the lack of natural enemies, and, often, their allelopathic competitive strategies(Kunwar 2003). Although its invasiveness is known,  Ageratina riparia or  Ageratina riparia impact is still lack studied furthermore its management information is almost unknown according to Global Invasive Species Database (http://www.issg.org/database). In order to promote establishment of native species, control of weeds including  E riparium is needed to be done. However up to date there has no single method which can

effectively and efficiently eradicate the invasion of E riparium. In Bali Botanical Garden, mechanical method by removing the plant physically using man power and chemically using herbicide has shown little result. Application of Luken succession management theory in terms of controlling invasive species can also be done by changing its resource availability (Luken 1990).

8

To be able to control troublesome exotic invasive species first we have to understand

what

factors

limiting

their

growth

and

development.

 Ageratina

ripariaelsewhere has been known to populate agricultural areas, natural forests, planted

forests, ruderal/disturbed, urban areas, and wetlands. In this study, CCA shows that  E ripariumdistribution was mainly located along light intensity slope and soil acidity

gradients. In the NMS ordination result (Figure 4)  E riparium  distribution abundance is clearly seen in observation plots 1, 9, 15, 16, 17 and 18.  Ageratina riparia  is more abundant in outer plots near the forest edge (15, 16, 17) compare to the interior plot (9). Forest edge received more sunlight compared to interior one and so it is estimated that  E riparium does has some kind of correlation with light intensity gradients as shown in the

CCA result. From these observational results we can then move on to experimental studies to put the results of the observation study to the test in a more controlled condition by manipulating one of the environmental resources.

Figure 4. Ordination diagram showing abundance distribution of  Ageratina riparia in each observation plots in the study sites.

9

CONCLUSION

This study has shown that invasive species were among the main components of groundcover vegetation in Tropical Forest Guiding-Walk of “Eka Karya” Bali Botanical Garden, suggesting the vulnerability of this ecosystem to invasion and colonization of nonnative plant species. The spread of  Ageratina riparia  riparia  and other invasive species in the garden were known to be related with increase in light availability. Management plan for controlling these invasive species should then be based on habitat requirements of these species. It is important to further our understanding on the mechanisms of invasion of these species to increase our knowledge of environmental restoration in garden ecosystem. REFERENCES

Aththorick, T.A. 2005.Kemiripan komunitas tumbuhan bawah pada beberapa tipe ekosistem perkebunan di Kabupaten Labuhan Batu. Jurnal  Jurnal Komunikasi Penelitian. 17(5): 42-48.

Bao M. C., Shao L. P. & Guang Y. N. (2009) Effects of the invasive plant Mikania micrantha H.B.K. on soil nitrogen availability through allelopathy in South China. Biol China. Biol Invasions11, 1291–9. Biswas S. R., Choudhury J. K., Nishat A. & Rahman M. M. (2007) Do invasive plants threaten the Sundarbans mangrove forest of Bangladesh?  Forest Ecology and 245, 1-9.  Management 245

Clarke K. R. & Gorley R. N. (2005) PRIMER: Plymouth Routines In Multivariate Ecological Research. PRIMER-E Ltd., Plymouth. Fierke M. K. & Kauffman J. B. (2006) Invasive species influence riparian plant diversity 26, along a successional gradient, Willamette River, Oregon.  Natural Areas Journal 26

376-82. Kent M. & Coker P. (1992) Vegetation Description and Analysis, A practical Approach. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Kunwar R. M. (2003) Invasive alien plants and Eupatorium: Biodiversity and livelihood.  Him J Sci1, 129-33. Luken J. O. (1990) Directing (1990)  Directing ecological succession. succession. Chapman and Hall, London.

10

Setiadi, D.T. Samingan dan S.A. Prawira. 1980. Dinamika vegetasi Tumbuhan Bawah  pada Tegakan Murni Buatan Pinus merkusii, Acacia lorantifolia, Dalbergia latifolia di Daerah Banyuwangi Barat dan Bali Barat. Laporan Penelitian. Lembaga Penelitian Hutan. Bogor Sutomo, Hobbs RJ, Cramer VA. 2011. Plant community establishment on the volcanic deposit following nuees ardentes of Mount Merapi: Diversity and floristic variation.  Biodiversitas12:  Biodiversitas12: 86-91. Syaukani, H.R., Kusmana, C., Alikodra, H.S., Darusman, D., Mudikdjo, K. 2005. Forest Structure and Species Composition in Taman Raya Bukit Soeharto, East Kalimantan. Jurnal  Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika Tropika 11:  11: 1. ter Braak C. 1986. Canonical correspondence analysis: A new eigenvector technique for multivariate direct gradient analysis. Ecology analysis. Ecology67, 1167–79. ter Braak C. & Smilauer P. 2002 CANOCO for Windows version 4.5. Biometrics Plant Research International, Wageningen The Netherland.

11

Mating Behavior of Slow Loris ( Nycticebus coucang ) at Captivity Wartika Rosa Farida & Andri Permata Sari

Zoology Division, ResearchCenter for Biology -LIPI Jln. Raya Jakarta-Bogor KM 46, Cibinong 16911 Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT This initial study aims to collect data on slow loris mating behavior which can be used as  foundation breeding management of slow loris in captivity.The method applied is direct visual observation of the mating activity and taking the pictures. Pre copulation, female slow loris shows more aggressive behavior, often makes voices, and take the initiative to show to its male the readiness to mate. During the 15-day observation, it was noted that a same pair of slow loris do copulation by 4 days in a row.

 Keywords: mating behavior , Nycticebus coucang , captivity INTRODUCTION

Habitat loss and changes in land-use forests for plantations, mining, and settlement, as well as poaching, have caused the decline of wildlife populations in the tropical rainforest. One of the wildlife that is endangered is slow loris which has traditionally been traded as pet animals. In Indonesia slow loris has a status of protected under the Wildlife Protection Ordinance number 266 1931, the Decree of the Minister of Agriculture dated February 14, 1973 number 66/Kpts/Um/2/1973, and ministerial decree number 301/Kpts.II/1991 dated June 10, 1991 subsequently amended by Government Regulation number 7 of 1999. Since 2007, CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna) has incorporated all kinds of slow loris in Appendix I, which means that in international trade of slow loris, no longer allowed to trade in slow loris captured directly from nature, but must be from the cultivation of captivity.One of the efforts to save slow loris from extinction is through captive breeding efforts ( ex situ conservation). Captive breeding success is characterized by the development of slow loris  population in captivity. In captivity, slow loris experiences habitat / environment change from the outdoors to limited conditions, including changes in the process of adaptation and mating behavior. Until now, information about mating behavior of slow loris in captivity

12

is still limited, but it is needed in the process of supervision / management and handling of its reproduction. Therefore, it is necessary to study and do research the mating behavior of slow loris in captivity as a reference in the cultivation effort.

Scientific information

resulted in this research can help to address the problem of conservation, especially in terms of the application of management techniques zoo of slow loris. This study aims to collect data of mating behavior of slow loris as a basis in captivity breeding management of slow loris.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

Initial studies on the mating behavior of slow loris have been conducted for 15 days, starting at 19:00 until 05:00 in Small Mammals Captivity, Zoology Division, Research Center for Biology-LIPI, Cibinong. The research material is a pair of slow loris (males and females) aged about 2 years. During the study, the slow loris were placed in individual cages with wire counter-walled and concrete floor, which measures 3.86 m long, 2.10 m wide, and 2.60 m high. Each enclosure is equipped with place of feed / fruit,  basin to place crickets, drinking water container, and the sleepingbox was made of  plywood with 2 entrances / exits which measures 32 cm long, 23 cm wide, and 20 cm high. In addition, the cage is also equipped with sticks / bamboo which are placed crossed, as a  place for slow loris moving and playing. Pieces of bamboo trees complete with leaves  placed in the enclosure to create an artificial habitat conditions and leafy shades. Feed and water given at 17:30. The feed is composed of fruits, boiled sweet potatoes, boiled egg whites, crickets, and german caterpillars. Direct visual observation method (Lachica and Aguilera, 2005) to the mating activity and carried out the photo shooting from process approach to copulation (intersupsio). Data obtained were objectively tabulated and analyzed descriptively.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Initial observation on mating behavior and reproductive of slow loris is the introduction of forms of male and female sex (Figure 1 and Figure 2). Reproduction is strongly related to age ready to mate, sex ratio, length of gestation, birth spacing, etc. According to Izard et al . (1988), biology data of slow loris reproductive is still very little

13

 because of the rarity of successful breeding of slow loris in captivity. Furthermore it is reported that slow loris sex ratio of male:female was 1:1, age of female ready to reproduce is between 18-24 months, while male age is 17 months; estrous cycle of female is 29-45 days; long gestation ± 192.2 days; duration of breastfeeding (lactation) is 6 months. The results of the research at the laboratory level indicates slow loris live solitary and live in small family (Hill, 1937; Rasmussen, 1986), whereas according to Wiens & Zimmerman (2003), slow loris live in pairs (monogamy), namely one male and one female.

Figure 1. Genitals of male Figure 2.Genitals of female slow loris slow loris

Based on observations in captivity, female slow loris which is estrous more often voiced and its vagina area enlarged and reddened.It signaled to the male slow loris that the female slow loris are ready to mate. As reported by Manley (1966), while female slow loris estrous, it will often make voices, and its vagina area enlarged and reddened. Female slow loris will behave more aggressively in order to give signal to male slow loris that it is ready to mate.

14

Figure 3.In the copulation process, since daylight male slow loris and its female appear together

Figure 4. Pre-copulation process(1)

Figure 5. Pre-copulation process(2)

15

(a)

(b)

Figure 6. Copulation(a); copulation sketch (b) *) Bottcher-Law

et al. (2001)

Slow loris looks different from other primates, including the mating process, so that the reproductive biology interesting to watch. In the mating process of slow loris, since daylight male and female look always together until copulation process (Figure 3 and Figure 4).

Before copulation, the female slow loris more active voiced, looks more

aggressive, and often turned to the male slow loris. Female slow loris takes more initiative to start the mating process. As reported by Fitch-Snyder & Jurke (2003), copulation was initiated by female slow loris. The copulation process of slow loris is rather unique, the female will depend its body on the horizontal dowel / bamboo and the male will hang on the body of the female (Figure 6a). During 15 days of observation, it is recorded that the activity of mating / copulation of slow loris occurred for four consecutive days. According to Izard

et al .

(1988), estrous cycle of female slow loris lasts 29-45 days, and copulation

occurs on the same day. Copulation lasts for two to five consecutive days during estrus (Zimmermann, 1989). As reported by Rasmussen (1986) in the process of copulation, the  position of female is hanging on the roof of a wire cage or on a horizontal branch and male climb while embracing the back side of the female and make quick movements of thrusting. In observation also seen, when the female slow loris are not willing to mate again, it will sound when approached by its male, followed by its sound of grunts, even the female will bite the male. copulation.

This signifies the female slow loris no longer wanted

16

CONCLUSION

Slow loris that have adapted well to a captive environment which has beenenriched to resemble its habitat, can perform copulation so that gestation may occur in captivity.

REFERENCES

Bottcher-Law, L., H. Fitch-Snyder, J. Hawes, L. Larson, B. Lester, J. Ogden, H. Schulze, K. Slifka, I. Stalis, M. Sutherland-Smith, & B. Toddes. 2001. Management of lorises in captivity. A Husbandry manual for Asian Lorisines ( Nycticebus and Loris ssp.). Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species (CREZ) Zoological Society of San Diego, San Diego: xi + 110 p. Fitch-Snyder, H. & M. Jurke. 2003. Reproductive patterns in pygmy lorises ( Nycticebus  pygmaeus): Behavioral and physiological correlates of gonadal activity.  Zoo  Biology22 (1): 15–32. Hill, W.C. 1937. Treatment of the Slender Loris in Captivity.  Nature 136: 85-88. Izard , M.K, K.A. Weisenseel, & R.L. Ange. 1988. Reproduction in the Slow Loris (Nycticebus coucang).  American Journal of Primatology16:331-339 LachicaM., &AguileraJ. F. 2005. Energy expenditure of walk in grassland for small ruminants. Small Rumin. Res. 59:105 – 121 Manley, G.H. 1966. Reproduction in Lorisoid primates. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London15: 439-509. Rasmussen, D.T. 1986. Life History and Behavior of Slow Lorises and Slender Lorises: Implications for The Lorisine-Galagine Divergence. [Ph.D. Thesis], DukeUniversity,Durham, NC. Wiens, F.& A. Zitzmann. 2003. Social dependence of infant slow lorises to learn diet.  International Journal of Primatology24 (5): 1007–1021. Zimmermann, E. (1989). Reproduction, physical growth and behavioral development in slow loris ( Nycticebus coucang , Lorisidae). Human Evolution4: 171–179

17

Exploring Natural Product for Fighting Against HIV-AIDS 1

1

2

2

Aroem Naroeni , Sofy Meilany , Ashfar Kurnia , Arry Yanuar  , Budiman Bela

1

1

Institute of Human Virology and Cancer Biology University of Indonesia IASTH Building, 8 th floor, Jln Salemba Raya No.4, Jakarta Pusat 10430, Phone : +62213911942, Fax: +62213154091, Email : [email protected] 2  Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Indonesia Komplek Universitas Indonesia Depok, Jawa Barat, 16424

ABSTRACT  It is estimated that there are 283.000 animal species and 41.850 plant species in  Indonesia. It is really a potential resource to be explored to resolve the problem of infectious diseases drugs availability. It might be an ancient idea but take it together with high technology to explore more herbal and natural product compounds for new resources of drugs may resolve the  problem of the present drugs.  In this research, we combine in silico and in vitro method to find the new drugs for HIV AIDS. By using in silico method we performed natural products screening for searching the  potential compound to be developed as HIV antiviral drugs. The natural product target molecules were analyzed by using drug design software as a prediction tool. The obtained compounds then were tested by using in vitro method. We are developing various in vitro methods by using cell lines and primary cells. In vitro methods in biomedical research are very useful. They can replace the usage of animal model with controlled environment and help to understand the exact reactions in vivo. HIV drugs now face the problem of drugs resistance that need to be replaced by second line or third line. This research are aimed to find the potential HIV drugs and resolve the problem of HIV drugs availability.

 Keywords: HIV, antivi ral, in silico, in vitro, natural product

INTRODUCTION

Infectious diseases which is caused by pathogenic virus infections have high morbidity and mortality rates. They are still the leading cause human deaths worldwide. Although many effective vaccines decrease the number of viral pathogens cases, such as Small pox, Polio and Mumps. Some viral diseases are still difficult to combat such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV). HIV is the causative  pathogen of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). It has cumulatively infected over 60 million individuals and caused over 28 million of deaths since 1981. The Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART), a combination therapy with Reverse

18

Transcriptase and Protease Inhibitor has significantly improved the clinical outcome of HIV infection and AIDS, reduced morbidity and mortality, reduced the virus replication and increased the number of Tcells, CD4+, CD8+. The ability of ART (Anti Retro viral) to suppress HIV RNA has been reported in many publications (Egger M et al , 2002;May MT et al , 2006;Staszewski S et al, 1999 ) and many studies have found a strong association  between plasma HIV-RNA viral load and risk of transmission (Lingappa JR, et al 2010;Del Romero J et al, 2010;Quinn TC et al 2000;Wawer MJ et al 2005 ). In 2011, a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) provided compelling evidence that initiating ART can prevent sexual transmission of HIV among heterosexual couples (Cohen MS et al, 2011). However, this method still have disadvantages with the presence of side effects in the long term use such as the induction of Dyslipidemia, Insulin resistance, diabetes and Tri Glyceridaemia and Lipodystrophy (LD Syndrome) and also the emerge of drugs resistance which complicate the process of therapy (Simon et al, 2006). The high cost of HIV Antiviral drugs limits the ability of HIV-infected people and AIDS patients in developing countries to access HAART. The discovery of low cost, effective medicinal agents is therefore urgently needed. This research is aimed to explore the natural product from herbal plants to find the potential compounds for HIV antiviral. The

in silico

and

in vitro method

has been developed to find rapid and efficient methods

for exploring natural products for HIV antiviral.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this research,  In

silico screening

has been combined with

in vitro

test to obtain

more effective and low cost method for drugs screening for HIV antiviral.

 In Silico Screening

 In Silico screening

had been performed based on binding of target molecules, Gp

120 or Gp 41 with its ligands. Ligands of target molecules have been selected from Indonesia Herbal Plant database which have been developed by Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Indonesia. Three dimensional crystal structure are downloaded from Protein Database (www.rcsb.org) . Screening had been performed base on binding of target

19

molecules with ligands from herbal plant database. It is analyzed by using PyRx, Autodock and Autodock Vina software. After obtaining the promising ligands, target ligand compounds have been extracted from source plant mentioned in herbal plant database and then tested in vitro.  In Vitro

Assay

Based on microculture method, drug testing

in vitro method

has been developed. In

microculture test for diagnostic, usually, Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) has been utilized for culture. In this research, various cell line have been tested to obtain an efficient method of culture. As we know, primary cells are limited and need continuous supply from blood donor. By using cell line, this problem will be resolved. HT-29 cell line, the derivate of human colorectal adenocarcinoma which has receptor for HIV has been transfected with pNL-43, plasmid containing whole genome HIV subtype B. This cell then had been co-cultured with other cells : PBMCs or cell line derivate of T cells such as HUT 78 and Jurkat cells.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

After analysis of about 1500 ligands, the top ten promising ligands of Gp 120 and Gp 41 had been obtained by PyRx, Autodock and Autodock Vina software as shown in table 1 and table 2. Table 1. In Silico Screening of Gp120

AutoDock Ligands

!-santalene Methyl Jasmonate !-santalol !-sesquipelandren (-)-zingiberene Trichostachine Piperina Anacycline Safynol 3-oxo-2-(2-entenyl)cyclopentaneoctanoic acid

!G

Mean (kkal/mol) -8,66 -8,40 -8,25 -7,82 -7,64 -7,53 -7,43 -7,16 -7,12

-7,04

SD

0,0115 0 0,0152 0,0208 0,0057 0,0057 0,0100 0,0057 0,0252

AutoDock Vina CV (%) 0,1332 0 0,1851 0,2663 0,0755 0,0766 0,1346 0,0806 0,3533

0,0252 0,3576

!G

Mean (kkal/mol) -5,07 -4,73 -5,35 -5,07 -4,20 -6,13 -6,37 -5,90 -5,90

-5,73

SD

0,2309 0,1155 0,0707 0,3796 0,1000 0,1155 0,2887 0,1000 0,2646

CV (%) 4,5580 2,4395 1,3269 7,4722 2,3809 1,8827 4,5342 1,6949 4,4843

0,3511 6,1254

20

Table 2. In Silico Screening of Gp41

AutoDock Ligands

!G

Mean (kkal/mol) -8,16 -7,65 -7,56 -7,48 -7,46 -7,41 -7,33 -7,24

!-amarin Progesterone Sangenol Jacoumaric acid Leucadenone C Sterol Brucine-N-oxide Leucadenone A 3"-28-Norlup-20(29)ene-3,17-diol Yeuhchukene In this  In

Silico 

SD

0,0058 0,0208 0,0058 0,0153 0,0058 0,0288 0,0115 0,0115

AutoDock Vina CV (%) 0,0707 0,2719 0,0763 0,2041 0,0773 0,3892 0,1575 0,1594

!G

Mean (kkal/mol) -8,07 -7,57 -7,60 -8,07 -7,70 -6,53 -6,76 -7,83

SD

0,0577 0,3055 0,2646 0,0577 0,1732 0,0577 0,1155 0,4619

CV (%) 0,7157 4,0374 3,4813 0,7157 2,2494 0,8837 1,7065 5,8963

-7,21

0,0200 0,2774

-6,90

0,1732 2,5102

-7,20

0,0917 1,2729

-7,83

0,4819 5,8963

analysis, majority of ligands are triterpenoids derivatives ( "

Santalene, "  Santalol, "  Sesquipellandrene, Zingiberine, !  amarin). Some of them are alkaloids (Trichostatine, Piperine, Brucine L Oxide) and some are flavonoids (Leucadendrone) (10). In the field of drug discovery, some Hemisynthetic Triterpenoid derivatives,  particularly belonging to the Lupane, Oleanane and Ursane series may be nearing a stage where they can be used to complement existing therapeutic approaches. On the other hands, their chemical modification to improve their potency and selectivity remains  practically untouched (Cassels, BK.et al, 2010) In in vitro test, culture of HIV from transfected HT-29 cell line had shown the replication of virus in cells (Figure 1.) a.  b.

c.

Figure 1. Co-Culture of HT-29 transfected with pNL-43 plasmid containing whole genome of HIV subtype B with PHA-stimulated PBMC (a), with HUT 78 (b) and with Jurkat cells (c).

21

The replication of HIV can be detected by morphological observation in microscope. It is identified by the presence of giant cell called Syncitia (indicated by arrow). This syncitia need to be confirmed further by immunocytochemistry. This method is purposed to observe intracellular virus, whereas the cell-free virus can be detected by RT-PCR of supernatant cells. CONCLUSION

 In Silico  and  In vitro

method is an efficient method for exploring natural product to find a

 potential candidate for HIV antiviral. This preliminary results proved that this methods are applicable and can be developed for other drug discovery. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This work was supported by Program Insentif Riset Sistem Inovasi Nasional , Ministry of Science and Technology, Republic of Indonesia REFERENCES.

Cassels, BK, Asencio M. (2010). Anti-HIV activity of natural triterpenoids and hemisynthetic derivates 2004 – 2009.Phytochem Rev. Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, Gamble T, Hosseinipour MC, Kumarasamy N, et al. (2011) Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med. 365(6):493-505. Del Romero J, Castilla J, Hernando V, Rodriguez C, GarciaS. (2010) Combined antiretroviral treatment and heterosexual transmission of HIV-1: cross sectional and  prospective cohort study. BMJ. 340:c2205. Egger M, May M, Chene G, Phillips AN, Ledergerber B, Dabis F,et al.(2002) Prognosis of HIV-1-infected patients starting highly active antiretroviral therapy: a collaborative analysis of prospective studies. Lancet. 360(9327):119-29.

22

Lingappa JR, Hughes JP, Wang RS, Baeten JM, Celum C, Gray GE, et al.(2010) Estimating the impact of plasma HIV-1 RNA reductions on heterosexual HIV-1 transmission risk. PLoS One.5(9):e12598. May MT, Sterne JA, Costagliola D, Sabin CA, Phillips AN, JusticeAC, et al. (2006) HIV treatment response and prognosis in Europe and North America in the first decade of highly active antiretroviral therapy: a collaborative analysis.Lancet. 368(9534):4518. Quinn TC, Wawer MJ, Sewankambo N, Serwadda D, Li C, Wabwire-Mangen F, et al. Viral load and heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. (2000) Rakai Project Study Group. N Engl J Med. 342(13):921-9. Simon V, Ho DD, Abdool Karim Q (2006). HIV/AIDS epidemiology, pathogenesis,  prevention, and treatment. Lancet 368:489-504. Staszewski S, Miller V, Sabin C, Carlebach A, Berger AM,Weidmann E, et al.(1999) Virological response to protease inhibitor therapy in an HIV clinic cohort. AIDS. 13(3):367-73. Wawer MJ, Gray RH, Sewankambo NK, Serwadda D, Li X, Laeyendecker O, et al. (2005) Rates of HIV-1 transmission per coital act, by stage of HIV-1 infection, in Rakai, Uganda. J InfectJ Infect Dis.191(9):1403-9.

23

THE ORAL AND SALIVA CONDITION OF INDONESIAN MALE SMOKERS

Laifa Hendarmin1, Madinatul Munawarroh 1, Dimas Pamungkas 1, Bimo Pramesta 1, Andhika Pangestu 1, Endah Wulandari 2, Boy Bachtiar 3 1

Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University, Indonesia 2 Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Indonesia 3 Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Indonesia, Indonesia Corresponding Author E-mail:[email protected] ABSTRACT

Tobacco smoking is an incredible largethe biggest public health issueacross the globe, leading to the deaths of nearly six million people a year. Nearly 80% of the more than one billion smokers worldwide live in low-to-middle-income countries, where the burden of tobacco-related illness and death is heaviest. According to the latest figures, Indonesia has 59.8 million smokers, with 67% of these smokers being male. Smokingtobacco directlyaffectsthe oral cavity area.The worst outcome of this is cancer. Profile of oral and saliva condition among male smokers in Indonesia has never been reported yet.  Keywords : smoking, saliva, oral health. METHODS

The study comprised of 30 subjects divided equally between Indonesian male smokers and non-smokers, as a control group. Participants completed an oral health questionnaire and were clinically examined by a dentist. Data on the decayed-missing-filled teeth (DMFT), gingival, plaque, calculus, and oral hygiene index, as well as salivary flow rate were recorded. Their saliva was testedfor pH level and total protein analyses.

RESULTS

The clinical parameters of gingival index; DMFT score; and salivary flow rate did not reveal any statistically significant differences between the smokers and non-smokers. Meanwhile, the plaque and calculus index; as well as Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) were significantly higher in smokers ( p<0.05). In relation tobiochemical analyses of whole saliva, the pH level of male smokers was significantly lower ( p<0.01) than in non-

24

smokers. In the meantime, salivary total protein of male smokers showed insignificant alteration.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study has indicatedthe alteration of oral and saliva conditions in Indonesian male smokers, which can lead to pathological disease. Thus, preventive strategy is needed.

25

A Solid-Phase Two-Site Chemiluminescent Immunometric Immunometric Assay For Insulin Measurement as a Marker of Insulin Producing Cells From Differentiation of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Mononuclear Cells 1,2

1

3

1

 Sayid Ridho  ,Caroline T Sardjono Sar djono  , Fadilah S Abdul Abd ul Wahid  Cell Therapy Centre & Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UKM Medical Centre,  National Univ ersity of Mala ysia, Kuala Lu mpur, Mala ysia 2  Internal Me dicine Depa rtment, Facu lty of Medicin e, Syarif Hidayatullah Islamic State University, Jakarta, Indonesia 3  Microbiolog y Departme nt, Maranath a Christian U niversity, Band ung, Indon esia

ABSTRACT  Diabetes is an endocrine disease and it is emerging at alarming rates around the globe and there is no curative treatment for diabetic patients to date. Efforts to reverse the insulin dependency in diabetes mellitus are focused on the possibility of promoting islet-cells replacement and/or regeneration. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells consist of stem cells. This study described the measurement of insulin with chemiluminescent chemiluminescent immunometric assay for insulin insulin producing cells originated originated from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells differentiation.Human mononuclear cells were isolated from the peripheral blood. The cells were proliferated proliferated for 5 days in normal glucose glucose DMEM medium on gelatin-coated gelatin-coated culture culture dishes. Cells Cells were then induced to differentiate into insulin-producing cells (IPC) using high glucose DMEM medium  supplemented  suppleme nted with nicotinami de for 25 days. IPC were observed by dithizone staining. Furthermor e, the titers of secreted insulin were determined using Immulite TM   2000-Insulin that is a solid-phase, two-site chemiluminescent chemiluminescent immunometric assay. Insulin-producing Insulin-producing cells were observed morphologically by dithizone  staining and were shown to contain human insulin. The secreted insulin titers were 77.6 ± 3.53  ! IU/mL. These results demonstrate the ability of the human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to differentiate into insulin-producing cells and the insulin productions have determined by chemiluminescent immunometric assay. Mononu clear Cells; IPC; insulin; chemilumine scent immunometr ic Keywords:  Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear assay.

26

A Solid-Phase Two-Site Chemiluminescent Immunometric Assay For Insulin Measurement as a Marker of Insulin Producing Cells From Differentiation of Human Umbilical Cord Blood Mononuclear Cells 1,2

3

1

 Sayid Ridho  ,Caroline T Sardjono Sar djono  , Fadilah S Abdul Abd ul Wahid  Cell Therapy Centre & Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UKM Medical Centre,  National Un iversity of Ma laysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Ma laysia 2  Internal Med icine Department, Depa rtment, Faculty of Medicine, Medicine , Syarif Hidayatullah Islamic State University, Jakarta, Indonesia 3  Microbiolog y Departme nt, Maranath a Christian U niversity, Band ung, Indon esia

1

ABSTRACT  Diabetes is an endocrine e ndocrine disease and it is i s emerging emergin g at alarming a larming rates r ates around aro und the globe. There T here is no curative cura tive treatment for diabetic patients to date. Efforts to reverse the insulin dependency in diabetes mellitus are  focused on the possibility of promoting islet-cells replacement replaceme nt and/or regeneration. regenerat ion. Human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells consist of stem cells. This study described the measurement of insulin with chemiluminescent immunometric assay for insulin producing cells originated from human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells differentiation. Human mononuclear cells were isolated from the umbilical cord blood. The cells cells were proliferated proliferated for 5 days in normal glucose DMEM medium medium on gelatin-coated gelatin-coated culture dishes. Cells were then induced to differentiate differentiate into insulin-producing cells (IPC) using high glucose DMEM medium supplemented with nicotinamide nicotinamide for 25 days. IPC was observed by dithizone staining. Furthermore, Furthermore, the titers of secreted insulin were determined using Immulite TM  2000-Insulin that is a solid-phase, two-site chemiluminescent immunometric assay. Insulin producing cells differentiation was observed morphologically by dithizone staining and was shown to contain human insulin. The secreted insulin titers were 139.5± 12.02  ! IU/mL. These results demonstrate demonstra te the ability of the human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells to differentiate into insulin-producing cells and the insulin productions have determined by chemiluminescent chemiluminescent immunometric assay. Keywords:  Human Umbilical  Immunome tric assay.

Cord

Blood

Mononuclear Mononuc lear Cells;

IPC; insulin:

chemilumin escent

27

COLORED STONE MINING AT KOLBANO BEACH A Conservation Study in South Central Timor of East Nusa Tenggara Prof. Amos Neolaka

1

1

 Department of Civil Engineering  Faculty of Technology State University of Jakarta, Jakarta13220, Indonesia

ABSTRACT This study aims at sharing understanding amongst residents of Kolbano Beach on beach  preservation against environmental deterioration. Kolbano Beach is an amazing beach which has beautiful colored stone. It has been one local tourist object for people living in Kupang city and other districts of East Nusa Tenggara province. It ranges approximately 90 KMs away from Soe, the capital of South Central Timor and 140 KMs away from Kupang, the capital of East Nusa Tenggara. This study was conducted from September to December 2013.  Focus of the study was on the natural resource management with following sub-focus:  production of mineral resources class C, environmental deterioration, and decreasing interest in tourism sector due to environmental deterioration. Subjects of the study were Environment Agency,  Local Government Planning Agency, Energy and Mineral Resources Agency,and community in the research area. A qualitative method was employed in this study and data was collected by means of interview, observation, and documentation.  Findings of study reveal that 1) local government allows production of mineral resources class C; 2) Business personss in this field are obliged to set up an Environmental Management Effort (EME) and Environmental Supervising Effort (ESE) in the production of mineral resources Class C; 3) There has been environmental deterioration in the mining site; 4) There has been low interest in tourists’ visiting Kolbano beach due to environmental deterioration i.e. the mining pits; 5) Local businesspersons fail to provide drinking water for the people working at the site; 6) Local  people have not been activley involved in the preservation project of Kolbano Beach. Thus, further analysis on environmental impact is highly required particularly for high-risk mining site.  Keywords: natural conservation, mineral resources class C, community participation

INTRODUCTION

Environmentally-friendly development is a development that prioritizes environmental management to be in harmony with its surrounding nature. Ecology perspective suggests that humans are equal with other living creatures, the so-called immanent perspective, in which humans should not be egocentric. Instead, they are supposed to think of harmony  between human and nature. However, vast advancement in knowledge and technology has shifted this immanent into transcendent perspective that views humans far beyond nature, and places them as an object of maximum exploitation. Humans are getting more and more superior towards nature, preventing them from the cycle of harmony. This has led to the

28

decrease of quality environment that might consequently trigger enormous disaster to all creatures in the globe. Darsono [1] suggested that transcendent perspective emerged from the arrogance of humans having realized that they were endowed with sense of logic which enables them to focus the ecosystem on their interest. Neolaka [ 2] argued that the use of technology in development is considered having a positive impact providing that it benefits people’s  prosperity rate throughout the world. In contrast, non-environmentally friendly development to have been implemented may reflect ignorance towards the importance of natural conservation. People playing role as the subject of the development itself are now  becoming the major cause of environmental destruction owing to the fact that they are no longer considering appropriate ethics of development. Unfortunately, they have been  practicing inappropriate ethics arguing that humans do not remain as part of nature, instead, they belong to man of power, conqueror, and manager of the nature. The essence of environmental management does not only refer to ruling the nature itself but also controlling various kinds of human activities to allow better implication;  bringing about positive impact to the natural environment. Men are supposed to regularly conduct environmental management enabling them to utilize it to the maximum. The conservation and management of environment which is in compliance with the Act No. 32 of 2009, Article 2, Chapter 1 claimed that the conservation and management of environment is a systematical and integrated effort carried out to preserve the function of natural environment and prevent it from pollution and deterioration. The efforts cover conservation planning, resources utilization, conservation control, preservation, and environmental supervision as well as law enforcement. The characteristic of development should be on the basis of sustainability that is to preserve humans’ life by directly or indirectly maintaining supporting function and ability of the ecosystem. Utilizing natural resources to the maximum means to make use of all available resources based on environmentally-friendly management. However, this is likely to give rise to a problem concerning production of mineral resources class C resulting environmental deterioration. Therefore, it strongly affects decreasing number of tourists on trip especially visiting the Kolbano Beach of which beauty has recently been decaying as a result of environmental destruction owing to the mining. A permit issued by the local government should be

29

investigated regarding production of mineral resources, analysis of environmental impacts, law compliance met by the businesspersons, and community involvement.

METHOD 1. Objective of the Study

This study aims at sharing understanding on beach conservation against environmental deterioration amongst people residing at Kolbano Beach and ensuring that each activity of development must comply with the law. Beach conservation at Kolbano has been a crucial issue. The beach is so marvelous with its colored stone and parent rock (fatu’un=original rock with

35 meters in height) that it has become one tourist object for

the people living in Kupang and other cities in the district of East Nusa Tenggara province.

2. Sampling Method

A qualitative method was employed in this study. Data collection was carried out  by means of observation and documentation of which guidance was provided as the instrument of the study and adjusted in accordance with indicators suggested by the theory and needs analysis of the study. Local government officials of the district and  businesspersons of mineral resources class C were selected as the respondents, i.e. Local Government Planning Agency, Public Works Agency, Energy and Mineral Resources Agency, Environment Agency, the businesspersons and community. The study was conducted in South Central Timor particularly at Kolbano beach as the focus and carried out between September to November 2013. It was focused on natural resources management with following sub focus: 1) production of mineral resources class C; 2) environmental deterioration; and 3) decreasing interest in tourism sector due to deteriorated Kolbano Beach. Qualitative descriptive analysis was employed for data obtained to result significant conclusion to meet objective of the study. In brief, data analysis was carried out systematically by employing simple statistics i.e. table, matrix, figure or diagram and percentage.

DATA PRESENTATION AND FINDINGS OF STUDY a. Data description and tabulation

30

Minister of Domestic Affairs regulation No. 66 of 2011 describes the profile of South Central Timor as follows: Official name Municipal Province Borders Regency/NCTTR

: South Central Timor Regency : Soe : East Nusa Tenggara : North : North Central Timor Tengah

South : Timor Sea West : Kupang Regency East : Belu Regency Total area : 3947.00 KM Population : 448,854 Administrative Areas: District = 32, Sub district = 12, Village = 228

Figure 1: East Nusa Tenggara

31

Figure2: South Central Timor Regency

There has been a high rate of mineral resources production class C according to its type since 2010 as illustrated in a study by Neolaka [ 3]. This has given rise to awareness of the businesspersons towards environmental preservation. Data on production and use of mineral resources class C according to its type is described in the table below:

Table 1: Production of mineral resources class C according to its type, 2010  No.

Type of Mineral Resources

Unit 3

Production

1

River stone

M

26,368.63

2

Colored stone

Ton

3

Coral

M

3

4

Concrete sand

M

3

61,657.73

5

Sand fill

M

3

44,117.91

6

Back fill

M3

5,675.28

7

sandstone

M3

49,669.76

24,887.42 894.92

Resource: Study of Neolaka (2012 : 53)

Local government, along with the community, is looking forward to welcoming  businesspersonss who are interested in not only placing investment in the production of mineral resources class C but also taking environmental conservation into account; being

32

able to produce environmentally-friendly resources class C.

These businesspersonss

should obey regulation of the country concerning mining exploration i.e. having a mining  permit issued by the local government, carrying out analysis of environmental impacts or EME and ESE, discovering water resource for its scarcity. A study of Neolaka [ 4] noted several locations of mineral resources class C as illustrated in the table below: Box 1: Location and Type of Colored Stone •

Kolbano Beach at Kolbano District

•

 Noesiu Beach at Kolbano District

•

Oetuke Beach at Kolbano District

•

Hoibeti Beach at Kot’olin District

•

Oebon Beach at Kualin District

•

Banli Beach at Nunkolo District

Resource: A Study of Neolaka, (2013:25)

Box 2: Businesspersons Carrying Out Mining of Mineral Resources Class C

Businesspersons carrying out mining of mineral resource Class C are: Businessperson

Total

Labors

26

30

•

Local Businessperson

•

Businesspersons of other Districts

34

35

•

A Group of Mining Exploration

34

15

 by Community Resource : A study of Neolaka, (2013: 25)

Kolbano Beach is possible to access by Land transportation which remains available once a day. Therefore, a plan on transport timetable had better be best arranged prior to the trip which starts at six in the morning. If one happens to arrive at Kupang in the day or late afternoon, he or she has to stay overnight to continue the trip to Kolbano Beach that has  been famous for its colored stones and sand. Unfortunately, its popularity has, in fact, attracted lots of residents of Kolbano to explore the stones and sand in a mining activity. This has been in support with the presence of a pipeline built for sand exploration by the

33

government in 1990. It was also extended from Kolbano to Oetuke Beach and surrounding areas. 100 meters of the eastern and western part of Fatu’un has been left apart as restricted area for mining activity. It is really unpleasant to see that lots of mining pits have been made 100 meters away from the Fatu’un. The pits result from the mining carried out by the residents. Therefore, the jargon “visit Kolbano with its wonderful beach” will now remain faded off.

Figure 3: Wonderful Kolbano Beach

Figure 4: Kolbano Beach with mining pits

34

Figure 5: Kolobano Beach with colored stone It has been found that Kupang people rarely visit Kolbano beach since they have to travel as far as 130 kilometers and as long as almost 3 hours to reach it. In spite of its less  popularity, the Kolbano Beach has its particular interest to which other beaches may not  belong. The beach, heading to Hindian Ocean, has been created with full of oval-shaped stones and smooth-textured stones similar with what other beaches have. The so-called Kolbano stone has been the most commodities of Kolbano people. The mining and trade of them have been legally initiated since 1990s. The stone is mostly used for ornaments in an aquarium, park even lobbies at hotels.

 b. Residents’ Perception Kolbano residents mostly earn their living as a farmer, fisher, and rancher. They adjacently live with the nature in harmony so that their Kolbano Beach is always gifted withabundant fish easily caught without damaging the nature. Their perception serves as expectation as well is to have the local goverment implement good managementof Kolbano Beach by setting up regulationsconcerning mining activities. It can prevent the  beach from existing mining pits that may damage its beauty. Kolbano Beach known as a  beautiful beach resort is expected to be re-functionedby regulating the mining activities in the attempt to make it as one tourist attraction. All activities at Kolbano Beach have to be

35

under professional managementso that the function the beach as a tourist object for domestic and foreign visitors can be well-maintained.

. c. Research Findings

Descriptive data obtained directly from the site reveals research findings originated from local government and community as follows: Box 3: Findings of goverment institutions •

Mining permit of mineral resources class C/colored stone does exist.

•

Production of mineral resources class C is considered having a moderate effect towards mining location except at the Kolbano Beach which still remains badly-managed.

•

A Group of Mining Exploration by Community requires special concern from government considering that this group has carried out a lot number of mining activities.

•

A go-green program does exist as signified by the presence of EME and ESE.

•

Mining pits have spread over the location that allows deterioration of Kolbano Beach causing its beauty to fade off.

•

Community participation to manage the Kolbano Beach has been found minimum due to economic reason.

Box 4: Findings of community •

It is required that government be involved in managing the colored stone mining activity at Kolbano Beach.

•

The mining pits resulting from the mining activity are to be under rehabilitation by the businessperson in cooperation with government.

•

The mining pits should be covered up in such a way that it will preserve the beauty of the beach and promote tourist attraction.

•

All activities at Kolbano Beach should be projected to development of tourism sector to promote economic value for the people.

36

DISCUSSIONOF RESEARCH FINDINGS

Colored stone mining at Kolbano beach requires serious management by the local goverment due to severe environmental damage.Badly-organized mining activity has changed a beautiful beach into unpleasant mining pits that also disrupt the beauty of the environment as a whole. Kolbano Beach appointed by local goverment as a portin South Central Timor, East Nusa Tenggarais supposed to serve as a tourist attraction either for a visit or trip. Therefore, the local government, in collaboration with businesspersons,should  be in charge of preservingits beauty along the coast. Below is the picture of wonderful Kolbano beach before it is getting deteriorated:

Figure 6: Beautiful Kolbano Beach with colored stones and papyrus

Figure 7: Kolbano Beach with  Fatu’un and colored stones. With regards to the fact found at Kolbano Beach, deep gratitude should be delivered for all the richness and abudance. Kolbano Beach having marvelous beach and colored stones is one best natural heritage the Almighty Godhas created to the nation. Therefore, we have to

37

 properly manage the Kolbano Beach and be responsible for its preservation. Kollbano Beach must be a regional tourist object to which people should possess a sense of  belonging. Thiswill promote go-green activity that is preventing the beach from environmental damage allowing colored stone mining activity organized and regulated  properly. When this happens, itwill absolutely promote attraction for tourists. Because of the importance of socialization, the local government, relevant departments, and Non-government Organizations or NGOs havinga serious concern about Kolbano Beach have to encouragepeople’s awareness to be able to manage all potential resources Kolbano Beach has i.e. colored stones and sand, fish, marine life, papyrus tree,  gewang  tree , Fatu’un, wave, art and culture, handicraft, etc. It is required that infrastructures and facilities bebetter prepared. 130 kilometers main road along Kupang to Kolbano Beach is already better facilitated, however, facilities for tourist resortneeds initiating and further developing. Local government of South Central Timor is expected to keep promotingthe excellence and richness of Kolbano Beach.Noya, claimed that the goverment should play an active role in developing

this area andpromoting it to investors. Literature study

suggests that three major factors have been found to influence investment of tourism sector in particular.They are commitments towards local goverment (20%), invesment agency (16.9%), and local promotion (15.6%) [5]. Coastal area usually hashigh potential of natural resources. Damora (2010:100) pointed out that coastal area withhigh potential of natural resources can optimally benefit community economic and social development. He quoted from the literature five types of communityrights i.e. access right, withdrawal right, management right, exclusion right, and alienation right. Thus, it can be concluded that community has access right and management right in compliance with the Coastal Zone Management Act of article 60 whkkich is an alternative solution to providing benefits for  people’s livelihood [6].

CONCLUSION

Based on the research findings, it can be summarized that: (1) local goverment  plays a significant role in issuing a permit for mineral resources production class C; (2) Colored stone mining at Kolbano beach has been found non-environmentally friendly as indicated by the presence ofmining pits that definitely damage the environment; (3) There

38

is no local community involvement in managing colored stone mining activity so that an effortis highly required to increase their participation; (4) All activities at Kolbano beach is supposed to be projected to promotion of tourism sectorin the attempt to promote economc sector for the community. REFERENCES

[1] Darsono, Valentinus.  Pengantar Ilmu Lingkungan. Yokyakarta: Universitas Atma Jaya. p. 41, 1995. [2] Neolaka, Amos.  Kesadaran Lingkungan. Jakarta: PT. Rineka Cipta. P. 2, 2008. [3] Neolaka, Amos.  Air Sebagai Sumber Kehidupan, Studi kondisi aktual sumber  Dayaair di Kabupaten Timor Tengah Selatan Nusa Tenggara Timur.  Jakarta: Hasilpenelitian, p.53, 2012. [4] Neolaka, Amos.  Produksi Bahan Galian Ramah Lingkungan, Studi kondisi lapangan produksi bahan galian golongan C menurut jenis di Kabupaten Timor Tengah Selatan Nusa Tenggara Timur . Jakarta: Hasil penelitian, p. 25, 2013. [5] Noya, Yonas.  Permata Dari Timur, Development for life, Writing Competition. Jakarta: Panitia Lomba Karya Tulis, p. 271, 2010. [6] Damora, Adrian. Sea Ecopreneurship sebagai Model Pengelolaan Kolaboratif SumberDaya Pesisir, Development for life, Writing Competition. Jakarta: Panitia lomba Karya Tulis, p. 100, 2010.

39

Implications Of Socio-Agrarian Conflict Between Ptpn Vii Cinta Manis With Villagers Of Economic And Environmental In Sustainable Development Context In Ogan Ilir Of South Sumatra Province Afriantoni (Doctoral Student Graduate Program, State University of Jakarta Program Study Education Management, Vice Chairman of the Provincial Board Indonesia Farmers Association South Sumatra and Director of the Strategic Studies Center of Education Policy of South Sumatra Province) ABSTRACT Socio-agrarian conflict in South Sumatra is still going on, there are still many cases of land between company and community has not yet been resolved completely. Some land disputes in South Sumatra occurred between BUMN with villagers. Socio-agrarian conflict becoming victims died. One of disputed land in South Sumatra occurred between villagers Ogan Ilir. Socio-agrarian conflict casualties. Agrarian conflicts and BUMN plantation sector is derived from conflict over land rights. That need to be revealed to research problem: What is background of socio-agrarian conflict between PTPN VII Cinta Manis with villagers Ogan Ilir in South Sumatra Province?. How implications of socio-agrarian conflict on economy for villagers in sustainable development context in Ogan Ilir?. How implications of socio-agrarian conflict on environment for villagers in  sustainable development context in Ogan Ilir?. Purpose of this study was to describe meaning of descriptive analytic based on facts through phenomena observed in the field. Phenomena observed and explored through in-depth interviews, observation and documentation studies assessed on  socio-agrarian conflict in South Sumatra Province. Results on study describe socio-agrarian conflict occur due to improper handling and incomplete. Settlement of conflict is only superficial. Government is only focusing on the issue of violence, perpetrators, victims, and did not touch the issue of agrarian as core problem. Socio-agrarian conflict affect villagers of low productivity in managing land and make a living, because it affected a tense situation. Then, physical damage to environment occurs for example home, garden and office damaged by conflict. Of course, this also affects sustainable development stagnated in plantation sector.  Keywords: implications, development 

socio-agrarian

conflict,

economic,

environmental,

sustainable

INTRODUCTION

Ogan Ilir has an area of 2666.07 km2, is geographically located between 30 02 'and 30 48' South Latitude and between 1040 20 'to 104 048' East longitude. Ogan Ilir with administrative boundaries northern borders with Banyuasin regency, Palembang and Muara Enim regency. South side adjacent to the Ogan Komering Ulu (OKU). Then, at the eastern border with Ogan Komering Ilir (OKI) and East OKU. Meanwhile, the western  border with the district of Muara Enim and Prabumulih city.

40

The number of districts in Ogan Ilir many as 16 districts, and the number of villages is 227 villages and villages as many as 14 villages. Sub-district is Rambang Kuang Village widest area of 528.82 km2, followed by village of Indralaya Utara an area of 502.47 km2, Muara Kuang area of 300.75 km2, District of Tanjung Batu area of 263.75 km2, covering an area of 71.08 km2 Indralaya the District. While the narrowest districts are District of Rantau Panjang which covers 40.85 km2. The number is the highest village in the district villages Pemulutan many as 25 villages, as many as 19 sub-district of Tanjung Batu village, District Indralaya with 17 villages and 3 village, sub-district and village of Tanjung Raja 15 4 North Indralaya village and sub-district with 15 villages and 1 sub. With an area of significant, then the region has the potential for conflict. Conflict is a part of democracy, as one of the hallmark of the democratic order is the existence of opportunities for freedom of thought, consensus and dissent, and political participation,  peaceful conflict management and restriction-pembantasan violence; as well as the extent of trust and loyalty to the constitutional and democratic governance. That's necessary efforts to think rationally, promoting consensus, be tolerant and maintain relationship harmony amid differences in order to minimize conflict issues in both prevention and treatment of social conflict (Jimly - Safa'at, 2012: 9). Indonesia is not only a democratic state, but the state law. Law above all else, even democracy can not necessarily against or violate applicable laws. When democracy recognizes the law, then the law is a social tool that is specific. Therefore between law, morality and religion, have in common that prohibits conflicts leading to the killing of the country or other community (Jimly - Safa'at, 2012: 9). That is why the state needs to anticipate in terms of both social conflict and the effectiveness of early prevention of conflict resolution as a form of effective conflict management. One of the provinces that have great wealth is in South Sumatra has the fifth largest natural resources, it has a great potential for social conflict. In fact, a number of conflicts involving land disputes, not something new in this area. Mostly vertical case confronts the  public with estate investors is a case that happened a long time and often repeated in this  province. Conflict in South Sumatra has become a public issue to the national level. Land conflicts in South Sumatra with a more prominent plantation very multi-complex.

41

Land conflicts in South Sumatra is still going on, there are still many cases of land  between the company and the community has not yet terselasaikan to its conclusion. Land disputes in Ogan Komering Ilir (OKI) and Ogan Ilir. In the 2012-2013 conflict in South Sumatra that resulted in fatalities was sticking to the national media that case Sodong village, OIC. At the time of treatment has not been completed appear again the case of land  between villagers and plantation PT Nusantara VII (Persero) Cinta Manis were also casualties. Continues even happen anymore land disputes between citizens of the Air Force in Palembang which if not handled quickly and peacefully. Plantation PT Nusantara VII (Persero) abbreviated PTPN VII, formed under PP 12 In 1996, dated February 14, 1996, the Company's status as a State Owned Enterprise (SOE) is a merger of the gardens in Lampung region, South Sumatra and Bengkulu from ex PTP X, XI PTP, PTP XXIIII danPTP XXXI. Commodity businesses seek PTPN VII commodity palm oil, rubber, tea, cocoa, sugar cane and horticulture with an area of 76740.11 hectares concession area. Cultivation of oil palm cultivated on an area of 31 874 ha, 34 439 ha of rubber, tea 1,500 ha, 20 ha of cocoa, sugar cane and horticulture 50 20,400 ha ha. In addition to planting commodity in its own area + core, PTPN VII also manages Plasma area covering 65 335 ha from farmers to plant oil palm area of 23 868 ha and 31 467 ha of rubber. while the area of 5,502 ha of sugarcane intensification. Gardens owned by PTPN VII plantings totaling 25 units, one of which is Cinta Manis. Activity units / Enterprises addition PTPN VII garden business unit also has a number of sugar factories which produce sugar Cinta Manis. Business units in PTPN VII Cinta Manis got land related protests and environmental pollution. According to Anwar Sadat (Walhi Executive Director of South Sumatra) that acts PTPN VII Cinta Manis on land over the function not just inconsistency companies. However, the firm violated the mandate of the Act. The law expressly their support to the community. Meanwhile, according to records there are 44 cases of BPN agrarian South Sumatra occurred a continuous basis throughout 2012 (Sumatra Ekspress, 2012). In South Sumatraprovince agrarian conflict has reached its nadir. Weak political will to make policy makers agrarian disputes in increased chronic Sriwijaya earth. Indonesian Environmental Forum (Walhi) of South Sumatra mention, inequality of land

42

tenure is a major contributor to the agrarian conflict that is currently emerging. According to the South Sumatra Walhi, administrative area of the province is only 8.7 million hectares (ha). Now as many as 4.9 million hectares or about 56.32 percent of the land owned by the company with details of 1.2 million ha of plantation forests (HTI), 1 million ha of oil palm plantations, and 2.7 million ha of coal mining. If paired with a population of 7 million people, then each soul tenure ranging from 0.5 hectares only. So do not be surprised if over the last three years the number of disputes lodged agrarian society continues to increase. In 2009 there were 18 complaints of agrarian disputes, in 2010 the number increased to 27, in 2011 there were 32 complaints. Likewise with the land dispute between the people of Ogan Ilir with PTPN VII Sweet Love Business unit, or rather citizens 20 villages of 6 districts in Ogan Ilir incorporated in the Unified  Movement of Peasants Penesak  (GPPB), consisting of the villages Sribandung, Tj. Sea, Tj. Pinang, Tj. Roof, Tj. New Petai, Sentul, Limbang Jaya (districts Tanjung Stone), Village SriKembang, Rengas, Lubuk Bandung (districts Payarman), Village Ketiau, Betong, Payalingkung, Lubuk Keliat, (District of Lubuk Keliat), Village Meranjat 1 & 2, Meranjat Ilir, (District of Indralaya south) and the village of Tj. Gelam, Tj.Sejaroh, Tj.Agung Sejaro Way (Indralaya the District Parent) Then village Sri Ngilam in Districts of Tanjung Raja. According to Ahmad Syahril as suggested by Sri Utami that agrarian conflicts occur more due to "the act of a company that is often unjust division of land or compensation to the community. The company does not realize its promise, such as plasma and compensation is not appropriate "(Sumatra Ekpress, 2012). In addition, there is a difference with the previous Act. Previous governments could take land without people's consent. According to Law No. 2 of 2012, the government could no longer take the field  prior to the approval of society it first. Based on the explanation ata, trigger this conflict is not solely from agrarian interests. But there is also the role of the social life of one who is believed to come from economic interests, cultures and religions that have an impact on the environment when examined further ingrained in each of these areas. However, the opportunity will be studied culture and religion alone approach in addressing social conflicts agrarian titled "Implications of Socio-Agrarian Conflict between PTPN VII Cina Manis with Villagers of

43

 Economy and Environment in Sustainable Development Context in Ogan Ilir of South Sumatra Province" .

METHODS

The focus of this research study on the title over to the socio-agrarian conflict implications of socio-agrarian conflict between PTPN VII Cinta Manis with villagers on economy and environment in sustainable development contextin Ogan Ilir of South Sumatra Province. Where the data to obtain data on the economic and environmental implications of villagers of Ogan Ilir with a qualitative approach. The approach was conducted using interviews with a purposive sample means, respondents were interviewed representing certain groups in society (such as indigenous leaders, community leaders, religious leaders such as stakeholders, youth leaders, groups of fishermen), and also expert NGOs which reflects opinion or state wide. Interviews ranged from informal conversations to formal interviews at the right time. In addition to interviews, this study is also based on experience and observation in Ogan Ilir writer for two months (January to February 2014). Then, the general information obtained from the written literature and news or newspaper articles. In addition, the documents on land disputes derived from a variety of sources. The steps in this study as follows: 1.

Method

Methodologically, this study is a qualitative research case study approach analyzed descriptively uncover the facts or data on the subject as it is accompanied by rational interpretation. The data obtained will be used from the situation as it is without any intervention on the part of researchers. Data collection was carried out by researchers directly by entering the field situation. The data is described in the form of reports for further analysis. Researchers believe that qualitative research is very concerned to the understanding of various social phenomena. Social phenomenon is an event or action  patterns of human interaction. The nature of social world that is the nature of human interaction within the community. Events or acts by humans that is meaningful to the culprit, therefore, the essence of human behavior is that behavior that has meaning.

44

2.

Techniques and Data Collection Procedures

Techniques and procedures for data collection are all ways used in collecting the data by using a technique that is structured and in-depth interviews, observation or direct observation to the object being observed as well as reviewing documentation obtained in the field. Techniques and instruments required in this research by means of interviews, observation and documentation. In analyzing the data the researcher uses concepts developed by Miles and Huberman as disclosed above which consists of three activities simultaneously the flow of data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing or verification. By using the model of Miles and Huberman study data will be analyzed on a casequalitative, which began collecting data in the field. Thus when researchers collect data in the field immediately followed by a write job, categorizing, classifying, reducing, analyzing and interpreting into the whole context of the research problem (Muhadjir, 1989). So that the data is not only descriptive but able to touch the transcendent dimension of the authors are trying to think creatively. 3.

Data Analysis Techniques

This study also uses interactive model of data analysis which consists of three interrelated components analysis of the data reduction, data display and conclusion drawing (Miles & Huberman, 1992). More details of data analysis done with the following procedure: First, trying to summarize the data reduction, collect and select the appropriate data with a focus on research themes. Second, data display, which seeks to organize and explain the whole  picture in order to obtain a complete and intact. Third, and verification concludes that make interpretation of the data and make improvements to search for new data collection necessary to proper conclusion.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In the studies that have been conducted, and through in-depth study and research methods used, the result in this study include:

45

1.

History of Social-Agrarian Conflict in Ogan Ilir

The results of this study revealed that the strain citizens Ogan Ilir and PTPN VII Cinta Manis stretched since 30 years ago. In general, the process of land grabbing people by PTPN VII in 1982 roughly the same in every village. New Order an age citizens have no choice but to surrender when their rubber plantations and pineapple by PTPN VII Cinta Manis evicted without proper compensation. The process of compensation recognized in 1982 colored citizens of pressure, intimidation and repressive apparatus attitude keamanan.Ganti loss and even then very unfair, for example, of 5 ha of land, only 1 ha are changed, more severe until today there are still people who have not been replaced soil loss  by PTPN VII. They are victims of land grabs carried out by PTPN VII Cinta Manis since 1982 Over the past two months, they keep moving urged local governments to memenenuhi demands of citizens that their land be returned. Then in 2012, PTPN VII which shares 100% owned by the government has an important agenda to go public. (www.kpbptpn.co.id). The initial offering of shares / Initial Public Offering (IPO) is targeted to be able to attract fresh funds of Rp 1.5 trillion. This value is equivalent to the release of 30 percent ownership of state-owned shares to the  public. In corporations, the performance PTPN VII did show a significant increase. The state-owned company engaged in the agribusiness plantations have had a working area covers 3 provinces, which consists of several business units. (www.kpbptpn.co.id). That legally development and plant cane sugar Sweet Love performed in accordance with the decree of the Minister of Agriculture SOE Number : 076 / Ministry of Agriculture / 1981 dated February 2, 1981 on the principle permits the establishment of sugarcane plantations and mills in South Sumatra which is the Government's efforts to meet the self-sufficiency of sugar in the State. In accordance with the Decree of the Minister of Finance no. 257 / KMK / 016/1996 dated March 11, 1996 on the restructuring of SOEs. Plantation merger some PT. Plantation in South Sumatra region (Bengkulu, South Sumatra, and Lampung became PT. Plantation Nusantara VII (Persero) through a legal letter Harun Kamil, SH no. 40 dated March 11, 1996 (See Intelkam Police RI report, 2012).

46

However, the development of sugar cane plantations and sugar mills are less care about the rights of the people, so that economically Ogan Ilir lags behind other districts in South Sumatra. Not only that, this plantation development to make of that damage to the environment, either as a result of combustion due to the conflict as well as river water  pollution by the sugar mills. This then triggers a prolonged conflict between PTPN VII Cinta Manis with villagers Ogan Ilir (Rusdi interview, February 2, 2014). This conflict incidence by PTPN VII begins Cinta Manis on December 4, 2009 unload peasant huts which ended with the firing incident Rengas village residents, Ogan Ilir, by members of Brimob. Commission immediately formed an investigative team to investigate allegations of human rights violations in the July 27, 2012 at Cinta Manis. Commission also asked the Chief of Police to withdraw all Brimob troops from the region. In addition, urges the Minister of State for BUMN Dahlan Iskan to resolve land conflicts involving PTPN, and called on President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono to realize the formation of Agrarian Conflict Management Team. This conflict has cost the lives of named Anga. The boy became a victim of the conflict unresolved for so long. Covered by large corporations obsessions. (Sumatera Ekspress, 2012). Agrarian conflict resolution between communities and PTPN VII Cinta Manis Unit is still far from expectations. May still be far from completion even society instead  presented "new problems" : the arrest of activists who advocate, criminalization of farmers, and the last act of "resistance" Ogan Ilir Police Chief, Chief Dheni Darmapala, who reported that he considers certain elements have been condemning it in public to South Sumatra Police. (Suaraadraria.com). 2.

Implications of Conflict in the Economy

Social-agrarian conflict in Ogan Ilir has caused problems on economic aspects of villagers Ogan Ilir. Although impact of this difficult material assessed (for example, although price of land can be assessed, but social value of rural land which is integral to the lives of villagers could not be calculated), issue is very important to note impact because it affects the economic life of citizens Ogan Ilir. 1)

Confiscation of Land Resources Economics Villagers

Village-owned land dispute problem Bandung and Sri Sri Tanjung village district. Tanjung Batu district. Ogan Ilir of 2500 hectares of land located at 10 Rayon III Cambodgien

47

 planted by PTPN VII Cinta Manis no resolution from year to year. Then on May 31, thousands of residents who are members of Unified Movement of Peasants Penesak (GPPB) action in Ogan Ilir Parliament to push the negotiation process in order to side with the people. The results, together PTPN VII OI Vice Regent allow citizens to peg the land without vandalized while waiting for a renegotiation of June 7. Of course, this is a fundamental problem that led to poverty, suffering people of Indonesia from the colonial era, the construction of the New Order era, until today is injustice mastery of agrarian resources. Injustice agrarian resources control in question is dimonopolinya ownership and use of agrarian sources whether it be land, water and air as well as the natural resources contained therein by some small groups, while most other  people were left without ownership and the opportunity to work on that. One of the injustice that is evidence of long-citizen issues Ogan Ilir 6 districts in South Sumatra that their land was taken forcibly by PTPN VII since last 1982. The long struggle of the people of the village Sribandung, Tj. Sea, Tj. Pinang, Tj. Roof, Tj. New Petai, Sentul, Limbang Jaya (KecamatanTanjung Stone), Village SriKembang, Rengas, Lubuk Bandung (districts Payarman), Village Ketiau, Betong, Payalingkung, Lubuk Keliat, (District of Lubuk Keliat), Village Meranjat 1 & 2, Meranjat Ilir, (District of Indralaya south) and the village of Tj. Gelam, Tj.Sejaroh, Tj.Agung Sejaro Way (Indralaya the District Parent) Then Desa Sri Ngilam District of Tanjung Raja to regain their rights  just put them as "opponents" of the country due to government neglect of the agrarian  problems that should be resolved by the state as MPR IXtahun number 2001 and BAL 1960. What's more, of the land area of 20,000 ha of cultivated PTPN VII Cinta Manis only 6,000 ha concession has an area located in the districts Burai Overseas Alai, in other words PTPN VII has been unprofitable as income of approximately 14,000 ha of land is not reported as income for the country. This problem is actually known by the Ministry of SOEs as an adviser SOEs in Indonesia in this case one of them is PTPN VII. (Anwar Sadat, executive director of South Sumatra Walhi, 2012). Various dialogue and mediation efforts have been made citizens, but that PTPN VII always gain time and tend not to give a firm decision. Finally, on Monday, May 21, 2012,

48

residents mmetuskan to block the access road to the sugar mills PTPN VII, other than that  people were setting up tents and set a land area of 3000 ha. 2)

The low Daily Wages of PTPN VII Cinta Manis

Poverty has been called at the beginning of the course begins with the existence of land, sources of income, and type of work. If the employee PTPN VII Cinta Manis, then the low wages earned by laborers Rp.22.500, - / day is considered extremely inhumane and does not meet the needs of daily living (Interview Fery, February 5, 2014). Naturally then  people continue to insist that PTPN VII Cinta Manis out of earth Ogan Ilir. The action was the culmination of the disappointment of existence PTPN VII Cinta Manis are considered not benefit the people around. It can be seen, from the amount of labor which 70% come from outside. Then, the river which was able to be a place for fishing, is now polluted and the fish have started to  become extinct due to waste. Furthermore, the dust burning of cane sugar factory PTPN VII entered into the residential area and disrupting the activity. Another thing, on the land area of 20,000 ha of cultivated PTPN VII Cinta Manis only 6000 ha concession has an area located in Rantau Alai districts Burai. Therefore, citizens who are members of  Movement  Penesak Farmers Unite (GPPB) has the right feel on their own land. Then from the blockade, Ogan Ilir government is willing to facilitate the citizens to have a dialogue on the date of May 23, 2012 Based on the results of the dialogue, there is a written agreement between the citizens (Desa Sri Bandung) and The PTPN VII in Ogan Ilir  parliament building on May 23, 2012, facilitated and witnessed by the police chief, district military commander, chairman and deputy chairman of the parliament Ogan Ilir, that the company does not mind if people do land and set up a tent peg as long as the activity does not interfere with the company up to the level of time negotiating dated May 31, 2012 (See Report of the Police Intelkam, 2012 ). 3)  Low CSR from PTPN VII Cinta Manis On May 23, 2012, around 16:00 pm mass on behalf of village residents Ketiau district. Depths of 100 ± Keliat number of people, coordinated by Br. Subadi, Br. Bahyar, Br. Waliul Adi and Br. Nurdin to block roads connecting Rayon Office of Parent PTPN III to VII Sweet Love by establishing a one (1) unit of the tent. According to Averroes, this incident because it is considered “Lack Contributions PTPN VII Cinta Manis to the

49

villagers of Desa Sri Sri Tanjung Bandung and helping social activities (CSR) ”. (Wawancanra Rusdi, February 7, 2014). One proof is the village road culverts were damaged, causing flooding. Of consequence, inhibition of the activity of citizens in making a living. Thus, citizens expect any special attention from the PTPN VII Cinta Manis to public facilities to facilitate the activities of all the efforts and activities of citizens Ogan Ilir. On Friday May 25, 2012 around 10:00 pm about + 80 Persons Village residents Ketiau district. Keliat depths coordinated by Br. Mukho and Br. Subadi remained in the tent rayon V then around 10:30 pm residents to block roads connecting the Type A V rayon factory environment to the main office by using a wooden stick, causing vehicles hauling sugarcane activity stalled / stopped. This is done according to the coordinator of action Br. Waliyul, No. HP 0852 6733 1175 told residents to ask the results of a meeting held on Thursday, May 24, 2012 around 11:00 pm at home Bro. Krio and Wahab Former Former Village Ketiau Kadesh. (See report Intelkam, 2012). Of course, residents hope the decisions that PTPN VII Cinta Manis. 3.

Implications for the Environment

Socio-agrarian conflict has implications for the environment, which should be maintained and preserved for a life together, but this conflict is correlated to the environmental damage to make of that from both sides. 1)  Damage to gardens On Tuesday, May 22, 2012, at 09.00 am. Desa Sri mass of Bandung, amounting to ± 250  people re-assembled in the tent that had been set up to continue the action by performing a demo of making a soup kitchen around the tent and make huts, while the mass of about 15  people to do the installation / attachment banners made of cardboard mounted the guard  post Rayon III glass that reads, among others: a. PTPN must go from OI; b. Fixed price of land rights; and c. Return the land of our ancestors (See IntelkamPolice Report, 2012). Their activities continued with sealing Office Rayon III, while the daily activities of employees in Rayon III transferred to the Office of the Master in the village of Lubuk Keliat this is done to avoid clashes with residents. Then, at 13:00 pm held at Rayon III PTPN VII Cinta Manis lasted a free minbar delivery of speeches made by Abdul Muis as

50

Tomas and Kori Toda village as Sri Bandung which essentially expect the masses to remain compact and patience to wait for the results of the decision. When free speech ongoing incidents such as mass expulsions carried out by District Military Command OIC Member since Intel has been caught doing the recording and documenting the activities of oration. But the situation can be controlled thanks to the efforts made by members of the police who carry out security duties in place. At 17.00 pm the fire had occurred 50 sugar plantations plots within about ± 200 meters from the tent, but the fire was extinguished by fire mutual aid mass that is suspected hotspots in Rayon IX. Then, at 16:30 pm in the implementation of the meeting, PTPN VII Cinta Manis can not give a decision on the grounds that the meeting outside kewewenangnya meetings will resume on Thursday, May 31, 2012 in the Office of the District Council. Ogan Ilir but for the grace period agreed with the decision made in writing and the content is as follows: 1)

PTPN VII Cinta Manis are welcome to work as usual without interruption of society;

2)

Residents are welcome to have marked out an area of 3,000 Ha dilahan recognized as  belonging to citizens without disturbing plant cane;

3)

Residents and PTPN VII Cinta Manis will still keep the atmosphere, situation and conditions in order to remain conducive, peaceful and safe. The joint agreement was signed by representatives of village society Ms. Sri

Bandung. Hj. Juhairoh Mahmud, Bambang Santoso district as District Manager. Banyuasi, OIC and OI, Ir. Purwanto as Manager of PTPN VII Cinta Manis, Drs. H. Climate Cloudy, MM as the Chairman of the District Council. Ogan Ilir, Arhandi Tabrani, SE as Vice Chairman of DPRD. Ogan Ilir, Chief Dean Dharmapala, SH, S.Ik as police chief Major Ogan Ilir and District Military Command 0402 Pabung Mujari as OIC / OI as evidence of the consequences of the implementation of the field. At the same time the meeting took  place at the Rayon III, PTPN VII Cinta Manis between people of Bandung with Sri Sri Tanjung village and residents to block the entrance of the village of Sri Bandung with cane  plantation PTPN VII Cinta Manis so that personnel from the South Sumatra Police Directorate Sabhara dibantukan to Ogan Ilir Police can not get into the location Rayon III so back to the Police Tanjung Batu.

51

2)  River Ecosystem Pollution Impact on the environment due to the Development of a sugar factory in Ogan Ilir has long  protested the citizens. Only, the action is the disappointment of the existence of the peak, PTPN VII are considered not benefit the people around. It can be seen, from the amount of labor which 70% come from outside. Then, the river which was able to be a place for fishing, is now polluted and the fish have started to become extinct due to waste. Furthermore, the dust burning of cane sugar factory PTPN VII entered into the residential area and disrupting the activity. Habitats that support human life is protected by the Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 5 of 1990 on Conservation of Natural Resources and Ecosystems. In studies suggest that contamination of the river and burning the garden is an act contrary to the law in Ogan Ilir, when rivers and air kebersiahan is the right of every person. River gives life Ogan Ilir citizens, because one of the residents Ogan Ilir income is fishing. The fish are sold to earn money and eat for everyday life. In addition, the fish can be made into kempelang - Ogan Ilir specialties - are sold to the market and to the outside Ogan Ilir, Palembang sales to as the capital city of Palembang. Therefore, residents protest against this contamination. Then, the air pollution resulting from the burning that occurs every time there is a protest to the citizens of PTPN VII Cinta Manis. Not only pollution, but the smoke generated from  burning by residents to garden plants that do not cause much of combustion also experienced kelayuan. Thus, the view turns yellow glowing green. 4.

Future Solutions For Sustainable Development Context

In Law 7 of 2012 that in terms of dealing with conflict is explained that the conflict resolution mechanism relies heavily on social institutions that exist in the community. Indigenous institutions and / or Social Institution in Article 41 was placed as a front line especially in the paragraph (1) which describes the Conflict Resolution by the Government and Local Government to promote Indigenous Institution and / or the existing Social Institution and recognized. (2) The Government and Local Government acknowledge the conflict settlement through the mechanism of Indigenous Institution and / or Social Institution. (3) The result of the settlement agreement Institution Indigenous Conflict through the mechanism and / or a Social Institution as referred to in paragraph (1) has a

52

 binding force for community groups involved in the conflict. (4) In the event of conflict settlement through the mechanism of Indigenous Institution and / or Social Institution as referred to in paragraph (1) can not be resolved, then the resolution of conflict conducted  by the Task Force on Social Conflict Resolution. (5) Conflict Resolution through the mechanism of Indigenous Institution and / or Social Institution as referred to in paragraph (1) is facilitated by the local government district / city officials involving district and village / local village (the Law on Handling Conflict No. 7 in 2012). However, the necessary effective measures as a field approach. Maswadi Rauf  believes the necessary steps to resolve the known model of "consensus" consensus interpreted as a conflict resolution (conflict resolution), namely through the process of interaction between the parties involved in the conflict to reach common ground, namely the achievement of the same view and not create new problems in social relations and in it equally benefit / reasonable benefits. This is listed in the above Act, that consensus can not  be done directly or through an intermediary (mediator) and directly implemented by the  parties to the conflict with persuasive approach and provides a variety of possible alternative approaches and coercive force, either in the form of threats and physical violence to generate consensus (Maswadi Rauf, 2000). During this approach to culture and religion set forth in the Act can be seen through the approach of structural functional approach to the conflict. This approach views society as a whole that are functionally integrated into an equilibrium. In this approach the analogies of society as a biological organism. Thought functional society considers a static social order or are in a state of change proportionally, because the general public subject to the process of change. Because functionalist emphasizes social order, therefore, this approach is very concerned about the norms, values, morals and religion of a particular community (Pitzer-Doughlas, 2004). Approach to culture and religion, not also disregard how the state can take on the role. Stephen D. Krasner describes the state when integrated with pluralism would have a tendency; first, tend to see politics in the sense of rules, control the order rather than in terms of the allocation; focus more on the internal order and external maintenance of the distribution of the benefit to the government and Pudjiastuti Budiardjo, 1996). Nodlinger split the four types of countries: countries strong (strong states), independent state (state

53

independents), the state is responsive (responsive states), and the state is weak (weak states). However, in reality the state can do in terms of handling conflict compulsion. Because the state is an element of compulsion dapak be organized through policies decided (Weiner and Huntington, 1994). Thus it is difficult to try to understand society without trying to understand their culture. The existence of culture can not be separated from society. Through culture,  people learn about many things, such as the values, beliefs, behaviors, and other material objects that reflect the way people live. Culture is a survival strategy for the community. Inside there is a culture of understanding maps (map of understanding) that will direct what to do and how they do it man. Not infrequently culture can only be understood by the community, but not for another person or group. As a survival strategy, the public has the expectation that culture can help them in overcoming the problems of life. This has encouraged the use of cultural approaches to overcome their problems, including conflicts that occurred in the community.

CONCLUSION

Based on the above discussion, it can be concluded as follows:  First ,

one of the disputed land in South Sumatra occurred between villagers Ogan

Ilir. Socio-agrarian conflict victims. Agrarian conflicts and plantation sector SOEs derived from land rights conflicts. Land issues have not been certified and is still in process at BPN Center that used by the residents to claim land that has not been certified. These problems lead to social conflict agrarian hitherto demanded by citizens to be released. Residents conduct road blocks, peg lands held from May 21 2012 until now as evidence of the disappointment of the PTPN VII Cinta Manis business unit which does not respond to the demands of citizens. Second ,

agrarian social conflict in South Sumatra is still in progress, there are still

many cases of land between the company and the community has not been solved completely. Social agrarian conflicts become victims died. Agrarian social conflicts occur due to improper handling and incomplete. Conflict resolution is only superficial. The government only focuses on the problem of violence, perpetrators, victims, and not touch the agrarian problem as the core problem.

54

Third , social-agrarian conflict in Ogan Ilir has caused problems on economic aspects of the villagers Ogan Ilir. Social conflicts affecting agrarian villagers in managing the low productivity of land and make a living, because it affects the tense situation. Then, the physical damage to the environment occurs, for example the home, garden and office damaged by the conflict. Of course, this also affects the sustainable development stagnated in the plantation sector. Land grabbing kelaurag economic resources, low daily wages of PTPN VII Cinta Manis and low CSR of PTPN VII Cinta Manis.  Fourth, social-agrarian conflict has implications for the environment, which should  be maintained and preserved for a life together, but this conflict is correlated to the environmental damage to make of that from both sides ie environmental damage and  pollution of the river ecosystem. Physical damage to the environment occurs, for example the home, garden and office damaged by the conflict. Of course, this also affects the sustainable development stagnated in the plantation sector.  Fifth, both sides feel the most true and do not want to deliberation. Settlement of the conflict is only on the surface, which in the government see only the issue of violence,  perpetrators, and victims, does not touch on the agrarian question.

REFERENCES

Jimly Asshidiqie - M. Ali Safa’at, 2012. Teori Hans Kelsen Tentang Hukum, Jakarta, Konstitusi Press. George Pitzer-Doughlas J. Goodman, 2004. Teori Sosial Modern,Jakarta, Pradana Media Group. Miriam Budiardjo, Tri Nuke Pudjiastuti, 1996. Teori-Teori Politik Dewasa Ini, (Jakarta : PT. Raja Grafindo Persada. Maswadi Rauf, 2000.  Konsensus Politik: Sebuah Tinjauan Teoritis, Jakarta, Dirjend Pendidikan Tinggi, Depdiknas. Myron Weiner dan Samuel P. Huntington, 1994. Understanding Political Development, Ilionis, Waveland Press. UU No. 7 Tahun 2012 tentang  Penanganan Konflik Sosial, Jakarta. Hutagalung, S., 2008.  Kewenangan Pemerintah Bidang Pertanahan, Jakarta, Penerbit PT Rajawali Press. Kalo, S., 2004.  Perbedaan Persepsi Mengenai Penguasaan Tanah Dan Akibatnya Terhadap Masyarakat Petani Di Sumatera Timur Laporan Intelkam Kepolisian Republik Indonesia, Jakarta, tahun 2012 Miles, Matthew B. and Huberman, A. Michael, 1992. Analisis Data Kualitatif, Jakarta, UIPress.

55

Rajagukguk, E. 1979.  Pemahaman Rakyat tentang Hak Atas Tanah. Makalah. Tidak diterbitkan Stepani, B. 2008.  Problematik Pembaruan Hukum dan Persoalan Agraria: Transplantasi  Hukum, Posisi Hukum Lokal dan Agenda Pembaruan Hukum Agraria . http://www.huma.or.id. Sumatera Ekspress, tahun 2012 Tauchid, M. 1952. Masalah Agraria. Penerbit STPN. Jogjakarta. Wiradi, G. 2004.  Masalah Agraria : Masalah Penghidupan dan Kedaulatan Bangsa.  Bahan Ceramah. Disampaikan dalam acara “Studium-Generale”, Jurusan Sosek, Fakultas Pertanian IPB, tanggal 17 Mei, 2004  ________. 1999. Seluk Beluk Masalah Agraria. STPN Press. Jogjakarta.

56

Efforts To Increase The Motivation To Learn Science Class IV SDN Balimester East Jakarta 07 Through Quantum Learning Method Melati Azzahra PGSD Studies Program Faculty of Education, University of Jakarta. ABSTRACT  Learning increases the motivation to learn science fourth grade students of SDN 07  Balimester East Jakarta?. 2) How is a method Quantum Research study class action or class room research that aims to develop, ability to solve problems through direct application of the class. The  problem of this study are: 1) Is Quantum Learning methods improve the motivation to learn  science fourth grade students of SDN 07 Balimester East Jakarta?. This study was conducted from September to November 2010 with 30 students study  subjects who sit in fourth grade at SDN 07 Balimester Djatinegara East Jakarta. This study was conducted in two cycles. Each cycle using the procedure of action, namely:  planning, implementation, observation, and reflection. The results show the percentage of observation of teaching and learning activities held after the first cycle of the action reaches 70%, the second cycle of 90% while the percentage of motivation to learn in the first cycle of the second cycle of 67% to 87%. From these results it can be concluded that the Quantum Learning methods can improve students' motivation to learn  science class IV SDN Balimester East Jakarta.  Implications of these results is if the science learning requires motivation to learn science, the use of highly precise Quantum Learning methods because these methods enable students through 1) the students in order to adjust his sitting position feels comfortable, 2) put background music in the classroom so that students feeling of peace and quiet, 3) the participation of individuals and, 4) using memorable media to provide information that supports the learning  process.

57

Eco-Hydraulic: An Approach To Save Water Ecology On Earth Surface Dr. Dwi Atmanto, M.Si [email protected] Engineering Faculty State University of Jakarta On Rawamangun Muka Street- East Jakarta, Indonesia Phone/fax-+6221-471 50 94 ABSTRACT Currently eco-hydroulic cconcept in Indonesia is still a learned discourse, has not been applied.  Eco-hydrology approach is very appropriate to address the impacts of global warming such as the  problem of water crisis that hit Indonesia. Eco-hydraulic still classified in eco-technology, the merger between environmental knowledge with technology. One of the applied which has been done in developed countries is fitotechnology, ie the use of plants or vegetation in addressing environmental problems. This paper was composed by reference and 5 informans depth-interview method.The result showed on Eco-hydraulic concept is an integral concept in the development of the river basin and considerations that incorporate elements of hydraulics and ecology  synergistically. This concept can actually synergistic mutualisme, produces hydraulic engineering that benefits both the environment and ecology. Water sources such as rivers and lakes are no longer simply construed as grooves on the face of the earth by flowing water and sediment.  However, river and lake ecosystem is defined as an entity that inundated the open nature of the upstream-downstream biotic and abiotic components have mutually hook-connection each other.  Abiotic and biotic components are mutually synergistic This will reduce the production of carbon dioxide through natural processes, because the flora and fauna that live in waters used for reducing pollutants in addition to the water supply sufficient in quality and quantity of biota and humans. If the eco-hydraulic done in bulk, then global warming can be prevented.  Keywords : Eco-hydraulic, Water Ecosystems, Ecology, fito-technology

INTRODUCTION

Global warming is the impact of trapping solar heat in the Earth's atmosphere, due to the veil of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is a gas that is produced or formed by chemical reactions in living things of the earth such as respiration, combustion, industrial waste gas, the combustion engine vehicles, and others. This can occur as a result of human activity related exploitation of natural resources in excess of the earth's surface. While the number of biological resources (vegetation) are limited and dwindling. Though it is known that the  plant serves as a lung to get a clean and green ecosystem. Green plant photosynthesis experience thanks to the help of the sun then produces oxygen gas is released into the earth as a gas which is very useful for breathing (respiration) of all living beings. Green plants

58

also serve to dampen noise pollution, reduce the amount of pollutants that are exposed on the ground or in the air. According Hehanusa (2004), a principal investigator LIPI field waters, Eco-hydraulic, the combination of applied science of ecology and hydrology. This science is still new in Indonesia, but not in the European countries. Hehanusa, explained that the current concept of eco-hydraulic in Indonesia is still a learned discourse, has not been applied. According Hehanusa (2004), this time is very appropriate eco-hydrology approach to overcome the  problem of water crisis that hit Indonesia. Eko-hydraulic still classified in eco-technology, the merger between environmental knowledge with technology. One of the applied which has been done in developed countries is fito-technology, ie the use of plants or vegetation in addressing environmental problems. "With this knowledge, the solution of environmental problems such as destruction of the Ciliwung river, river Houses, rivers Cimanuk, and Citarum river can be run at a cost 25  percent more efficient," said Hehanusa (2004). "For example, for decrased phosphate levels in the water when done with the usual technology solutions will require a high cost,  but with fito-technology which is one of eco-hydrology, decreased levels of phosphate can  be assisted with the help of bacteria in the water". Eco-hydraulic itself is the study of the interaction of hydrological processes with biological or ecosystem dynamics in some circumstances spatial or temporal space and time alias. Eco-hydraulic is a new paradigm in environmental hydrology science subject that offers a sustainable approach by means.

Figure 1.Changes in Water Resources Management of the Natural Conditions (Ecological water source) to the Environment Resources Artificial Water (Hydraulic Pure) Causing Damage to Ecosystem Function Sources of water and water resources(Source: Patt, et al, 1999, in Maryono, 2004)

59

Integral manner is also intended to include all the components associated with the water source or the inundated region from upstream to downstream with managing all aspects affecting both the socio-cultural aspects, institutional, ecology, hydrology, hydraulics, water quality, geology, geography, or spatial planning and others. In this concept the system applies the funds and responsibility sharing between upstream and downstream middle (LP3ES, 2006). In water resources management, water resources data compilation in detail is necessary, both physical data, abiotic, non-physical, biotic, and chemical. With the concept of eco-hydraulic, compilation of data related to the development of not only the area of water resources data compilation compilation hydraulic components but also the ecology of the water source to be absolute. Thus social gathering data compilation activities are located along water sources (particularly those close to water sources) to do with the source of water (e.g sewage and waste disposal, concreting the walls, etc.). In addition, the public perception of the source of water is the data that must be compiled. The public perception is very significant impact on the business management of water. In Europe this concept has been applied, e.g, to address the annual flooding that occurred downstream of the river Rhine, state governments along the Rhine river channel to raise funds to finance the maintenance of the upper watershed, re-naturalization the upstream rivers to improve flood retention and compensation losses due to flooding downstream. Similarly applies to rivers / streams such as the Danube, the river Elba, Nekar, de Loar, and others. For the treatment of long-term water source regions, in addition to technical and ecological solutions also need socio-cultural solutions. The concept is to develop a technical solution early warning system to convert the data to discharge rain water flooding at the source in the middle and downstream. The concept of ecological solutions to improve the retention of ecological function (eco-hydraulic) flow along the river from upstream to downstream for flood attenuation (Stream Corridor Restoration Handbook USDA, 2001). Hold water upstream and downstream. Dividing the excess water (flooding) along the river channel upstream and downstream into small flood (flood distributions concept) rather than accumulate large floods in a particular place. Periodically release the flood plains of

60

residential or other construction (re-Naturalisation). Applying the concept of a new drainage (drainage flood free concept) for the middle and upper part of the efforts to get rid of excess water at the latest to the water source on the condition does not cause environmental health problems. Make monitoring and planning system from upstream to downstream integral to all activities that could lead to flooding (holistic concept). Each activity will be carried out as the establishment of golf course, industrial centers, etc., should be analyzed the impact of environmental damage that will be caused. From the social aspect of social learning should be a flood prevention campaigns targeting the public at large mass involving experts in social and anthropology so as to create. Completion flooding can also use the concept of eco-hydraulic. The concept of ecohydraulic in the completion of the flood is very different from the concept of a purely conventional or hydraulic means mentioned above. The concept of eco-hydraulic flood in the completion of adhering to the cause of the flooding is integrally handling, are purely conventional concept of hydraulic adhering to the local coping result of flooding. The conventional concept is how to spend the river, or other water sources that create flooding and misery to the people as quickly posible. Completion thus not an ecological method, and can only resolve the problem shortly, but will appear in the future even worse destroy the ecosystem of other factors.

Figure 2.Climbing to Tackle Erosion cover can be made from various materials, such as from Reed, Jerimi Dry, Dry Elephant Grass, and others. (Source: Patt, et.al, 1999, in Maryono 2005)

61

The concept of eco-Hydraulic incorporate and develop ecological or environmental element in the completion of the flood, while the concept of pure hydraulic would damage and destroy the environment in resolving flooding. The concept of pure hydraulic saw flooding as evidence of the emergence of great destructive force of water, while the ecoHydraulic saw the emergence of the phenomenon of flooding is not as destructive force of water, but the flood is defined as a result of damage to the environment so that the environment of the flood retention power is lost. In the concept of eco-hydraulic unknown term destructive force of water to surname flooding. But retention is known to damage the environment or environmental carrying capacity resulting in frequent occurrence of extreme water source discharge or flooding.

!"

#"

$% & % ' ) % * ) + #"

#"

Figure 3.Vegetation Edge Water Resources such as bamboo fence, As arrestors Erosion, Energy Absorbers, Protector of the Sun and shade Irradiation, Food Ingredients Suppliers As for fauna, as the Supplier O 2 and CO 2 absorber, and so forth.Source: Field Data, Atmanto, 2007

The concept of eco-hydraulic incorporate and develop ecological or environmental elements presented some concepts that can be used in the development of water resources in the Indonesian region. The concept is the concept of eco-Hydraulic integrative approach, the concept of harmony and balance, the concept of unity between development and conservation, the concept of environmentally friendly drainage area, the distribution of flood concept and the concept of Eco-Hydraulics for flood prevention. The concept of water resources development mentioned above is different from the conventional concept of water resource management problem that has been widely adopted as the manufacture

62

talud eg, parapet walls, embankment construction, alignment, diversion, relocation of water sources, construction of weirs without fishway and others (Maryono, 2003). Theconcept that will be discussed is the main foundation that needs to be used to manage water resources in the Indonesian region further.

Physical Hydrauli

Integralistic Ecology and Hydraulics

Chemistry

Biology

Social

1 The physical characteristics of the river and its changes. 2 transverse and longitudinal profile. 3 Topography and base flow of the river. 4. discharge water level fluctuations, sediment. 5. Border rivers (floodplain, landslides, ecological security and flood plains), etc.. 6 Characteristics of rain flow 1 BOD, COD, pH, Cd, Fe, Mn, etc.. 2 Sources of liquid and solid waste. 3.-frequency discharge of liquid waste and solid waste volumes. 1. formation type and number of flora or vegetation. 2 Type and number of animals or animal on the river bank. 3 Type and number of water bodies fauna 1. settlements, activities related to the river. 2 Social, economic and cultural. 3 The public perception

Figure 4.Ecological-Hydraulic Components Integralistic Profile Aquatic Ecosystems Source: modifkasi Maryono, 2003 h.128.

The old definition of the source of water, that the water source is a groove in the surface of the earth that serves as a drainage channel and consists of the flow of water and sediment transported, there should be substantially corrected. While Maryono (2003) describes the sources of water in eco-hydraulic integrative concept is defined as a system of open inundated him an interaction between biotic factors and abiotic the flora and fauna on the one hand and hydraulics of water and sediment on the other side, as well as all human activities ( social) that relate directly or indirectly to the water source. So in the area of water resource development with the concept of integral, all relevant factors must be addressed in the appropriate portion, so there is no component in the source water

63

ecosystems are destroyed. The destruction of one of the chain ecosystem water sources (eg flora), it will cause the destruction of other components such as fauna, hydraulic retention springs and cliff erosion. Sources of water with all the natural characteristics have formed the most stable composition than the composition of the artificial environment. As a result, changes to the natural characteristics of the source water will reduce the ability to maintain  balance.Changes in the characteristics of the source water by the first technical building reacts to the water source with different characteristics changes not only occur in areas that are changed, but also occur in other parts of the flow of water resources is concerned.

Figure 5.Retrofitting cliffs; Right is part Harmony between Development and Resource Characteristics of Environmentally Friendly Water-called gabion wall. While the Left Not Part Harmony between Development and Characteristics of Environmentally Friendly Source of water. Source: Maryono, FISRWG

Equilibrium concept is an attempt to do in the handling of water resources so as not to upset the balance that already exists. Thus the balance of water resources should be utilized in order to develop conservation simultaneously. Harmony concept: Technical Developments river must be harmoniously conducted with consideration of natural river Behaviors (FISRWG, 2001) (concept of equilibrium: Mechanical engineering in water resources should be harmonized with environmental conditions and behaviour).In the

64

development of water resources in the region, the behaviour of the natural system of water resources need to be defined in detail first. Table 1 Comparison of Success Rate Input Water Quality ManagementThe concept of ecohydraulic river by the Society of the River Plate and the Ciliwung Citarum River Plate

2.

River Environmental Quality Planting trees in the upstream region Planting trees along the river

Implemented 30%

3.

Bank development efforts tree

Implemented 10%

4.

Overcoming waste pollution in river Standing building to monitor the water quality of the river by the community Standing prohibition notice  board pollute the river. Building ban along the river by the public.

Implemented 10%

No.

1

5.

6. 7.

Ciliwung River body  No data

 No.

 No  No

8.

Pollution Prevention industrial waste

Unexecuted approach with industry and other stakeholders.

9.

Structuring riparian

No

10.

Economic activity of water resources

 Not formed

11.

The quality of river water  Not fulfilled chemistry physics 12. Biological quality of rivers  Not fulfilled Source: data field, WKLH, GMCBW and WPL, 2005.

Citarum River body Implemented 40% Implemented 70% Implemented 70% Implemented 80% Implemented 3  buildings It is done 5  boards. Have been implemented, the result of  building in  bantaran reduced 85% Unexecuted limit, but is  being done by the industry approach with other stakeholders. Implemented 70% Already established waste management cycle, bank trees, organic fertilizer, and others. Not fulfilled  Not fulfilled

65

For example in an attempt to overcome the avalanche cliff can use two options namely solution with lengthwise grooves

talud (wall-protector)

developing water resources and by

 planting appropriate vegetation along the groove of the water resources occur erosion. The first option considered in the balance of water resources is very contradictory, because the manufacturing talud water resources will suffer destabilization. At the top of a rising speed  be built talud current policies and resulting erosion in the downstream after talud will receive high energy which can cause erosion or flooding. Destabilization lasted equivalent to the stability of the new process. New stability would require compensation in the form of erosion and sediment in certain areas that previously did not exist. New stability also require a difficult to predict.By reactivating the components of the natural vegetation ecology landslides, floods downstream, inflow outflow mechanism, and the dry season drought can be avoided.

Buis beton dia. 80 cm

Buis beton dia. 80 cm

50 cm

80 cm

Figure 6

50 cm

80 cm

Holes created from the Bus ConcreteSource: Maryono, FISRWG 2003 and 2001.

Upper and middle class people in housing-housing has absolutely no water culture. With home grown they cover almost the entire area of land for housing with Asphalting or, well diffusion is generally not done, the rain water run off housing complex. Household waste water never cleaned before, directly discharged into rivers etc.. Urban community as well. They do not think about the advantages and waste water. All rainwater claim as soon as  possible out of the district, made for Water vacated drainage system of environmental water without thinking other environments and buildings erected around the land surface.

66

Used as a source of water waste water and garbage removal. They do not think about consequences of their behavior. Very few who would try charging understand how to harness rainwater for almost five full months down in their environment to the needs of environmental conservation for example. Moreover, if we review the behavior of people (especially employers HPH) of forest or watershed (DAS in Indonesia). They do not "care" and is not responsible improved by forest clearing in the DAS. They chop forest blindly until equilibrium.Upper and middle class people in housing-housing has absolutely no water culture. With home grown they cover almost the entire area of land for housing with Asphalting or, well diffusion is generally not done, the rain water run off housing complex. Household waste water never cleaned before, directly discharged into rivers etc.. Urban society already so well. They do not think about the advantages and waste water. All rainwater claim as soon as possible out of the district, drainage system made to separate the water from the environment without thinking the other environments and buildings erected across the land surface. Used as a source of water waste water and garbage removal. They do not think about consequences of their behavior. Very few who would try charging understand how to harness rainwater for almost five full months down in their environment to the needs of environmental conservation for example. Moreover, if we review the behavior of people (especially employers HPH) of forest or watershed (DAS). They do not "care" and is not responsible improved by forest clearing in the DAS.They chop forest blindly until equilibrium water upstream and downstream of the flood-affected erosion and drought occurred followed continuously. CONCLUSION

From the above it can be concluded that the concept of eco-hydraulic is an integral concept in the area of development of water sources and incorporate elements of hydraulics and ecological considerations synergistically. This concept can actually synergistic mutualism,  be advantaged produce both hydraulic engineering and environmental ecology. The water source is no longer simply construed as grooves on the face of the earth by flowing water and sediment. But the water source is defined as a unit of ecosystem inundated the open nature of the upstream-downstream biotic and abiotic components have mutually hooked each other. Abiotic components Characteristic morphology is a source of water, as well as

67

fluctuations in flow and sediment quality of and quantity. Benthoze

component is a

component of the flora and fauna including the communities living along the water sources in both the body of water sources and watersheds from upstream to downstream. The consequence of this is that the concept of integrative development planning and implementation as well as the development of water resources need to involve all competent experts on each of the components of the ecosystem of the water source. Water source for this run only one agency should be held as soon as possible reshuffle to include other relevant managers. REFERENCE

Asdak, Chay. 2002. Hidrologi dan Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai. Yogyakarta:Gadjah Mada University Press. Atmanto, Dwi. 2007. Pendekatan Sosiohidraulik dalam Pengelolaan Kualitas Air Sungai.: Studi Kasus Pengelolaan Sungai Citarum DKI Jakarta dan Sungai Citarum  Kabupaten Jawa Barat . Dissertation . Jakarta: Environmental Sciene ProgramPost Graduate Indonesia Universitas. BPLHD West Java dan ITB. 2002. Strategi Pengendalian Pencemaran Daerah Aliran Sungai Ciliwung Jawa Barat. Bandung: LPPM Environmental Engineering Departement ITB. FISRWG. 2001. Stream Corridor Restoration Principles.The Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group (FISRWG) (15 Federal Agencies of the US Government). Washington, D.C. Haeruman, Herman. 1994. Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai.Integrated Watershed Management Plan Workshop March 24-25 1994 Cisarua: Department of Forestry. Hehanusa, Peter. 2004. Ekohidrologi untuk Tangani Krisis  Air .http://www.sinarharapan.co.id/berita/0307/23/ipt01.html Juniati. 2004. River Asset Management (Hydraulic, Morphologie, Ecologie, and SocioCultural Asset) Based Community. Yogyakarta: UGM. Maryono, Agus. 2005. Menangani Banjir, Kekeringan, dan Lingkungan. Yogyakarta:Gadjah Mada University Press. Maryono, Agus. 2003. Pembangunan Sungai Dampak dan Restorasi Sungai. Magister Sistem Teknik Program Pascasarjana. Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada.

68

The Role of Society in Conservating Bogor Botanical Gardens, West Java Oot Hotimah1, Paulus Wirutomo1, Setyo Moersidik 1 and Hadi S. Alikodra 2 1 University of Indonesia 2  Bogor Agricultural University ABSTRACT  Bogor Botanical Gardens (BBGs) is a miniature of forest which has survived for hundred years in urban landscape and became last fortification for plants diversity in Indonesia. It has a big role for carbonic emission reduction. Many functions of Bogor Botanical Gardens such as ecologycal,  social and economic functions. The strategic function of BBGs needs more attention from Bogor’s citizen for its continuities. However based on the fact showed that exuberances of Bogor Botanical Gardens trees has decreased. Due to many cars passed by in BBGs area became crowded. there was reduction of bird species form 85 species (2002) become 35 species (2007). From this  phenomena, it is not impossible if one day the trees at Bogor Botanical Gardens have snatched by human for getting some waters. The interview to several NGO, chairman of student Senior High School, Student Executive Council Bogor Agricultural University, Staffs BBGs, and visitors of  BBGS. The investigation revealed that the active communications among BBGs officer with the  society around it become an absolute requirement to conserve BBGs as rescue media of biodiversity crisis. The most important aspect is the role of society for successing BBGs conservation sustainability.  Keywords  : BBGs, The Role of Society, Participation, Conservation

INTRODUCTION

Establishment and management of an area is one of the most important ways to ensure sustainable natural resources to keep, so that the natural resources can be beneficial on an ongoing basis. One of the ways and means in the management of natural resources is by way of ex-situ conservation. Ex-situ conservation are ways and means to protect plant species, wildlife, and micro-organisms, as well as genetic varieties outside their original habitat or ecosystem. Construction of the botanical garden is one form of ex-situ conservation. Bogor Botanical Gardens (BBGs) is a miniature forest that has survived for hundreds of years in the urban landscape and become the last bastion for the diversity of  plants in Indonesia. He has a big role for the reduction of carbon emissions, as well as serves as a community liaison in the utilization of genetic resources. In addition, the Garden also as the oldest botanical gardens in the world which can survive for long periods

69

of time while still carrying out its function as a botanical garden. In the effort to develop and maintain the natural resources, park management efforts are required to ensure the sustainability and stability of natural ecosystems (Glenn F. Ross 1998). History of the Bogor Botanical Gardens (KRB) stems from Prof. Dr.C.G.C. Reinwart, a German botanist who was in Indonesia in the early 19th century. He was assigned to conduct research on plants in the Dutch East Indies. Letter submitted to the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies in Batavia, G.A.G.P Baron van der Capellen, requesting a piece of land for the benefit of research and a variety of plants to grow economically important plant collections from domestic and foreign regions, may be granted. Botanic Gardens were established on May 18, 1817 by Prof. Dr. C.G.C Reindwardt were then called, s'Lands Plantentuinte Buitenzorg is better known as the Bogor Botanical Gardens. BBGs throughout the course of history have different names, namely "s'Lands Plantentuin," Syokubutzuer "Botanical Garden of Buitenzorg," Botanical Garden of Indonesia "Kebun Gede" and “Kebun Jodoh”. Yet in the end is better known as the Bogor Botanical Gardens. Establishment was preceded by plugging the first swing hoe on earth Padjadjaran as a sign that the construction of the garden development, whose implementation led by Reindwardt himself, assisted by Mr. James Hooper and W. Kent of the famous Kew Gardens in England, in the city of Richmond. Reindwardt pioneering efforts in the field Herbarium. At that time the extent of 47 acres. Through a long journey, now widely Bogor Botanical Gardens 87 acres. BBGs is now the status of the Center for Plant Conservation. Harian Kompas, Endang (2013) in Humanities in June 2013, wrote: "Many of unknown biodiversity benefits, but already threatened with extinction. Domestic and foreign tourists come to Bogor definitely the main target is the BBGs. So famous BBGs. However, not many people know that the Garden is being threatened. Complexity sandwiched in the middle position Bogor. If this is allowed, the population gradually trees and animals in the Garden will be reduced. For example, in 2002 the number of birds that live in the Garden reached 85 tails. However, in 2007, the number was reduced to 35 This is caused by the increase in air pollution in Bogor so that the birds were reluctant to come.

70

 Now at the BBGs, bat population was increasing. Though the increase in the population of  bats is not good because it can upset the balance of the BBGs. BBGs states that almost all of the plants that are in critical condition. This was due to the declining quality of ground water in the city of Bogor. Based on data from LIPI (Indonesian Institute of Science), declining ground water quality due to the many shopping malls in the city of Bogor that uses ground water, both legal and illegal. Saving biodiversity, at least to include it as a botanical garden collection at this time because it was in a state of urgency. Tropical Indonesian archipelago is one of the largest centers of biodiversity in the world. Indonesia has an estimated 27,500 flowering  plant species, or 10 percent of the world flowering plants. Until now, from a number that only about 6000 types of flowering plants known and potential benefits. The rest, 21,500 flowering plant species others still require further research. According to Endang, from the number of flowering plants are not yet known and potential benefits, research and rescue to the challenge through the botanical gardens. This challenge is a race against the destruction of forests due to the transfer of functions into agricultural areas, plantation, and mining. Many functions of the BBGs ranging from ecological function as the lungs of the city, water and carbon barns, to maintain the biodiversity of Indonesia, to save a collection of tropical plant species that are rare, as well as absorbing pollution from vehicle emission two-wheeled or four-wheeled. Biological function to save the plant species and plant species as breeding laboratory. Then Social Functions (as a public space, environmental education and ecotourism). The research function and its economic function (as a job opening for the informal and formal sectors, as well as the tourism industry). But it is unfortunate if so far the community around BBGs more tourist utilize the functionality without utilizing other functions are even more important and positive impact. It is not  possible that the process of achieving the vision and mission of the Garden which is to be one of the best botanical gardens in the world in the field of plant conservation, research, environmental education services, and tourism could be hampered if the public awareness of this course is still lacking. The basic problem of saving biodiversity in Indonesia is still a lack of community role of the rescue activities of Indonesia's natural wealth itself. Preserving the botanical

71

gardens need motivation, and motivation is a collective participation. Embodiment of the shared responsibility of government, private, and community for the provision of space that is conducive to social and economic benefit of the public or community. Inclusion community's role in conservation efforts should be carried out botanical gardens, conservation is no longer the absolute right of the limited time. Step community  participation in conservation efforts have been implemented by UNESCO and it is a  positive thing that we can adopt to be implemented in the city of Bogor. When compared with the results of the field observations in various countries then there is one thing that is striking is how big the participation of local communities in the implementation of activities, both as an organization and participation of individuals based on the expected benefits. They quite clearly included in determining, organizing and utilizing conservation activities namely restoration of cultural heritage is managed by the city in question. The approach is based on community-based actions in the implementation of the restoration or preservation of the environment and heritage buildings, it is recommended by UNESCO. In fact, in order to increase awareness of the society at large and in all ages, UNESCO launched a campaign of cultural heritage in love with the  program through schools from kindergarten to the university, with the name:  Heritage In Young Hands. In this connection in Indonesia, this program was there but as if only with the involvement of the Ministry of Education without any participation of the Local Government proactively. UNESCO party also advised the politicians /decision giver/ local government, so that in the implementation of cultural heritage preservation and nearby communities should be involved with such activities and make a joint activity with the activities of the people that really want to succeed. If such a step is applied also in the city of Bogor in Bogor Botanical conservation efforts, is necessarily silent objects of cultural heritage that it will be easier to tell a story about the history of the city of Bogor to us. This course will have a positive impact on the establishment of cultural identity and history of the city of Bogor, in addition to the economic impact will increase with the presence of tourists to travel past the city of Bogor. The point is that conservation efforts should be made an impact on increasing  public awareness of the importance of the city of BBGs that is society which would later

72

 play a larger role, nurturing and overseeing the government stay out of the corridor so no laws about preservation. Community engagement in conservation activities BBGs in Bogor, in tune with the concept of governance in the stretcher now that the concept of good governance, with three main pillars; government, private, and community, one of which includes public participation. It is necessary for businesses that aim to understand the legal basis for the existence of objects of cultural heritage as well as the rules that must  be obeyed in the preservation of cultural heritage objects. It is expected that the use of objects of cultural heritage as a tourist attraction within the remit of the principles of  preservation. In Cultural Resource Management study one aspect of management is the legal aspect. Therefore laws, either in the form of laws and regulations must always be a  benchmark. The following conservation efforts, the cultural heritage material as a tourist attraction, of course, will involve various parties with different interests as well. Bogor city government as one of the party who was entitled to avail of course also have to understand its authority. Understanding of the authority not only refers to the law on regional autonomy, but must look at products related legislation. In this case the product of legislation which should be minimal referral law on cultural heritage, the law on tourism, and the government regulation No. 10 as well as products of other legislation. By understanding the authority of each party, then the cultural heritage material will remain to  preserve the cultural heritage object itself. More importantly, the principle of balance in the utilization will be realized. According Nashar (2009), The chairman of Bogor100, many benefits are obtained if the city of Bogor is really becoming one of the world heritage. With the enactment of Bogor someday succeed as a world heritage, then the whole world will get to know the city of Bogor. Automatically, this will increase the number of tourists visiting the Bogor area so that income will increase. Not only that, if the people of the world know that the city of Bogor is one of the world heritage, they volunteered to help maintain the historical relics in Bogor which can be started from the BBGs with all the biodiversity therein. It is necessary for research on public participation in the preservation of the Garden. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of the community in  preserving the Bogor Botanical Gardens. The results of this study are expected to provide

73

 benefits to bring awareness to the community that it's time the community should be involved and also urged the government to immediately create the last strongholds of forest rescue, saving biodiversity, Indonesia, through the botanical gardens.

Theoritical Framework

The notion of participation by many experts is usually interpreted as an effort to community participation in an activity, which when associated with the development is a way of community participation in development. Another term that is often used in the  participation is the involvement and participation embodied in the mutual cooperation. According to Boediono (1999), a joint effort is the work done together without reward intended for the common good. In the same meaning Widiayanti and Sunindha (1989) defines it as a joint venture that can be realized in terms of participation. Achmadi (1978) adds that participation, community self-help in the form of mutual assistance is the main capital. While self-help in interpret as the ability of a group of  people with their own consciousness and initiative held fulfillment. According to Cohen and Uphoff (Ndraha; 1990) that can partisipation is the output and input of development. Forms of participation that can be done by the community in the development program consists of participation in decision-making, implementation, utilization, and evaluation of development. Related with the definition of participation and its relation to the program development and community empowerment then participation becomes a very important element. Without consideration of community participation, development programs that will be implemented is planning on paper (Pusic in Adi; 2001). Based on his view,  participation or community involvement in development can be viewed from two things, namely; participation in planning and participation in the implementation. Both of these terms have positive and negative terms, either in the form of participation in planning and  participation in the implementation. Positive aspect of participation in planning is to encourage the emergence of emotional involvement of the development programs planned together, while the negative side is the possibility can not be avoided conflicts between groups in society that can delay or even hinder the achievement of a joint decision.

74

Positive aspect of participation in the implementation is mostly of a program (on a needs assessment and program planning) have been completed. The negative side there is a tendency to make the citizens as objects of development, where community members serve without development practitioners are encouraged to understand and realize the problems they face, and without a desire to overcome the problem. As a result, citizens are not emotionally involved in the program which resulted in failure often can not be avoided. According Tjokroamidjojo (1990) that there are three stages in the participation, namely; 1. Involvement in the process of determining the direction, strategy planning policy. 2.

Involvement in shouldering the burden and responsibility in the implementation of development activities.

3. Involvement in the results and reap the benefits of development. Furthermore Suratmo (1995) stated that the basic purpose of the participation of Indonesian society are (a) to include the community in environmental management, (b) to include the community in the development of the state, and (c) assist the government to be able to take the wisdom and better decisions and appropriate. Participation requires the participation of a person or group in an activity. Person's  participation or involvement can directly and indirectly. Direct involvement, such as  participating directly in carrying out an activity (physically involved); whereas indirect involvement such as someone physically not directly involved in an activity but provide material support or donations of mind in the event . Understanding public participation according to Keith Davis is "Participation is defined as the mental and emotional involvement of a person in a group situation inlich encourages him to Contribute to group". This definition implies the following; a. Participation as a person's mental and emotional involvement is more than just  physical involvement.  b. Participation motivate people to support the growth situation of initiatives to target / destination group. c. Participation encourages people to feel involved and responsible for the group's activities (Keith Davis, media information social welfare in 2010; 133)

75

Mental and emotional involvement will encourage the growing awareness that the motivation of each individual in the community to participate and participate in an activity. In participating in it have a social conscience and a sense of social solidarity. Social care or social solidarity is a sense of empathy that is manifested in the form of action or behavior to help others who are having trouble and to make it happen requires awareness and responsibility. As revealed Haryadi Subadio (1991; 10) that social solidarity is essentially a tolerance, the ability to put yourself in the situation and the difficulties of others, so do not act arbitrarily, able to feel and realize the state of tolerance toward others, and willing to lend a hand when necessary. Social participation, social care and social solidarity towards others is a form of empathy that is reflected in the willingness to commit an act or acts of helping others who are having trouble. Based on the notion of community participation that has been said above, it can also be concluded that community participation is participation /involvement of active society both morally and materially, which cooperate in achieving a common goal which is related to individual interests therein. By doing so, it is clear that the role of the community  become so important in the development of any form of activity, because the community support interacting constantly gives hope towards the success of an activity. From the opinions mentioned above it can be concluded that the participation of the main features of a willingness to participate in a group. Where there is a correlation feelings and thoughts in a group situation, thus encouraging a person to assist the successful achievement of group goals. Of understanding regarding participation refers to Davis above, may be taken three main elements, namely awareness, sense of belonging, and responsibility in the management of domestic waste. From a description of the terms of participation in the above can be stated that the author, community participation is the involvement of a number of individuals who are organized to achieve specific goals. Thus community participation can be categorized into a process, such as public participation in the management of domestic waste in the Village of Binjai.

76

The same thing is said by Sastropoetro (1988) that community participation is involvement accompanied spontaneous awareness and responsibility to the interests of the group to achieve a common goal. Almost similar to the opinion Hetifah (2002) suggests that participation is defined as involvement of people voluntarily without pressure and away from government or external interests. In other words, participation is considered as the willingness of the  people to create their own community development. So participation is a practical form of aspiration, initiative and involvement of citizens. But the problem, the concept of  participation can not be optimally implemented by the government or the people themselves. There is ambiguity in the concept and application of practical level  participation. In addition, the locality and the time dimension also determines the maximum community participation. Dr.Sudarshan in the journal Syamsul Wathoni (2006) requires that maximum  participation can only be done by taking into account two fundamental things first; institutional structure that allows citizens to participate and decide their own problems. second; community representation proportional representation within each policy-making  process on behalf of the common good. However, Ignas Kleden (2004) saw the participation instead of quantity, the more emphasis on the numbers and the number of people who participate but rather on the quality of the participation discourse developed. The quality of discourse is defined by two aspects; good arguments and have a strong foundation, the wider interests at stake. To be more meaningful participation, arguments for participation and institutional accountability must be based on the conception of rights, which in the context of strengthening the status of citizens. If the citizen originally formulated as beneficiaries, now it has to be positioned as a legitimate party entitled and against the center. . Furthermore Asngari (2001) states that raising participation was based on the existence mutual understanding. The existence of this definition is because amongst these  people to communicate and interact with each other. In eliciting the participation of all  parties is required: (a) the creation of an atmosphere free or democratic and (b) made up togetherness.

77

S.P. Hadi (1995) states that public participation is a process in which people  participate to take part in decision making. In terms of quality, participation is as an input  policy, strategic, communications, media and the public breakdown of social therapy. Community participation will bring a positive influence, where they will be able to grasp or understand the various issues that arise as well as understand that the final decision will  be taken. Community involvement is part of the planning process is intended to accommodate the needs, aspirations of affected communities so that negative impacts can  be eliminated as well as planners attempt to obtain input from the community about everything related to their fate. S.P Hadi further stated to achieve these goals, there are two elements that must be met by the participation of society namely: the existence of two-way communication and continuous information relating to projects, programs and policies delivered by a variety of techniques that are not just passive and formal but also active and informal.

 Importance of Participation

The importance of community participation in development according to Diana Conyers (1991) based three main reasons, namely: 1.

Public participation is a means to obtain information about the condition, needs and attitudes of local communities, without whose presence and development  program projects will fail.

2. People will be more trust development project or program if you feel involved in the process of preparation and planning, because they will know more about the ins and outs of the project and have a sense of belonging to the project. 3. The notion that it is a democratic right when the people involved in the development of society itself. According Moeljarto (1994) participation is therefore essential, there is some  justification, namely; 1. People is a central focus and ultimate goal of development, participation is a logical result of the argument.

78

2.

Participation raises self-esteem and personal abilities to be able to participate in important decisions concerning the community.

3. Participation create an environment feedback flow of information about the attitudes, aspirations, needs and local conditions without existence will not be revealed. This information flow is inevitable for the success of development. 4. Development implemented better by starting from where people are and of what they have. 5. Participation broaden horizons recipient zone development projects. 6. Participation pemerintak will expand coverage to the entire community. 7. Participation sustain development. 8. Participation provides a good environment conducive to the actualization of human  potential and human growth. 9.  participation is an effective way to build community capacity for managing development programs to meet local needs. 10. Participation is seen as a reflection of the democratic rights of individuals to be involved in their own development.  Shape and Participation Type

Davis (Sastropoetro; 1988) explains that in the implementation of development programs,  participation can also be seen from the shape and type: namely: a. Participation of money is a form of participation to expedite efforts for achieving the needs of the people who need help.  b. Participation property is participation in the form of donated property, usually in the form of working tools or utensils. c. Force participation is given in the form of participation of personnel to carry out efforts to support the success of a program. d. Participation of skill, which gives a boost through its skills to other community members who need it. Types of participation

a. Mind (psychology participation)

79

 b. Power (physical participation) c. Mind and power (psychological and physical participation) d. Expertise (participation with skill) e. Goods (material participation) f. Money (participation money) According to Effendi there are two forms of participation, vertical and horizontal. a. Vertical participation is a form of certain conditions in the community involved in it or take part in a program other parties, in respect of which the community exists as a subordinate position.  b. Horizontal is where community participation is not impossible to have initiative in which each member / community groups participate horizontally between each other, both in business and in order to conduct joint activities with other  parties. Various definitions above illustrate some of the principles contained in  participation, especially in the context of development, such as a sense of togetherness, volunteerism and cooperation. The same is visible in the view Santoso and Iskandar (1974), based on field experience in community participation in development, there are six elements in participation are: (a) Sense of common fate and shared causes (b) Relationship with the purpose of life (c) The existence prakarsawan (d) participation Climate (e) The development itself Furthermore, in terms of utilization, according Sutoro Eko and his friends: 1. Participation as a TOOL Participation is seen as a process that in this process the local people (villagers) can cooperate or join the development program introduced by anyone, externally. Participation as a tool in which this kind of initiative can be implemented more effectively. Participation of villagers sponsored by external

80

representatives and it is seen as a technique to help the progress of the village  program. 2. Participation as GOAL Participation seen as an end in itself. That goal can be expressed as the empowerment of the people in terms of acquisition of skills, knowledge and experience to take greater responsibility for development. Poverty villagers often understood in terms of keterabaian and lack of access and control the resources they need to continue and improve their lives.  Indicators and Characteristics of Participation

According Loina Lalolo Krina P. (2003), public participation is an integral part of the development itself, so that eventually all people will obtain the same rights and powers to sue or get a fair share of the benefits of development. Fuller discussion on indicators of  participation can be seen below: 1.

Based on the assumption that government organizations will work better if the members of the structure are given the opportunity to be intimately involved with every decision the organization.

This involves two aspects, namely; a. The involvement of government officials through the creation of value and commitment among officials that strongly motivated by the program is implemented  b.

Public involvement in the design and implementation of programs.

2. Participation in strengthening democracy needed to improve the quality and effectiveness of public services. In realizing a suitable framework for the  participation of several aspects need to be considered; a. Participation through constitutional and civil society networks.  b. Individual participation in the decision-making process, civil society as a service provider. c. Local government culture. d. Other factors, such as the transparency of the process is open and the concentration of the substance in the competence.

81

3. Characterized by participatory governance; a. The focus is on providing direction and invite others to participate  b.

Constitutional and democratic basis

c. The combination of the government and other actors in society d. Vision and consensus-based development is very important e. The government only acts as chairperson 4. The basic assumption of participation is increasingly in the individual's involvement in the production challenges, these individuals more productive. 5. Participation is the principle that every person has the right to be involved in decision making in any organization of government activity. (Guidance books Strengthening Security Program Regional Development, Bappenas and Ministry of Home Affairs, 2002). It can be concluded that the principle of public participation requires public should  be empowered, given the opportunity to play a role and are included in the bureaucratic  processes from planning and implementation oversight or public policy. Hetifah Sj. Sumarto (2008) says there are three characteristics of participation is considered ideal; 1. Influential, ongoing process has the ability to influence policy and decisionmaking. 2. Inclusive, forums that there must be representative of the population exposed to different perspectives and values, and to provide equal opportunity for all parties to  participate. 3. Deliberative process undertaken should allow for an open dialogue, open access to information, mutual respect, mutual understanding and space to build a framework of joint issues and leads to mutual agreement.

Characteristics of participation according to Saca Firmansya

a) Participation passive / manipulative a. Communities participate by being told what is or has happened.

82

 b. Management of unilateral announcements by project implementers attention or  public response. c. The information exchanged is limited to professional circles outside the target group  b) Participation by giving them questions. a. Communities participate by answering questions such research in quesioner the like.  b. People do not have the opportunity to engage and influences the resolution  process. c. Accuracy of the results of the study are not discussed with the community. c) Participation in consultation a. Communities participate by consultation  b. Outsiders listen and build his own views to then define the problems and solutions,  by modifying the responses to public comments. c. There is no opportunity for decision-makers with d) Participation for material incentives a. Communities participate by providing resources such as labor, in order to obtain food, wages, compensation and so on.  b. People are not involved in the experiment or the learning process. c. Society does not have a hand to continue the activities performed keguatanintensive when supplied / received have been exhausted. e) Participation functional a. Communities participate by forming groups to achieve the goals associated with the project.  b. The formation of the group after a major decision agreed. c.

At first these communities rely on outsiders but at the time was able to own

f) Interactive participation a. Communities participating in the joint analysis that lead to the planning of activities and the establishment of new social institutions.

83

 b. Participation tends to involve interdisciplinary methods that seek diversity of  perspectives in the learning process in a structured and systematic. c. Community groups have a role control over their decisions so that they had a stake in the entire implementation of the activities. METHOD

This study make use of a mixed methodology (Thasakkorie and Tedllie, 1998) ; The visitor of BBGs (N=88) followed by a series of in-depth interviews with 3 informant from 3 activist of 3 LSM (environment-based) and several chairman of the student Senior High School in Bogor City. According to Creswell and Plano Park (2007) this type of methodology is most siutable for exploring phenomena about which little is established,  but where several possible explanations exist. The Survey

This survey was conducted for 6 months continuously refer to the literature, the results of relevant previous research and dig deeper into the information from the respondents. Respondent is the Bogor Botanical Garden visitors who live in the city of Bogor or of Bogor Regency. In this study identifies community participation in conservation efforts BBGs. In this case the preservation program BBGs as a multifunctional urban forest, not  just involve the city government alone but should ideally involve providing conservation community about the Bogor Botanical Garden, Bogor community especially to maintain cultural heritage and biodiversity in the BBGs. The Interview

Within the survey respondents were invited to informant for an

in-depth interview

intended to allow them to expand on answers given the survey, and to provide opportunities for the emergence of ideas, which may not have been anticipated by the survey instrument. These semi-structured interviews served to augment survey data. Interview conversations allowed to probe the history of BBGs, the function of the BBGs, the development of relationship between BBGs and surrounding communities, to know how bogor community awareness to BBGs, and someone who cares a lot for the BBGs.

84

The Analyses and The Limitation

This study used a less-dominant dominant design that combines quantitative and qualitative approaches in the study. A qualitative approach plays a dominant (main) while the quantitative pedekatan less-dominant position. Qualitative approach in this study is intended to support and provide an explanation or interpretation of the results obtained from the quantitative approach. The qualitative approach emphasizes the process and meaning of the facts that occur in the field. According to Nasution (1988) and Creswell (1994), in qualitative research the researcher is the main instrument concerned is directly down to the field to collect data through observation, interviews and documentation, whereas in quantitative research using a survey method with the primary data gathering instrument was a questionnaire. Both of these methods are triangulation, the data obtained  by questionnaire explored in more depth through observation, and in-depth interviews (indepth interviews) and enriched by other documents. In the end, both approaches were used in this study are combined to find the answer to the overall research goals. Determination of the informants in this study conducted snowball, meaning that researchers can determine the person interviewed based on information obtained from the local leaders and field observations. Interview starts from a key informant the Chairman or some activist environmental NGO based in Bogor, Chairman of the equivalent of high school student council several schools in the city of Bogor, then continue to the other informants to obtain information that was considered sufficient and adequate. In general, the data collected in this study divided into primary data and secondary data. Primary data is categorized into two parts. First, the collection of data through a qualitative approach is to conduct in-depth interviews with key informants. Second, the collection of data through a quantitative approach is done through observation / measurement field, and a survey of the local community. Secondary data was collected through the agency or agencies that are relevant to this research. There are a few limitations to note about the study. Although there was a seemingly large respon to the survey (N=86), this number represents but a small proportion of the total number of Bogor community. Also since participation in the survey was selfselecting, it tended to attrack a non-parametric sample of respondents, that is participants

85

were strong advocates of BBGs existence. In spite of these limitations, researcher believes the analyses presented here, are a reasonable indicator of what is going on in the city with awareness to BBGs existence.

The Participants

The total number of respondents to the survey was 86 persons. Of these, 51% identified themselves as female and 49% identified as a male. The majority of visitors KRB is 17-21 years of age by 47%, visitors aged 22-26 years by 20%, visitors aged 27-31 years by 7%, visitors aged 32-36 years as much as 9%, visitors aged 37-41 years were 9%, visitors aged 42-46 years were 6% and above 47 years of age as much as 2%. This shows that 17-21 year old school became the most visitors and for various reasons they came to the Garden. One was to determine the types of plants are in the collection by BBGs and hanging out with friends. The majority of respondents as much as 55% last education is high school graduates, 28% graduated from junior high school, as many as 8% of graduates S1, D3 as much as 6%, 2% and 1% of primary school graduates S2. The majority of visitors BBGs job is as a school and college students or 44%, then 27% as private sector workers, as many as 16% had a variety of jobs such as journalists, entrepreneurs and others. A total of 6% worked as a civil servant (PNS) and as much as 6% as housewives (IRT). The majority of visitors based on interviews, student and was students who occupied the highest percentage. In addition to functioning BBGs as a place for recreation families, they declared that the BBGs is a media / learning resources for specific subjects such as Biology, Environmental Education, as well as the geography and research for students who are making a thesis or course assignment. The survey is based on income as much as 49% since the end not to have income as many as 38 of them are students and students and 6 of them are housewives who have no income. As many as 15% of visitors have income between Rp2,500,000-Rp4.749.000, as many as 12% have income between Rp1.000.001-Rp2,499,000, as much as 9% of visitors have income between Rp250.00-1,000,000, as much as 5% of visitors who have total income Rp4.750.000-Rp7,000,000 and as much as 7% have income over Rp7,000,000.

86

Based on visitor income owned by their claim that the admission price BBGs is relatively affordable.  Informan

Within the survey respondent were invited to informant followed by a series of in-depth interviews with 3 activists of 3 environment-based NGO ( Non Goverment Organization), like: RMI (Rimbawan Muda Indonesia), PILI (Pusat Informasi Lingkungan Indonesia)and Bogor100, NGO what there are in Bogor area and several chairman of the Senior High School student in Bogor City, those are: SMA Negeri 1, SMA Negeri 2, SMA Negeri 3, SMA Negeri 5, SMA Negeri 6, and SMA YPHB Bogor. Beside that, a qualitatif method with in-depth, also interview to the employees of BBGs and several from Student Executive Council (Badan Eksekutif Mahasiswa) Bogor Agriculture University (IPB). Interviews were conducted in-depth evaluation of e nvironment-based NGO leaders. In its participation as an institution that cares about the environment based existence BBGs, this engagement is not just mental, emotional and physical. This NGO supports sustainability BBGs proven initiated by making seminars or workshops for people who are unfamiliar to the problems of the Bogor Botanical Gardens. Besides this NGO programs encourage people to feel partially responsible for preserving the KRB as the last bastion rescue biodiversity in critical condition, both nationally and internationally. The NGO said that active communications among BBGs officer with the society around it must be increased, becauseit’s absolute requirement to conserve BBGs as rescue media of  biodiversity crisis. In addition to in-depth interview of NGO representatives on the student council chairman several high school students and representatives of the Chairman of the Executive Board of the Student Faculty level. Associated with BBGs that has many functions, they stated BBGs as a container for students to research related to task for college and high school students this BBGs existence as a media / source of learning in the subject of Environmental Education, Biology, and Geography. With the issue of  biodiversity crisis in the BBGs, students as well as students are willing to contribute to the  preservation of the Garden itself. One example, in outline they are willing to work together not only to preserve BBGs alone but they are also willing to take part in maintaining the cleanliness of the environment around and within the Botanical Gardens.

87

The interview to the staff of BBGs. Three of 5 personswho worked as staff BBGs are descendants of parents or grandparents had been a worker in the BBGs. It became its own interest and feel the bond with the Bogor Botanical Gardens. Participation by workers against their own BBGs is not only maintain the existence of BBGs but as shown by the loyalty of workers.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The existence of the Bogor Botanical Gardens

BBGs located in the center of Bogor city with a height of 260 metres above sea level, with high rainfall between 3000-4300 mm per year. BBGs is a living plant museum with the most complete collection of tropical plants in the world, built with a beautiful landscape concept. BBGs location is very strategic because it is easily accessible from anywhere. Its location close to the motorway can be easily accessed by visitors from outside the city of Bogor. BBGs as a tropical botanical gardens world-renowned research in addition to functioning as a garden of tropical plants, is also a fairly enjoyable recreation garden. Based on the source of information about the history of the Bogor Botanical Gardens, the establishment of the Bogor Botanical Gardens stems from Prof. Dr.C.G.C. Reinwart, a German botanist who was in Indonesia in the early 19th century. He was assigned to conduct research on plants in the Dutch East Indies. Letter submitted to the GovernorGeneral of the Dutch East Indies in Batavia, G.A.G.P Baron van der Capellen, requesting a  piece of land for the benefit of research and a variety of plants to grow economically important plant collections from the archipelago region and foreign countries can be granted. Botanic Gardens were established on May 18, 1817 by Prof. Dr. C.G.C Reindwardt were then called, s'Lands Plantentuinte Buitenzorg is better known as the BBGs. Several research institutes in Indonesia, many are born from BBGs role, such as Forestry, Agriculture, even LIPI itself born from the BBGs. Currently it is in terms of the structure of the KRB under LIPI, LIPI but actually arise from a variety of researchers active role in BBGs. Of age alone, LIPI's new 40-year-old while the Bogor Botanical Garden has nearly 200 years, exactly 197 years. Since its inception, international

88

researchers have made reference BBGs as research sites, evidenced by the guest list, also the thesis of Dr. Goss. But with the transfer of government, after independence, the BBGs was a role only as UPT (Technical Implementation Unit). So just perform the function of the tour only-no research function. Until now it has increased to the CCP (Center for Plant Conservation) that charged more research. So BBGs has a stronger role, including taking  part in conservation policy in Indonesia as ex-situ. Based on data obtained from sources informant is one manager of the BBGs, Mrs. Sugiarti who say that the direction and strategy of BBGs development is inseparable from the duties and functions, the vision-mission, one of them wants to be a national reference center in terms of minimal plant conservation in Indonesia . But because the state Indonesia Mega Biodiversity, eventually becoming a reference state of tropical flora. In terms of scholarship, is also associated with plant data, diversity, etc. certainty Latin name. All related to the rescue once considered endangered flora in their natural habitat, these functions are supporters of the main functions earlier. Function, for example tourism, it is actually to be able to inform visitors and hope they will realize to protect the environment. The function of education is also to invite students and students take advantage of all the educational facilities in BBGs in their learning activities. In contrast to the function of the environmental services which emphasize the CCP to further optimize. So in essence, wherever the Botanical Garden, its main function is to plant conservation, while the other functions as a support function is the main function earlier. His research for the  preservation of plants, educational environment for utilization, ecotourismnya for public awareness. But that is a big problem for the sustainability of the biodiversity of Indonesia in BBGs is the condition of the plants and animals that very concern. This was due to the declining quality of ground water in the city of Bogor. Based on data from LIPI, declining ground water quality due to the many shopping malls in the city of Bogor that uses ground water, both legal and illegal. Another example in 2002 was the number of birds that live in the Garden reached 85 tails. However, in 2007, the number was reduced to 35 This is caused by the increase in air pollution in Bogor so that the birds were reluctant to come.

89

CONCLUSION  Role of Local Communities in Biodiversity Conservation Effort in BBGs

The findings obtained from interviews and observations showed that local people in this community around the Garden has not played an active role. In biodiversity conservation activities. This can be demonstrated from the fact that most of the plants are in a very poor condition. Many potential biodiversity benefits is unknown, but it is threatened with extinction. Plant maintenance activities become stalled due to the declining quality of ground water due to the construction of many shopping malls in the city of Bogor  . Public environmental awareness is a (gained through) the process of education. How community care to look at the surrounding environment. Do people know how clean or dirty the environment as well as to know their efforts react. The low level of public awareness of the importance of the continuity of the diversity of the country and even the world as well as the government, as the party most responsible for the management of  biodiversity in the Garden considered less responsive. Public understanding is still low and the government is less responsive condition worsens plants and animals that exist in the BBGs. Implication

The role of the public is a form of public participation in preserving the Bogor Botanical Gardens Bogor as the last bastion of saving biodiversity in crisis, both national and international levels. Participation will involve one day of action movement shaped cleaning around Bogor Botanical Gardens held by the City Government. The participants include gymnastics community mothers, students and people who are exercising in Bogor Sempur Field. There should be a container that collects community who care about the Bogor Botanical Gardens Bogor ongoing basis. For example, like the "Bogor Community Forum for kelestraian Botanical Gardens". Where the community acted as a monitor, supervise, feel and give more attention. Bogor Botanical Gardens is not just a brand / product but also contribute to the environmental sustainability of the city of Bogor. Bogor Botanical Gardens is an urban forest that is not being multifunctional in its management if not done optimally.

90

REFERENCES

Asngari, P.S. (2001). Peranan Agen Pembaruan/Penyuluh Dalam Usaha Memberdayakan (Empowerment) Sumberdaya Manusia Pengelola Agribisnis.Orasi Ilmiah Guru Besar Tetap Ilmu Sosial Ekonomi. Fakultas Peternakan. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bappenas dan Depdagri. (2002). Pedoman  Penguatan Pengamanan Program  Pembangunan Daerah. Jakarta: Bappenas & Depdagri Cohen, Uphoff. (1977). Rural Development Participation : Concept and Measures  For Project Design Implementation and Evaluation. New York : Rural Development Commite- Cornel University Conyers, Diana. (1991). Perencanaan Sosial di Dunia Ketiga. Yogyakarta: UGM Press. Creswell, J.W., & Plano Clark, V.L. (2007).  Designing and Conducting Mixed Method  Research. Thousand Oaks,CA: Sage. Dahlgren, Peter and Sparks, Colin. (2005). Communication and Citizenship: journalism and the public sphere in the new media age/edited . Routledge Deputi Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Bidang Peningkatan Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Dan Pengendalian Kerusakan Lingkungan. (2010).  Menuju Indonesia Hijau. Jakarta: Kemeneg Lingkungan Hidup Hadi, S. P. (1995).  Metode Penelitian Sosial, Kualitatif, Kuantitatif, dan Kaji Tindak . Semarang: Program Magister Ilmu Lingkungan UNDIP. Hamijoyo.(1974). Partisipasi dalam Pembangunan. Jakarta: Depdikbud. Irwanto. (2007). Hutan Kota. Jakarta : Media Konservasi II Kendle, Tony. (2010). Urban Nature Conservation. London: The Alden Press. Kleden, Ignas. (2004).  Masyarakat dan Negara Sebuah Persoalan. Magelang: Yayasan Indoesiatera Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia. (2013).  Laporan Tahunan Pusat Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Bogor – LIPI Tahun Anggaran 2012 . LIPI – PKT KRB.  Ndraha, Taqliziduhu. (1990). Pembangunan Masyarakat, Rineka Cipta, Jakarta. Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 93 Tahun 2011 Tentang Kebun Raya Ross, Glenn F. (1998). Psikologi Pariwisata. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia. Sastropoetro, RA. Santoso. (1988). Partisipasi, Komunikasi, Persuasi, dan Disiplin dalam Pembangunan: Bandung. Alumni. Saunders, D.L. (2007). Making Public The Private Life of Plants: The Contribution of Informal Learning Environments.  International Journal of Science Education, 29 (10): 1209B1228 Sumarto, Hetifah Sj. (2003).  Inovasi, Partisipasi dan Good Governance. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia. Suratmo, F Gunawan. (1995). Analisis Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan: Yogyakarta. Gajah Mada University Press. Tashakkori, A., & Teddlie, E. (Eds.) (1998).  Mixed methodology: Combining qualitative and quantitative approaches. Thaousand Oaks, CA : Sage. Tjokroamidjojo, Bintoro.(1990). Pengantar Administrasi Pembangunan: Jakarta. LP3ES. Tjokro Winoto, Moeljarto. (1994).  Pembangunan : Dilema dan Tantangan. Jakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. Uegen, Pusic. (1972).  Particiption and the Multidimentional Development of Complexity. Italy: Viena Institute for Development.

91

How to Improve Society Economic By Zone Model of a Maritim Education Torism In Seribu Islands Hamidah, UcuCahyana, Supriyadi, Khrisnamurti FakultasEkonomi, UNJ ([email protected]) FMIPA, UNJ ([email protected]) FMIPA, UNJ ([email protected]) FIS, UNJ ([email protected])

ABSTRACT

This research activity aims to develop a model maritime industrial zone educational tours in the islands into zones integrated in the system of cooperation networks connected  globally (locally integrated , globally connected )to improve society economic in the Seribu Islands . The method used in this study is a mixed method . In the year to the first  study conducted a survey to build a database , and research & development (R&D),  generate models of educational tours marine industrial zone . In the second year of research conducted: (1) action research to develop the tourism potential of education in each zone as a tourist destination marine education,(2) management models Travel  Industry Zone Maritime Education (ZIWEB) Thousand Islands, (3) the model development cooperation (networking) between the researchers, the local government and local tourism operators Thousand Islands, and (4) Analysis of the impact of educational tours to the economic resilience of marine communities. The results of the first study was a 10 -year  potential island into a tourist destination marine education is divided into three zones educational tours marine industry, consisting of: ( 1) South Zone consists of Onrust Island ,  Island of Java Fortunately , Lancang Island , Island and Island tidungPari . (2) Central  Zone consists of Pramuka Island , Panggang Island , SemakDaun Island and Floating cages and (3) North Zone consists of Kelapa Island and Harapan Island . The final results of this study produced a model Marine Industrial Zone Thousand Islands Tourism  Education are equipped with modules and educational films nautical tourism activities in the three zones , the website " stored " (hosting) in a web hosting provider (Master Web  Network) and posted with using URL www.ziweb - kepulauan1000.com and management models Tourism Education Marine Industrial Zone (ZIWEB) Thousand Islands, as well as an increase in the economic welfare of society.  Keywords : industrial zones , educational tours marine , thousand islands , the resilience of the local economy

95 INTRODUCTION

 New concept in the field of tourism is sustainable tourism development. Tourists not only enjoy the object passively, but actively participate in accordance with the context. Activity is a synergy between economic activity ,social interaction, cultural, and environmental conservation.The tourists can be redirected to educational activities, such as: identifying marine life, observing a variety of coral reefs, and mangrove forest ecosystems studied. This activity is great potential to develop the character of the nation for its participants, mostly students.At the same time marine educational tours are also very  potential to increase the economic resilience of marine communities that depend on the average of traditional fishing. It is unfortunate that such a large potential not immediately utilized.Thousand Islands archipelago located in Jakarta Bay, has developed into a  potential marine tourism industry mainstay Jakarta provincial government at the same  phenomenal uncontrollable (Cahyana, 2011). Called phenomenal because of the development of tourism in the islands, such as the Pramuka Island and Tidung Island, took  place very quickly and practically only be initiated by the public.Tourists come directly into people's homes to homestay, enjoy a culinary tour, and enjoy snorkeling and diving activities. Thousand Islands archipelago located in Jakarta Bay, has developed into a  potential marine tourism industry mainstay Jakarta provincial government at the same  phenomenal

uncontrollable

(Cahyana,2011). Called

phenomenal

because

of

the

development of tourism in the islands, such as the Scout Island and Tidung Island, took  place very quickly and practically only be initiated by the public. Tourists come directly into people's homes to homestay, enjoy a culinary tour, and enjoy snorkeling and diving activities. The role of local government in terms of regulation is almost non-existent, in the last five years of tourism activities in the islands has exceeded its carrying capacity, it is very dangerous for the development of tourism itself. Environment becomes damaged, accommodation becomes narrower, transportation becomes chaotic, and the appeal of the  place that will soon disappear. Not to mention the influence of modern culture such as skimpy clothing, promiscuity, and drug abuse, which would destroy the culture and future maritime community itself. Therefore in this research study will focus on the development of Greater Jakarta entire region as one economic corridor in Java. During the development of educational tours marine industrial zone ( ZIWEB ) is integrated with the other islands in the Thousand Islands that had been untouched urgent to do. The zone will be a system of local cooperation integrative network and connect with a

96 global network of marine tourism industry digitally. Cooperation between the public, local governments, and the local college (State University of Jakarta) will be constructed based on the results of research that has been done before. The first aim of this study was to develop a model management ZIWEB Thousand Islands.

Both

cooperated(

networking)

with

the

central

government,

local

government,schools, and industry tour manager thousand islands. Third enhancing capacity  building and human resources extensively.Fourth improve employment that will enhance the resilience of the local economy. The virtue of this study is the resulting diversification of tourism products that include 3A , namely : ( 1 ) accessibility (new location) , (2) activity, and ( 3 ) amenitas ( supporting facilities ). The new location is opening new islands previously untapped tourism activities, carried out in an integrated manner. Between one location to another does not stand alone but integrated. Marine tourism activities plus educational element into marine education tour. It carries major implications for targeted educational tours are marine utamany students, teachers, students, and the general public are very large in number. Educational travel programs associated with the school curriculum so that schools would benefit gain learning resources for students to be experiential toward a more solid understanding of the concept. At the same time the character development is now  becoming a critical issue will be facilitated by good government. This cargo is packed in a  professional manner so that principals , teachers , and the public feel confident that maritime activity would be beneficial educational tours for the students. Carrying capacity Scout Island and Island Tidung previously been exceeded can be avoided, to prevent damage to the physical and cultural environment that is more severe, it will have an impact on the multidimensional and led to the loss of the appeal site visit tourist visits , as mentioned earlier The success of the model " educational tours marine industry zone " ( ZIWEB ) will be of great value both for the development of ecotourism or travel.The role of local government in terms of regulation is almost non-existent, in the last five years of tourism activities in the islands has exceeded its carrying capacity, it is very dangerous for the development of tourism itself. Environment becomes damaged, accommodation  becomes narrower, transportation becomes chaotic, and the appeal of the place that will soon disappear. Not to mention the influence of modern culture such as skimpy clothing,  promiscuity, and drug abuse, which would destroy the culture and future maritime community itself. Therefore in this research study will focus on the development of Greater Jakarta entire region as one economic corridor in Java.

97 Development of educational tours marine industrial zone (ZIWEB) is integrated with the other islands in the Thousand Islands that had been untouched urgent to do. The zone will be a system of local cooperation integrative network and connect with a global network of marine tourism industry digitally. Cooperation between the public, local governments, and the local college (State University of Jakarta) will be constructed based on the results of research that has been done before. The first aim of this study was to develop a model management ZIWEB Thousand Islands. Both cooperated (networking) with the central government, local government, schools, and industry tour manager thousand islands. Third enhancing capacity building and human resources extensively. Fourth improve employment that will enhance the resilience of the local economy. Carrying capacity Scout Island and Island Tidung previously been exceeded can be avoided , to prevent damage to the physical and cultural environment that is more severe . It will affect multidimensional and led to the loss of the appeal site visit tourist visits , as mentioned earlier . The success of the model " educational tours marine industry zone " ( ZIWEB ) will be of great value both for the development of ecotourism or tourism development of environmentally sound and character of the Indonesian nation. Educational activities in marine education tour will include practical things like  picking up trash in the visiting area, transplantation of coral reefs , mangrove planting , observing the social and economic life of society nautical , surveying damage to beaches , and observing the preservation of marine life such as turtles breeding . Activities that are tangible and experiential it is expected to have a significant impact both for the participants educational tours in marine and maritime communities visiting area . Multiplier effect of the model ZIWEB with increasing tourist traffic to the new islands in the Thousand Islands . Entrepreneurs travel services will increase their welfare , for example the provision of homestay , snorkeling and diving equipment rental , culinary , and creative industries . In turn, employment will occur ; will be more sustainable environment ; and economic status of the community will increase . LiteratureStudy  Marine TourismOrams, (1999) “ Marine tourism includes those recreational activities that involve travel away from one’s place of residence and which have as their host or focus the marine environment (where the marine environment is defined as those waters which are saline and tide-affected)”. From the definition, it can be concluded that a journey undertaken by an individual or group of people with the purpose of recreation or

98 other purposes which aim is to focus the sea and the surrounding environment , modern tourism tends to be more active and participatory , like scuba - diving and snorkeling , windsurfing , jet skiing , fishing , kayaking in the ocean , visits to fishing villages , marine  park and aquarium , sailing , participating and attending festivals and other marine ( Luck , 2007). Concept Marine Education Tourism / Travel Maritime Education . Some experts say that the participatory activities of visitors / tourists in the Marine Tourism positively impact psychological , educational and environmental conservation for the visitors / tourists ( Higham , 1998 ; Orams , 2000 ; Schänzel and McIntosh , 2000 ; Tisdell and Wilson , 2002 , 2005 ; Luck , 2003; Finkler and Higham , 2004; Mayes et al , 2004; . Hughes and Saunders , 2005; Andersen and Miller , 2006) . It can make tourists feel the excitement , novelty , uniqueness intensity and improve quality of life ( Muloin , 1998; Schänzel and McIntosh , 2000; . Birtlesetc , 2002; Curtin , 2005) . Sustainable Tourism Development . Development of the region do not pay attention to the environmental carrying capacity , causing much damage to the environment and natural disasters . WTO (1992 ) defines the threshold as the core of the creation of environmental protection and sustainable development . While ecologically is a limit for the maximum number of consumers ( organisms ) that are allowed to stay alive . Wearing and Neil (1999 ) suggests the application of the zoning system in a tourism strategy that can be applied to meet the environmental carrying capacity . This research activity will develop educational tours maritime industrial zone in the Thousand Islands as part of efforts to accelerate economic development and expansion of the community. Educational tours marine industrial zone developed in an area called the zone and the use of incentives trdisional thousand islands national park. Zone incentives are in 5030’24”-5033’54” LS dan 106 033’-106037’ BT serta 5 033’54”-5037’36” LS dan 106030’-106037’ BT, meliputi P. Kelor Barat , Gosong laga, Gosong Sepa, Sepa Barat, dan Timur, Jagung, Melinjo, Semut Besar dan Kecil Melintang, Perak, Petondan dan Timur, Panjang Bawah, KA. Melintang, KA. Putri, Tongkeng, Macan Kecil, Putri Besar dan Kecil, Matahari, KA. Bira, Bira Besar dan Kecil, Gentang Besar dan Kecil, Kuburan Cina, Bulat and surrounding water.This zone is used for recreation infrastructure development / tourism, and utilization of natural resources in a sustainable manner. Traditional Use Zones are in 5024’-5045’ LS and 106025’-106040’ BT, cover P. Dua Barat dan Timur, Kaliage Besar dan Kecil, Semut, Karang Ketamba, Karang Mungu, Opak Besar dan kecil, Karang

99 Bongkok, Kotok Besar, dan kecil, Karang Congkak, Karang Pandan, Semak Daun, Karya, Panggang, dan Pramuka, serta perairan disekitarnya. This zone is allocated to traditional natural resources by local communities (Dahuri, 2003).

In

previous

studies

,

researchers have developed a model of educational tours that include models Travel Web maritime education . - Modules nautical activities educational tours , educational tours and marine management systems . In this study educational marine tourism activities will be developed into an integrated tourism industry zone management system . Each site will be developed into a center of maritime educational tours that have distinct characteristics of each region , then the system will be built through a network of inter-regional cooperation with local tourism operators and agencies in cooperation with local governments . Therefore the models studied in depth study of human resource preparation , preparation of models supporting infrastructure ( transport and utilities ) , package of activities that reflect the educational tours of local cultural richness of each region , as well as a model system management of IT -supported technology . During the educational marine tourism activities participants will be involved in education and training , research , and nautical character building , in addition to activities that are fun . Zone of the marine industry educational tours also serve as a means of promotion and communication among the various tourist industry , both domestically and internationally , as well as serve as a means to preserve the environment . METHOD

The method used in this study is a mixed method. In the year to the first study conducted a survey to build a database, and research & development (R & D) to produce a model of educational tours marine industrial zone. further on to the second year of research conducted: (1) action research to develop the tourism potential of education in each zone as a tourist destination marine education, (2) management models Travel Industry Zone Maritime Education (ZIWEB) Thousand Islands (3) models development cooperation (networking) between the researchers, the local government and the Thousand Islands Thousand Islands local tourism operators, and (4) Analysis of the impact of educational tours to the economic resilience of marine communities.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Year I used two methods, namely survey to build a database, and research & development (R & D ) to produce a model of educational tours marine industrial zone.

100 Results of the first year of the study was the identification of 10 potential island into a tourist destination marine education is divided into three zones educational tours marine industry, consisting of : ( 1 ) South Zone consists of Onrust Island , UntungJawaIsland, Lancang Island , TidungIsland and Pari Island. ( 2 ) Central Zone consists of Pramuka Island, Roast , SemakDaun Island and Floating cages and ( 3 ) North Zone consists of Kelapa Island and Harapan Island. With the development of the three zones is expected to increase the growth and spread of the tour so far concentrated on the island of Tidung and Pramuka, thus supporting the distribution of economic growth in the Thousand Islands and improve economic resilience of the community . 3.1 .Target Website Website.   Model ZIWEB . In general, the target site is a general

audience , without any limit ( place , time , and age ) . This means that the information  published on this website can be used by various parties with different levels and socioeconomic backgrounds who are interested in the field of marine tourism , because the information is general and informative, so that it can support the concept of networking globally integrated locally . The purpose of the development of this website is: To disseminate marine tourism objects that become tourist destinations education is managed by a team of marine ZIWEB. To publish educational tour packages that are managed by a team of marine ZIWEB. To facilitate the general public in getting information about objects and activities of marine education tour in Indonesia, particularly those managed by Tim ZIWEB. To facilitate the general public in obtaining information about the registration process of participation in educational marine tourism activities managed by Tim ZIWEB.To facilitate the candidates in the maritime educational tours to register their participation in tourism activities maritime educational interest. Delivery Strategy.In order for the website can be easily accessed by the target, the website "stored" (hosting) in a web hosting provider (Master Web Network) and in-post with using URL www.ziweb-kepulauan1000.com. The material presented in the website are grouped into eight tabs , ie : home . Tab " Home " is usually called the home page is the page of the web site is located at the front and always performed the first time the website is opened . This tab contains general information that is dynamic , because it is used to convey a variety of information about the activities undertaken by Tim ZIWEB , and also a variety of information related to various tourist events nautical education . The information presented on the front page (home page ) this is (1). Greetings common to the visitation that is placed in the header " Welcome to Website Travel Zone

101 Maritime Education Thousand Islands " . (2) General information about nautical tourism education displayed in the form of dynamic images and text. (3) The " Latest News " which contains some information that is associated with a variety of activities related to marine activities educational tours. (4)Testimony, which contains the impressions of the  participants who take part in educational tours organized by Tim marine ZIWEB. (5) Connect with us, which is a communication facility between the audience (the public) with ZIWEB team performed in real time . (6) Login Form , which is a facility for the audience ( the public ) that will register as a participant marine educational tours. Profile. Tab " Profile" contains a variety of information related to the management organization ZIWEB , namely on : the history of the development ZIWEB contained in the heading " Overview ZIWEB " ; Vision and Mission ZIWEB ; personnel managers ZIWEB entitled " Our Team" . Tourism Object . Tab " Objects " provides information about tourist objects that become tourist destinations managed by Tim ZIWEB . Travel Package. Tab " Travel Package " contains information about the travel package offered by Tim ZIWEB at every tourist attraction . Within this tab the visitors can get information and travel offers education to marine - 3 zone with a variety of marine education tour package   as there is a travel package 1 day 2 nights, 2 nights 3 days, 3 ,

nights 4 days, and the package based on customer demand. Inside this tab also comes with the price offered for each package. Through this tab is expected that visitors can pick and choose which tour package will follow. ZIWEB module . Tab " Modules ZIWEB " contains general information about the content found in the print module . Through this module is expected that potential customers are more interested in marine education tour organized by Tim ZIWEB. Gallery: Photos and Videos . Tab " Gallery Photos and Videos " contains a collection of photos and videos of the various attractions in the island of a thousand nautical education that includes 8 objects tourist island . This gallery presents the pictures and

videos

are

grouped

based

on

tourism

objects

.

Schedule of Events . Tab " Schedule of Events " contains information about marine activity  plan educational tours that will soon be implemented by Tim ZIWEB . Schedule of events shown there are two versions , namely the schedule drawn up based on the management  plan ZIWEB to implement an educational tour to the marine tourism offered to the public , and there is also a schedule that had been agreed between the manager ZIWEB with customers. Schedule of events is presented with a variety of views , ranging from the

102 schedule

for

one

year,

one

month,

one

week,

even

a

day.

Book Tour Package. Tab " Book Package " contains information about the procedure book a tour package marine education conducted online. Thus , potential participants are not maritime educational tours should come to the office manager ZIWEB secretariat for registration and transaction keikutsertaannhya education in marine tourism activities managed by Tim ZIWEB.Hasil expert validation tests against web www.ziwebkepulauan1000.com are as follows : Media This website development using Joomla platform . The choice of platform is based on the thought being given that the platform is open source so that it becomes a very efficient , because it is free , however, complete the required components , as needed. Evaluation / Feedback To get a good website , in accordance with the goals and objectives to be achieved , then the website is evaluated by using expert judgment . This technique is done by asking two experts to conduct a review of the website and as well as evaluate the various aspects of using the instrument developed by Tim ZIWEB . In a ddition , experts were also asked to  provide comments and input on the components developed . With reference to the results of the evaluation and input from experts , specifically revised website components are considered to be very weak . Some aspects / dimensions are evaluated namely : Content , structure and navigation , visual design , functionality , interactivity , and speed loading . 3.2 . Modules and VCD Activity ZIWEB Target module is ZIWEB especially school students / high school and college students . In schools and colleges they have studied the concepts of science , technology , social and cultural theoretically . If you get a chance to explore the surrounding nature directly , understanding will be more stable . In contrast to the formal concepts , concepts which occur in nature are unified around . A concept can be viewed from various disciplines at once . Because it is real , it is very interesting natural phenomenon to be studied . Description in this module serves to deliver them to explore the marine environment directionally , both physical and social environment . The terms used in the module have  been familiar to them . The sentences can be made simpler and understandable . They require real problems - problems in the field to develop problem-solving skills . In terms of the marine environment, formal education has been very difficult to  provide real . Marine life is hard and full of challenges is in accordance with the level of development of the adolescent. Activities such as planting mangrove and coral reef

103 transplantation varied with snorkeling activities , for example , will be favored by teenagers; at the same time the activity will develop nautical character among the  participants maritime educational tours.The general public can also use this module , but do not need to study the entire contents . For teachers to utilize the module to encourage students to learn more about marine potentials thousand islands and concern for environmental conservation efforts . Destination.After studying educational tours modules nautical knowledge, skills, and character of the participants in the maritime field will increase. They will also feel proud that his presence at tourist destinations or less will increase income, living habits , and local environmental balance. In more detail the purpose of the modules that have been  prepared are as follows . Cognitive . From the cognitive aspect , after studying ZIWEB module participants will be able to : ( 1) Describe the potential possessed by marine tourist destination. (2) Describe the cultural wisdom of local communities tourist destination. (3) Describing the role of local communities in developing marine tourism. (4) Describe the role of local government in developing marine tourism. (5) Describe the entrepreneurial community and local government in mengemangkan marine tourism. (6) Describe the environmental sustainability of marine tourism destination . Affective. From the affective aspect, after learning modules ZIWEB participants will be able to: (1) Empathize against maritime community life. (2) Brave enough to face the challenges of a difficult and dangerous(4). High work ethic,tenacious, and not easily discouraged.( 5 ) The objective in taking the data exploration and experimentation(6). Conscientious in working on a project Psychomotor . From the aspect of psychomotor , after learning modules ZIWEB  participants will be able to travel using sea transportation , snorkeling, transplanting coral reefs, mangrove planting. Scientific Work . From the aspect of scientific work or skill processes , after learning modules ZIWEB participants will be able to identify the problems that arise in communities where tourist destination , solve some of the problems that arise in a tourist destination and take part in preserving the environment in tourist destinations . Strategy Presentation Strategy presentation materials using the module combination espositori ,diskoveri , and inquiry. The main material is presented with expository strategy, using paragraphs and images . The material presented affective skills and strategies diskoveri; their activities

104 are guided exploration and experimentation so as to find themselves the things they want to learn . Enrichment materials are presented with strategies of inquiry; Participants were given the task of finding their own problems and then solve its own systematic . The results of the study are presented in the discussion forum held on the sidelines of tourist activity . material Module material largely drawn from the results of the needs analysis, which is summarized under four headings , namely : (1) Potential Bahari , (2) Wisdom of Local Culture,(3) Entrepreneurship , and (4) Environmental Sustainability . In certain parts of the material was deepened in accordance with school subjects. Enrichment material available in abundance at the destination; module just serves as a liaison for participants to perform the activities . The maritime zones educational tours thousand islands have a module that models ZIWEB has 3 modules. The titles are as follows 1) Module ZIWEB South Zone consists of : Onrust Island, Island Tidung, Untung jawa Island , Pari Island and Lancang Island . 2) Module ZIWEB Central Zone consists of : Panggang Island , PramukaIsland and Semak Daun Island. 3 ) Module ZIWEB North Zone consists of : Harapan Island and Kelapa Island . 3.3 . Model Management ZIWEB ZIWEB management model developed include : (1) educational tours maritime activity, (2) Standard Operating Procedure ( SOP activities , (3) networking system , and (4) management organization . Educational tours marine activities tailored to the conditions of tourist sites , activities that must be performed in a standard ZIWEB activities are (1) observation and analysis of the condition of marine life and the marine environment and people's lives, (2) transplanting coral reefs or mangrove planting, (3) studied the cultural wisdom of the marine conservation and socio - cultural life of the community, (4) shows the typical local cultures, (5) the observation of local products typical marine community and entrepreneurial values maritime community, (6) the discussion and presentation of the results of tourism activities maritime education, and (7) beach sports activities or other entertainment activities are fun . Each activity is tailored to the distribution of educational tourist zone has been established and the characteristics of the potential of the island .

105 Another important aspect of the tourism activities of maritime education, the safety aspect. In conducting educational tours maritime activity must be considered SOP safety of  participants, namely : (1) vessel safety standards, must have a certificate from the ministry of transportation and local governments , (2) In the course of using the ferry and boat to travel around the island , each participant must use a float , (3) in snokeling or diving activities each participant must use floats and equipment snokeling the standard and should  be accompanied by a guide or instructor , and (4) each participant must follow the rules made by the organizer of maritime education . 3.4. Community Empowerment Resource Model With training it provides seafood processing into various types of cuisine, then an increase in the use of knowledge in a variety of herbs and processing techniques . Results of pre test and post - test were performed on culinary training shows the results on whether the required training seafood processing can improve the satisfaction rating is an increase of 33.3 % initially to 80 %. It can be concluded the increase of knowledge learners with an average increase of 34.7 % in terms of seafood processing into various types of cuisine in an effort to improve tourist satisfaction. They feel increase in knowledge in the use of various herbs, types of cuisine and processing techniques. It is expected that knowledge can be applied in providing food services to the tourists to improve customer satisfaction. 3.5. Analysis of Results of Focus Group Discussion Focus Group Discussion (FGD) conducted with the involvement of local government, community economic development experts from LIPI , corporate part of PT . Jaya Ancol , as well as the community, the community manager at Thousand Islands tour. In the discussion and suggestions emerged that raised expectations of FGD participants. For the development of educational tours on the islands a thousand nautical required identification advantages of each destination region, for example the island scout excel in the field of turtle breeding and planting mangroves, coral transplantation islandTidung on and so forth. Given these advantages it is to establish marine zones educational tours can involve islands are inhabited and uninhabited as a tourist destination . In general, the Thousand Islands Regional Government hopes the university in this case Jakarta State University to help develop the thousand islands into a tourist destination for domestic and foreign countries with the development of the tourist zone of maritime education , because it is certainly an impact on increasing the resilience of the economy and quality of island communities thousand . They also expect an increase in knowledge and skills of its people with training given to improve the quality of service as in the case of guiding , accommodation , culinary

106 and so on so as to improve satisfaction for tourists visiting , thereby increasing the expected number of tourists who visit the thousand islands . Community economic development experts from LIPI advised to build educational tours maritime zones should be the main focus is to improve the readiness of the community in  providing services in the field of education in accordance with the advantages of each island , as the island prepared Tidung communities in mangrove seedlings that are the first ring that needs to be worked . In the second ring , the people improved readiness in service accommodation , homestay in this case , also in terms of culinary , as well as preparation means snorkeling . At the end of the third ring , be prepared supporting facilities such as the readiness of the supply of souvenirs , seafood processing technique that can be used as souvenirs for tourists . Response from PT. Jaya Ancol is the importance of providing a means of transport for tourists who will travel to a Thousand Islands, as long as there are still limitations in the  provision of transpotrasi, especially in terms of frequency and number of passenger ships , in addition to the need to increase the ability of people to ring into three , namely the ability to prepare by - by , either in the form of souvenirs and processed seafood that has a long shelf life so it can serve as a souvenir . 3.6.Improvemet Community Economic Resilience Increasing the resilience of the local economy in a tourist destination is a logical consequence of the model marine educational tour. If described in concentric circles , educational tours marine models consists of three circles, Figure 3. Circle first is " educational products" offered; The second circle is the support of " accommodation , snorkeling, diving, culinary, inter- island transportation" ; and the third circle is the support of " creative industries and specialties durable " local area, as mentioned previously . If the educational products offered have a strong appeal , " accommodation and meals " and " creative industries and special food " provided by the local community will be affected in a  positive way, which leads to the improvement of their economic resilience . It would be great if the second and third circles also have a strong appeal.

107

Educational Products

Figure3.ConcentricCircleModelNauticalTourismEducation

" Product educative " nautical educational tours are the main products offered to the  participants to enhance learning through observation and investigation . It should be an exclusive product , causing a big attraction , and has a strategic importance for the development of study skills and character development of participants as well as increased tourist economy of local communities . Tidung Island has been identified in educational  products that have such properties , namely " planting " . Mangrove function is very great for the environment . Without Tidung mangrove island will eventually displaced by ocean waves ; slowly but surely the island will disappear from the geographical map . The reality is very slow growing and planting mangrove is not easy . Various government programs have been implemented to plant mangrove besara - scale but the results are almost nil . Meanwhile there is a local environmental activist who diligently and wholeheartedly mangrove planting at his own cost so that the results are much better . Ironically if he had asked the government to fund always failed and derided as a handyman begging . He is currently planting proposal to the World Bank . Her dream is to plant one million mangrove trees within the next 10 years , by his own efforts. Such background which makes planting Island mngroveTidung be mutually exclusive . The problems are complex and problematic is an excellent learning resource for marine education tour participants .Identification of educational products carefully is very important , but not enough . Models of marine educational tours should ensure that the activities of the greater educational tours and each participant wants planting mangove practice, nothing short amount of mangrove seedlings. So it should be a good educational product in terms of

108 quality and quantity. For the model of educational tours in collaboration with activists nautical lovers Tidung Island mangrove planting mangrove seedlings to large scale. When tourists flocked there to practice planting, supplies will not run out. If one is charged Rp 5,000 (0.5$) mangrove seedlings only the environmentalists would be a wealthy  businessman; increased community economic resilience . "Accommodation, snorkeling, diving, inter-island transportation, culinary " required by marine education tour participants are more positive outcome has a direct impact on the economic resilience of communities in tourist destinations. If tourists increased, people's income by itself will increase. Problems that occur during flooding travelers are on certain days ,ie on weekends and during vacations. In those days it was actually Tidung Island carrying capacity has been exceeded so no longer able to serve additional new travelers .However , in day -to-day business travelers still lacks Tidung Island. The model seeks to hold maritime educational tours and travel on weekdays, by linking activities with the school curriculum . Educational tours nautical journey is not for fun , but to learn ; Very reasonable if the activities carried out on weekdays. If it happens to be more sustainable  public revenue , from day to day throughout the week . Will increase the resilience of the local economy . " Creative Industries and Food Typical " however required by the maritime educational tour participants . They will buy souvenirs and local specialties. Creative industries also include local arts performances .Thousand island communities to respond to their expectations expressed in improving the quality of services provided to travelers is given as : homestay management and culinary fields. They still lack the knowledge to manage a homestay in a professional and mengolahan seafood that has not varied , especially in terms of seasoning and processing techniques . Thus the public expects the research team can provide training in the field . It can be concluded, localy integration with preparing tour packages through the zone, integrating marketing travel packages becomes easier to do , travelers become easier to determine the diversity of island tour package options. 3.7 Action research Action research conducted in Phase II in 2013 ZIWEB aims to improve the marine tourism industry in the Seribu Islands which includes three integrated activities , namely : (1) trips to accelerate and expand the economic development community in the visiting area ; (2) transfer of technology to the travel agents to build synergies local tourism industry toward solid marine tourism and sustainable ; and ( 3 ) Establish a network of cooperation with various parties to manage marine tourism industry in the South Zone , Central , and North

109 is integrative , not just relying on certain islands are actually the carrying capacity has been exceeded. Traveling.Travel to accelerate and expand the economic development of communities in the visiting area . The more trips made , the greater the acceleration and expansion of economic development meant . The location chosen covers third ZIWEB zone , namely the South Zone , Central Zone and North Zone . Intensive activities carried out in the North Zone, precisely at Hope Island . The location was chosen because it is relatively rare for tourists compared to the Central and South Zones . If the North zone can evolve like other zones, ZIWEB goal to develop an integrated tourist industry , includes three zones , will be achieved . Characteristic of ZIWEB is using a model homestay accommodation , which is directly related to the community homeowners . Although the homestay concept has changed dramatically with the development of fast - homestay tour is no longer a residence owner - tourists were still able to learn a lot about people's lives and local wisdom . Change happens because the concept was increasingly interested homestay much that it can not be supplied from the houses there , they make a new homestay separate from their residence . Most homestay even built by people from the mainland ( their term for investors from outside the island ) . The concept of marine tourism activities are tourism activities that are not mass tourism ( tourisme mass ) , so that the action research activities followed by a small entourage . Adapan details of these activities include stages that include planning , implementation . Planning At the planning stage ZIWEB research team collects a variety of data relating to the implementation of ZIWEB . The stakeholders related to ZIWEB activity is also involved to engage merencankan action research activities . The activities include : coordination meetings held with stakeholders consisting of a travel agency (Wiyata Tour) and Tim ZIWEB . Meanwhile , the other stakeholders , the homestay owner , local guide , boat owners , tenants snorkeling equipment , local catering service provider also separately coordinated to support the implementation of these activities . Local stakeholders are part or element that is in the tourist area of Hope Island . At this stage of the travel agency (Wiyata Tour) program promotional activities. ZIWEB through various media to attract candidates ZIWEB tour activities, especially through social networking media , such as facebook.Promotion through social media. Another form of media is a media campaign , the promotional brochure ZIWEB program . The results of the promotion through social

110 media is quite effective , so terjaringlah 13 ZIWEB program participants through social media and Facebook Implementation. The first trip to the island of Onrust .Onrust Island is one of the gates of this ZIWEB . This ZIWEB tour program participants conducting historical tours to see the museum in the form of home quarantine in the Dutch colonial era in the OnrustIsland . The next trip to the island to visit the PramukaIsland ,Turtle Breeding . Next visit to the Hope island for marine tourism activities with regional observations in Hope Island , to explore the lives of the people and scenery of the island , enjoying the sunset, enjoy the atmosphere of the sea in Hope Island at night on the pier.implementation The first trip to the island of Onrust .Onrust Island is one of the gates of this ZIWEB . This ZIWEB tour program participants conducting historical tours to see the museum in the form of home quarantine in the Dutch colonial era in the OnrustIsland . The next trip to the island to visit the Scout to Scout Island Turtle Breeding . Hope next visit to the island for marine tourism activities with regional observations Hope Island , to explore the lives of the people and scenery of the island , enjoying the sunset on the island when Hope , enjoy the atmosphere of the sea in Hope Island at night on the pier. The second day of the trip , snorkeling and island tours around the area of the central zone ZIWEB . The islands which is the purpose of this activity , the MacanGundul Island , Gosong Island , Dolpin Island and BulatIsland , followed by a visit to the turtle breeding in Kelapadua Island . The trip to Macan Gundul Island, which is one of the snorkeling spots. On this island is quite pleasant , relatively good condition of the coral and fish diversity that exists. Activity in the white beach Dolpin Island and BulatIsland . In the Bulat Island participants can still do snorkeling activities , because the condition of coral reefs in the island is still quite good can enjoy snorkeling activities . Harapan Island can carry out reforestation activities by  planting mangroves . This activity is an activity day tour around the island in the Central Zone ZIWEB both regions . Mangrove planting activity is also involved several teenagers Harapan Island itself. Government provides the means music party at Harapan Island State Park. Some local snacks , such as squid satay is one of the specialties of the island is overrun by tourists . Some participants also tried to buy souvenirs as gifts , such as T-shirts and fish crackers . Technically ZIWEB educational tours for action ResearhWiyata Tour conducted by the research team as a partner. Wiyata Tour coordinate with local operators to set up a homestay , boat tours , snorkeling equipment , catering, and a local guide .

111 Cultural activities such as traditional ceremonies on the occasion of the tour there this time . Cultural activities at Harapan Island on the general activities of " procession " married couples or circumcision . This traditional ceremony is usually followed by music and lenongmarawis. Availability typical souvenirs or cindermata Hope Island is not widely available, so that the tourists are having trouble finding a bit of typical souvenirs Hope or Coconut Island. The local guide was less than optimal because they do not get your exercise, so they are less able to provide guidance to both .Although, in general they are friendly and accompanying travel well. In addition to the activities tourists themselves, the observations educational tours ZIWEB action research is mainly focused on the impact on "the acceleration of economic and community development " in the visiting area . Educational products, this product is at the core of educational tours ZIWEB, the object to  be " sold" to develop educational activities. Travelers want to come to the location of educational tours ZIWEB attracted by the educational product. If depicted by concentric circles, educational products located in the circle to - 1; weight 50 %, is the largest compared to the other two circles. This product has been prepared in both quality and quantity. Need an effort that each island has a unique educational product so high resale value because there is no rival anywhere else ; but it is not easy to make it happen . In addition to the activities tourists themselves , the observations educational tours ZIWEB action research is mainly focused on the impact on " the acceleration of economic and community development " in the visiting area a. Educational products( circle 1, weight 50%). This product is the core of the educational tours ZIWEB , the object to be " sold " to develop educational activities . Travelers want to come to the location of educational tours ZIWEB attracted by the educational product . If depicted by concentric circles , educational products located in the circle to - 1 ; weight 50 % , is the largest compared to the other two circles . This product has been prepared in both quality and quantity . In Table 2 the following educational products associated with the impact , which accelerate and expand the economic development of society . Originally arranged so that each island has a unique educational product so high resale value because there is no rival anywhere else ; but it is not easy to make it happen .  b.Public facilities , accommodation , and Consumption In three concentric circles, these support facilities in circles to- 2 ; function as a support activity ZIWEB educational tours of the primary needs. Its weight is quite large , namely 30 %, is quite decisive for the success of educational tours ZIWEB. Although not

112 the first consideration of people come into a tourist destination , supporting facilities will  provide a comfortable and safe during the ZIWEB activities . Especially for participants from the elementary and junior high school students support facilities is becoming a major consideration parents allow their children to participate ZIWEB educational tours. Tables 3a , 3b , and 3c following link quality and quantity of facilities to support the acceleration of economic and community development . Creative Industries , Accommodation , and Consumption . In three concentric circles ,the creative industries are on the 3rd circle ; function as a support activity ZIWEB educational tours of the secondary needs that demands creativity . Its weight is the smallest, which is 20 %, but quite decisive for the accelerated realization of economic community. If done in earnest this creative industry can produce distinctive products each tourist destination that can not be imitated by other locations. In the culinary field , people will feel satisfied when eating special foods , and in the place of origin. Which is expected to occur in this ZIWEB educational tours, creative products that grow because of the demands of tourists. For example, travelers wanted souvenirs at each place really excursions typical of the region, though not entirely . Is the case now souvenir was actually  purchased from the t he mainland ma inland , outside the t he island i sland . Typical products of the island that just does not exist. In the field of creative arts demands for products that are essential to revive the traditional art in each location. The Art groups was not developed because no one request to appear. If not addressed the art local slowly going extinct, and this is a big loss for Indonesian tourism industry a competitive edge. In educational tours ZIWEB it is of considerable concern. Educational Products (Circle 1, Weight 50 %). This product generally gets high score means the educational products in the visiting area very well . Because it's also the highest ( 50 % ) then the score x weighting the results will be very large, and most large. Weight of 50 % means that the product itself is instructive are the core products that have a multiplier effect is quite large. If high educational products, support facilities and creative industries will naturally increase. Some products educative score low because they do not exist in location concerned, for example kite activities. Meanwhile diving score low because they can not be used by the participants; to be able to dive required a special certificate. Public facilities, accommodation, and Consumption (2nd Circle, Weight 30 %)

Support facilities at 2nd Circle also has a high score in general. It becomes logical because it is a necessity that can not be avoided, as a primary requirement. Elevation scores can also be interpreted as the biggest immediate impact in the economy ; travel budget is the

113 expenditure supporting facilities, such as accommodation and meals. Its weight is only 30 % - less than the 50 % of educational products - because the nature of the support facilities associated impacts. If good educational products and tourists flock to tourist sites, the supporting facility itself will come dimanfaatkaan . Creative Industries , Accommodation , and Consumption . Creative industries in the 3rd Circle relatively low scores because they do not grow and develop according to expectations . The difficulty is fundamental ; for example, most of the groceries are still imported from the mainland so as to produce a typical food Thousand Islands is relatively more difficult . Barakar communities of traditional fishermen who depend their lives on the mercy of nature . They catch fish continuously without ever thinking to cultivate . The fish are running out and the lives they had come out. Fish farming which in theory will better ensure their future , it is practically difficult to implement. Various high -level knowledge and skills required for fish farming . The sea water is polluted from waste land adds to the list of trouble . Technology Transfer . Implementation of technology transfer to Travel Agents Local to Building Synergy Industry Towards Marine Tourism and Sustainable Solid . ZIWEB model of technology transfer made to the agency - local travel agency, on the island of Tidung is the Marunda Tour; Seribu Island Tour, Tour Tidung. PramukaIsland with BachteraTour ,samudra Tour , Tour Marina , Sunset Tour . Harapan Island Sunrise Tour , Sea Tour , and Beach Tour at Coconut Island. ZIWEB model of technology transfer events was organized in cooperation between the research team UNJ Authority Representative of Seribu Island in Jakarta, District Government , and Local Travel Agency Association . It means that all parties provide support for the program created is introduced . Of the activities is the training and workshops . Training will teach you how to use devices ZIWEB which includes: (1) ZIWEB modules, ( 2 ) ZIWEB website , and ( 3 ) management model ZIWEB . Training continued with a workshop that will give participants the opportunity to make the trip ZIWEB packages. Basically ZIWEB will manage the Seribu Islands as aintegrated tourist, between the North Zone , Central , and South. Travel  package can be made with many variations; varia tions; but the t he principle ZIWEB wants prioritize the management of marine tourism islands that have not been visited by the tour . Technology transfer activities also wants to harmonize the relationship between agency local travel agency. During this time they are much more competitive with each other , and often in a way that is unhealthy slammed the lowest possible price. As a result, travelers flocked to the tourist destinatio , especially to the islands favorite real its carrying capacity

114 was already telampaui. Coral reefs are the original into a tourist attraction in the not too distant future will be ruined as a result of severe stress too often trampled participants snorkel. The response of the homestay entrepreneurs no less harm; they build new houses huddled together with one another. The wells pump - new continuously plugged into rocks causing sea water seeps into the mainland. No longer the fresh water around the island will turn into salt. Implementation of training and technology transfer models ZIWEB workshop participants are excited to follow the event -by- event. They were very impressed with VCD ZIWEB used to market the educational tour packages. The example shown in VCD inspire them to take hold of nautical tourism ZIWEB models . Some people estimate this ZIWEB model in the Seribu Islands tourism activities will increase rapidly. A very touching was the response of young children managing the local travel agency. They realize the importance of government intervention to regulate tourism activities. They are not proud of their island into a tourist destination with cheap price . In addition to degrading the qualit , like it would also damage the environment. They realized that it would destroy the place inexpensive tourist destination that will soon become a place traveler shunned. In the discussion it was revealed that the number of local travel agency was very big. On the island alone Tidung example of not less than 20 and travel organizers. Of the 30  participants agreed that almost all of seribu Islands tourism activities are managed in an integrated manner between the Zone North, Central , and South. Local Travel Agency Association, Its role is very important in establishing the marine tourism industry towards the development of community early slow start. Disharmony among the local travel agency can be fatal for the development of marine tourism industry . They will give you a price war with minimal service and not care about environmental damage. At the end of business as it would destroy the tourist industry itself. Score the observation of the role of the Association of Local Travel Agency, both formal and informal, is very low because it does not seem organizational roles in the field . Bureau - local travel agents on their own  practical work, and tend to compete with each other. Business climate c limate will wil l become calm ; however, it will have a negative impact on customer service. Meanwhile synergize if they could show a much better performance . Very dreamed of the ideal conditions in which the association 's central role in organizing quality travel services . Excellent service standards can diwujudan through seminars , trainings , and workshops are conducted periodically by the association. Ideally no association national travel agency branches and branches that exist in places tourist destination .

115 Sustainibilitas and environmental sustainability,

are often forgotten when the rapidly

expanding tourism activities . Especially the locations carrying capacity can be fatal if not addressed seriously . Violations will result in the destruction of carrying capacity of tourist destinations

Which is rather difficult because the first tour in the Thousand Islands

 practical grew from below, without the initiation of the government. When travel is growing rapidly and people's income increases, local governments feel less entitled to  prohibit . Observation sheet used to observe things related to sustainability and environmental sustainability . Quantitative data is made like the following table . With the data that the reader will be easier to see quickly . Scores on the observation of sustainibilitas and environmental sustainability in general is quite high , except carrying capacity that is always the dilemma . The increase in tourist visits to the Thousand Islands on the one hand, it will improve the welfare of the community ; on the other hand will accelerate the destruction of tourist objects if its carrying capacity is not considered . The role of local government can not be maximized because of tourism activities initiated by the community at large ; limit excursions are unpopular actions . Model management educational tour ZIWEB a new terobosn to solve that problem . Implementation of the Thousand Islands tourist in an integrated manner to the entire island . The focus is on the islands during this little tourist visits to be growing. Educational  products identified and developed as the quality and quantity of capital to attract tourists,  particularly from the education community .  Network Institute for Cooperation between the Government and the Business Travel Industry Towards Integrated Maritime . In the model implementation ZIWEB educational tours through the action Researh Research Team in cooperation with various government agencies and business travel industry. Determination of the islands that will be used as a tourist destination , for example , must be in accordance with local government planning, in this case by the Department of Marin . There Seribu Islands LIPI Research Center that can be used as educational tourist attraction. National Park in the Thousand Islands also need to come together towards an integrated organizes educational tours . Jakarta Education Agency (DinasPendidikan DKI)who coordinate prospective travelers ie - school students themselves should be encouraged to work together. In the current era of free school like this cooperation should be careful enough because education and travel, especially to the island, require relatively larger costs. Contribution from students or  parents of students to go through the School Committee, is very sensitive . Jakarta

116 Education Department will never be involved technically, especially with regard to the collection of dues. DinasPariwisata (Tourism Office of Jakarta) as the manager of tourism activities also need to be invited to coordinate . However the department has had a variety of programs to enhance the tourist industry in the region, including maritime educational tours. Do not let the program with the Office of Research Team UNJ activities overlap , what else  berttentangan . Ministry of Tourism and Creative Industries is no less important for the cooperative , minimal coordination . In the Ministry of available funds for the development of tourism industry in the area. To the Jakarta Tourism Office also conducted a visit. In addition to delivering programs ZIWEB Research Team also provide video ZIWEB commonly used to market the product . From the video it was delivered intact despite a  brief idea .Department of Tourism exelence response, but to work together formally somewhat difficult because they already have a program that runs systemic. That has not  been done is coordinating with the Ministry of Tourism and Creative Industries . Coordination with the SeribuIslands regency administration is done by visiting the SeribuIslands Legislative Authority in SunterJakarta . They give a lot of input on educational tours ZIWEB program . Among these is that the division of the existing zone in ZIWEB adapted to the administration area of SeribuIslands , which consists of two districts , namely District of North Thousand Islands and the District of South Thousand Islands . Coordination with the Department of Education Dept. is most often done, because the Department of Education with UNJ often met in a variety of activities. Most of the officials of the Department of Education to study in UNJ . Ideas and plans about ZIWEB frequently expressed on various occasions Cooperation with associate teachers MGMPs also more easily done by the research team The results of the study in the second year , performed : ( 1 ) action research to develop the tourism potential of education in each zone as a tourist destination marine education , ( 2 ) management models Tourism Education Maritime Industrial Zone (ZIWEB) Seribu Islands (3) models development cooperation (networking) between the researchers , the local government and the Seribu Islands local tourism operators, and (4) Analysis of the impact of educational tours to the economic resilience of marine communities . Thus the final results of this study produced a model Marine Industrial Zone Seribu Islands Tourism Education are equipped with modules and educational films nautical tourism

117 activities in the zone 3 and zone management models Travel Industry Maritime Education ( ZIWEB ) Thousand Islands .

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the research results of Model Development Zone Industrial Tourism in the Seribu Islands Maritime Education to Improve Economic Community Resilience can be summarized as follows : 1.Has been generated models Tourism Education Maritime Industrial Zone in the Thousand Islands, which consists of: (1) South Zone consists of Onrust Island, Untungjawa island, Lancang Island, TidungIsland and Pari Island. (2) Central Zone consists of PramukaIsland, PanggangIsland , SemakDaun Island and Kerambaapung and (3) North Zone consists ofkelapa Island and HarapanIsland . 2. Models developed marine education tour in this study consists of three circles, the first circle is the " educational product " being offered; The second circle is the support of " accommodation , snorkeling , diving , culinary , inter- island transportation " ; and the third circle is the support of " creative industries and specialties durable " local area . 3.Has been generated model of the management of Maritime Education Travel Industry Zone in the Thousand Islands ZIWEB involving elements of local governments and agencies in tourist trips to the Seribu Islands 4 . Development of Tourism Education Model Maritime Industrial Zone in the Seribu Islands have an impact on improving the resilience of the local economy, through activity  boat rentals , rental homestay , consumption expenditure , shopping for souvenirs , and leases a variety of educational supplies marine tourism activities.

REFERENCES

Dahuri, R. 2003.  Marine biodiversity: Thousand Islands National Park Authority, 1999/2000, GramediaPustakaUtama, Jakarta Gibson, H. (1998) The educational tourist.  Journal of Phvsical Education. Recreation and  Dance. Hammitt W. Cognitive processes involved in environmental interpretation.  Journal of  Environmental Education, 1984;15(4):11–5. Holdnak, A., & Holland, s. (1996)  Edutourism: vacationing to learn: Parks and  Recreation,

118 Hutajulu,

H

,

2010,

Travel

Industry

Impact

to

the

Environment,

http://halomoansdal.blogspot.com/2010/01/dampak-industri-wisata-terhadap.html Kalinowski, K., &Weiler, B. (1992)  Review. Educational travel.In B. Weiler and C. Hall (Eds.), Special Interest Tourism.London: Bellhaven. Kennes, W. ( 1997) Developing countries and regional integration . The Courier, Luck, M,  Education on marine mammal tours as agent for conservation—but do tourists want to be educated?, Ocean & Coastal Management 46 (2003) 943–956, Elsevier Moscardo G, Pearce PL. Visitor centres and environmental interpretation: an exploration of the relationship among visitor enjoyment, understanding and mindfulness.  Journal of Environmental Psychology 1986;6:89–108. Orams MB. 1999,  Marine tourism: development, impacts and management. London, New York: Routledge;. Ritchie, B.W, 2003, Managing Educational Tourism, Great Britain, Cromwell Press Roggenbruck JW, Williams DR., 1991 Commercial tour guides’s effectiveness as nature educators. World Congress on Leisure and Tourism, Sydney,. Simonds MAC. Natural encounters: adventure, learning, and research programs for the marine environment in 1990 Congress on Coastal and Marine Tourism: a symposium and workshop on balancing conservation and economic development. Honolulu,  Hawaii: National Coastal Resources Research & Development Institute, 1990. Tilden,F. 1957  Interpreting our heritage. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina  Press Weiler B, Davis D.An exploratory investigation into the roles of the nature-based tour leader. Tourism Management, 1993;14(2):91–8.