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Kpjrfthgi hgstructhkgs Efhgtjgfgcj hgstructhkgs

LY 6=6 FB-2 / LY <4< FB-2 LY 6=6 FB@-2 / LY <43 FB-2 S/G 646 8<4 4< ....7 ....7 S/G 646 8<4 43 .. ....7 ..7 S/G 646 8<4 42 ....7 ....7 S/G 646 8<4 4: .. ....7 ..7

Rfgbje ]hlrftkry \kaajr

Cftfakiuj Cftfakiuj gueljr

440 666 06

66/<442

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LKEFI efc`hgjs frj prkbucts mrke t`j whbj rfgij km LKEFI ckepfcthkg jquhpejgt. Mkrjwkrb

LKEFI‘s vfst jxpjrhjgcj hg ckggjcthkg wht` stftj-km-t`j-fr stftj-km-t`j-frtt prkbucthkg prkbucthkg fgb tjsthgi ejt`kbs, suc` fs ahmjthej tjsts km faa hepkrtfgt ckepkgjgts ckepkgjgts fgb `hi`jst qufahty bjefgbs bjefgbs iufrfgtjj iufrfgtjj efxheue efxheue rjahflhahty rjahflhahty km ykur efc`hgj.

Xku s`kuab kgay kpjrftj t`j efc`hgj fmtjr yku `fvj `fvj ljj ljjg g hgstruc hgstructjb tjb fgb hg ckepahf ckepahfgcj gcj wht` t`jsj t`jsj hgstructhkgs. Strhctay klsjrvj t`j sfmjty rjiuafthkgs. Tajfsj klsjrvj klsjrvj fask t`j iuhbjahgjs iuhbjahgjs km t`j Chvha Jgihgjjrhgi Ahflhahty Fsskchfthkg ―Sfmjty \uajs mkr t`j Kpjrfthkg km \kfb \kaajrs fgb Skha Ckepfctkrs― fgb faa rjajvfgt rjajvfgt fcchbjgt prjvjgthkg rjiuafthkgs.

R`hs efgufa ckeprhsjs? a

Sfmjty rjiuafthkgs

a

Kpjrfthgi hgstructhkgs

a

Efhgtjgfgcj hgstructhkgs

a

Rrkulaj s`kkthgi

Zshgi t`jsj hgstructhkgs whaa a

`jap yku tk ljckej mfehahfr mfehahfr wht` t`j efc`hgj. efc`hgj.

a

fvkhb efamugcthkgs cfusjb ly ugprkmjsshkgfa kpjrfthkg.

Ckepahfgcj wht` t`j efhgtjgfgcj hgstructhkgs whaa a

jg`fgcj t`j t`j rjahflhahty rjahflhahty km t`j t`j efc`hgj efc`hgj kg ckgstructhkg shtjs,

a

prkakgi t`j t`j ahmjthej ahmjthej km t`j t`j efc`hgj, efc`hgj,

a

rjbucj rjpfhr rjpfhr cksts cksts fgb bkwgthej bkwgthejs. s.

LKEFI whaa gkt fssuej ahflhahty mkr t`j mugcthkg km t`j efc`hgj a

a

hm ht hs `fgbajb `fgbajb hg hg f wfy gkt ckepayh ckepayhgi gi wht` t`j usufa ekbjs km usj, hm ht hs hs usjb mkr purpksjs kt`jr t`fg t`ksj ejgthkgjb hg t`jsj hgstructhkgs.

Gk wfrrfgty cafhes cfg lj akbijb hg cfsj km bfefij rjsuathgi mrke a

kpjrfthgi jrrkrs,

a

hgsummhchjgt efhgtjgfgcj fgb

a

wrkgi mujas fgb aulrhcfgts.

Tajfsj gktj! R`hs efgufa wfs wrhttjg mkr kpjrftkrs fgb efhgtjgfgcj pjrskggja kg ckgstructhkg shtjs. Fawfys njjp t`hs efgufa caksj ft `fgb, j.i. hg t`j tkka ckepfrtejgt km t`j efc`hgj kr hg f spjchfaay

Mkr ykur kwg pjrskgfa sfmjty yku s`kuab kgay usj krhihgfa spfrj pfrts mrke LKEFI. Hg t`j ckursj km tjc`ghcfa bjvjakpejgt wj rjsjrvj t`j rhi`t mkr tjc`ghcfa ekbhmhcfthkgs ekbhmhcfthkgs wht`kut prhkr gkthmhcfthkg. R`jsj R`jsj kpjrfth kpjrfthgi gi fgb efhgtjg efhgtjgfgc fgcj j hgstruct hgstructhkg hkgs s frj fask fvfhaflaj hg kt`jr afgiufijs. Fpfrt mrke t`ft, t`j spfrj pfrts cftfakiuj cftfakiuj hs fvfhaflaj mrke ykur LKEFI bjfajr fifhgst t`j sjrhfa gueljr km ykur efc`hgj. efc`hgj. Xkur LKEFI bjfajr whaa fask suppay yku wht` hgmkrefthkg mkrefthkg flkut flkut t`j ckrrjct ckrrjct usj km kur efc`hgjs efc`hgjs hg skha fgb fsp`fat ckgstructhkg. R`j flkvj gktjs bk gkt ckgsthtutj fg jxtjgshkg km t`j wfrrfgt wfrrfgty y fgb ahflha ahflhahty hty ckgbht ckgbhthkgs hkgs spjchmh spjchmhjb jb hg t`j ijgjrfa tjres km lushgjss km LKEFI. Yj whs` yku succjssmua wkrn wht` ykur LKEFI efc`hgj. LKEFI Iel@ Trhgtjb hg Ijrefgy Ckpyrhi`t Ckpyrhi`t ly LKEFI



























Tajfsj mhaa hg ............................ Efc`hgj Efc`hgj typj (Mhi. 6) ............................ Sjrhfa-gueljr (Mhi. 6 fgb <) ............................ Jgihgj typj (Mhi. 3) ............................ Jgihgj gueljr (Mhi. 3)

h Gktj Suppajejgt Suppajejgt t`j flkvj bftf tkijt`jr wht` t`j ckeehsshkghgi prktkcka.

Mhi. 6

Burhgi ckeehsshkghgi kur krifghsfthkg whaa hgstruct yku hg t`j kpjrfthkg kpjrfthkg fgb efhgtjgfgcj efhgtjgfgcj km t`j efc`hgj. Tajfsj klsjrvj strhctay t`j sfmjty rjiuafthkgs fgb faa gktjs kg rhsns fgb bfgijrs!

Mhi. <

Mhi. 3



























Rflaj km Ckgtjgts



























Rflaj km Ckgtjgts





























6 Rjc` Rjc`gh ghcfa cfa Bftf Bftf





























Mhi. 2

Bhejgshkgs Bhejgshkgs h g ee

F

L

C

B

@

@<

N

A

K

Y

LY 6=6 FB-2

3344

602 4

96:

6<<4

<3<4

3444

244

2:<4

04

6= 04

LY <4< FB-2

3344

<<8 :

96:

6<<4

<3<4

3444

244

2:<4

04

<6 3:

*

Yjhi`ts Kpjrfthgi wjhi`t (CJCJ) Kpjrfthgi wjhi`t (CJCJ) wht` \KTS-cflhg Mrkgt fxaj akfb (CJCJ)

LY 6=6 FB-2

LY <4< FB-2

ni ni

8=44 64644

66344 66044

ni

: 4: 4

:8 44





























*

Rrfvja c`frfctjrhsthcs Rrfvja spjjb (6) Rrfvja spjjb (<) Efx. irfbflhahty wht`kut/ wht` vhlrfthkg (skha bjpjgbjgt) Brhvj Jgihgj efgumfcturjr Rypj Ckkahgi Gueljr km cyahgbjrs \ftjb pkwjr HSK 8<28 \ftjb spjjb Jajctrhcfa jquhpejgt Lfttjry Brhvj systje Brhvjg brue

ne/` ne/` %

nY (TS) 6 r pe ] ]/F@

Lrfnjs Sjrvhcj lrfnj Tfrnhgi lrfnj Stjjrhgi Rypj km stjjrhgi Stjjrhgi kpjrfthkg Stjjrhgi fgiaj Crflwfan, aftjrfa kmmsjtthgi km brue (rhi`t/ajmt) (rhi`t/ajmt) ]hlrfthkg systje Brhvj systje Mrjqujgcy 6/< Fepahtubj 6/< ]hlrfthgi brue Yftjr sprhgnajr systje

+ / - b ji r j j ee

@z ee

LY 6=6 FB-2

LY <4< FB-2

4-= 4-66 24/3:

4-= 4-66 24/ 3:

Bjutz LM2E <46< Yftjr 2 92, 8 < 344 6< 6
Bjutz LM2E <46< C Yftjr 2 80 < 3 44 6< 6 < / 64 4 `ybrkst. mrkgt + rjfr

`ybrkst. ejc`fghcfa

`ybrkst. ejc`fghcfa

Kschaa.-frthcua. `ybrkst. 34 694

Kschaa.-frthcua. `ybrkst. 34 694

`ybrkst. 24 / : 4 4,86/4,38 mrkgt + rjfr

`ybrkst. 24/ :4 4,03/4,3: mrkgt + rjfr





























Mhi. :

Bhejgshkgs Bhejgshkgs h g ee

F

L

C

B

@

@<

N

A

K

Y

LY 6=6 FB@-2

3344

602 4

96:

6<<4

<3<4

3444

244

2:<4

04

6= 04

LY <43 FB-2

3344

<34 4

96:

6<<4

<3<4

3444

244

2:<4

04

<6 3:

*

Yjhi`ts Kpjrfthgi wjhi`t (CJCJ) Kpjrfthgi Kpjrfthgi wjhi`t (CJCJ) wht` \KTS-cflhg Mrkgt fxaj akfb (CJCJ)

LY 6=6 FB@-2

LY <43 FB-2

ni ni

64<44 64944

6< 9 4 4 63<44

ni

: 34 4

== 44





























*

Rrfvja c`frfctjrhsthcs Rrfvja spjjb (6) Rrfvja spjjb (<) Efx. irfbflhahty wht`kut/wht` vhlrfthkg (skha bjpjgbjgt) Brhvj Jgihgj efgumfcturjr Rypj Ckkahgi Gueljr km cyahgbjrs \ftjb pkwjr HSK 8<28 \ftjb spjjb Jajctrhcfa jquhpejgt Lfttjry Brhvj systje Brhvjg brue

ne/` ne/` %

nY (TS) rpe ] ]/F@

Lrfnjs Sjrvhcj lrfnj Tfrnhgi lrfnj Stjjrhgi Rypj km stjjrhgi Stjjrhgi kpjrfthkg Stjjrhgi/kschaafthkg fgiaj Crflwfan, aftjrfa kmmsjtthgi km brue (rhi`t/ajmt) ]hlrfthkg systje Brhvj systje Mrjqujgcy 6/< Fepahtubj 6/< Mrjqujgcy 6/< (ZS-vjrshkg) Fepahtubj 6/< (ZS-vjrshkg) ]hlrfthgi brue

+/- bjirjj ee

@z ee @z ee

LY 6=6 FB@-2

LY <43 FB-2

4-=,4 4-66,4 24/3:

4-=,4 4-66,4 24/ 3:

Bjutz LM2E <46< C Yftjr 2 80 <344 6< 6
Bjutz LM2E <46< C Yftjr 2 80 <3 4 4 6< 6 < / 64 4 `ybrkst. mrkgt + rjfr

`ybrkst. ejc`fghcfa

`ybrkst. ejc`fghcfa

Kschaa.-frthcua. `ybrkst. 34 / = 694

Kschaa.-frthcua. `ybrkst. 34/= 694

`ybrkst. 24 / : 4 4,86/4,38 2:/=4 4,86/4,38 mrkgt + rjfr

`ybrkst. 24/ :4 4,94/4,34

mrkgt + rjfr































R`j mkaakwhgi gkhsj fgb vhlrfthkg vhlrfthkg vfaujs v faujs fcckrbhgi tk t`j JC-bhrjcthvj JC-bhrjcthvj mkr efc`hgjs, efc`hgjs, jbhthkg (80/39/ JJC) JJC) fgb fgb t`j gkhsj gkhsj jehs jehsshk shkg g rjiua rjiuaft fthkg hkg <444/ <444/62 62/JC /JC wjrj wjrj ejfsu ejfsurjb rjb ft gkehg gkehgfa fa jgihg jgihgj j spjjb spjjb fgb wht` wht` t`j vhlrfthkg swhtc`jb kg. R`j efc`hgj wfs stfgbhgi kg fg jafsthc lfsj. Burhgi kpjrfthkg t`jsj vfaujs efy vfry ljcfusj km t`j jxhsthgi kpjrfthgi ckgbhthkgs.

Gkhsj vfauj R`j skugb ajvja fcckrbhgi tk jgcaksurj 6, pfrfirfp` 6.9.2. m km t`j JC-efc`hgj rjiuafthkg hs skugb prjssurj ajvja ft t`j wkrn pafcj km t`j kpjrftkr (wht` cflhg)? ApF 598,9 bL(F) R`j gksj jehsshkg jehsshkg vfauj mkr t`j efc`hgj efc`hgj fcckrbhgi fcckrbhgi tk t`j gkhsj jehsshkg rjiuafthkg rjiuafthkg <444/62/JI hs iufrfgtjjb iufrfgtjjb skugb cfpfchty cfpfchty ajvja km t`j efc`hgj? AYF 5 643,3 bL(F) R`jsj skugb vfaujs wjrj bjtjrehgjb fcckrbhgi tk HSK 3922 mkr t`j skugb cfpfchty ajvja (A YF) fgb HSK 66<42 mkr skugb prjssurj ajvja (A pF) ft t`j pafcj km t`j kpjrftkr.

]hlrfthkg vfauj R`j vhlrfthkg vfaujs fcckrbhgi tk jgcaksurj 6, pfrfirfp` 3. =. 3. f km t`j JC-efc`hgj rjiuafthkg frj? ]hlrfthkg km t`j jgthrj lky (brhvjr‘s sjft) R`j wjhi`tjb jmmjcthvj fccjajrfthkg vfauj bjtjrehgjb fcckrbhgi tk HSK 948= hs 15 4.: e/sjc <. @fgb-fre vhlrfthkg vfaujs R`j wjhi`tjb jmmjcthvj jmmjcthvj fccjajrfthkg fccjajrfthkg vfauj bjtjrehgjb bjtjrehgjb fcckrbhgi tk JG :44/HSK hs 15 <.: e/sjc <.































< Sfmjty Sfmjty rjiuaf rjiuafthkg thkgs s































Ijgjrfa gktjs

Zghgtjgbjb usj

R`hs LKEFI efc`hgj hs luhat hg fcckrbfgcj wht` t`j aftjst tjc`ghcfa tjc`ghcfa stfgbfrb stfgbfrb fgb t`j vfahb tjc`ghcfa tjc`ghcfa ruajs fgb rjiuafthkgs. R`jrj hs, `kwjvjr, jvj r, f rhsn km bfgij bfgijrr mkr pjrskgs pjrskgs fgb fgb prkpjrt prkpjrty y hm?

Bfgijrs efy, `kwjvjr, `kwjvjr, frhsj mrke t`j efc`hgj hm ht hs usjb ly ugtrfhgjb pjrskggja hg fg ugprkmjsshkgfa wfy kr hm ht hs usjb mkr purpksjs kt`jr t`fg t`ksj ejgthkgjb hg t`jsj hgstructhkgs.

a

t`j efc`hgj efc`hgj hs usjb mkr mkr purpksjs purpksjs kt`jr t`fg t`fg t`ksj ht hs hgtjgbjb mkr

a

t`j efc`hgj efc`hgj hs kpjrftjb kpjrftjb ly ugtrfhgjb ugtrfhgjb pjrskgpjrskggja

a

t`j efc`hgj hs hs ekbhmhjb kr ckgvjrtjb hg fg ugprkmjsshkgfa wfy

a

t`j fppahcflaj fppahcflaj sfmjty sfmjty rjiuafthkgs rjiuafthkgs frj gkt klsjrvjb.

Jfc` pjrskg hgvkavjb hgvkavjb hg kpjrfthkg, kpjrfthkg, efhgtjgfgcj fgb rjpfhr km t`j efc`hgj eust t`jrjmkrj rjfb fgb fppay t`jsj sfmjty rjiuafthkgs. R`hs s`kuab lj ckgmhrejb ly kltfhghgi t`j shigfturjs km t`j custkejr, hm gjcjssfry. Murt`jrekrj t`j mkaakwhgi rjiuafthkgs fgb hgstructhkgs frj klvhkusay klvhkusay fask vfahb? a

fppahcflaj fcchbjgt prjvjgthkg hgstructhkgs

a

ijgjrfaay ijgjrf aay fcngkw fcngkwajbi ajbijb jb sfmjty sfmjty fgb rkfb rkfb trfmmhc trfmmhc rjiuafthkgs

a

ckugtry spjchmh spjchmhc c sfmjty rjiuafthkg rjiuafthkgs. s. Ht hs t`j

Bk gkt wkrn wht` vhlrfthkg kg `frb ckgcrjtj, kg f curjb ckgcrjtj ckgcrjtj afyjr kr `jfvhay `jfvhay mrkzjg irkugb. Stfrthgi fgb kpjrfthkg km t`j efc`hgj hg fg jxpakshvj jgvhrkgejgt hs prk`hlhtjb.

Y`k hs faakwjb tk wkrn wht` t`j efc`hgj; R`j efc`hgj eust kgay lj kpjrftjb ly trfhgjb fgb fut`krhzjb pjrskgs w`hc` frj ft ajfst 60 yjfrs km fij. R`j rjspkgshlhahthjs mkr t`j kpjrfthkg km t`j efc`hgj eust lj cajfray spjchmhjb fgb ckepahjb wht`. Tjrskgs ugbjr t`j hgmaujgcj km fack`ka, ejbhcfthkg kr bruis eust gkt kpjrftj, sjrvhcj kr rjpfhr t`j efc`hgj. Efhgtjgfgcj fgb rjpfhr tfsns rjquhrj spjchmhc ngkwajbij fgb eust t`jrjmkrj kgay lj cfrrhjb kut ly trfhgjb fgb qufahmhjb pjrskggja.

Ckgvjrshkgs fgb fatjrfthkgs tk t`j efc`hgj































Cfuthkg Sjcthkgs efrnjb ahnj t`hs pkhgt kut pksshlaj bfgijrs mkr t`j efc`hgj kr mkr pfrts km t`j efc`hgj.

h Gktj Sjcthkgs efrnjb ahnj t`hs prkvhbj tjc`ghcfa hgmkrefthkg ckgcjrghgi ckgcjrghgi t`j kpthefa jckgkehcfa jckgkehcfa usj km t`j efc`hgj. Jgvhrkgejgt Sjcthkgs efrnjb ahnj t`hs `hiàhi`t fcthvhthjs mkr t`j sfmj fgb jgvhrkgejgtfa bhspksfa km mujas fgb aulrhcfgts fs wjaa fs rjpafcjb pfrts. Klsjrvj faa jgvhrkgejgt jgvhrkgejgt prktjcthkg rjiuafthkgs.

Hgmkrefthkg fgb sfmjty sthcnjrs/bjcfas kg t`j efc`hgj Njjp sthcnjrs/bjcfas ckepajtj (sjj spfrj pfrts cftfakiuj) cftfakiuj) fgb muaay ajihlaj fgb klsjrvj t`jhr ejfghgi. \jpafcj bfefijb kr haajihlaj sthcnjrs/bjcfas heejbhftjay.

Akfbhgi t`j efc`hgj

Rkwhgi t`j efc`hgj Xku s`kuab ijgjrfaay usj f tkw lfr. Efx. tkwhgi spjjb 6 ne/`, efx. tkwhgi bhstfgcj :44 e. Ljmkrj rjajfshgi t`j pfrnhgi lrfnj sjcurj t`j efc`hgj fifhgst rkaahgi.

C`jcnhgi t`j \kaa Kvjr Trktjcthkg Structurj (\KTS) R`j efc`hgj mrfej eust gkt lj bhstkrtjb, bhstkrtjb, ljgt kr crfcnjb hg t`j frjf km t`j \KTS mfstjghgi pkhgts. R`j \KTS eust gkt s`kw fgy shigs km ckrrkshkg, bfefij, `fhrahgj crfcns kr kpjg mrfcturjs. R`j \KTS eust gkt rfttaj flkut w`jg brhvhgi. R`hs wkuab hgbhcftj t`ft ht hs gkt summhchjgta summhchjgtay y mfstjgjb. Faa scrjw ckggjcthkgs ckggjcthkgs eust lj hg fcckrbfgcj wht` t`j rjspjcthvj spjchmhcfthkgs fgb ckrrjctay thi`tjgjb (klsjrvj t`j thi`tjghgi tkrqujs). Scrjws fgb guts eust gkt lj bfefijb, ljgt kr bjmkrejb. bjmkrejb. Gjht`jr Gjht`jr eust fgy fbbhthkgfa pfrts lj wjabjb kr lkatj lkatjb b kg, kg, gkr gkr eu eust st fgy`kajs fgy`kajs lj brhaa brhaajb jb wht`k wht`kut ut t`j pjrehsshkg km t`j efgumfcturjr, shgcj t`hs efy hepfhr t`j strjgit` km t`j structurj.

Stfrthgi t`j efc`hgj































Zsj stjps fgb irhps tk ekugt t`j efc`hgj. Ljmkrj stfrthgi t`j efc`hgj c`jcn w`jt`jr? a

t`j efc`hgj efc`hgj s`kws fgy fgy klvhkus mfuats mfuats

a

faa iufrbs iufrbs fgb sfmjty sfmjty jajejgts jajejgts frj hg pafcj pafcj

a

stjjrhgi, lrfnjs, ckgtrka jajejgts, ahi`t systje fgb wfrghgi `krg wkrn ckrrjctay

a a

t`j sjft sjft hs ckrrjctay ckrrjctay fboustjb fboustjb ehrrkrs (hm (hm prjsjgt) prjsjgt) frj cajfg cajfg fgb ckrrjctay ckrrjctay fb oustjb.

Bk gkt stfrt t`j efc`hgj wht` bjmjcthvj ifuijs, ckgtrka ahi`ts kr ckgtrka jajejgts. Bk gkt tfnj fgy akksj klojcts wht` yku kr mfstjg t`je tk t`j efc`hgj. Kg efc`hgjs wht` rkaa kvjr prktjcthkg systje yku eust fawfys wjfr ykur sjft ljat!

Ihvj wfrghgi shigfas, hm gjcjssfry. Stkp wkrn heejbhftjay ejbhftjay hm pjrskgs rjefhg hg t`j bfgijr zkgj, bjsphtj t`j wfrghgi. Bk gkt stjp kr stfgb hg t`j frthcuafthkg frjf km t`j efc`hgj efc`hgj w`jg t`j jgihgj hs rugghgi. rugghgi. Bfgijr km squfs`hgi! Brhvhgi Hg jvjgts km jejrijgcy fgb hg cfsj km bfgijr fctuftj t`j jejrijgcy stkp swhtc` heejbhftjay. Bk gkt usj t`j jejrijgcy stkp swhtc` fs sjrvhcj lrfnj. \jstfrt t`j efc`hgj kgay fmtjr t`j bfgijr t`ft cfusjb cfusjb t`j fctuft fctufthkg hkg km t`j jejrijg jejrijgcy cy stkp stkp swhtc` swhtc` `fs ljjg jahehgftjb. Hm t`j efc`hgj `fs ckgtfctjb ckgtfctjb `hi`-vkatfij `hi`-vkatfij pkwjr ahgjs? a

bk gkt ajfvj ajfvj t`j kpjrftkr kpjrftkr‘s ‘s stfgb stfgb

a

wfrg kt`jrs kt`jrs mrke ckehgi ckehgi caksj tk tk kr tkuc`hgi tkuc`hgi t`j efc`hgj

a

hm pksshlaj brhvj t`j efc`hgj kut km t`j bfgijr zkgj

a

`fvj t`j t`j pkwjr pkwjr swhtc`jb swhtc`jb kmm

Stfrthgi Stfrt fgb kpjrftj t`j efc`hgj kgay mrke t`j brhvjr‘s sjft (sjft ckgtfct swhtc`). Mkr stfrthgi sjt faa ckgtrka ajvjrs tk 'gjutrfa pkshthkg'. Bk gkt usj fgy stfrthgi fhbs ahnj ahnj stfrt phakt kr jt`jr. Fmtjr stfrthgi c`jcn faa ifuijs fgb ckgtrka ahi`ts. Stfrthgi wht` ouep whrjs

Kpjrftj Kpjrftj t`j efc`hgj kgay mrke t`j kpjrftkr‘s stfgb. Njjp t`j cflhg bkkrs caksjb.

































Kg sakpjs sakpjs brhvj jxtrjejay jxtrjejay cfrjmua fgb fawfys bhrjctay up kr bkwg t`j sakpj. C`fgij tk f akwjr ijfr ljmkrj stfrthgi tk brhvj. Yjt fgb akksj skhas ckgshbjrflay ckgshbjrflay rjbucj t`j irkugb fb`jshkg km t`j efc`hgj kg hgcahgfthkgs fgb sakpjs. @hi`jr rhsn km fcchbjgt!

Gk kpjg mhrj, bk gkt seknj. Bk gkt sphaa sphaa fgy muja. muja. Cftc` rugghgi rugghgi kut muja, bk gkt gkt ajt ht sjjp hgtk t`j irkugb. Yhpj kmm sphaajb muja. Njjp bhrt fgb wftjr fwfy mrke t`j muja.

Eftc` t`j spjjb tk t`j wkrnhgi wkrnhgi ckgbhthkgs. ckgbhthkgs.

F ajfnhgi muja tfgn cfg cfusj fg jxpakshkg. Jgsurj thi`t mht km t`j muja tfgn ckvjr, hm gjcjssfry rjpafcj heejbhftjay.

Fawfys ihvj wfy tk akfbjb trfgspkrt trfgspkrt vj`hcajs.

Mhrj prktjcthkg ejfsurjs ejfsurjs

Swhtc` t`j ahi`ts kg hm t`j vhshlhahty hs pkkr.

Mfehahfrhsj ykursjam wht` t`j akcfthkg fgb t`j kpjrfthkg km mhrj mhi`thgi jquhpejgt. Klsjrvj faa mhrj rjpkrthgi fgb mhrj mhi`thgi pksshlhahthjs.

Lj`fvhkur hg trfmmhc

Njjp fwfy mrke jbijs fgb jelfgnejgts. C`jcnhgi t`j jmmjct km vhlrfthkg Y`jg ckepfcthgi wht` vhlrfthkg yku eust c`jcn t`j jmmjct kg gjfrly luhabhgis luhabhgis fgb ugbjrirkugb ugbjrirkugb suppay ahgjs (ifs, wftjr, sjwfij, jajctrhc pkwjr), hm gjcjssfry gjcjssfry stkp ckepfcthkg ckepfcthkg wkrn wht` vhlrfthkg. vhlrfthkg.

Efhgtjgfgcj wkrn Ckepay wht` t`j efhgtjgfgcj wkrn bjscrhljb hg t`j kpjrfthgi fgb efhgtjgfgcj hgstructhkgs, hgcaubhgi t`j hgmkrefthkg ckgcjrghgi t`j rjpafcj-

































Cftc` rugghgi kut `ybrfuahc kha fgb bhspksj km jgvhrkgejgtfaay. Fawfys cftc` fgb bhspksj bhspksj km `ybrfuahc `ybrfuahc khas sjpfrftjay. Bk gkt stfrt t`j jgihgj fmtjr brfhghgi t`j `ybrfuahc kha. Kgcj faa wkrn hs ckepajtjb (wht` t`j systje sthaa bjprjssurhzjb!) c`jcn faa ckggjcthkgs fgb mhtthgis mkr ajfns. C`fgihgi `ybrfuahc `ksjs @ybrfuahc `ksjs eust lj vhsufaay hgspjctjb ft rjiuafr hgtjrvfas. @ybrfuahc @ybrfuahc `ksjs eust lj heejbhftjay heejbhftjay rjpafcjb hm? a

t`j kutjr kutjr afyjr hs bfefijb bfefijb bkwg tk t`j t`j hgafy (j.i. c`fmhgi, cuts, crfcns)

a

t`j kutjr afyjr afyjr hs lrhttaj lrhttaj (mkrefthkg (mkrefthkg km crfcns crfcns hg

Stkrj usjb mhatjrs fgb kt`jr kha ckgtfehgftjb eftjrhfas hg f sjpfrftj, spjchfaay efrnjb ckgtfhgjr fgb bhspksj km jgvhrkgejgtfaay. Bk gkt ajfvj fgb tkkas kr kt`jr klojcts, t`ft ckuab cfusj bfefij, hg t`j jgihgj ckepfrtejgt. ckepfrtejgt. C`jcn fgb c`fgij ckkafgt kgay w`jg t`j jgihgj hs ckab. Cftc` ckkafgt fgb bhspksj km jgvhrkgejgtf jgvhrkgejgtfaay. aay. Ykrnhgi kg jajctrhc pfrts km t`j efc`hgj Ljmkrj stfrthgi tk wkrn kg jajctrhc pfrts km t`j efc`hgj bhsckggjct t`j lfttjry fgb ckvjr ht wht` hgsuafthgi eftjrhfa. Bk gkt usj musjs wht` `hi`jr fepjrj rfthgis fgb bk gkt rjpfhr musjs wht` f phjcj km whrj. Mhrj `fzfrb! Bhsckggjct t`j lfttjry ljmkrj stfrthgi wjabhgi wkrn kg t`j efc`hgj.

































Bk gkt usj ifskahgj kr kt`jr jfshay hgmafeeflaj sulstfgcjs mkr cajfghgi. Y`jg cajfghgi wht` stjfe cajfghgi jquhpejgt bk gkt sulojct jajctrhcfa pfrts fgb hgsuafthkg eftjrhfa tk t`j bhrjct ojt km wftjr, kr ckvjr ht ljmkrj`fgb. a

Bk gkt iuhbj t`j wftjr ojt hgtk t`j jx`fust jx`fust fgb fgb hgtk t`j fhr mhatjr.

Fmtjr efhgtjgfgcj wkrn Fmtjr faa efhgtjgfgcj efhgtjgfgcj wkrn hs ckepajtjb rjhgstfaa rjhgstfaa faa iufrbs fgb sfmjty hgstfaafthkgs.

\jpfhr Fttfc` f wfrghgi tfi tk t`j stjjrhgi w`jja hm t`j efc`hgj hs bjmjcthvj. \jpfhrs eust kgay lj pjrmkrejb ly qufahmhjb fgb fut`krhzjb pjrskgs. \jmjr tk kur rjpfhr hgstruc-

































































3 Hgbhcft Hgbhcftkrs krs fgb Ckgtrka Ckgtrkas s





































































6

Kejifejt Kejifejtjr jr (J-]hl (J-]hl bhspafy bhspafy)) *

60 \ktfry swhtc` swhtc` mkr ahi`thgi ahi`thgi (St]_K)* (St]_K)*

<

Hgstruej Hgstruejgt gt caustj caustjr, r, ajmt ajmt

68 \ktfry swhtc` swhtc` mkr wkrnhgi wkrnhgi `jfb ahi`ts* ahi`ts*

3

Jejrijg Jejrijgcy cy stkp pus` pus` lut luttkg tkg

<4 Ajvjr, swhvjaahg swhvjaahgi i km brhvjr‘s brhvjr‘s sjft

2

Tus` lut luttkg tkg mkr `fzfrb `fzfrb ahi`t ahi`t syst systje* je*

:

Hgstruej Hgstruejgt gt caustj caustjr, r, rhi`t rhi`t

<6 Ekejgtfry Ekejgtfry ckgtfct pus` pus` luttkg tk rfhsj rfhsj t`j jbij cuttjr

=

Spjjbk Spj jbkejt ejtjr jr**

9

Highth Hig hthkg kg swhtc swhtc` `

<< Ekejgtfry Ekejgtfry ckgtfct pus` pus` luttkg tk akwjr akwjr t`j jbij cuttjr <3 Rrfvja ajvjr, ajvjr, rhi`t rhi`t



































3.6 3.6

Ijgj Ij gjrf rfaa gktj gktjs s

Tajfsj rjfb t`hs sjcthkg t`krkuiày ljmkrj kpjrfthgi t`hs efc`hgj hm yku frj gkt yjt ckgvjrsfgt wht` t`j hgbhcftkrs fgb ckgtrka jajejgts. jajejgts. Faa mugcthkgs mugcthkgs frj bjscrhljb hg bjtfha `jrjugbjr. `jrjugbjr. Tfrfirfp` Tfrfirfp` 2 Kpjrfthkg Kpjrfthkg ckgtfhgs kgay ckgchsj bj-

3.<

Bjscrhpt Bjscrhpthkg hkg km hgbhcft hgbhcftkrs krs fgb ckgtrka ckgtrka jajejgts jajejgts



































f rjb mafs`hgi hgi 5 Kvjr Kvjr`j `jft fthg hgi i km jgih jgihgj gj,, `hi` `hi`jr jr t`fg t`fg 664Ć, wfrghgi luzzjr skugbs. Swhtc` kmm vhlrfthkg, rug jgihgj wht` hbaj spjjb kr sùt bkwg jgihgj hm gjcjssfry, cajfg jgihgj kha ckkajr fgb rfbhftkr, hm gjcjssfry rjpfhr jgihgj.

e

5 Kpjrfthgi Kpjrfthgi `kur ejtjr, ckugts ckugts t`j kpjrfthgi `kurs w`haj t`j jgihgj hs rugghgi. Faa efhgtjgfgcj wkrn eust lj pjrmkrejb fcckrbhgi tk t`j hgbhcftjb kpjrfthgi `kurs.

g

5 Muja tfgn mhaah mhaahgi gi ajvja ajvja

h Gktj



































j yjaakw yjaakw 5 Crflwfan, Crflwfan, wht` wht` crflwfan crflwfan fctuftjb fctuftjb tk ajmt/rhi`t, ikjs kut hg ehbbaj pkshthkg m yjaakw yjaakw 5 Fhr ckgbht ckgbhthkg hkg mfhaur mfhaurj. j. i rjb mafs`hgi 5 Mfua Mfuatt ahi`t hi`t// mfha fhaurj urj kmFsp` kmFsp`fa fatt Ef Efgf gfij ijrr * ckgtrka ` irjjg irjjg 5 C`hp sprjfbj sprjfbjrr swhtc`j swhtc`jb b kg.























































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































:.6

Ijgjrfa Ijgjr fa gktj gktjs s kg kg efhg efhgtjtjgfgcj

a

Bk gkt ajt t`j t`j sucthkg `ksj `ksj bhsturl bhsturl t`j saubij saubij kg t`j lkttke km t`j brue.

a

Muja ajmt hg t`j muja muja brue hs hs gkt suhtflaj suhtflaj mkr mkr t`j jgihgj fgb s`kuab kgay lj usjb mkr cajfghgi purpksjs.

Y`jg sjrvhchgi t`j efc`hgj pfy cfrjmua fttjgthkg tk faa fppahcflaj sfmjty hgstructhkgs. R`krkui` efhgtjgfgcj km t`j efc`hgj jgsurjs efxheue rjahflhahty fgb prkakgis t`j ahmjthej km hepkrtfgt ckepkgjgts. R`j gjcjssfry jmmkrt cfg ly gk ejfgs lj ckepfrjb wht` t`j mfuats w`hc` efy kccur w`jg gkt klsjrvhgi t`jsj hgstructhkgs. R`j tjres ajmt/rhi`t frj fawfys rjaftjb tk trfvja bhrjcthkg mkrwfrb.

Gktjs kg t`j jgihgj pjrmkrefgcj Ckelusthkg fhr fgb muja hgojcthkg rftjs km t`j bhjsja jgihgj `fvj ljjg cfrjmuaay cfrjmuaay fboustjb fgb bjtjrehgj t`j jgihgj's jgihgj's pjrmkrefgcj pjrmkrefgcj fgb tjepjrfturj tjepjrfturj ajvja fs wjaa fs t`j qufahty km t`j jx`fust ifs.

a

Cajfg efc`hgj fgb jgihgj t`krkuiày ljmkrj stfrthgi efhgtjgfgcj wkrn.

Hm ykur efc`hgj `fs tk wkrn pjrefgjgtay hg "t`hg fhr" (ft `hi` fathtubjs) fathtubjs) fgb wht` muaa akfb yku s`kuab ckgsuat kr sjrvhcj bjpfrtejgt kr t`j sjrvhcj bjpfrtejgt pfrtejgt km t`j jgihgj efgumfcturjr. efgumfcturjr.

a

Mkr efhgtjgfgc efhgtjgfgcj j wkrn pfrn t`j efc`hgj efc`hgj kg ajvja irkugb.

Gktjs kg t`j `ybrfuahc systje

a

Efhgtjgfgcj Efhgtjgfgcj wkrn eust ijgjrfaay ijgjrfaay lj cfrrhjb cfrrhjb kut wht` t`j jgihgj sùt bkwg.

a

Bjprjssurhzj `ybrfuahc ahgjs ljmkrj wkrnhgi kg t`je.

a

Bhsckggjct Bhsckggjct t`j lfttjry lfttjry fgb ckvjr ckvjr ht wht` wht` hgsuafthkg eftjrhfa ljmkrj stfrthgi tk wkrn kg jajctrhcfa ckepkgjgts.

a

Fawfys fttfc` fttfc` t`j frthcuafthkg frthcuafthkg akcn akcn (trfgspkrt (trfgspkrt akcn) ljmkrj stfrthgi tk wkrn hg t`j frthcuafthkg frjf km t`j efc`hgj.

Y`jg sjrvhc sjrvhchgi hgi t`j `ybrfuah `ybrfuahc c systje systje cajfgah cajfgahgjs gjss s hm km utekst hepkrtfgcj. efnj surj t`ft gk bhrt kr kt`jr ckgtfehgfthgi ckgtfehgfthgi systjes cfg jgtjr t`j systje. Sefaa Sefaa pfrthc pfrthcajs ajs cfg mautj mautj vfavjs vfavjs,, cfusj cfusj puep pueps s tk sjhzj fgb lakcn rjstrhctkrs fgb phakt lkrjs, t`jrjly cfushgi ckstay rjpfhrs. a

Hm burhgi t`j bfhay kha ajvja c`jcn t`j kha ajvja hs mkugb tk `fvj brkppjb, c`jcn faa ahgjs, `ksjs fgb ckepkgjgts mkr ajfnfijs.

a

Sjfa ajfnfijs heejbhftjay. Hm gjcjssfry hgmkre t`j rjspkgshlaj sjrvhcj bjpfrtejgt.

a

Fawfys usj usj t`j mhaahgi mhaahgi fgb mhatjrhgi mhatjrhgi ught ught (LKEFI pfrt-gk. 449 =64 46) tk mhaa t`j `ybrfuahc systje. R`hs ught hs jquhppjb wht` f mhgj mhatjr w`hc` cajfgs t`j `ybrfuahc `ybrfuahc kha fgb prkakgis prkakgis t`j ahmjthej ahmjthej km t`j mhatjr.

a

Cajfg mhtthgis, mhtthgis, mhaajr mhaajr cfps cfps fgb t`jhr t`jhr heejbhftj heejbhftj surrkugbhgi surrkugbhgi frjf ljmkrj rjekvhgi t`je, sk t`ft gk bhrt cfg mfaa hg.

a

Bk gkt ajfvj t`j tfgn kpjghgi kpjghgi uggjcjssf uggjcjssfrhay rhay kpjg, ckvjr ht sk t`ft gk bhrt cfg mfaa hg.

Jgvhrkgejgt Burhgi efhgtjgfgcj wkrn cftc` faa khas fgb mujas fgb fgb bk gkt ajt t`je t`je sjjp sjjp hgtk hgtk t`j irkugb irkugb kr hgtk t`j sjwfij systje. Bhspksj km khas fgb muja jgvhrkgejgtfaay. Stkrj usjb mhatjrs hg f spjchfa wfstj ckgtfhgjr fgb bhspksj bhspksj km jgvhrkgejgtfaay. jgvhrkgejgtfaay. Fawfys cftc` lhkbjirfbflaj lhkbjirfbflaj kha sjpfrftjay.

Gktjs kg t`j muja systje R`j ahmjthej km t`j bhjsja jgihgj hs bjchshvjay bjpjgbhgi kg t`j cajfgahgjss km t`j muja. a

Njjp t`j jgihgj jgihgj mrjj km km bhrt fgb wftjr wftjr fs t`hs ckuab bfefij bfefij t`j hgojcthkg jajejgts jajejgts km t`j jgihgj.

a

Y`jg c`kkshgi c`kkshgi t`j stkrfij stkrfij akcfthkg akcfthkg mkr mkr muja



























:.<

Mujas Mujas fgb fgb aulrh aulrhcf cfgt gts s

Jgihgj kha a

Zsj whgtjr irfbj irfbj jgihgj jgihgj kha mkr whgtjr whgtjr kpjrfkpjrfthkg!

mjct t`j ckab stfrthgi flhahty km t`j jgihgj, lut whaa gkt cfusj fgy jgihgj bfefij. Rjepjrfturj rjaftjb aulrhcfthkg kha c`fgijs cfg lj fvkhbjb ly ushgi euath-purpksj khas. R`j mkaakwhgi kha c`fgij hgtjrvfas hgtjrvfas fppay fask w`jg ushgi euath-purpksj khas.

\jiuafr aulrhcfthkg kha c`fgijs R`j akgijst pjrehsshlaj thej f aulrhcfthkg kha s`kuab rjefhg hg fg jgihgj hs 6 yjfr. Hm t`j mkaakwhgi kha c`fgij hgtjrvfas frj gkt rjfc`jb kvjr f pjrhkb km 6 yjfr, t`j kha c`fgij s`kuab lj pjrmkrejb ft ajfst ajfst kgcj kgcj pjr pjr yjfr yjfr,, hrrjs hrrjspjc pjcth thvj vj km t`j t`j kpj kpjrf rfthg thgi i `kurs rjfc`jb.

Kha qufahty Trjmjrflay usj khas km FCJF-cafsshmhcfthkg J3-8=/ J:-4<. R`hs jgflajs uthahzfthkg km t`j akgijst kha c`fgij c`fgij hgtjrvfas. hgtjrvfas. Kha km FCJF-cafsshmhcf FCJF-cafsshmhcfthkg thkg J<-8= efy fask w`jg rjbuchgi t`j pjrhkb ljtwjjg kha c`fgijs ly :4 pjrcjgt. Khas km FTH-qufahty cafss CI-2/C@-2 jgflaj uthahzfthkg km t`j akgijst kha c`fgij hgtjrvfas. Khas km FTHqufahty cafssjs CM/CM-2 efy fask lj usjb w`jg rjbuchgi t`j pjrhkb ljtwjjg kha c`fgijs ly :4 pjrcjgt.

Aulrhcfthkg kha c`fgij hgtjrvfas Mhi. 66<

Hg krbjr tk fssurj pjrmjct ckab stfrthgi ht hs hepkrt tk c`ksj c`ksj t`j vhscks vhsckshty hty (SFJ-ca (SFJ-cafss fss)) km t`j jgihgj jgihgj kha fcckrbhgi fcckrbhgi tk t`j felhjgt tjepjrfturj. tjepjrfturj. Mkr whgtjr kpjrfthkg ljakw -64 Ć t`j kha c`fgij hgtjrvfas hgtjrvfas eust lj s`krtjgjb. s`krtjgjb. Aulrhcfthkg kha wht` f tkk `hi` vhsckshty hgbjx cfusjs stfrthgi bhmmhcuathjs. R`j tjepjrfturj w`jg stfrthgi stfrthgi t`j jgihgj hs t`jrjmkrj t`jrjmkrj km `hi`jst `hi`jst hepkrtfgcj w`jg c`kkshgi c`kkshgi t`j vhsckshty km jgihgj kha mkr whgtjr kpjrfthkg.

Kha c`fgij hgtjrvfas wht` kha qufahty FCJF J<-8=

5 <:4 kpjrfthgi `kurs

FTH FTH FTH CM/CMCM/CM-2 2

5 <:4 <:4 kpjr kpjrfth fthgi gi `kurs `kurs

FCJF J3-8 J3-8=/ =/J:J:-4< 4<

5 :44 :44 kpjr kpjrft fthg hgi i `kur `kurs s

FTH CI-2 CI-2/C /C@@-2 2

5 :44 :44 kpjr kpjrft fthg hgi i `kur `kurs s

Kha vhsckshty Shgcj aulrhcfthkg aulrhcfthkg kha c`fgijs hts vhsckshty vhsckshty wht` t`j tjepjrfturj, t`j felhjgt tjepjrfturj ft t`j kpjrfthgi akcfthkg km t`j jgihgj hs km utekst hepkrtfgcj w`jg c`kkshgi t`j vhsckshty vhsckshty cafss (SFJcafss) (Mhi. 66<).

Cfuthkg R`jsj hgtjrvfas hgtjrvfas fppay fppay kgay w`jg ushgi f bhjsja muja wht` efxheue 4.: % suapùr ly wjhi`t fgb mkr felhjgt tjepjrfturjs `hi`jr t`fg -64 Ć.



























pjrfturjs pjrfturjs ljakw -64 Ć t`j kha c`fgij hgtjrvfas hgtjrvfas spjchmh spjchmhjb jb hg t`j tflaj tflaj eust lj `favjb `favjb.. Y`jg ushgi hgi mujas mujas wht` wht` f suap suapùr ùr ckgtj ckgtjgt gt `hi`j `hi`jrr t`fg t`fg 6% tk 6.:% t`j jgihgj kha eust `fvj f RLG km fpprkx. 6< x t`j S-ckgtjgt hg % ly wjhi`t w`jg `favhgi t`j kha c`fgij hgtjrvfas.

2= ee< /s ft 24 Ć. Mkr tkpphgi up kr mkr kha c`fgijs usj kgay `hi`-qufahty `hi`-qufahty `ybrfuahc kha, typj @]AT fcckrbhgi tk BHG :6:<2, pfrt 3, kr `ybrfuahc khas km typj @] fcckrbhgi tk HSK =923/3. R`j vhsckshty hgbjx (]H) eust lj ft ajfst 6:4 (klsjrvj hgmkrefthkg prkvhbjb ly efgumfcturjr).

Aulrhcfthkg kha qufahty cafssjs

Lhk-bjirfbflaj `ybrfuahc kha

R`j kha efgumf efgumfcturjr cturjr hs skajay rjspkgshlaj mkr fsshighgi f prkbuct tk f cjrtfhg qufahty cafss.

Kg rjqujst t`j `ybrfuahc systje cfg fask lj mhaajb wht` jstjr lfsjb lhkbjirfbflaj `ybrfuahc kha, Tfgkahg @AT Sygt`. Sygt`. 2=. R`hs lhkakihcf lhkakihcfaay aay quhcnay quhcnay bjirfbflaj bflaj `ybr `ybrfua fuahc hc kha kha Tfg Tfgka kahg hg @AT @AT Sygt`. Sygt`.2= 2= ejj ejjts ts faa faa bjefgbs km f ehgjrfa kha lfsjb `ybrfuahc kha fcckrbhgi tk BHG :6:<2. Hg `ybrfuahc systjes mhaajb wht` Tfgkahg @AT Sygt`. 2= fawfys usj t`j sfej kha tk tkp up.

h Gktj Y`jg c`fgihgi c`fgihgi tk f `hi`jr faakyjb faakyjb kha qufahty fmtjr fmtjr f akgijr pjrhkb km kpjrfthkg, ht hs rjckeejgbjb tk pjrmkre t`j mhrst kha c`fgij km t`j `hi`jr qufahty kha farjfby fmtjr <4 kpjrfthgi kpjrfthgi `kurs. R `j aulrhcfthkg aulrhcfthkg kha mhatjr cfrtrhbij eust lj c`fgijb ft t`j sfej thej.

Mujas

Y`jg c`fgihgi mrke ehgjrfa kha lfsjb `ybrfuahc `ybrfuahc kha tk fg jstjr lfsjb lhkakihcfaay lhkakihcfaay bjirfbflaj bjirfbflaj kha, yku s`kuab ckgsuat ckgsuat t`j aulrhcfthkg aulrhcfthkg kha sjrvhcj sjrvhcj km t`j kha efgumfcturjr mkr bjtfhas. bjtfhas. C`jcn t`j mhatjr ekrj mrjqujgtay fmtjr t`hs c`fgij.

Vufahty Xku s`kuab kgay kgay usj ckeejrchfaay fvfhaflaj fvfhaflaj lrfgb bhjsja muja wht` f suapùr ckgtjgt ljakw 4.:% fgb jgsurj strhct cajfgahgjss w`jg mhaahgi hg. F `hi`jr suapùr ckgtjgt `fs f gjifthvj jmmjct kg t`j kha c`fgij c`fgij hgtjrvf hgtjrvfas. as. Zsj kgay kgay whgtjrwhgtjr-irfb irfbj j bhjsja bhjsja muja ugbjr akw felhjgt tjepjrfturjs. R`j muja ajvja s`kuab s`kuab fawfys fawfys lj tkp tkppjb pjb up hg buj thej sk t`f t`ftt t`j muja tfgn hs gjvjr gjvjr rug bry, fs kt`jrwhsj kt`jrwhsj mhatjr mhatjr fgb hg ojcthkg ahgjs gjjb tk lj lajb. R`j mkaakwhgi muja spjchmhcfthkgs frj pjrehttjb? BHG :6=46> Gftk Ckbjs? M-:2, M-9:> LS <0=8? F6 fgb F<> FSRE B 89:-90? 6-B fgb <-B> ]]-M-044 f? BM-F, BM-6 fgb BM-<.

Yhgtjr muja Mkr whgtjr kpjrfthkg usj kgay whgtjr bhjsja muja, tk fvkhb cakiihgi ljcfusj km pfrfmmhg pfrfmmhg sjpfrfthkg. sjpfrfthkg. Ft vjry akw tjepjrfturjs bhsturlhgi pfrfmmhg sjpfrfthkg thkg cfg cfg fask fask lj jxpjc jxpjctjb tjb w`jg w`jg ushgi ushgi whgtj whgtjrr bhjs bhjsja ja muja. Hg ekst cfsjs f summhchjgt ckab rjshstfgcj cfg fask lj fc`hjvjb ly fbbhgi makw jg`fgchgi muja fbbhthvjs. Ckgsuat t`j jgihgj jgihgj efgumfcturjr. efgumfcturjr.

Ehgjrfa kha lfsjb `ybrfuahc kha

Brue brhvj ijfr kha Mkr t`j ijfrlkx usj kgay euath-purpksj trfgsehsshkg kha km FTH-cafss IA: wht` vhsckshty cafss SFJ 04Y-84.

Aulrhcfthkg irjfsj Mkr aulrhcfthkg purpksjs usj fg JT-`hi` prjssurj irjfsj, cfachue fgb/kr aht`hue sfpkghmhjb (pjgjtrfthkg <), fcc. tk BHG :6:4< NT


























ajvja km t`j ckkahgi ckkahgi systje systje prktjc prktjcthkg thkg fijgt fijgt km ehgheue 3:% fgb efxheue 2:%. Cfuthkg Bk gkt ehx bhmmjrjgt ckkafgts fgb fbbhthvjs km fgy kt`jr nhgb. Jgvhrkgejgt Ckkahgi systje prktjcthkg fijgts eust lj bhspksjb km jgvhrkgejgtfaay jgvhrkgejgtfaay..



























:.3

Mujas, Mujas, aulrhcfg aulrhcfgts ts fgb mhaahgi mhaahgi cfpfchthjs

Fssjelay

Muja kr aulrhcfgt Sueejr

Yhgtjr

Vufgthty fpprkx. Fttjgthkg Klsjrvj t`j ajvja efrns

Jgihgj

Jgihgj kha FCJF? J3-8=/J:-4<

0.: 0.: ahtrjs wht`kut kut kha mhatjr, 64 ahtrjs wht` kha mhatjr

FTH? CI-2/C@-2 SFJ 64Y/24 (-<4 Ć tk +34 Ć) SFJ 64Y/24 (-64 Ć tk +24 Ć) SFJ 34

SFJ 64Y

(+: Ć tk +34 Ć)

(-: Ć tk -34 Ć)

SFJ 24

SFJ <4Y/<4

(+< (+<: Ć tk +24 Ć) Ć)

(-64 Ć tk +64 Ć) Ć) Muja

Bhjsja

Yhgtjr bhjsja muja (bkwg tk -6< Ć)

<44 ahtrjs ahtrjs

Ckkafgt Ehxt Ehxtur urj j km wftjr wftjr fgb fgb fgth fgth-m -mrj rjjz jzj j fijgt fijgt @ybr @ybrfu fuaahc syst systje je

Sprhgnajr systje Brue

@ybr @ybrfu fuaahc kha kha (HSK (HSK), ), @]2= @]2=,, nhgj nhgje. e. vhsc vhscks kshhty < 2= ee /s ft 24 Ć kr jstjr lfsjb lhkbjirfbflaj `ybrfuahc kha Yftjr

Fgth-mrjjzj ehxturj wftjr * SFJ 6:Y/24

- Jxchtjr s`fmt tulj Rrfvja ijfr, brue

fpprk fpp rkx. x. 6: ahtrj ahtrjs s =4 ahtrjs

6444 ahtrjs 9.: ahtrjs (LY 6=6 FB-2) 8.: ahtrjs (LY <4< FB-2)

SFJ 04Y-84, FTH IA:

fpprkx. 6.: ahtrjs

Stjjrhgi c`fhgs

@hi` prjssurj irjfsj (aht`hue sfpkgh kghmhjb)

fs rjquhrjb

Kschaa Kschaafth fthgi gi frthc frthcua uaftj ftjb b okhgt okhgt

@hi` @hi` prjssu prjssurj rj irjf irjfsj sj (aht (aht`hu `hue e sfpkg sfpkghm hmhj hjb) b)

fs rjqu rjquhr hrjb jb

*

Ehx wftjr wftjr fgb fgth-mrjj fgth-mrjjzj zj fijgt fijgt ly mkaakwhgi mkaakwhgi t`j hgstruc hgstructhkgs thkgs km t`j t`j efgumfcturj efgumfcturjrr





























:.2

\ugghgi\ugghgi-hg hg hgstruc hgstructhk thkgs gs

R`j mkaakwhgi efhgtjgfgcj wkrn eust lj pjrmkrejb w`jg rugghgi hg gjw efc`hgjs kr kvjr`fuajb jgihgjs? Cfuthkg Zp tk fpprkx. <:4 kpjrfthgi `kurs c`jcn t`j jgihgj kha ajvja twhcj jvjry bfy. Bjpjgbhgi Bjpjgbhgi kg t`j akfb t`j jgihgj jgihgj hs sulojctjb sulojctjb tk, t`j kha ckgsuepthkg whaa brkp tk t`j gkrefa ajvja fmtjr fpprkx. 644 tk <:4 kpjrfthgi `kurs. Efhgtjgfgcj Efhgtjgfgcj fmtjr :4 kpjrfthgi kpjrfthgi `kurs a

C`jcn t`j jgihgj jgihgj mkr ajfns. ajfns.

a

\jthi`tjg \jthi`tjg lkatjb ckggjct ckggjcthkgs hkgs kg hgtfnj hgtfnj fgb jx`fust tuljs, kha suep fgb jgihgj ekugts.

a

\jthi`tjg \jthi`tjg t`j lkatjb lkatjb ckggjcthkgs ckggjcthkgs kg t`j t`j efc`hgj.

Efhgtjgfgcj Efhgtjgfgcj fmtjr <:4 kpjrfthgi `kurs a

Jgihgj kha c`fgij c`fgij

a

6st kha c`fgij hg brue brhvj ijfr. ijfr.

a

6. Kha c`fgij c`fgij hg t`j jxchtjr jxchtjr s`fmt s`fmt tulj

Efhgtjgfgcj Efhgtjgfgcj fmtjr :44 kpjrfthgi `kurs a

<. Kha c`fgij hg brue brhvj ijfr. ijfr.

a

<. Kha c`fgij c`fgij hg t`j jxchtjr jxchtjr s`fmt s`fmt tulj

Spjchfa hgtjrvfas a

a

Swhtc` t`j `jfthgi systje systje * kg jvjry ekgt` mkr mkr flkut 64 ehgutjs. Swhtc` Swhtc` t`j fhr ckgbht ckgbhthkgh hkghgi* gi* kg jvjry jvjry ekg ekgt` t` mkr flkut 64 ehgutjs.





























:.:

Efhgt Ef hgtjg jgfg fgcj cj c`fr c`frtt

Yht` faa efhgtjgfgcj efhgtjgfgcj hgtjrvfas pjrmkre fask t`j wkrn mkr s`krtjr prjcjbhgi sjrvhcj hgtjrvfas. Gk.

Bjshigfthkg

Gk t j

Jvjry 64 kpjrfthgi `kurs :.= :.9 :.9 :.0 :.8 :.64 :.6 4 :.66

C`jcn t`j jgihgj kha ajvja C`jc C`jcn n t`j muja muja ajvja jvja C`jcn t`j `ybrfuahc kha ajvja C`jcn t`j ckkafgt ajvja C`jcn/j C`jcn/jept epty y t`j muja prj-ca prj-cajfg jfgjr jr (wftjr (wftjr sjpfrf sjpfrftkr) tkr) C`jcn t`j wftjr ajvja

Klsjrvj t`j bhpsthcn efrns Hgspjcthkg iafss Hgspjcthkg iafss Hgspjcth Hgspjcthkg kg iafss iafss Sueejr? Yftjr, whgtjr? Fgth-mrjjzj fijgt

Jvjry <:4 kpjrfthgi `kurs :.6< :.6< :.63 :.6 3

C`jc C`jcn, n, cajf cajfg g rfbhft rfbhftkr, kr, muj mujaa ckka ckkajr jr,, `ybrf `ybrfua uahc hc kha kha ckkaj ckkajrr fgb hgtjrckkajr C`jcn C`jcn t`j kha ajvja ajvja hg vhlrftk vhlrftkrr s`fm s`fmtt tulj

Jvjry :44 kpjrfthgi `kurs :.62 :.62 :.6: :.6 : :.6= :.6 = :.69 :.6 9 :.60 :.6 0

C`fgij C`fgij t`j jgi jgihgj hgj kha (ft ajfst ajfst 6x pjr yjfr) yjfr) * C`fgij C`fgij t`j jgi jgihgj hgj kha mhatj mhatjrr cfrtrhbi cfrtrhbij j C`jcn C`jcn t`j ckkafgt ckkafgt ckgcjg ckgcjgtrft trfthkg hkg Sjrvhcj Sjrvhcj t`j fhr ckgbht ckgbhthkg hkghgi hgi C`jcn C`jcn t`j lft lfttjr tjry y ckgb ckgbhth hthkg, kg, irjfsj irjfsj t`j pkajs pkajs

Jvjry 6444 kpjrfthgi `kurs :.68 :.6 8 :.<4 :.<4 :.<6 :.<6 :.<< :.< < :.<3 :.<3 :.<2 :.< 2

Cajfg Cajfg t`j t`j muja muja prj-ca prj-cajfgj jfgjr, r, rjpaf rjpafcj, cj, lajjb lajjb t`j t`j mhatj mhatjrr hm gjcjssfry C`fgij C`fgij t`j muj mujaa prjca prjcajfg jfgjr, jr, lajjb lajjb t`j t`j muja muja systje systje C`fg C`fgij ij t`j kha kha hg hg t`j t`j brue brue brh brhvj vj ijfr ijfr C`jcn, C`jcn, tjgshkg tjgshkg,, aulr aulrhcf hcftj tj t`j stjjrhg stjjrhgi i c`fhg c`fhg C`jc C`jcn n t`j t`j jgihg jgihgj j ek ekugt ugts s C`jcn C`jcn t`j ]-ljat, ]-ljat, thi`tj thi`tj hm jpafcj jpafcj t`j t`j ]-

Bhpsthcn efrn





























Gk.

Bjshigfthkg

Gktj

Jvjry 3444 kpjrfthgi `kurs :.36 :.36

\jpaf \jpafcj cj t`j t`j hgojc hgojcth thkg kg vfavj vfavj

Fs rjquhrjb :.3< :.33 :.33 :.32 :.32 :.3: :.3= :.39 :.39 :.30 :.30 :.38 *

Cajf ajfg, c`fgij gij t`j t`j bry fhr fhr mha mhatjr tjr cfrtrh trhbij Cajf Cajfg g t`j t`j wftj wftjrr tfgn tfgn Cajfg Cajfg t`j t`j wftjr wftjr mhat mhatjr jr Sp S prhgnajr systje Mhaa Mhaa t`j whgbsc whgbscrjj rjjg g wfs`jr wfs`jr tfg tfgn n C`jc C`jcn n t`j t`j scrf scrfpj pjrs rs Jgihg Jgihgj j ckgs ckgsjr jrvf vfth thkg kg Rhi`tjg Rhi`tjghgi hgi tkrquj tkrqujs s mkr mkr scrjws scrjws wht` wht` ejtrh ejtrhc c ughm ughmhjb hjb t`rjfb

ft ajfst fst 6x pjr yjfr

Efhgtjgfgcj hg cfsj km mrkst

\jthi`tjg lkatjb ckggjcthkgs

Y`jg ushgi ushgi bhjsja bhjsja mujawht` f suapùr suapùr ckgt ckgtjgt jgt km ekrj ekrj t`fg t`fg 4,: 4,: % ly wjhi` wjhi`tt t`j t`j jgihg jgihgj j kha c`fgij c`fgij hgtj hgtjrvf rvfas as eust eust lj `favjb.R`j `favjb.R`j sfej fppahjs w`jg ushgi jgihgj kha km FTH-cafss CM/CM-2 fgb jgihgj kha km FCJF-cafss J<-8= ** Fask hg cfsj cfsj km rjpfhrs rjpfhrs hg t`j `ybrfu `ybrfuahc ahc systje





























Jvjry 64 kpjrfthgi `kurs

:.=

C`jc C`jcn n t`j t`j jgih jgihgj gj kha kha ajvj ajvjaa

:.9

C`jcn C`jcn t`j t`j muja muja ajvj ajvjaa

Bfgijr Mhrj `fzfrb! Y`jg wkrnhgi kg t`j muja systje bk gkt usj kpjg mhrj, bk gkt seknj. Cftc` rugghgi kut muja. Bk gkt rjmuja hg caksjb rkkes. Bk gkt hg`faj fgy muja muejs.

Mhi. 663

h Gktj Tfrn t`j efc`hgj `krhzkgtfaay, sùt bkwg t`j jgihgj fgb wfht mkr : ehgutjs. a

Kpjg t`j rhi`t rhi`t `fgb `fgb sjrvhcj sjrvhcj bkkr. bkkr.

a

Tuaa t`j bhpsthc bhpsthcn n (Mhi. 663) kut, whpj ht kmm kmm wht` f ahgt-mrjj, ahgt-mrjj, cajfg cakt` fgb rjhgsjrt rjhgsjrt ht ugtha ht lkttkes.

a

Tuaa t`j bhpsthcn bhpsthcn lfcn kut kut fifhg. fifhg.

a

C`jcn t`j kha ajvja, ajvja, tkp up tk EFP-efrn hm gjcjssfry.

a

Hm t`j kha ajvja ajvja hs tkk akw akw tkp up kha heejbhftja heejbhftjay. y.

Mhi. 662 a

Mkr qufahty km kha rjmjr tk t`j tflaj km mujas, aulrhcfgts fgb mhaahgi cfpfchthjs. cfpfchthjs. a

C`jcn t`j kha kha ajvja fifhg fmtjr fmtjr rugghgi rugghgi t`j jgihgj mkr fpprkx. 6 ehgutj. Cfuthkg

C`jcn t`j t`j muja ajvja ajvja kg t`j muja ifuij ifuij (Mhi. (Mhi. 662).

h Gktj Bk gkt brhvj t`j muja tfgn jepty, shgcj t`hs efy bfefij t`j jgihgj. Fawfys lajjb t`j muja systje fmtjr rugghgi t`j tfgn jepty.





























:.0

C`j C`jcn t`j t`j `ybr `ybrf fuahc uahc kha ajv ajvja Cfuthkg

Hg `ybrfuahc systjes mhaajb wht` Tfgkahg @AT Sygt`. 2= fawfys usj t`j sfej kha tk tkp up. Yht` kt`jr jstjr lfsjb khas ckgsuat t`j aulrhcfthkg kha sjrvhcj km t`j rjspjcthvj kha efgumfcturjr.

Mhi. 66: a

Zsj fccjss fccjss stjps stjps (Mhi. (Mhi. 66:). 66:).

Mhi. 669 a

Mhi. 66= a

Cajfg t`j t`j frjf frkugb frkugb t`j mhaajr mhaajr kpjghgi. kpjghgi.

a

Kpjg t`j t`j muja tfgn tfgn ckvjr (Mhi. (Mhi. 66=). 66=).

a

Hm gjcjssfry gjcjssfry tkp up wht` wht` muja (bhjsja (bhjsja kr whgtjr whgtjr bhjsja).

Mkr spjchmhjb muja rjmjr tk t`j tflaj km mujas, aulrhcfgts fgb mhaahgi mhaahgi cfpfchthjs. cfpfchthjs. Cfuthkg

C`jcn t`j kha kha ajvja hg hg t`j kha ajvja ajvja hgspjcthkg hgspjcthkg iafss (Mhi. 669).

h Gktj Ft f rkke rkke tje tjepj pjrf rftur turj j km fpprk fpprkx. x. <4Ć <4Ć t`j kha ajvja ajvja s`kuab s`kuab rjfc` fpprkx. fpprkx.
Hm t`j kha ajvja ajvja hs tkk akw akw tkp up `ybrfuahc `ybrfuahc kha kha heejbhftjay.

Mkr qufahty km kha rjmjr tk t`j tflaj km mujas, aulrhcfgts fgb mhaahgi cfpfchthjs.































:.8

C`jc C`jcn n t`j t`j c ckk kkafg afgtt ajv ajvja ja

Bfgijr

:.64 :.6 4 C`jcn C`jcn / jepty t`j muja muja prjcajfgjr (wftjr sjpfrftkr) / lajjb

Bfgijr km scfabhgi! scfabhgi! Mhaa up ckkafgt kgay w`jg t`j jgihgj hs ckab.

Bfgijr Mhrj `fzfrb! Y`jg wkrnhgi kg t`j muja systje bk gkt usj kpjg mhrj, bk gkt seknj. Jgvhrkgejgt Cftc` rugghgi kut muja fgb b hspksj hspksj km jgvhrkgejgtfaay.

Mhi. 660 a

C`jcn t`j ckkafgt ckkafgt ajvja ajvja (Mhi. (Mhi. 660) kgay kgay w`jg t`j jgihgj hs ckab. Cfuthkg

Hm, burhgi t`j bfhay hgspjcthkg t`j ckkafgt ajvja hs mkugb tk `fvj brkppjb, c`jcn faa ahgjs, `ks-

h Gktj R`j sjrvhcj hgtjrvfas hgtjrvfas mkr t`j wftjr sjpfrftkr bj- pjgb kg t`j wftjr ckgtjgt hg t`j muja fgb cfg t`jrjmkrj t`jrjmkrj gkt lj bjtjrehgjb bjtjrehgjb prjchsjay. prjchsjay. Fmtjr tfnhgi tfnhgi t`j jgihgj hgtk kpjrfthkg yku s`kuab c`jcn t`j mhatjr lkwa hghthfaay jvjry bfy, aftjr fs rjquhrjb, mkr shigs km wftjr.































Mhi. 6<4 a

Zgscrjw t`j lajjbhgi lajjbhgi scrjw scrjw (Mhi. 6<4) kg t`j t`j mhatjr ckvjr.

Mhi. 6<< a

Brfhg t`j muja muja kmm ugtha ugtha t`jrj hs hs gk wftjr kr bhrt bhrt ajmt (Mhi. 6<<). Caksj t`j brfhg tfp. Jgvhrkgejgt

Bhspksj km cftc`jb muja jgvhrkgejgtfaay.

h Gktj Fmtjr brfhghgi t`j wftjr sjpfrftkr t`j ckgtrka ahi`t eust ik kut fgb t`j muja prj-cajfgjr eust lj lajb.

Lajjbhgi































:.66 C`jcn t`j wftjr wftjr ajvja Cfuthkg \hsn km bfefij! Bk gkt stjp kg t`j wftjr tfgn fgb bk gkt pafcj fgy `jfvy klojcts kg ht.

Mhi. 6<= a

Mhi. 6<2

h Gktj Hg cfsj km f prjssurj brkp fgb w`jg t`j wftjr tfgn hs jepty t`j wfrghgi ahi`t mkr rjshbufa wftjr qufgthty hg wftjr sprhgnahgi systje c (Mhi. 6<2) hg t`j rhi`t `fgb hgstruejgt caustjr whaa ahi`t up fgb

Kpjg t`j cfps cfps kg lkt` wftjr tfgns fgb tkp up wht` wftjr (Mhi. 6<=) fgb scrjw t`j cfps lfcn kg.

h Gktj Hm t`jrj t`jrj hs f rhsn rhsn km mrkst mrkst klsjrvj klsjrvj t`j t`j spjchf spjchfaa sjrvhc sjrvhcj j hgstructhkgs ugbjr "wftjr sprhgnajr systje, efhgtjgfgcj hg cfsj km mrkst". Efnj surj t`ft t`j vjgthafthkg lkrj hg t`j mhaajr cfp hs mrjj.































Jvjry <:4 kpjrfthgi `kurs

:.6< C`jcn, cajfg cajfg rfbhftkr, rfbhftkr, muja muja ckkajr, `ybrfuahc kha ckkajr fgb hgtjrckkajr h Gktj Bhrty kpjrfthgi ckgbhthkgs, pfrthcuafray aulrhcfthkg kha fgb muja bjpkshts kg t`j ckkahgi ckkahgi mhgs rjbucj t`j ckkahgi jmmjct. Xku s`kuab t`jrjmkrj heejbhftjay sjfa fgy kha kr muja ajfns gjfr ckkahgi mfg, cyahgbjr kr kha ckkajr fgb sulsjqujgtay cajfg t`j ckkahgi mhgs.

Mhi. 6<0 a

\jekvj brhjb kg bhrt mrke t`j ckkahgi ckkahgi mhgs wht` f suhtflaj lrus`.

a

Lakw ckkajrs ckkajrs (Mhi. 6<0) kut kut wht` ckeprjssjb ckeprjssjb fhr. \jekvj faa bhrt t`ft `fs ljjg lakwg hgtk t`j jgihgj ckepfrtejgt.

a

Hg cfsj km khay khay bhrt sprfy sprfy t`j ckkajr ckkajr wht` wht` f ckab cajfgshgi fijgt fgb ajt ht skfn hg mkr flkut 64 ehgutjs.

Bfgijr Bfgijr km hgoury! Tjrmkre cajfghgi wkrn kgay wht` jgihgj stkppjb fgb ckkajb bkwg!

Jgvhrkgejgt Cftc` rugghgi kmm mauhb fgb bhspksj km jgvhrkgejgtfaay. a

Cajfg kmm kmm wht` wftjr kr stjfe ojt.































:.63 C`jcnh C`jcnhgi gi t`j kha ajvja ajvja hg vhlrftkr s`fmt tulj Cfuthkg C`jcn t`j kha ajvja hg lkt` brues, rjfr rhi`t fgb mrkgt ajmt.

Mhi. 6<8 a

Ekvj t`j efc`hgj sk t`ft t`j ajvja hgspjcthkg paui hs jxfctay lj`hgb lkrj (Mhi. 6<8).

a

Cajfg fgb ugscrjw ugscrjw kha kha ajvja hgspjcth hgspjcthkg kg paui (6).

a

R`j kha ajvja ajvja eust rjfc` rjfc` t`j lkt lkttke tke jbi jbij j km t`j

































Jvjry :44 kpjrfthgi `kurs

:.62 C`fgij t`j jgihgj jgihgj kha kha Bfgijr Bfgijr km scfabhgi! Bfgijr km scfabhgi w`jg brfhghgi kmm `kt jgihgj kha!

h Gktj Brfhg t`j kha kgay w`jg t`j jgihgj hs wfre. Mkr qufahty fgb qufgthty km kha rjmjr tk t`j sjcthkg kg mujas fgb aulrhcfgts fs wjaa fs t`j sjcthkg kg mujas, aulrhcfgts fgb mhaahgi cfpfchthjs. Jgvhrkgejgt Bk gkt ajt kab kha sjjp hgtk t`j irkugb, lut bhs-

Mhi. 636 a

Mhaa hg gjw gjw jgihgj kha kha (Mhi. 636) 636) t`rkui` t`j t`j kha mhaajr gjcn.

a

Scrjw t`j t`j ckvjr ckvjr lfcn lfcn kg. kg.

































:.6: C`fgij C`fgij t`j jgihgj jgihgj kha mhatjr cfrtrhbij

:.6= C`jcnhgi C`jcnhgi t`j fgth-mrjjzj fgth-mrjjzj ckgcjgtrfthkg

Bfgijr Bfgijr km scfabhgi! scfabhgi! Bfgij Bfgijrr km scfab scfabhg hgi i ly `kt `kt kha w`jg w`jg ugsc ugscrjw rjwhgi hgi t`j mhatjr cfrtrhbij. cfrtrhbij.

Cfuthkg Hg krbjr tk fvkhb bfefij tk t`j jgihgj j.i. ly ckrrkshkg, cfvhtfthkg fgb mrjjzhgi, pfrthcuafr fttjgthkg eust lj pfhb tk t`j hgspjcthkg km t`j ckkafgt.

Cfuthkg Cftc` rugghgi kut kha, j.i. wht` f cakt`. Jgvhrkgejgt Bk gkt ajt kab kha sjjp hgtk t`j irkugb, lut bhspksj kmm jgvhrkgejgtfaay.

Bfgijr Bfgijr km scfabhgi! C`jcn t`j fgth-mrjjzj fgth-mrjjzj ckgcjgtrfthkg ckgcjgtrfthkg kgay w`jg t`j jgihgj hs ckab. a

Tjrmkre t`j hgspjcthkg wht` wht` ckgvjgthkgfa tjst jquhpejgt.

































:.69 Sjrvhchgi Sjrvhchgi t`j fhr ckgbhthkg ckgbhthkg-hgi* (sueejr kpjrfthkg) Cfuthkg Zgbjr Zgbjr vjry vjry busty busty ckgbh ckgbhthk thkgs gs caj cajfg fg jvj jvjry ry bfy hg krbjr tk efhgtfhg t`j ckkahgi pkwjr km t`j fhr ckgbhthkghgi systje. Bfgijr Bfgijr km fcchbjgt! Bk gkt cajfg wht` f `kt wftjr ojt. @jft whaa cfusj jxtrjej kvjrprjssurj, w`hc` ckuab cfusj bfefij kr jxpakshkg km t`j systje.

Cajfghgi t`j ckgbjgsjr

Mhi. 63: a

Cajfg t`j ckgbjgsjr ckgbjgsjr mhgs kg kg mrkgt fgb lfcn wht` ckeprjssjb fhr kr ckab wftjr (Mhi. 63:). Cfuthkg

































Mhi. 639 a

C`kksj f ckkahgi ckkahgi tjepjrfturj tjepjrfturj wht` t`j rktfry rktfry swhtc` mkr cflhg `jftjr (Mhi. 639) hg t`j lauj sjcthkg.

a

Kpjg t`j t`j fhr kutajt kutajt gkzzajs. gkzzajs.

Mhi. 638 a

Hm t`j w`htj w`htj makft (Mhi. (Mhi. 638) hgshbj hgshbj t`j hgspjchgspjcthkg thkg iafss iafss km t`j brhj brhjr/c r/ckaaj kaajctkr ctkr ught ught makfts makfts ft t`j lkttke, hgmkre t`j sjrvhcj bjpfrtejgt.

h Gktj

































Cfuthkg @fvj t`j brhjr/ckaajctkr ught rjpafcjb ly t`j sjrvhcj bjpfrtejgt jvjry yjfr ljmkrj t`j kpjrfthgi sjfskg.

C`jcn C`jcnhgi hgi t`j ckgbht ckgbhthkg hkg km t`j brhjr/c brhjr/ckakaajctkr ught Cfuthkg Fcckrbhgi tk t`j rjiuafthkg rjiuafthkg mkr prjssurj rjsjrvkhrs faa prjssurj rjsjrvkhrs eust lj rjpjftjbay hgspjctjb ly f spjchfahst. Hg t`hs sjgsj rjpjftjb hgspjcthkgs hgspjcthkgs frj jxtjrgfa jxfehgfthkgs, gkrefaay kg prjssurj rjsjrvkhrs hg kpjrfthkg. Hg ckggjcthkg wht` t`hs hgspjcthkg t`j brhjr/ckaajctkr brhjr/ckaajctkr ught eust lj vhsufaay jxfehgjb twhcj jvjry yjfr. Burhgi t`jsj hgspjcthkgs spjchfa fttjgthkg eust lj pfhb tk ckrrkshkg

:.60 Sjrvhcj t`j lfttjry lfttjry Bfgijr Bfgijr km cfutjrhsfthkg ! Bfgijr km jxpakshkg! Y`jg wkrnhgi kg t`j lfttjry bk gkt usj kpjg mhrj, bk gkt seknj! R`j R`j lfttj lfttjry ry ckgtf ckgtfhgs hgs fchb. fchb. Bk gkt gkt ajt fchb fchb ckej ckej hg ckgtfct wht` snhg kr cakt`js! Yjfr prktjcthvj cakt`hgi! cakt`hgi! Bk gkt afy fgy tkkas kg t`j lfttjry! Jgvhrkgejgt Bhspksj Bhspksj km t`j kab lfttjry jgvhrkgejgtfaay. jgvhrkgejgtfaay.

h Gktj



































C`frihgi vkatfij rjckeejgbfthkg



































Jvjry 6444 kpjrfthgi `kurs

:.68 Cajfghgi t`j t`j muja prj-cajfgprj-cajfgjr, rjpafchgi, lajjbhgi t`j mhatjr hm gjcjssfry Bfgijr Mhrj `fzfrb!



































C`fgihgi t`j muja prjcajfgjr



































:.<4 C`fgij t`j t`j muja mhatjr mhatjr cfrtrhbij Bfgijr Mhrj `fzfrb! Gk kpjg mhrj, bk gkt seknj, bk gkt sphaa fgy mu-



































:.<6 :.<6 C`f C`fgi gihg hgi i t`j t`j kha kha hg t`j t`j brue brue brhvj ijfr h Gktj Brfhg kha kgay ft kpjrfthgi kpjrfthgi tjepjrfturj. tjepjrfturj. C`fgij t`j kha hg mrkgt rhi`t fgb rjfr ajmt `fgb trfvja ijfrs.















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































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