5
E
JUMBOJET
mpro mprove ve 747 Models Vari Variant ant
VOLUME
Roster Advanced
Engines
10
AirlinerTech Series
I i J ! L H E l ! ! ~ ! ! I LOCKHEED
L-lOll TRISTAR
Griffon-Powered Mustangs Racing Bearcats and Corsairs
Volume Volume
Item #SP034 Item #SP035
WarbirdTech Series Consolidated B-24 Liberator Volume Item SP464 Lightnin nin Lockheed P-38 Light Volume Item SP465 North American F-86 SabreJet Day Fighters Volume Item SP466 Vought F4U Corsair Volume Item SP467 North American P-51 Mustang Volume Item SP468 62 Sturmvogel Volume Item SP469 Messerschmitt Boeing B-17 Flying Flying Fortr Fortress ess Volume Item SP470 MD F-4 Gun-Nosed Phantoms Volume Item SP471 McDonne McDonnellll Dougla Dougla F-15 Eagle Volume Item SP472 Lockheed SR-71NF-12 Blackbirds Volume 10 Item Item SP475 North North Americ American an NA-16/AT-6/SNJ Volume 11 Item SP476 North North Americ American an B-25 Mitchell- Volume 12 Item Item SP477 Douglas A-l Skyraider Volume 13 Item SP478 Boeing B-29 Superfortress Volume 14 Item SP479 Item SP480 Northrop P-61 Black Widow Volume 15 Item Item SP009 Lockheed U-2 Dragon Lady Volume 16 Item Bell P-39/P-63 Airacobra Kingcobra Volume 17 Item Item SP01 Republic F-l05 Thunderchief Volume 18 em SP011 Boeing North American B-1 Lancer Volume 19 Item Item SP012 Fairchild-Republic Fairchild-Republic A10A-l0 Warthog Volume 20 em SP013 Boeing/BAe Harrier Volume 21 Item SP014 Douglas A-26 Invader Volume 22 Item SP016 Republic P-47 Thunderbolt Volume 23 Item SP018 Convair B-36 Peacemaker Volume 24 Item SP019 Lockheed Lockheed Martin Martin F-117 Nighthawk Volume 25 em SP020 Royal Air Force Avro Vulcan Volume 26 Item SP023 Lockheed AH-56A Cheyenne Volume 27 em SP027 Lightning ing Volume 28 Item SP028 Englis Englis Electr Electric ic Lightn Martin B-26 Marauder Volume 29 em SP029 Boeing C-17A Globemaster 111- Volume 30 Item SP040 Boeing F/A-18 Hornet Volume 31 Item SP041 Griffon-Powered Spitf Spitfire ire Volume 32 Item SP045 Grumman A-6 Intruder Volume 33 Item SP050 North North Americ American an XB-70A Valkyrie Volume 34 Item SP056 Merlin-Powered Spitf Spitfire ire Volume 35 Item SP057
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I i J ! L H E l ! ! ~ ! ! I LOCKHEED
L-lOll TRISTAR
Griffon-Powered Mustangs Racing Bearcats and Corsairs
Volume Volume
Item #SP034 Item #SP035
WarbirdTech Series Consolidated B-24 Liberator Volume Item SP464 Lightnin nin Lockheed P-38 Light Volume Item SP465 North American F-86 SabreJet Day Fighters Volume Item SP466 Vought F4U Corsair Volume Item SP467 North American P-51 Mustang Volume Item SP468 62 Sturmvogel Volume Item SP469 Messerschmitt Boeing B-17 Flying Flying Fortr Fortress ess Volume Item SP470 MD F-4 Gun-Nosed Phantoms Volume Item SP471 McDonne McDonnellll Dougla Dougla F-15 Eagle Volume Item SP472 Lockheed SR-71NF-12 Blackbirds Volume 10 Item Item SP475 North North Americ American an NA-16/AT-6/SNJ Volume 11 Item SP476 North North Americ American an B-25 Mitchell- Volume 12 Item Item SP477 Douglas A-l Skyraider Volume 13 Item SP478 Boeing B-29 Superfortress Volume 14 Item SP479 Item SP480 Northrop P-61 Black Widow Volume 15 Item Item SP009 Lockheed U-2 Dragon Lady Volume 16 Item Bell P-39/P-63 Airacobra Kingcobra Volume 17 Item Item SP01 Republic F-l05 Thunderchief Volume 18 em SP011 Boeing North American B-1 Lancer Volume 19 Item Item SP012 Fairchild-Republic Fairchild-Republic A10A-l0 Warthog Volume 20 em SP013 Boeing/BAe Harrier Volume 21 Item SP014 Douglas A-26 Invader Volume 22 Item SP016 Republic P-47 Thunderbolt Volume 23 Item SP018 Convair B-36 Peacemaker Volume 24 Item SP019 Lockheed Lockheed Martin Martin F-117 Nighthawk Volume 25 em SP020 Royal Air Force Avro Vulcan Volume 26 Item SP023 Lockheed AH-56A Cheyenne Volume 27 em SP027 Lightning ing Volume 28 Item SP028 Englis Englis Electr Electric ic Lightn Martin B-26 Marauder Volume 29 em SP029 Boeing C-17A Globemaster 111- Volume 30 Item SP040 Boeing F/A-18 Hornet Volume 31 Item SP041 Griffon-Powered Spitf Spitfire ire Volume 32 Item SP045 Grumman A-6 Intruder Volume 33 Item SP050 North North Americ American an XB-70A Valkyrie Volume 34 Item SP056 Merlin-Powered Spitf Spitfire ire Volume 35 Item SP057
: ~ : V f : ~ : ~ ~
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AIRLINERTECH 5
E
VOLUME
10
BOEING
ROBERT
F.
DORR
COPYRIGHT
2002
ROBERT F. D O R R
Published by
Specialt Press Publishers nd Wholesalers 39966 Grand Avenue 55056 North Branch, United States of Americ
(800 895-4585 or (651 277-1400 http://www.specialtypress.com Distributed in the U K n d Europe
Midland Publishing
Watlin Drive Hinckley LElO 3EY, England Tel:
01455233737
http://www.midlandcountiessuperstore.com ISBN 1-58007-055-8
be reproduced or t ra ns mi tt e i n a n f or m o r by an means, Al rights reserved No part of thi book electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording o r b y an information storage an retrieval system, without permission fro th Publisher in writing.
Materia contained in this book is intended fo historical an entertainmen value only, an is no to be construed as usabl fo aircraft o r c o mp o ne n t restoration, maintenance, or use. P ri nt e i n C h in a
Titl Page: Atla Air was not the firs of the popular 747-400F freighte bu it became th larges when it acquired Polar 1, Air no hauls cargo in severa othe liverie in addition to it own. Th jetliner is operating at California's Los Angele Internationa Airpor in August 2001. (Sunil Gupta) Front Cover: This stud ofa Japan Airlines 747-400 from beneath provides an excellen view of some of the technical features of the aircraft. Note the complexity of the three-piece trailing edge flaps located inboard of the engines and the separate se of see detail of the leading-edge flaps and main landin gear. (Tom Pesch) trailing-edge flaps outboard. We Back Cove (Lef To ): Illustrating an airliner with characters from the children's game Pokemon was pleasing move by All Nippon Airways. Thi aircraft is Boeing 747-481, line number 979, c/n 25645, registered as JA8962 Unl ke -400 in earl operation on domestic routes this aircraft's international configuration is equipped with winglets (Alex Hrapunov) Back Cover (Right Top) This is the undersid of the left win ofa partiall assembled 747-400 in the Everet factory prior to installation of engines. The split pylo door ar in he open position. Each wing of the 747-400 weighs 33,000 pounds bu would be heavier were ot for the counterbalancing influence of the pylon-mounted engines. Games c. Goodall) Back Cove (Right Lower) The -400' most widely-used power plant is the General Electri CF6-80C-B1 high bypass ratio turbofan engine, of the CF6-50E2 shorter overall length, larger diameter fan, four-stag booster compressor, shorter combuster, core-mounted accessory gear box and engine accessories, and relocated engine mounts. (Boeing)
TABLE OF CONTENTS 747-400
BOEING
Introduction Author
Word from
Chapter
Flying
47
Long Haul Mission
747-400
Chapter
747-400 Airlines Today
Color Section
25
Aerial Success
I m pr o vi n g U p o
Chapter
Boeing's Biggest
75
Tomorrow
Colorful Jumbos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65
875,000-pound Flying Canvas Chapter
747-400 Variants Main Models
Chapter
51
Us
Technical Details. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
Walk-Around Check
Appendix
747-400 Roster By
Appendix
96
Numbers
Significant Dates Ke
D at e
t h H is t or y BOEING
141-400
10 Boeing 747-400
INTRODUCTION W O R D FROM THE A U T H O R
'"
,.L.
employees lost baggage. N o m at te r
Now, t h U ni te d States wa
airliner t h a t c ha ng e
what happened, things would have
Americans sa
to ge better.
tailspin, an t r v e o nc e g la m orous an exciting in an earlie age, w a n o more an ordeal than ever. The 747-40 continued t o t ra ve l
craft rather
he
air
ne
development of
Briefly, they did.
non-stop
w id e b od y " ju m b
j et " t h a t
747-400 f l g h
travel to th
everyday
Tokyo, w h ic h i n sp ir e
brought ai
citizen. With an outer shell tha dates to th mid-1980s interior that digital revolution
reflects
com
plex an smoothly functioning thing of beauty. M a n r e ga r d th 747-400 as t h m os t majestic flying machine plying the world's revenue routes. Th aircraft is fittin successo to th 74 "classic" airliner t h a t c am e b ef or e it. In like m an ne r t hi s volume is follow-up in th Airliner Tech serie by Dennis story of R. Jenkins, which tells th th 747-100/200/300/ SP series. When this v ol um e w a
ro
C h c ag o to he fi
delight. hi
However,
ok
nd car
uneconomical 747 "classics" that
attacked. Nineteen me transformed ou beloved airliner int lethal mis siles; t he y w er e used to kill 3,000 innocent p eo pl e I n th a ft er m at h o f th attack of September 11, 2001 air travel slumped badly, an then began no much. At to improve a.little, t h s ta r i t wa m or e h a s l than e v e r - i n e x p e r i e n c e d leisure travelers deterred by t he i rorism, s e as on e d f re q ue n t flyers th
in
goes. H ow ev er , s om e -400s joined
as
United States wa
equally deterred
their e co no m
globe hauling people
th
at war,
i nc on ve -
er
b as ki n
yards in th to
i n b on e
th
American Southwest
costly t o y ie l
profit fo
air
lines experiencing on of th worst slumps ever. The 747-40 wa at crossroads when this volume went to t h p ri nt er, an its future wa waiting to be defined. Meanwhile, tumult in th
airline i n du s tr y m e an t t ha t informa tion about an airline or airliner wa i n d a ng e r of being out-of-dat before
begun,
world's airlines a lr ea d
parking an
chapter, wa
under way, th
ew century, th
th
prices, staggering delays, surly
m e a su r es .
in
w or ld . I n many ways, th
s e c ur i t
nience of
Boeing 4 7 th transformed version of th
"",~""he
wer
three-pilot jet
storin
liners to cu costs.
th
t im e
wa
finished, t he y w er e beginning to
store more f o u r - ~ n g i n e jet l i n e r s - y e s , e ve n t h s ta te l 747 4 0 0 - f o r th same reason. Anyone park an
future of ai
o ok in g a t t h
travel
might wonder whether the future
with an
commercial aircraft pow t ha n w o engines,
ered by m o
Boeing is p r
d in g w i
he
"Longer-Range 747-400"
2002, an
in
its hopes are high.
s ta rt e
wor
mo
United States wa
g r ap h w h e th
at
peace, Americans were prospering, ai
t ra ve l w a
becoming
flyers, th
i nc re as in gl y
hassle. To u s f re qu en t
ir
r av e
y ea r 2000
747-400' distinctiv winglet A ir li ne s
worst experience anyone
m ou nt ai n
could h a v e - c r o w d e d flights, soar-
(Jim Winchester)
seemed th
from he passenger' viewpoint. This shot Mount Everest, bu he world's wh le
AIRLINER TECH
..
w in gl e
ou
distinctively.
The enor ou bulk of the 747-400 fuselage contrast dramatically with the high-incidence relativel thin wing when viewed ro he front, moment after takeoff. This is LM aircraft. (Andre Ran)
the printer's in wa ry This book contains plenty of information about the ownership an operation of th 747-400, a n m uc h of i t w il l remain valid. S om e o f it w il l c ha ng e f as te r than in better times. n ot e a bo u Boeing designa
tions: T h t yp e i s o bv io us : 7, 747, nd so forth. Next ar hyphen
er
number
"-400." Bu while 747-40 is th cor rect generic term fo every aircraft ri e ac h ca be described more precisely by replacing th "00" customer code: "22" fo Unit ed Airlines, fo
example. Thus,
typica aircraft belonging to United can be called 74 -4 (generic or 747-42 (specific), nd either term is letter suffix correct. Occasionally also a p pe a rs , t h 747-400M being "Combi," th 747-400F freighter. Numbers identify every aircraft. Production of the 47-400 began wit the 696th aircraft i n h e g e 747 series After the 721st, every 747 being manufactured wa als -4 an th serie no extend to at least th l,272nd. This number, identifying th sequence of the aircraft on the assem in called "lin number" an is usually no abbreviated.
Every Boein
aircraf (whether
737,747, or anothe model)
assigne
five-digit manufacturer's serial n um be r i n
history office unearthed documents,
series t ha t o nl y recently Th 696t aircraft in
reache th 747 production given manufacturer's serial number 23719. have followed longstanding prac
tice an referred to th manufactur c on st ru ct or ' er's serial number number (not construction number), spelled o u w he n first encountered
bu otherwise abbreviated c/n.
Every civilian aircraft ha
civi
th
facilities to
number ca c ha ng e
change if th
aircraft
o wn er s o r even countries.
American civil r e gi st r y n u m be r s begin with " N . "
Us ng a bo ve , t h
f o rm u l
d e sc r ib e d
first Boeing 747-400 (o
747-451) wa assigned lin number 696, c o ns tr u ct o r' s n u m b e ( c / n ) civil registry N661US. 23719, This aircraft f ir s f le w in 1988 flies today with Northwest Airlines. Again, as with t h e ar li e vol um no
on th
"classics,
assist in th
Boeing
id
BOEING
141-400
could m a
in
on
availabl to
be interviewed, to review t h m a nu
script to make suggestions, or to il ou o u r os te r of 747-400 aircraft, which is current through line num 1203, h a g ap s afterward. Again, this wa dramatic contrast t o A ir bu s which is a lw ay s e ag e to assist with books about it products. A ga in , i t must be sai agai at
al
resource fo
research on individual aircraft is Jet Airline Production List Volume John Roach Boeing, A. B. II
Tony
II
Eastwood (Middlesex: Th
Aviation Hobby Shop, 1999). On th pages that follow, readers will ge representativ information about th fleet, includin roster of air frames, or "hulls," as some them Eastwood list every Roach Boeing jetliner, its registration wh operates it nd various significant events in it history. Thei work is superb companion to th an
preparation of this
b oo k B oe in g provided photos, it
photographer whose
work appears here. However, Boe
registry n u m b e r a ss ig ne d b y th
authorities of th countr where l ic en se d t o fly. T h c iv i registry
m a n uf a ct u re r p r o vi d e
pictorial material appearing here Th
an
technical
author is responsible fo
errors that appear here, bu this
book would have been impossible
h e lp e d m ak e this book possible are
"Michael Shayler," Michae Stroud
without h el p f ro m many, including
Coli Clark,
Crimmins Michae F r an c e J am e s C. G oo da ll , S u ni l Gupta, George W. Hamlin, Joseph G. Handelman, Rob Hewson, Dennis R. Jenkins, Ji Kippen, J o L ak e
Nick Stroud, Kirsten Tedesco, Dave Willis, an Jim Winchester. This book is dedicated rc Reid, wh f in al l a bl e t o s tr ai gh t en u p a n fl right.
Nate Leong, Jason S. MacLean, Al
Robert F. Dorr
Boeing historian Tom Lubbesmeyer international a ir l in e c a p ta i n s
Robert Beavis Robert L. Burns, Cort Peyster, D e nn i
H o ff m an ,
nd
Darre Whitcomb. Among the fraternity those wh
71
Mongeon, To
Oakton, Virgini
Pesch, Andre Ran,
PERCENT
69 FEET
INCHES
INCH--j
FEET
32 FEET
I N C H E S ~ - -
r-
- - - - ~ ~ I I
FEET
INCHES
21
FEET
INCHES
14 FEET INCHES
~ ~ ~ ~ r - - - - - 1 0 2 ......
109 FEET
INCHES
- - - - + - - - - - - " i.. - Y I ~ -
FEET----j
99 FEET - - - - - - ~ INCHES
0 . 2 5 "AC
!--10
FEET
f--n
FEET
INCH
32 FEET INCHES
38 fEET
63
FEET
INCHES
FEET 10 INCHES
25 F E E T - + _ - _ ; - - - - - 84 FEET INCHES 1-
two-view
I N C H ~ 231 FEET 10
drawin of the 747-400 from side an
747-40 introduced Hundred is fully hr
provides
new w i n w i t greate span than he wing ti es th length of
-----------------1
appreciation fo
he size and shap of the aircraft Th
"classic" 747 models Th fuselage lengt of th Dash ou
Convair 240 propeller-driven transport. (Unite Airlines)
AIRLIJVERTECH
..
747-400
FLYING
L O N G HUAL MISSION IN BOEING'S BIGGEST
aircraft s nu gg le d u p to
t h j et br id g a t C h c ag o O ' H a r e International Air port is date an
sion of
Boeing
an up-to
decidedly h i gh - te c h v e r everyday
citizen. distinctive a ir cr af t
It
stands a p a r t from o t h e r airliner models with i t
6 -f oo t (loS-meter)
winglets, those upturned wingtips designed to enhance fuel efficienc (found on nearly all 747-400s with it stretche
which e xt en d
upper deck (SUD th
u pp er -f us el ag e
i nc he s ( fo un d on al 747-400s except freighters b u o n al -300 models as some -200 well). To passengers loitering at th gate nd peering ou toward th air craft, other distinguishing features ot of th Dash Four Hundred ar readily apparent. From outside, they canno se th ne structural alloys ne carbon brake units. They cannot se th high-tech flight deck where c re w of just tw peo pl will rely on digita "glass cock pit" to fl this SOO,OOO-pound (362,SOO-kilogram lev iat han. Th 747-400's two-crew cockpit um
chec th flight p l a a n weather for
Boeing r es is te d t h
today's 6,274-mil
instal of i t
fro
(5,453-nautical
mile, or 10,097-kilometer) nonstop
a ir li n er s preferring
flight from Chicag to ok To ay pair of pilots is coming an xt aboard because of th distance an rule is that duration t hi s three pilots must be on board; on fo relie d ut y o n flight longer than eigh hours Four pilots ar require fo flight longer than twelve hours;
747-40
fe
wh st es
Th
instead to give th
an
747-400's t w p il ot s w er e trained specifically to fly th 747-400 while 757 an pilots routinel both of those aircraft Compared to other aircraft, th electronic flight instru mentation system th uses larger cathod ra terminal screen that provide more atti tude an navigational data in digital form than on the other models
this includes
complete, two-pilot
relief crew. To most a ir li ne s t hi s r eq ui re m en t m e
h e obvious-carrying
an
firs office check a t O pe ra tions, sign in, an check their com puters for schedules an t h l at es t
firs cer, or both. Some however, foll th practice of Ai Ne Zealand of having second officer fill t h t hi r crew position when thre pilots ar
company i nf or ma ti on . T he n t he y
aboard. This m ea n
Arriving a t O 'H ar e t h e c a pt a i
by
differs significantl
temptation to
common flight deck on all
m aj o
"jumbo" jetliner that
brought
It's
changeable. The short answer is that
an extra captain, an extr
t ha t
co-pilot
h e t wo
crew cockpi of th 757, 767, or 777. The four throttle levers in th center consol ar th immediate tip-off. Of th four Boeing jetliner coming off th production line today, th 747 alone in having four engines an it ha G en er a tric GE), Pratt W), Whitney (P or Rolls-Royce (R-R) p ow er . T hi s does no fully explain wh th cock
Th magnificen line of the 747-400
are
eviden
Boeing 747-437 (VT-ESP), name AJANTA,
view of Air-India's fourth firs
ev ue flight
from Ne York to Ne Delhi to Mumgai 30 1994 As th l,034th aircraft 747 series and assigned cln 27214, AJANTA displays the obviou recognition winglets at
ends of
extended wing an
stre ched uppe
pits of modern jetliners from
inherite fro th 747-300. Not from this exterior shot London's Heathrow Internationa Airport in 1999 th revolutionary fligh deck tha enable airlines
same manufacturer ar
to
inter-
ra
this "jumbo jetliner with just tw pilots (Jim Winchester) BOEING
141-400
fills in the reserv position/ w hi c i n three-pilot crew to g iv e two-pilot aircraft The airlin industrts standard is that the pilots should be on board 45 minutes before departure time. Sinc boarding begins 45 minute prior to pushback
international
flights, th
passenger may already
b e b oa rd in g I n reality/ pilots prefer
t o s et tl e into their ergonomic seats before the passenger arrive. Interna like this on
tional flight
more time anyway Th
meet quickly with th
Internationa Airpor in August 1997, N195UA
rl ne
(c/n 26899/ line numbe 1113). Th complex double-bogie main landin gear/ wing spoilers and leading- and trailing-edg flap are all ne metal-the manufacturer delivere this aircraft to Unite on Ma 23 1997 United interest in 747-40 having th same flight ec as th airline's 757 an.d 767 models which are flown interchangeabl by pilots having identica training but th builde eschewed commonalit an
av
two-pilo
Hundre
unique
of
require
pilots must flight atten
d an ts , o r at leas th head attendant (calle the purser by some carriers) ic T he n h e must program t h f l g h c om pu te r t al k t o maintenance if ther ar an discrep ancies on the aircraft, determine ho to depart th airport, an insure that th aircraf is properly l oa de d T h f ir s
o f fi ce r will also
walk
around inspection of the aircraft
instruments and controls (Tom Pesch)
P a ss e ng e r
c o mi n
D as h F ou r Hundred ma
thi
a i rc r af t ha
aboard th no notice/
larger/ fixed
shelf luggage bins than earlier 47 Ceiling light is m or e i nd ir ec t subdued an create the illusio of wider passenger cabin although th internal fuselage dimensions are/ in fact/ th same as previous 747 mod 747-400 u se s t ou gh e
els. Th
graphite-based materials in panels
an
bulkheads. Al materials on th
i nt er io r o f th
a ir cr af t a r o f p la st i
or graphite materials that m e
exceed th
requirements of fire/ toxicity regulations
smoke/
established afte earlier 74
models
were manufactured. At 31/285 cubic So
where are
winglets
he aren't found on 747-4000
"dom stic")
models used for short-distance flights. Thes aircraft were delivere with th shor wing an
without winglets, so that externall they appear identica
th 747-30
de except fo minor ha ge in engine le Internally owev r, they have th two-pilot cockpi and othe modernized features of he Dash Fo Hundre ri s. This aircraft
ll Nippon Airways' 747-4810 registered as JA8959 (c/n
25646, line number 952) whic usedfor high-densityflights withi
it firs flight on
18 1992 and is
(George Hamlin)
f ee t
c ub i m et er s) / th
as th
..
commercial airliner
equivalent of more than three
houses eac
fee (1
measuring 1/50 square
square meters).
Once o nb oa r
AIRLINER TECH
largest passenger interior
volume of an
th
747-400
th
passengers Dash Four Hundred/
re
fueler (typically contractor no an airlin employee will give th cap tain th fuel sheet statin h o m uc h f ue l as a b oa rd . T hi s comparison w i t h cockpit instru
ments an
is rare for th fuel sheet cockpit i n st ru m en t n o t to
jibe. When they do n ot , t h conflict in figures m us t b e resolved-in an extreme case by actually measuring each t a n k - b e f o r e fuel levels
WHEEL. WELl..
D
O
O
R
S
-
-
-
-
~
STRUT WELl..
DOORS
pushback can be authorized.
In addition, as part of th p ro c es s t h
in
c a pt a i
start
h a s to sign
flight release. Prior to pushback, me
an
h e captain
wi
p a r t of
flight r e e a paperwork for th
flight.. This hi certification that th flight is in al
aspects A c co rd i n th
IN LANDIN
GEAR AN
DOOR
legal t o o n e c a pt ai n , " Th i
m os t i mp or ta n t hi n
is
captain
does." In th airline world, especial ly th world of long-rang heavie like th 747-400, th or woman in th cockpit' left seat enjoys enor mous a u t h o r i t y - b u t c os t o f
Once into the air, the 747-400 flight system cues he pilot to bring up the landing gear at the appropriate speed. While retracted in the air, the main gear trucks are tilted forward wheels up. Wing gear trucks tilt approximately 52 degrees and body gear degrees. (Boeing) VENT SUltGE TANI:
shouldering more responsibility than most mortals. VENT
OTHER RESPONSIBILITIES
NO. RESUVE TANK (1,322 U.S. GAU (1,10' IIII' GALl
SlMGE TANK
(5,004 LTU
NO.3 IlAIN
h il e t h
captain an
first offi
cer through preparations checklists, dozens of othe people ar readying th 747-40 for flight Fo the Dash Four Hundred, it's entirely unremarkable to h av e
filled on travelers.
ru
ve
s ea t
TANK
(12,544 U.S. GALl (10,441 I M G AL l TNl ( 4 1 , ~ 9 2 HORIZONTAL
STABILIZER TANK
(3,300 U.S. GALl
NO.
MAl II TANK U.S. GALl ( ~ , ~ 8 2
(2,748 I"" GALl (12,492 LTI;l
<3,132 M P G A ('6,966 LTRl
favored by business
typica aircraf (using U n it e d A i rl i ne s 747-422 model "Sleeper s e at " c o nf i gu r at i o
as an
example) will carry 41 passengers: 14 in firs class, 80 in business class, an 270 in economy. (United's 747 422 "Genesis Seat aircraft have 18 in firs class, in business, an 270 in economy. United also ha some air craft configured to carry 14 in first in business, c la ss , 260 ba k. For flight with typica gate
NO. UTER VING TANK ( 1 1 , ' " U.S. GALl IIIl' GALl ( 1 ~ , 2 9 2 TNl ( 64 ,9 1
IlAIM
TANK
<12,544 U.S. GALl <10,447 IIIl GAll (47,492
TRl
NO.
IlAIN
TANK
U.S. GAL) (3,132 IMP iA!.l ( 1 6 , " 6 LTR) ( ~ , 4 8 2
NO.2 RESERVE TANK <1,322 U.S. GALl <1,10' INP GALl ( 5 , 0 ~
LTN)
The fue tan arrangemen of the 747-400. The captain an first officer monitor the situation constantly, but the electronic flight system determines when an how fuel tanks feed the engines. On shorte flights, onl the principa fue tanks in the wings are used. (United Airlines) BOEING
141-400
o -g a
t im e o f
hours 45 minutes
(dependent on winds, weather, an
a i t r f fi c c on tr ol ) t h caterers wil have to load up meals, to sa nothing o f p i ll o ws , blankets, liba
nd al
tions, entertainment tapes,
th other paraphernalia designed to comfor the passengers Fo typica international flight,
747-400
operator use no fewer than
of food s up pl ie s a n
ton
more than
in-fligh servic items. Smal wonder then th has anoth er distinguishing feature: Look fo t h c a te ri n door three-quarters of th wa back on the SUD. Ground crews load galley sup
B oe in g 7 47 -4 Q
Atlantic's
(c/n 24958, line number 1028 wearin th airlin colo scheme introduced in 1999 hi
ir raft wa
delivere
and is named Lady
to
Penelope. That ver lady ppears as a rr y n g
s ty li ze d
caricature beneat th first officer' cockpit,
of
ha pagne. Th Britis flag registration that
be
a gn u
Jack w i n g l e t ~ .
of
Virgin aircraft ll have
expanded into happ exclamations fo th
vacation
plies aboard the 747-40 a t b ot h for w ar d a n aft locations Th aircraft pounds (5,170 kilo will carry grams) of food 2,700 pounds (1,224 kilograms) o f w at er . Ground personnel also load cargo an bag g ag e i nt o t h t w principal baggage
traveler Thi ship is registered G- VFAB fo 'fabulous. (Virgi Atlantic)
Qantas th Australian flag it 80th birthday
alread ha 24 Da
he vast distance of Qantas
le
forward an
af
lower
Hundreds in it leet of 104 aircraft when th airlin celebrated
November 16 2000 by ordering more Th inevitabl kangaroo is outlined in
(c/n 24887, line number 286), registered as VH-OJI an
in
in 1993. This
"The Spirit of Australia
fuselage. (Silvano Tirtei)
10
th
AIRLINER TECH
..
is
unde
fi
of this 747-43
"Longreach" aircraft optimized for airline' name
th forwar
fuselage. When an aircraft is being turned around after an arrival, th prepping process is more complex: ground personnel tidy up th
interior before boarding begins (typically, 40 minutes before scheduled pushback) an toilets m us t b e serviced using toilet s e r v ic i n g v e h ic l e d u b b e d "Honeycart" by crews. Th
747-400 c en tr a t oi le t
was redesigned with
d ra in ag e p oi n r at he r t ha n w id el y
scattere separat drainage locations found on earlier models. T h f ue li n r it ua l o bv io u than loading c a te ri n g s u pp l ie s .
as usual th 747-40 took on its supply of jet-fuel kerosene from underground tanks beneath th gate parking position, pumped aboard by pumping vehicles. Th
D as h F ou r
maximum fuel load
Hundred holds
of about 58,000 .S gallons (217,0 liters). The aircraft ha four main fuel tanks in th wings, tw reserv tank farther ou on t h w in gs , an addi tional t an k
in th
FLIGHT CONTROLS
Flight contro surfaces of the Dash Four Hundred includ leading- mid-wing, and ra g- ge ground flight inne ailerons and elevators, and uppe an lowe rudder panels. The leading edge flaps are pneumatic. Hydraulic actuators driv all other flight surfaces. (Boeing) r-
c en te r f us el ag e
nd s t ab i li z er . T h e fuel system is nd is se before
largely automatic
departure-the pilots d o n' t s pe n
all
their t im e s wi t ch i n fuel tanks attending to w e ig h a n
balance
issues. A f t e t a ke - of f most center
tanks will be employed first, t h e t h e sy te i l b al an c i t u sa g fu from th inboard an outboard wing tanks on both sides, so t ha t t h w in g remain th same weight. Those
ho enjoy numbers love
to attach statistics When an
nearly
747-400.
fully pressurized,
to
of ai
is added to it
weight. An 747 ha si millio parts. The Dash Four Hundred model's tail h e i g h t of 63 feet inches (19.41 meters) is equivalent to six-story building. Th
wing area of today's
747-400, w h i c h
square feet
to 5,650 square meters is
e x p a n s e sufficient to hold 45
medium-sized automobiles. Th powered flight m a
b y Wilbur an
passenge boarding the 747-400, if ab peek into the cockpit, woul see scene like this. The Boeing 747-400 flight deck, fo full by two crewmember instea of three on earlier 747 models. All ne instruments, primar flight instruments, an gear an flap indicators have been replaced by six identical cathode ray tubes. The manufacture points out that the 747-400 has just on earl er 747 models. lights swit hes, as compared with (Boeing K55674) BOEING
141-400
11
Orvill Wright on December h av e been c o mp l et e
c ou l
l en gt h
i n th
s pa c provided by th
4 0 0' s 1 8 7- fo o t ( 5 7- me t er ) interior
main deck, an
handily a cr os s t h
span of it 21 -foo (64-meter) wing.
Accordin to press releas datin to t h o ri gi n o f huge an graceful airliner, one 747-40 has enough inte rior spac to hold 4,000,00 golf balls. TAKING OF
t h e p as s en g er s ar
When
This is typica first-clas of the 747-400 in April 2001. This configuration, found on several airliner types operated by this carrier, gives th op drawer passenger carefully crafted regio of personal space for working, sleeping, and eating. The seat is canted at an angle to the centerlin of the fuselage, which increases privacy and comfort bu expense of disorientin some passengers. Curiously, back in th 1950s, the airlines decided not !o use rearward-facing seats-which offer the best chance for survival in mishap-precisely because they were concerned about disorientin their customers. (Nate Leong)
onboard, ground personnel clos the doors an flight attendants ar th emergenc escape slides attached to each. flight attendants passengers on emergency evacua tio
procedures, emergency oxygen
masks, an
life rafts, th pilots wrap
final checks an
prepare to be
pushed bac from th gate he captain
first officer
review safety procedures, including s t ep s t h ey ' l take if malfunction occurs d u r i n g th
takeoff roll.
pushback buck attached to th
nose
wheel will handle th
fe ~ a p t a i n
wh
s ec on d radios th c on ne ct e
fo it movement. Th ground engineer, th
interphone
by an umbilical wire plugged into nose. Typically, th requests pushback
nd
captain an th
ground employee confirm th
tion th So is many t on s
direc will face to taxi out.
difficult, m o v i n g so man-made machinery?
ground-handIer's issue,"
o n p il o s ay s 747-400 ha terri le r e a r w a r d visibility from th cockpit, an suspect th ba or worse. you're lookin jus right, y o c a barely se th wingtip (which is m a n y m et er s a f of th
D a F o Hundred is ve comfortable place to be, The first clas cabi in although actual airline seatin differ from one carrier to another, an ro this early manufacturer's concept. Thi ve si of firs class cabin offers 34 sleeper ct ce most ie ve smalle firs sections typicall 18 to 24 passengers. (Boeing)
12
AIRLIlfERTECH
wing root). To me it's
d o n ' t se
m ir ac l we
more b e n t tin. Some
t h ou g h h a s b e e given to hanging proximity detector on th
extremi
o f th aircraft." This pilot recalls
After requesting an
clearanc to tak
receiving
th pilot presse
takeoff/go-around switches at th
fr nt of th throttles, th thrust le er automatically advance to takeoff power setting, an
th huge aircraft eases forwar an begins it takeof roll. If something goes wrong on take t h c on t o l w il l off, th pilot decide whether a tt em p t o a l "commit" point, aircraft prior known as alternatively to lift off, go around th airfield pattern, an make an emergency landing. Th pilot no performing th takeoff is
b us y m on it or in g i ns tr um en t
747-40 economy section, April 2001 c on ge st e
system wa
r un wa ys , a n a i p la ne s
th star
t ha n
century, th
traffi
many aircraft were using too fe
(according
too many
ne
o we ve r e ve n i n e co no m
so e)
re cramme
into
too fe
t h a ve ra g a ir li n p as se ng e s ti l
enjoye more amenitie than many would admit. This configuratio
typica of
(Nat Leong)
747-40 carrying 270 passengers in
air
turn to
h e r un wa y
liners " w er e p o we r in g b ac k f ro m
threshold p o in t w hi l
both pilots
opposing gates, an
chec ta eoff data trol, an trim.
on
event in Atlanta when tw
each other"
backed into
Ju
mishap affected
similar
aircraft in it
la
li
co
an
announces One at spee of about 150 knots an "rotate" at about 160 knots. he pilo ease back on t h c on tr o c ol um n i n careful, measured motion, an the in th climbing away om the busiest airfields in th world. 747-40 typically takes of at 18 mile p e h ou r kilometers er hour). The p as sa g o f t im e r ol l u t t o liftof has been about 50 seconds.
most unlikely per
son. Ji Coyne, president of t h A i Transportation Association-the air line industry's Washington l o b b y wa airliner at Washington, C. Dulle International Airport taxi in
toward t h
ga
when hi
air
craft wa hi by Lufthansa being pushed back by Coyne later said that, "A lo of aluminum wa
bent,
nd p as se n ge r
planes w e r e d e la y ed .
o n both
A n o th e r
o bs er ve r n ot ed , " So me ti me s t he re ' s
just no substitute fo eyeballs." Continuing ou account of push back, start-up, an taxiing: th air craft engines ar started beginning with n o outboard) an th ig flight crew requests permission taxi. Th ground engineer pulls hi wire, l ea vi n t h 747-400 no longer attached to anything Th pilot mak
Compared to earlie 747 d el s as Hundred offers business clas customer enlarged overhead bin as standard in sidewall and center locations. Th relocate stairway
th upper
in seatin layouts. Th economy.
captain or first officer) moves th
to
area
aft of
is
straight, giving carriers improve flexibilit s ta i
configuratio shown
th start of its flying ar BOEING
141-400
be is
configured either for busines
representative of he 747-40 at
in th late 1980s. (Boeing K55740)
13
-
1 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
~
EN ROUTE WESTWARD
747-400 responds to easy pilot handling an b eg in s i t climb. Th
It
q u ie t e ng in e
to r es id en t
give noise relief
a ro u n
O 'H ar e
u p t u r n e d w i ng le t economy to th
ts
p r o vi d e fuel
air,
airline. In th
fligh director commands will guide th pilots throughout every phase of th
flight. They are, of course,
trained for emergencies-a sudden
decompression, fo IIlli.:.
JI
P OS IT ID N
JACKED LEVEL
SUFFICIENT
S W IN G L A ND IN G G EA R A N FULLY
FUELED
AND SHOCK
CO"PRESSED WING
SPAN
JIG F UL L
WING
HEIGHT
JI F UL L
IO F UE LE D
POSITION F UE LE D
TO NO
FUEL.
STRUTS
11
FT
213 FT 30 FT 22 FT
t ra n sf or m t h e more routine flight into
chaotic
much
INCHES IN IN IN IN
example, will
during
event-but
captain an
flight th
first officer developments, acting on cues, an
relying on autopilot. th
747-400 takes about
Viewed from the front, the 747-400 is formidable sight. The legend with th line drawing describes the variation in wingspan an height between an unfuelled and fully fueled aircraft. (United Airlines)
seconds. First
e a doors open, temporarily increasing a e ro dy na m i
comes retraction of th
d ra g T h e
nose gear
four m a in - ge a r t ru c k
(each
with f ou r w he el s i ns id e t he i w he e
w el l
a s th
aircraft makes
stan
dard instrument departure. At 1,000
fee
meters), th
horizonta
ar
flight director b a r c o mm a nd s greate degree of nose-down atti tude (provided by th p il ot ) s o that flaps c a b e r ai se , i r t o degrees on th
a n d , as s p e e d increases, degrees. T h e f la p s- u p c u th
a p pe ar s
s pe e d t ap e typically at about
245 knots, typicall a t a bo u 2,000 feet meters). During th early stage of th l ea di n followed
climb, th
edg
f la p
outboard
c om e
the leadin
first,
nd trailing
edge f la p c lo se r t o th
Remember that movie where anti-terrorist commandos were crawling around inside the the roof, at least of 747? Th nookfor wear wo er real is up here fr th passengers viewpoint. This is fa ou rest accommodatio which allows fligh attendant to take break above their customers. The optional crew rest facility is located above the passenger compartment at the door life raf support beam an af lavatory complex. The facility is not certified for occupancy during landin and takeoff. (via Michael Stroud)
14
AIRLINER TECH
fuselage. Th captain an firs office go through an after-takeoff checklist. In "clean" condition (wheels an flaps r e tr a ct e d ) t h e 747-400 passes 250 k no ts , t h pilot lowers th nose to increase climb rate, an then engages autopilot when ready. Th 747-400 climbs to altitude an begins it pre programmed j ou r ne y a lo n g estab-
..
'"
...
..
...
carrier. The airline calls this the This is typica 747-400 seating configuration fo internationa operations by "B747-400 Worldwide 2" configuration. offers 18 seat in first class, 84 in business class, and 270 in coach. The seat pitc is feet in first class, and less than feet in coach. (United Airlines) l is he d a ir wa ys . P a ss en ge r s
such as halogen reading l ig ht s i nt o
tive e n t er t ai n m e nt , a n d of course
begin to experiment with in-flight entertainment systems, al designed
one system That wa th concep in t h e p re h is to r i 1980s, b e fo r l ap
in-flight Internet access. Th 747-40 is unique
to m ak e t he m f or ge t t h
tops, palm pilots,
inside
t he y a r
steel tube flying at nearly
Today, E a c
a ir li n
Internet.
ha
different
nine-tenths the speed of s ou n a t th edge of th stratosphere. Earlier literature fo th 747-400 touted th ACESS (Advanced Cabi
in-flight m e n u of m ov ie s , m us ic ,
E n t e r t a i n m e n t / S e r v i c e System).
bulkier,
This system combines passenger
design. M a n y i n- fl ig h e n te r ta i n
entertainment, including 18-channel
ment
audio capability, four passenger
unfriendly-difficult to reach an
a d d r e s s zones,
operate. Airlines ar stil scrambling to develop real-time news, interac-
cabin inter
p ho ne , a s w el l as passenger services
every case, however, equipping
seat with entertainment
gear h a s r e nd e re d th
seat heavier,
less e rg on om i
systems
re
still
in
user
offer in i t f li gh t attendants place to which they ay escape during pre scribed b re ak s A n option Dash Four Hundreds, th c re w e s a re a is l oc at e
ceiling of t h
ment
al
overhead a bo v
th
p as se n ge r compart
rear of t h
f us el ag e
(coincident with th leadin edg of th fin). In copyrighted t or y i n 11, USA Today newspaper 2001, reporter Jayne Clark wrote of " l ad d e rl i k
s t ep s ascend[ing] to
...
newer configuration, known as "Worldwide 1, reduces first class from 18 to 14 seats, retains the same seating elsewhere as "Worldwide 2," and adds section called economy plus or frequen flyers (United Airlines BOEING
1 4 1 - 4 ~ ~
15
claustrophobic space equipped with four b un k a n tw airline seats. t ri p
than e ig h h ou rs , t h
of mo
crew gets downtime. On thi flight, [the flight attendants] e ac h h av e about four hours in th
cubbyhole,
taken in shifts The protocol is strict:
lights o u talking." Th crew r es t a re a l ik e th r es t o f th interior, comes i n s ev er a c o nf ig u ra ti on s d e pe n di n
on th
air
w is he s
line. is no certified fo us during takeoff or landing. TRAVELING TO TOKYO
Considerable attention captain an
th
th
firs office is needed as
747-400 begins th
northern,
great circle route, which will take it
f ro m C hi ca g
This is the aft upper crew rest area in United Airline Boeing 747-400, as viewed from he op of the entry stairs. (Nat Leong)
Once away
traffic of th North American landmass, if no at th v e r s ta r of th flight, th pilots a ll o t h t o be flown by its
inertial navigation u ni ts , w hi l
t r ip l e- r ed u n d an t a u to p il o t
fr
th
crowded ai
and
tw
th
flight m q n ag e m en t c o mp u te r s
tern at each waypoint, while keeping watch on ai
s pe e
an
flight
nd
cue information to them. They con
engine displays. However, much of
tinue to monitor n a vi ga ti o
and
this work is "hands off."
p lu g n e
sys-
goes wrong, th
i nf or m at io n i nt o t h
anything
captain an
first
officer will know i n st a nt ly , e i th e r
from t h b e ha vi o aircraft or fro their displays. at once identical Th also c o m p le t e l
to
d i f fe r e n
from, every aircraft t ha t c a m before hand,
th either pilot ca
ma ed
disengag
ys em
an
fl
the auto
Dash
th
Four Hundred using throttles yoke,
an
r ud de r pedals-the same flight
controls that determine the Stratofortress. Cessna 150 or More f re q ue n tl y t h e c ap ta i
first office spend
an
amount of
effort monitoring, tweaking, communicating w hi l
nd
a ll ow in g t h
a ir c ra f t t o f l
Germany' Lufthansa was the lead customer for the General Electric-powered 747400. Lufthansa places the "last tw of the civil registry in white letter on the upper rear of the fin, in this case "VN," signifyin the aircraft that is registered as D-ABVN, otherwis know as 747-430 line number 915, c/n 26427, which made it initia flight on April 23 1992 appears behind he tiny civi registry view barely visibl behind the extended rear fuselage, in trailing-edge flap. (Lufthansa)
16
AIRLINER TECH
..
i ts el f As on airline captain described it, t h s ys te m on th 747-400 "talk to each other," conversation that i nc lu d e t h ILS (instrument landing system) at th
destination. h a nd li n
h e c ho os e
p il o c a
to land itself
allow th
to
th
747-400
a rr iv a a t Tokyo's
Usually seen only when there's
mishap this is the digital voice recorder, carried report
Narit Airport while staying alert to
1999 Qantas
fishtailed more than
b ee n a ve rt e
of boredom
punctuated
been deployed on landing. Th Dash
sudden drama. In
t yp ic a mishap,
Four H u nd r ed , w it h 410 passengers
land-
crew on board, attempted to
e d w it h appropriate procedures an
c re w then
training to properly evaluate th
in
on
w e r un wa y t ha t resulted in
spectacular crash in Bangkok.
stated that t h
abort
a cc id en t could have if reverse thrust
landing,
reversed t h i
as killed)
l an de d a n
take over th controls if necessary Th h u m a n element is always vital. At times th pilots' long hours
the pilots were b l am e d w h e n
crash (in which
flight deck of the 747-400. (Nate Leong)
d e ci si o n I ns te a d i t
mile (3 kilometers) down h e u n ay of Do
Muang Airport, ending
golf course Said th report: As w i t o th e [Qantas] B747-400 pilots, t h c re w ad no been providup in
potential effec of th
weather condi-
The er firs of United's fleet, posing in the snow in Chicago. The aircraft is Boeing 747-422 line number 733, c/n 24333, registered as N171 UA which made its first flight on May 25, 1989. This portrai was snapped on January 2, 99 (Nate Leong BOEING
141-400
17
0<.
0<. B O E I N G
BOEING 747-400
747-400
MAINTENANCE MANUAL
MAINTENANCE MANUAL
RIGHT
SIDE ENGINE
LEFT
SIDE ENGINE
LEFT SIDE ENGINE
BOEING
BOEING 747-400
747-400 MAINTENANCE MANUAL
MAINTENANCE MANUAL
RIGHT SIDE
ENGINE
RIGHT SIDE ENGINE
from There are minor differences in the appearance of the engine nacelles from one nacelle to another, and depending which the engine is viewed. These line drawings illustrate the Pratt Whitney-powered Dash Four Hundred. (United Airlines)
18
AIRLINER TECH
..
One of the least-photographed operators of the 747-40 is South African, which operates severa ROlls-Royce-powered 747-74 This ship at London' Heathrow Internationa Airport in 2000 is Boeing 747-444 line number 1162/ cl registered on
as ZS-SAK,
whic
it firs flight
un 30 1998. This is th second paint scheme to
be
28468/
used by Sout Africa
its aircraft. (Jim Winchester)
tions. In particular, [th pilots were no sufficiently aware of t h p ot en tial fo a q u a p l a n i n g of th importance of reverse thrust as
stopping force o n w a te r -a f fe c te d r un wa ys . T ha t e rr o wa du
to th
primarily
absence of appropriate
company procedures
nd training.
T h a ir li n disputes some find ings i n t h report. Mishaps ar
th
e xc ep ti on . A s
promotional literature t el l u s th
747 fleet
o gg e
20 billion
s ta t ut e m i le s (32 billion kilome
ters)-enough to make 42/000 trips
to th
moon
back. To
another way, th
f le e ha car ried billion p e o p l e - t h e equiva lent of n e a r l y 40 p e r c e n t of world/s population. The typica air line pilot ca years nd lo 30/000 flight hours w i t h o u t once
The 747-40
aformidabl sigh from an angle, but it is no exactl elegan when
everything is hanging out/
as
in this clos -u at Chicago' O'Hare Internationa
Airport. This angl emphasizes th complexity of consists of
tande
m ai n l an di n
w hi c
trucks and 16 wheels. (Tor Pesch)
BOEING
141-400
19
serious emergency.
747-40
This is truer than ever with th ew generation of airliners o f w hi c t h
fl
experiencing
is t yp ic a l L ik e t h
through
th
747-400
p il ot s
creature of th
ly
a s b ee n
1980s, th
software
preceded
maturing process initial-
747
technology o f t od ay , g ro w
an
c ha ng e
ha
o n th
inside
whil changing little on the outside. REACHING THE DESTINATION
flight is nearing it
end,
after traveling significan portion of th lo Fe airliner t od a y c a ma
" le gs " of th
w hi c
747-400,
range of approximately
ha
8,400 statute miles (13,515 kilome ters), increase of nearly 2,300 statute mile kilometers) over the first Typically, th flight ha been cruising at miles er hour (910 kilometers pe hour). Fo th pilots
front, th
a p p r o a c h to th mad
l et do w
destination
a lm os t entirely u nd e
c on tr o f ro m t h
an r ad a
ground, with ai
traffic controllers instructing pilots on headings, heights,
ha n it e
be
i rl in e
July 2001 as
he final sc ne of
he aircraft
H un dr e
typi al flight ll
Usually, th
in this W as hi ng to n
u ll e
Boeing 747-422 line number 1113, c/n 26899, registered
N195UA. (Alex Hrapunov)
20
ba
speeds.
letdown is routine. In
w ea th e
w i t h traffic being
stacked, th captai an
firs office
exceedingly busy following
AIRLINER TECH
..
Trailing edge flaps are in the full "down position as this Japan Airlines 747-400, he nose whee is still extended, and the main gear is coming up Ther are no ai spee restrictions for retraction of the nos wheel which typically is seen extende after the four unit, 16-wheel main assembly is near he en of its retractio sequence. (Andre Ran)
r u n w a y s id e a n touchdown point. he aircraft
orders f o r S -t ur ns , consulting stop
marking
com a l f ee l
m a k e s it
watches an
instruments, an
paring notes. smooth an Th
ut b ac k
miles pe
natural.
hour (260 kilometers
er
s ea tb el t
hour).
arrival. As t h
a ir cr af t
For today's journey, th 747-400 f ue l carried 57,000 U.s. gallons (215,745 liters) a n l an de d w it h
descends, flaps ar
lowered
degrees. pilots will
facility fo
se some radio
guidance (such as ILS,
when available) when making approach an
landing visually. The
pilot making th
l an d in g m a y rely
e xt er na l v is ua l c u
th
16
captain l ig ht s t h
sign fo
Th
final a p p r o a c h
provided
a ir fi el d itself, such as th
VASI (visual approach slope indica colored tor) which consists bars of light, on
a bo v
th
other,
s ig ni fi ca n t r es er ve : t h
f ue l would
le l on ge r r ou te , s uc h as Sa ma
much
Francisco
Th on th largest objects that must b e m ov e with rea sonable haste from ne p a r t of crowded airpor to another, an this is n ev e m or e a pp ar en t t ha n w he n taxiing in Th h ig h p er c enjoyed th tw pilots gives them excel lent visibility, an th airport con troller will keep them under positive control when turning off,. taxiing, an
m a ne uv er in g into th j et br id g
to S yd ne y A u st ra li a T h e a ir cr af t consumed t hi s f u
gallons (19 liters)
average of
mile.
Th builder says th 747-40 is up to 13 p e rc e n m o r fuel efficient than its predecessor, th 747-300, depend in on th engine.
against th
th
n u dg e
left side
747-400, c l os e l
f o ll o we d
crew-and
se
of th
th
a ir li n per
sonnel will begin th
up
fuselage,
passengers will file ou ne
gate.
readying
aircraft fo its next trip.
It is not supposed to be done this way. This aerial behemoth is touching down initially on its right landing gear, rather than on both mainwheel groups simultaneously. The result wil be something less than perfect smoothness for the passengers. This mostly-whit aircraf is 747-428(M) (cln 25302, line number 884) belonging to Air France an registered as F-GISB. This less-than-perfect landing is at Miami Internationa Airport on February 2001 (Joseph G. Handelman)
BOEING
141-400
21
JEPPESON MANUAL FUGH OP MANUAL WINDSHIEL WASHER MANUAL VALUABLE STOWAG (DOO SUNVISOR STOWAG SMOK GOGGLES PORTABLE OXYGEN 10 FIRS AI KI (OPT 11 FIR EXTINGUISHER 12 CRASH AXE 13 RAIN REPELLENT 14 APPROACH CART HOLDER 15 WOR TABLE 16 CUP HOLDER
AFT)
17 ASHTRAY
PENCIL HOLDER HAND HOLD 20 SU VISO 21 FOO REST 22 UTIUT UGHT 23 FOOT SHOULDER HEA SWITCHES 18
19
24QRH
25 LA OCCUPIED UGHT 26 EROS OXYGEN 27 AUDIO CONTROL PANEL 28 JACK PANE 29 ROLLER SUNSHADES
MISCELLANEOUS STOWAGE JEPPSO MANUA
FUGHT DECK LEFT SIDE
CUP
FUGHTKIT
40PS
MANUAL
5 QRH
MANUAL STOWAG ROLLER SUNSHADES COAT/HAT SMOK GOGGLE 10 EMERGENC ESCAPE DEVISE 11 APPROACH CHART HOLDER 12 SUNVISOR 13 WORK TABL 14 CUPHOLDER 15 ASHTRAYS 16 PENCIL HOLDER 17 SPAR BULB BOX 18 UTlU UGHT 19 HANDGRIP 20 FOOTRES 21 MA UGH 22 PULL-OUT TABLE 23 EROS OXYGE MASK/REG 24 HEADSET/BOOM MI STOWAG 25 HANDMI STOWAG 26 UGH CONTRO 27 JAC PANE 28 FOOT AN SHOULDER SWITCHES 29 DATA LOADER SWITCH 30 MASTER DIM TEST CARDS 31 AIRBORNE DATA LOADER (OPTIONAL
variet of portabl and fixe equipment are located along the side walls of the flight deck of the 747-400. (Boeing)
22
AIRLIlVERTECH ..
47-400?
WHYTH
IMPROVING U P O N AERIAL SUCCESS
first 747-400
took
air, earlier 74
models, known as "classics,"
ad carried 780 million passengers over 11 billion miles.
So
di
747 need to
th
improved?
Septem be 11,2001 terror attacks on th U.S. enues wa
"They
T ha t l as t point th
airline industry, e ve ry bo d
United Airlines c ap ta i
coming. This
no to sa
it
that airline
obvious in
mid-1980s. Robert L. Burns,
wh
flew
boneyards i n p la ce s l ik e M o ja ve ,
Boeing 74 "classic," wa asked wh th h e t ho ug h Boeing went to tremendous effort an expense t o design hi aircraft-one that already seemed, to many, to perfect flying machine Didn't th 747 ignite revolu tion in a i t ra ve l th 747 wa so great, wh necessary to do
California - t h e very same aircraft
complete, nose-to-tail redesign of
that
th
experts were prescient. In th
mid
1980s, i t w ou l h av e b ee n i mp os si p re di c t ha t i n 2002 th "most le stored" aircraft type would
Boeing 74
"classic." Yes, those
empty airliners, b as k n g i n t h
s un
shine of th American Southwest, in
c ha ng e
th
w or ld . " Th e
th
aircraft? W h y c ha ng e v ir tu al l
b ec am e a n albatross a ro un d o u n ec ks , shortly
on
a ir li n
executive said,
slump in airline rev
after all, c ha ng e t h changed th
fuel, they n e e d three
most p e op l e H o we v er , within th
sa
th
pilots, nd they have four engines. They also have antiquated systems. Ho else ca sa t ha t t he y cost to much to operate?"
n o h av e b ee n obvious to
ma
worsened
tha
world?
Burns r e sp o nd e d w i t h hi
rea
sons: "Two-man crew o n m an y legs, such as Hong Kong-Singapore (sav in
money); keeping
wi
th
competition (Airbus); demand
airline marketing whi k i s ; la cockpit which include Flight Man agement System that c a s av e fuel by optimizing flight planning (select best a lt i tu d es , r o ut e s etc.); eliminating th flight engineer (sav in
m or e m on ey )
still having
relief pilots or supplemental! aug
mented crews on long hauls (which in some cases costs more than having flight e ng in ee r o n board) Above
all, an overall more efficien aircraft design." A n o th e r e x pl a na t io n exists fo
features from th
improving
instruments in th
d e s i g n - a n d th
size a n
flight deck to th of t h w in g Why,
ways
s ha p
a i rp la n
th
original 74
747-40 is in many ew aircraft, no merely an
The first 747-400 began its flight test program with an April 29 1988 sortie piloted by James Loesch. The aircraft series was line number 696, constructor's numbe 23719, registered as N401PW. From this fronta view at Paine Field, Washington, we can see the distinctive winglets and stretched upper deck. The leading-edge flaps, inboard of the engines, are deployed. (Boeing) BOEING
141-400
23
improvement of an existing
one-
ca b e f ou n in numbers. Th origi range of ,6 ha nal nautical miles; th 747-400 an 7,100 miles an percent more fuel-efficient. Extended range an fuel efficiency mean better deal for airline operators, crews, an passen gers. In realisti terms, thi means D as h F ou r Hundred ca fly direct from London to Singapore whereas, depending
w in d
an
the 747-20 m od e n ee d en route, typicall in Ne
weather, stopover
Delhi.
Although some p e op l e d i sp u t th
point, th
747-40 also benefits
airline operators by being the fastes c o m me r ci a l a i rc r af t t o da y , with
cruise speed of Mach .85. Pilots
often fl
little faster i n s ho r t bursts, at up M ac h .90 or more. on l on g- ha u r ou te , f ou r- en gi ne d A ir bu A340 actually departs 20 min utes ahead o f an arrives same destination 10 minutes later than th 747. Boeing's recently e nt ir el y ne announce plans Mach 0.95 " so n i c r ui s er " a ir l in e r demonstrat that operator an trav e le r
ar
m or e i nt er es te d i n speed
frequency than aircraft capacity. At l ea s B oe in g betting speed an
frequency, although competito Airbus is relentlessl sticking with t h i de a t ha t size matters. an
There wa
more com
an
fo
o bv i ou s r e as o
investment in
new-generation 747.
In the early to mid-1980 when most
of t h d es ig n w or k w a completed, production of "classic" 747s, then t ot a li n a lm o s 700 aircraft, decline trickle. Most new-build "classics" were b e in g d e li v er e d to existing customers as "top-ups" to
existing fleets Within of th launch of the 7-40 Boeing started receiving l ar g o rd er s fo th ne An aircraft paint scheme that was
ofa more soon discarded modernistic look adorns this Cathay Pacific 747-400. As the first airlin to operate the 747-400 with GE engines, Cathay paved the wa fo Britis Commonwealth users to follow. This view emphasizes the complex leading- and trailing-edge flap configuration wing of the Das Fou Hundred. (via Michael Stroud)
Cathay Pacific was the launch customerfor the Rolls Royce-powered 747-400, with the first aircraft arriving at Hong Kong's Kaitak Airport on June 8. 1989. Shown here at fondly remembered Kaitak is Catha 747-481, line number 811, cln 24833, registered as VR-HOT. Since the takeover ofHong Kong Peoples Republic of China, by all Cathay aircraft have acquired "B civi registry numbers, so this ship is now registered as B-HOT. Today, Cathay operates at Hong Kong's ne Chep Lap Kok Airport. (Cathay Pacific)
24
AIRLIlVERTECH
..
version. Northwest Airlines' order
for 10 wa followed by Cathay Pacif initially), KLM Royal Dutch Airline Airline Lufthansa Lufthansa Singapore Singapore Airlines (14), an British Airways s ec e c on on d b a tc tc h of purchases
came from United Airlines Airlines (IS) (IS) Ai France (16) (16) an Japan Air Line Line (5). Production of th firs firs "class "classic" ic" 747 r e q u i r e d 75,000 engineering completed more than
drawings.
15,000 hours of wind-tunnel testing. Th orig origin inal al flig flig test test program, which le airplane's certifica commercial service in
tion fo
December 969, 969, used five five airfra airframes mes lasted lasted months an require require mor than 1,500 hours of flying flying In design in th Dash Four Hundred, Boeing ad th
ro ce ce s design p ro
unprecedented pace. W it it h t h
747 400, h al engineering ring al f t h number of enginee n e t es es ti ti n
wa
wind tun
p ub u b li li c learned of th
ew
aircraft when Boeing announced an "Advanced Series 300," otherwise called th 747-300A (Advanced), at Britain's Farnborough ai th
show
Boeing Boeing's 's decisio decisio to rejuve rejuvenat nat b r i ll ll i a n m a r ke ke t i n 747
move
it wa
luxury luxury tha
nece necess ssit ity. y. The latest latest versio version, n, the tr o du du c e th stretched 300 t h a i n tr no upper deck, on as many orders as t h
l au au nc nc h c u uss to to me me r f o
as
PH-BFB PH-BFB wa th seco second nd 747747-40 40 deli delive vere re
th Netherland Netherlands' s'
most most nume numero rous us powe powe plan plants ts fo
returned to th manufac manufactur turer er
seri series es and KL
to
to
747747-40 40
purc purcha hase se addi additi tion onal al Das Four Four
om b m od od el el s ( no no t shown here). Hundreds, including those configured as C om
(via (via Michael Michael Stroud) Stroud)
minimal. However,
th flight test effort as almost as sizeable, using three aircraft plus back up instead of th used with the" classic" 747. Th
24000 regist registere ere
airl airlin ine. e. Th GE engi engine ne
t o move
drawings were used an
as
t ur ur bo bo fa fa nn- po po we we re re d B oe oe in in g 7 47 47 -4 -4 00 00 . T hi hi s s hi hi p l in in e number 732, cln
C F6 F6 80 80 C
a d va va n ta ta g e o f advances
computer technology that enabled th
Royal D u tc tc h A i rl rl in in e s
KL
m a nu nu f ac ac t ur ur e r hoped.
In 1984,747 production production shrunk to an all-time lo of between on an tw c r from th peak pe m o n t h - a of seven 1979-1980. month bu s a n Now, A iirr bu introducing ne
Douglas were
widebody passen
ge jets jets the an MD-ll. Boeing ha to compet compete. e. Adopting an early outlook that it would quickly
change, change, Boeing Boeing sa as retaining th
th ne
aircraft
s t re re t ch ch e d u p p er er
d ec ec k c o nf nf ig ig u ra ra ti ti o n w h il il e having
g re r e a e r w iin n gs g s pa pa n capacity,
g re r e a e r fuel ne
engines. Initially, th wa
powerful
mbre
expected to have
flight flight deck deck
d es e s iig gn
three-pilot
was, in effe effect ct
"mini "mini change" upgrade 747 "cla "class ssic ic desi design gn it larg largel el lacke lacke in imagination or innovation. number of air I n e ar ar l
of th
persuading of this this group, an
to p re re ss ss ur u r e f ro ro m o th th e potential buyers, Boei Boei came came to th o u l b e insuffi realization a t i t w ou c ie ie n a he he a w i t it minimal minimalist ist approach to i m p r o v i n g th 747. or e drama Thus, t h m or dramatic tic chan change ge to th 74 design design wer wrought no by th purcha Boeing purchaser sers, s, who sa th need for th glas cockp cockpit, it, two-pilot crew crew digi digita ta avio avioni nics cs an in part du
systems, an
other improvements.
line carriers (British A i r w a y s ,
Having begun its effor efforts ts in
Cathay Pacific, KLM, Lufthansa,
v a t iv iv e d i re re ct ct i on on , Boeing
Northwest, Qantas, an
need to become become mor revolutionary.
Singapore
Airways) created s pe pe ci ci a sultative group to compare notes on commo
an
to combine forces in lobbying specific changes to th
design. In th v ie ie w o f some some th
g ro ro u
th
FLIGH FLIGH
operati operational onal requirements
Boeing fo
ne
FIRS
cons conser er
t ro ro d perilously c lo lo s
line b e t w e e n c om om m o anti-trust issues,
t o th
s en en s
it achieved
measure of succes success. s. In part because
BOEING
141-400
E v e re re t t W a s hi hi n g to to n , plant where widebody jetlin jetliners ers ar
assembled, th builder made careful firs preparations to ly th firs maiden flight wa
delayed by
s ev e v er er a l w e ek ek s b ec ec au au s
of subcon
Th
tractor difficult difficulties ies in providing some
25
delayed supply liners. liners. After being delayed an systems integration issues, an afte afte proj projec ecte te March 21 first-flight date came nd went, this prototype of th Das Fou Hundred series series lift lift maiden flight at Paine ed Field on Friday Friday April 29/ 1988. The polished-aluminum aircraft
w e n s ky k y wa wa r
0:
from Paine Field at
a.m At th
er e h e controls w er
occupants of th
ject pilot James Loesch
pro
nd co-pilot
Higgins, s, directo directo of flight Kenneth Higgin
operations fo
Boeing Commercial
A i rp rp l an an e s L o es es c h w a
Anothe Anothe cont contra rast st betw betw en earl earl 747 conf config igur urat atio io an much much-r -rev evis ised ed 747 747 40 hape hape Like Like groc grocer erie ies, s, auto automo mobi bile les, s, and airp airpla lane ne book books, s, th pric pric an airl airlin iner er inflation ion In 1970/ an airl airlin in coul coul purc purcha hase se "cla "class ssic ic 747 fo abou abou went up with inflat $20 milli million on By 1990/ er s hi hi n ne 747-400 ha rise rise to $125 million. th tim thes thes comp compar aris ison on phot photos os made made their their appe appear aran ance ce both both airf airfra rame me show show re owne owne an by This This Dash Dash Hund Hundre re went to Northwest Airlines. Airlines. (Boeing)
so
of
test pilot Dix Loesc Loesch, h, wh pioneered models. flying of earli earlier er r el el a tively small group of about dozen technicians monitored th
event
from th ground. Th maiden flight culminated in landing on Runway 13R at Boeing Field s o u t h o f S ea e a tt tt le le . B oe o e in in g chairman an chie chie execut executive ive offi office ce Fran Shrontz Shrontz greete greete the pilots an ca all le le d t he he i c ra ra f t h e " f la la g sh sh i p air
plane fo
th
next century." Pilot
ha t h e firs Loesch reported t ha firs fligh fligh
ha
gone "beautifully"
nd that th
distinctive winglets of th
747-400
"had no effect on handling." Hig gins offered hi
promises
opinio opinio
that, that, "This
nd
g re re a s hi hi p
great p rro o je je c
o r l l o f us."
This m a i d e n flight lasted
h o u r s 26 minutes.
he jetliner
speed of Mach 0.7
reached
nd
altitude of 20/0 20/000 00 fee (6/0 (6/0
meters). meters).
f ir ir s 747-400 w a
e ad ad y to
Th
press ahead with i t f llii gh gh t develop
subcomponent items,
quently
subse
i n t e g r a t i o n of
Th
aircraft h a
months
steps, reporters sa through th open d o o r - t h e interior unpainted. unpaneled
s ta ta tu tu s
s ou ou n
rollout, it
series
first aircraft
line n u m b e r 696/ con
structo structor's r's number 23719/ registered
N 40 40 1P 1P W manufacturer an
operations with th later re-registered
as N661 N661US US fo Northwest Airlines.
26
n o ye
denotin its m al al l sign denotin "No.1 for Northwest." On
fundamental flight test p la la n w a proceed. Th
it
complete airliner. W h e n Loesch
marked by
possible to
ment program
shop
electronics s ys ys te te m H ow ow ev ev er er , t h
an
s p n t many
as attired in n a t u r a l
metal with th
fuselage an
Boeing
th
emblems of 18 air
th
came down th
Some of th
a vi v i on o n ic ic s f o
th
n d re re d h a Da ass h F ou ou r H u nd
first
ye
line customers a r r a y e d in small
been installed. Bill Shineman, vice
s qu qu a re re s a lo lo n
president
th
lage-customers ordered
forward fuse ho
already
o f t h ne
AIRLINER TECH ..
air-
th
general manager of
E ve v e re r e t Division c o m m e n t e d
that, "Such 'work-arounds' ar
no
unusual for th
ne
airplane airplane model." The aircra aircraft ft d i
no
airliner-style interior
ye
some of th
avionics an instru er e n o t ye installed. ments w er an
TES
P R OG OG R A
un c he he d t h e Boeing officially l a un
747-400 on October 22 1985 1985 when N or o r th t h we w e s o rd rd er er e aircraft. Th
te
of th
ne
l a n ts ts . A f te te r wa wa r d p o w e r p la
would be delivered to Luftha Lufthansa nsa
as
747747-43 430, 0, registere D-AB D-ABVB VB 23814, line number to Rolls-Royce (R-R) test th engine engines. s. Thi aircra aircraft ft wa sched uled fo h ou ou r o f flight flight test test ing, ing, 22 h ou o u r o f ground testing, nd 2,690 instrument measure ments-covering avionics avionics struc tures, tures, aerodynami aerodynamics, cs, an th R
1 98 98 8 (Boe (Boeing ing rolle ou th first 737737-40 40 in d ay ay ) B oe o e in in g
rece receive ive
as
three differ different ent being purchased with three p o w e r plants. Th
manufacturer
never intended to
747-400
an
airfra airframe me sole solely ly fo test test work, work, howev howev aircraft ft in the developm development ent er. Ever aircra program eventually wa
-4
register registered ed B
engines, would hours of flight flight test test
20
b ac ac k u p No smaller number airliner
er-model er-model 747s 747s were still interspaced with 747-400s at thi junctu juncture. re. Boe in flew t h s ec ec on on d 747747-40 40 for th first time June 27 1988 fo m in i n ut u t e s ho h o r of
d u ra r a t io io n j u s on tw
hours. That day, th
first 747747-40 40 with
PW4056 engines
th
hours of ground
testing, bu its primary primary purpose purpose back-u back-up-p--air air serve as craft fo
h e t es es t p ro r o gr gr a
fo traini training. ng.
an
Northwest as
747747-45 451, 1, regis
tered N662US.
weight of
a dm d m it i t te t e dl d l y m od o d es e s t a lt lt it it ud ud e of
f ee ee t m et et er er s t o e st st ab ab li li s th record in accordance with Federa tion Aeronautiqu Internationa Internationa regu lations, bu th principal purpose for th
would
taking off at
world
et
892,450 pounds (404 (40481 81 kilograms), compared with th airliner' proj projec ect t 850,00 00 pounds (385560 ed weight of 850, kilograms). This aircraft climbed to
make us
as realistic, since th
earli
Paci Pacifi fi as HOO. with
plus
were no in sequen sequence ce becaus becaus
it
23720, line n u m b e r 708,
aircraft,
Four Hundreds. Thei Thei line line numbers
record
flight development effort that would as t t hr hr e of at l e as
h e first four Dash
These w e
would be t u rn rn e d o ve ve r to Cathay
ambitious plan
already
e s i ng ng ,
engines. After
p r ot ot o ty ty p e w a s rolled
an ua ua r y Everett o n J an
it
to perform heavy
f li li gh gh t
weight stalls an
low-speed drag
test tests. s. The weight wa remarkable remarkable fo
earmarked
ul d operate for an airline a n w o ul operate rev enue flig flight hts. s. The aircra aircraft ft were: were:
MAI
ENTRY ENTRY DOOR
23719, th first ship, which Pratt would prove Whitney (P W) power option. This aircraft wa scheduled fo 453 hours o f f li li gh gh t t es es ti ti ng ng , 333 h o u r s of g r o u n d testing, 4,205
instrument
measure
ments-checking aerodynamics, structures, structures, flight flight c o nt nt ro ro l s s y s tems (particularly, brakes) and, of course, th
engines.
Afterwar Afterward, d, the aircraft would go
747747-45 451, 1, re
to Northwest as
DOORS
registered N661 N661US US 23817, line n u m b e r 700,
which w o u l d test th
General
Electric engines. This aircraft
as slated
407 hours of
flight testing, 33 ground testing, an
provid ides es an upward upward-lo -looki oking ng pers perspe pect ctiv iv 747-400 prov
hi view view of Dash Dash
ou Hundr Hundred ed ve vers rsio io of
3,757 instru
arrange arrangemen men for acce access ss
to
co
minor minor chan change ge from from earl earlie ie ve vers rsio ions ns an shou should ld be regarded
avioni avionics cs structur structures, es, an
definitive. (Boeing)
GE
BOEING
141-400
ngle ngle that that
a re re d
ment measurements-checking th
or d,
t h 74 "cla "class ssic ic." ." This This vari variou ou compar compartm tment ent and serv servic ic incl includ udes es onl
emph emphas asiz izes es th di diff ffer eren en wing
hours
ai airl rlin iner er that that ha ge
as
typi typica ca rath rather er th than an
27
th era, an encouraged expectations that the Dash Four H u n dr e d w o u l becom big success. TEETHING TROUBL
H ow e ve r t h
production diffi
cultie persisted. took until 19 to raise production o f models to four aircraft p e m on th ,
nd until
lat
98 to raise that f ig ur e O nl y t he n di Boeing finall decid ed to drop the three-pilot "classic" 747s fro production, although they th lines would continue fo three more years. In 1988, with more than 00 firm airline orders
accountants'
ledgers, Boeing acknowledged that a m b it i ou s d e v e lo p m e nt a l pro-
it
gram was,
least, to
temporary spell at
ambitious. With three
engines being test-flown in th ne Dash Fou Hundred, minor gremlins w er e g na w in g at the delivery calen r . J us t th firs flight of th 747 400 ha been delaye f o w ee ks , t h threat no loomed of delayed air line deliveries. relativel inexperience work force, increasing rapidly in size, ra production
into difficulties
line. At th
same time, the electrical
system of th
747-400 initially
r ef us e
t o work properly, an
g ra ti n
s ys te m
o n th
inte
f li gh t d ec k
took longer than planned. On Octo be 11, 989, Boeing acknowledged that "limited deliver delays" would u p th f ir s aircraft on th production line, although in no case fo longe than days Th compa ny th t o i mm e diatel increase the production rate of t h e a i rc r af t , an
some officials
acknowledged that they 1 - - - - - - 231'-4·
(70.5m)
estimated interest early slots
. ~ 0.0
GROUND UNE
1--78'-11.5·-j (24.0m)
th
production line
Qantas, fo
example, w a a bo u four months late when delivered on August 11 1989 fo UT wa five an the firs months in arrears when th airline received it on September 22,1989.
...
(7.7m)
th
an
first 747-438 fo
Th
-m ' l - ~ l 2 : - i i : : : : ~ : j j ' . ? : : : ? _ / O - ~ I 2S-S.
ad under
fierce competition among airlines seeking
------'\.
1--10',1.
(3.Om)
Production-line difficulties at 211 (64.3m)
Everet persisted. Boeing o us l
o ff er e
gener t ai lo r
e ac h a ir li n
made internal configuration. an ag
wa
when every airline employed
an interior designer an
ciency expert, so th
work-effi
manufacturer
quickly found itself obliged to re
locate galley an toilets, nd even c ha ng e t h l o shades of warn in labels on th i ns id e o f th cabin.
747-400
Coupled w i t h th
PRINCIPAL DIMENSIONS
a d d e d cost of
offering this unusual degree of flexi bility the manufacturer found itself This three-view genera arrangemen drawin show generi 747-400 dimensions that var slightlyfrom ne varian to another. (Boeing)
28
AIRLINER TECH
..
with
coping with quality control issues
an
in many cases forced to order
real photo of an actual aircraft but, rather, the 1980s version of digita photographic manipulation, this marketing mage wa to ow customer what the ne 747- 00 woul look like, and was widely circulated whil the first flights were taking place. Th snazzy executive-styl pain de ig is omew differen an th appeared on an actual airplane. (via Michael Stroud) re-work after an aircraft h a
b ee n
regarded as finished.
sudden
Regardless of
changes, Boeing ended up doing
superb jo
of g et ti n
H u n d r e d s to
INTO
structural clearances previously
grante to th held no to apply As ne type the
"classic were ne airliner. failed to
D as h F ou r
he ai
delayed by more than
747-400 in Europe foundered when civi avia tio authorities insisted that the aircraft type. Th 400 ne Certification of th
n es , n on e
fe
w ee ks .
SERVICE
Th
Federal Aviatio
Adminis
tration (FAA) certificated (the cor
rect word, "certified," is no used) the first 7-40 on January 9, 1989, nd i t e nt er e west. Th
service with North
a i l in e t oo k t h
rather
unusual step of introducing the air
craft on f li gh t between Minneapo lis an Phoenix, on February 9,1989. Northwes bega international ser vices on June
with
flight from
r k t o T ok yo , a l th o ug h b y
then Singapore Airlines ha th
stolen
show with an inaugural flight
from
Singapore
to
London
Heathrow the previous day.
An importan moment in the history of
be th world's best-known jetliner: The date is September 10, 1993, and the 1,000th Boeing 747 is emerging from the Everett production line. Line number 1,000 was Boeing 747-412 model, cln 27068, registere as 9V-SMU. The aircraft made it firs flight on September 24 and soon afterward was delivered to Singapore Airlines. (via Michael Stroud) BOEING
141-400
29
Th flight deck of the 747-400, showing the aircraft with observer seat and crew rest compartment locate behind th second observer' seat (Boeing) meet updated requirements fo toler
anc to structura damage. Specifical ly, authorities decided that th upper dec floo w a n o strong enough to meet the requiremen that th aircraft s u d d e n decompression
survive
caused by 20-square-foo hole with ou potentially catastrophic damage to control cables an vital wiring Airlines an government regu lators on th continent quickl cam to
compromise that enabled th
747-40 to be issued Join Airwor thiness Requirement R) certifica tion Th problem ha been discov ered only months before th
first
delivery to KLM Royal Dutch Air
lines an
Lufthansa. Thanks to quick
a ct io n
th
JA
gave KL
Lufthansa's first D as h F ou r H u n dreds 90-day JAR-typ an
UGHTlNG CONTROLS
fi
DISPLAY SWITCHING
certificates, Boeing agreed to produce retro
kits to strengthen their floor
beams
NO
FM
separate their control
runs. The 747-400s wer delivered to th airlines 18 23 respectively. Subsequent ew 747 400s emerged from th factor built to th improved standard. T h f ir s Rolls Royce-powered 747-400 went to Cathay Pacific on June 8, th same d a t ha t th British Civi Aviation Authorit issued it type certificate. wa the following year, 1990, when th RB.211-pow ered version became generally avail abl to airlines PRODUCTION PROBLEMS
CAPTAIN'
manufacturer received orders fo
airliners in th v er y f ir s flight of th initial 747-400 until today's long-rang airlin operatio s, he captain' yoke
gone larg ly unchanged.
hi drawin
show
yoke multifunctional displays an lighting controls (Boeing)
30
1990, th
Between 1985
PANEL
AIRLIlVERTECH
ll
10
series of which
w e r e fo
747-400
model. Th number of orders leaped fro seve in 1988 to 62 in 1990.
Th center pane locate betwee th captai andfirst office contain tw EICAS
EFlS CONTROL PANEL
S M C ON T O L P AN E
E LE C
DISPLAY PANEL
(engin indicating and crew
alerting system) displays (upper and lower) and othe instruments. (Boeing) I n A pr i 1993 th
EICAS CONTROL PANEL
FLA PLACARD SPEEDS
manufacturer
Performance Improve ment Package (PIP) fo th basic 747-400, to be incorporated later production aircraft, an provided r e t ro f i p a c k a g fo existing 747 400s. Th PIP provided fo increased gross weight, included an improved announced
c om po si t
ai
STANDBY INSTRUMENTS
f a r in g a n
revised fuel transfer system, d r a g i m pr o ve m en t s to th
(which ha
spoilers
tended t o l if t s li gh tl y in
on
cruising flight). This man
i m pr o ve m e nt s to t h
design being s t u d i e d
E1CAS
b as i
REGISTRATIONI SELCAL PLACARD
.. •· "1. ""
,erf"'" -, ,or!",,,
......
drawing board.
By th i m h e 1,000t Boeing 747 wa rolled ou of the Everet f ul l o f t h a ir cr af t in th total were 747-400 models, which quickly replaced become th
GEAR CONTROLS
..
Boeing,
although most never progressed fur ther than th
ALTERNATE
DISPLAYS
of
t h e " c la ss ic s
CENTER PANEL
to
o nl y m od e i n p ro du c
tion. On September 10 1993 ship number 1,000 made its appearance. wa Boeing model, 27068, registered as 9V-SMU. Th aircraft made i t f ir s f li gh t on Sep tember 24 an soon a f te r wa r w a s delivere to Singapore Airlines. the 1990 Boein wa assem bling D as h F ou r Hundred airliners in fou distinct versions (s chapter fo r) Thes ar th familiar passen ger-carrying j et li ne r t h
DISPLAY
SWITCHING
NO
PFD
'lltll
C om bi ,
which carries b o t h p a ss en g er s an
cargo; th 747-400D domestic ver sion; nd the 47-400 freighter This last m o de l a p pe a re d in 1993 wa b il le d a s being capable of haul mo
cargo than
other
GROUND PROXIMITY
SWITCHES
FIRS OFFICER
PANEL
INST1RUMENT SOURCE SElECT SWITCHES
freigh aircraft built in the Th 747-400 wa also directl responsible t h employment of 32,900 Boeing employees, plus
thousands
multifunctional displays and instruments use by th co-pilot (Boeing) BOEING
1 4 7 - 4 ~ ~
31
\\\\,\\\\ " ~ " ~ t t l ' " ~
" ~ " ~ I t " ~
S \ \ \ G f > . . ? c : m . ~
......."
f > . . \ ~ = \ ' ; ~ \ - : \ \ " ' t : - S - \ _ - - - - - - ~ - _ . . .
•••••••••
OIp.....".
~
......
...
",
__
Singapore Airlines 747-400 "Megatop" (the carrier's trade name) ready anything approaching leve until contact is made. (vi Robert Hewson)
to
.
.
-
..
:}' ..
,
-
-
~
-
touch down. The mainwheels do not need
to
be
Air Canada bega flying Boeing 747-400 jetliners April 1992 from Toronto and Montreal wit destinations at Los Angeles, London, Paris an Frankfurt. This example is still attached to he ow bar and won't be goin anywhere until the tractor disconnects. (via Michael Stroud)
32
AIRLINER TECH
..
of subcontractors
Un
States an abroad. speed
There continued
~
#
-
.
_----"-
bumps as Boeing employees went on strike fo 90 days in 1995 an
60
d ay s i n 1996. In 1997 Boeing
to
shut down th
rC
Everett production
to address problems posed by integra days; t h e
line
tion of
c o nt in u e
employees
tech
n iq u es . B oe in g sustained l os se s o f
billion because of penalty claus es fo late deliveries. EW CENTURY
Today, Boeing 747-400 is being defined This is hap time when most airline pening at companies
re
replacing
four
engined aircraft with twin-engine models on many routes, especially
those of m e di u
l en g t
such as
2,556 miles (4,115 kilometers) between Lo Angele an Honolulu. th
'"
Viewed from elow pi
w or ki n
II
as
moving into
is ar
as
g iv e u s unit a n
ar
luggage pit. (Bil Crimmins)
'\) 1I1HUB'
fI
II
11l1l1l1lttll
world' internationa airports have th taxiways an ramp main landin gear trucks as well
in
v er y s tr on g a n f l x ib l n o
'.: ""'i' _ \ ~ \ \ ' ~ 1 11 11 11 11 11 1
he side opposite he jetbridge, United' Spirit of Seattl
to
handl th 84-foo 6-inch (25.06 meter) footprint of the
the 211-foot (64.03-meter spa of th wing. However, fro
some angles
example is
ft t u r w i t its nosewheel askance (Bil Crimmins) BOEING
741-400
33
technica achievements that "sold" th 747-40 to th world's airlin ca ie VIP transpor to the Japanese government. As
oein
powerful
result Japan' prim minister is th only
newer, higher-tec aircraft than th U.S. presiden (who must be content with Japan
er
ir Self-Defense Force serial 20-1102, this is the s e ~ o n d
argument when orld
ho
Boeing 747-200 "classic") Newly assigned th
of t w
J AS D
n um be r 839, cln
I t' s
24731,f ormerly registered as JA8092. (Bil Crimmins)
B oe in g i s a ls o confronting eco n om i c ha ll en ge s i t ha at several Dash junctures in th history Four Hundred Alread battered sagging economy an
f av or e newest
sometimes being replaced by 757s,
o ve r four shiniest 747-400s ar
767s, an
777s o n m a n routes.
aggressive
competition from Airbus the manu facturer reacte to th September 11, 2001 terrorist ck on U.S. ( an d t h p ai nf ul , subsequent of th
Joint Strike F i g h te r c o n tr a ct )
with massive layoffs
serious
belt-tightening. This is happening while hun dreds of perfectly good 74 "classic" airliners have s u d d e n l y become dead weight t o t h a ir li ne s that ow
them-their technology to
fo
today's ai
outdat
traffic environ
their operating costs to
ment
high. Th
Boeing remain moneymaker for most opera tors, bu some Dash Four Hundreds are being parked in th desert along with "classics." A s a ir li ne s o p er at e f ew e
34
f li gh ts , twin engines
re
o s c r ib b in g a n d s c af f ol d in g used on t h n os e production li e. Th aircraft shown for Pola Ai Cargo. Games
c. Goodall)
AIRLINER TECH --
..
th
B o ei n g 7 4 7- 4 0
747-400Ffreighter unde construction
Once Boeing had resolved earl production problems with the Dash Four Hundred passenger aircraft, it proceeded with longstanding plans to buil freighte version. This artist's conception of future 747-400F freighte was released in 1992, the year before real life aircraft appeared. The paint design was altered somewhat, but the basic design had been finalized by the tim this image appeared. (Boeing)
More than 50 percent of afinished 747-400 (as measured by cost wa the result of work performed off site by subcontractors. However, fina assembly of the 747-400 took plac at the 7S0-acre site at Paine Field, near Everett, Washington. The assembl sit is reportedly the world's larges building (as measure by volume), buil at cost of $200 million. The shop floor is pristine and, perhaps surprising some he noise level quite low. (vi Michael Stroud)
Long after it began assembling 747-400 passenger airliners, Boeing began building 747 400F freighters, which are built on the same Everett line but lack the stretched upper deck (5 UD of the people-hauling version. This look at he first 747-4R7 for the Luxembourg-based freight hauler Cargolux show worke (lowe left examining the leading-edge flaps and highlights the complex scaffolding needed to work on moder airliner factory. (vi Michae Stroud) BOEING
1 4 1 - 4 ~ ~
35
The $200 millio
Everet building
brough together rather than create
truly
"assembly" rath
than "production, sinc
ir raft
are
essentially
Major structures, engin nacelles an subassemblie comefrom Northrop which in turn
ec ives upper-deck fuselage frames fro 747-40 bein transforme into th su
36
fo
aewoo. Th result
is
"mating"
as
of its parts. (vi Michae Stroud)
AIRLINER TECH
show
pristine
wit
This is view of the upper fuselage of 747-400 being assemble and looking into the partially completed forward section from where he very distinctive hum of the aircraft is flared int the fuselage. (James C. Goodall)
The view fro the assembly scaffolding dubbed th "erector set" by shop workers, looking down toward the righ wing and engines of soon be completed 747-400. (James C. Goodall)
This shot aken at the Everett factor during nose assembly build-up shows the right side upper cabin door and assembly detail. Games c. Goodall) BOEING
1 4 1 - 4 ~ ~
37
"""'"
The ladder facing the number four engine nace le an th maintenance worker atop he engine provide sense for the size of this Air China Dash Four Hundred, although the size of the winglets is exaggerated by their proximity to the camera. (via Michae Stroud
gatherin of jetliners at Everett, where stat highwa passes within short distance of fligh line filled with sk ia ts That's Boeing 767 in the ig center-a widebody used on some of he same routes as Fo Hundre bu with half ritish as many engines. The other aircraf are 747-400s, including examples from Cathay, Korean, Lufthansa, KLM, an Airways. (vi Rober F. Dorr)
38
AIRLINER TECH
TECHNIC
DETAILS
W A L K - A R O U N D CHECK
····
ih
maintenance manuals for used by one airlin wall
hangar up to
height of si feet Th
ad remained little changed since
com ponent of th c oc kp i di i tal primary flight display (PFD) that th
dawn of aviation.
he ke
n a r r a t i v e which follows is
r ep la ce s t h
attempt to summarize ke
i n s t r u m e n t s of e a rl ie r a i rl in e rs ,
a bo u t h
points
principal features of this
aircraft, including cockpit, engines, landing gear,
tail. Perhaps no surprisingly, many of t h e s
f e at u re s a r e s ig n if i ca n tl y
d if fe re n f ro m t ho s "classic" 747-100 through -300 models. No t h l ea s of which, th o ur s
round-dialed, analog
including earlie
bi surpris
ingly, however, Boeing d ec id e d n o flight to give th 747-400 th d ec k f e t ur e t hr e other pro duction airliners (the 757 nd 767, plus late-model While United Airlines fo example, assigns pilots interchangeably 757 an 767,
747-400 hold qualifications unique to that aircraft a lo n T h o f c ou rs e th th four current Boeing only
pilots c ur re n i n th
p r o d u ct io n a ir li ne r engines, f ac to r in t h
w i t h four d ec is io n to
forego cockpit commonality In 1988 when th change to digital-display
wa
duced, no al pilots wer ready
glas cockpit. almost everything in fact dig in the cockpi ital. In all, th glass cockpit of th 747-400 m ak e u s of si 8x8-inch
f li gh t d ec k where reduced flight
cr
s iz e
an important considera o pe ra to r
t io n t o a ir li n
i n t od ay '
tight economic environment. TWO-PILOT
COCKPIT
C o ns i de r in g t h a th
d en si t y v er si o
highest
of th
747-400,
e mp lo ye d o n d om es ti c r ou te s
Japan, ca haul s ta gg er in g t ot a o f passengers, it stil seems remark some observers that only tw able pilots fly this huge aircraft. Never theless, t h
t w o- pi lo t cockpit ha
become standard o n n ea rl y every airliner n o
b ei n
manufac
human tured. Technology replace navigator on most airliners a s l on g th 1950s. An even faster pac of technology replaced th engineer in th
r ep la ce me n
1980s.
To
a vi at or s
flight
flight
b e s ur e
re
still
April 2001
brought along on extreme duration
8x8-inch
flights of more than
th
bu at
hours more, huge
aircraft is in th hands of tw people. From the beginning, th 747-400 was designed for an electronic flight instrumentation system (EFIS) to replace t ho s
c lu nk y g au ge s that
of th
747-400,
as
seen here with backlighting inside
light, engine and system informatio ho
sixth at th
ra tube (CRT displays five center
th
fo
in si th
on si
Collins
he main instrument
ne an
p ed es ta l between th
computer (FMCs) Th displays an
is displaye
are
an
aptain an first
dr f ro m
ff er
hangar in
flight management
tw
o nt ra s
r ou n
of
757 and 767 airliners. have adjustable lu ba
s he ep sk i s ea t c ov er s an are adjustable in th v er ti ca l a n horizonta direction with inches of additional af movement when co pare to supports, an
previous 747 models. (Nate Leong BOEING
1 4 1 - 4 ~ ~
39
(200x200-millimeter) cathode-ray
displays to provide th
two-pilot
crew with information on flight an system
operation U n it e
C a pt ai n
points o u t ha t th
Robert
instruments left
only old-fashione
on t h D as h F ou r Hundred panel are
clock, "which is th
most com
plex instrument to se
correctly,"
th
standby gyro ai speed indi
plus
cator, altimeter, a n w e compass. "Everything else is displays instea of dials. In th Pour Hundred cock pit, th captain' left-hand PP pro vides
cathode-ray tube presenta
th basic performance of th t io n aircraft (airspeed, altitude, attitude,
v e rt ic a l s p ee d ) as well as it
forwar ti of the 747-400 contains what might be considered wasted space, sinc th relatively rado covers very s ma l Th 47
heading (compass). Most prominent
design dating to he original "classic models wa deliberately arranged
of thes measurements is
flight
high bove th main fuselage That way, th aircraft
to be conver ed fo loadin from
wen al ft miniaturizatio
In
sinc
ad it possible to do
lighte rada dish in th nose (James
th potentia
better
with
rectangu t ha t shows air
l a a lt it ud e d is pl a
firs
craft attitude i n fo r ma t io n g l ea n e
smaller,
f ro m h e inertial referenc
system
is th vertical tap airspeed indicator (to measure climb or descent) Th ai data com puter is th source of al airspeed th PFD. information The captain's right-han naviga tion display s cr ee n u se s s il ho ue tt e guiding symbol. of th
Goodall)
bo
To
This display h a
ou
provides informatio
m od es , on approach,
very-high-frequency omnidirection
al range (VOR), map,
plan. Th
cr
ca
flight
superimpose
color weather-radar images to pro vide information on potentially dan gerous conditions PRIMARY FLIGH
DISPLA
primary flight display ha
Th
undergone periodic improvements
747-400 w a s i n tr o d uc e d . An important retrofit is th overlay
since th
th
Details of he nose whee assembly of the 747-400 as viewed from the aircraft-that
righ
viewer's l ef t o wa r
viewer's right Games c. Goodall)
40
of
collision
avoidance system (T-CAS) pitch commands an vertical speed cues. T he s
AIRLINER TECH
traffic-alert an
ar
shown
attitude
n ow ! C li mb , c li m
n ow !
747-400
navigation display
up
s om e m od e
plan view of surrounding traffic equipped with T-CAS.
ground
aircraft also ha
Th
proximity warning system (GPWS),
which provides
and,
screen display
w h e n necessary,
voice
prompt. FLIGHT
DECK
O f c ou rs e , even th
highest of
high-tech aircraft ha th
same basic
f li gh t c o nt r ol s
140 or Th inboar mai landin gear assembly
the 747-400
as
viewedfro
left id
B-1B
o un d
Cessna
Lancer bomber Ther
are, after all, only so many varia
of the aircraft Games c. Goodall)
tions
i n d ic a to r d i sp l a y
throttle As pilot Robert L. Burns t h j et li ne r "has yoke like puts
th
vertical
r)
me
speed display respectively, b o
tell
r ed . T h system is designed e vent mid-air collisions or traffi con T h P F w il l show t he s d is
where to
plays instantly
ai cr ft
en
l on g a s i t ha
This vie fro laps whic that
are
Da
close. T h s ym bo l u r Hundred pilot avoid
"mid-air."
T-CAS a ls o g iv e th captain an firs office voice prompts rangin
intruding
i n u rg en c
h e preliminary
transpon-
"Traffic, Traffic!" to "Climb, climb
ol
yoke, rudder pedals, an
f ly in g m a ch in e s w i t
pedals tha hav
rudder
brake pedals incor
con sole with four thrust levers (throt tles). Th rudder pedals also have limited nose wheel steering." them,
fuselage show th wing, trailing-edg flaps, an wingle of the 747-400. Note that th variable-cambe flat when et acted, assume thei
no visible here
when extended
as
seen
Th 747-400 also ha leading-edge flaps
Games c. Goodall) BOEING
141-400
41
E " E ~ G E N C I
COo.l
in spite of f a f or wa rd . Dash Four th enormous size Hundred, th fligh deck is essential ly t h s am e s iz e a s that of th earlier Boeing 707. That aircraft usually car ried r e of f ou r ( tw o p il ot s n av i up
LEFT-UI, RIGHT
fIRST PASSENGER ABIN
DOOl!
831, ~ I G H T
841
SECOND
(lEW
LEfT lIGHT
HIT HATCH 839 I.EfT
PASSENGER COOl!
b e in g so high
busy t er mi na l w hi l
CECK
U P P E ~
THIRC PASSENGER CABIN COOl!
833,
LEfT
8,
~ I G H T
8,
STA
g at or , f li gh t engineer). Th
ST!
830
2261
FIfTH PASSENGER CABIN
~ - - + - , ~ - - - +
- , I - - - - - - - - 1
- - - , L -
DOOR
LEfT
855,
RIGHT
S<'5
Four Hundred uses th
space fo
two"
e xt r
s ea t
o b s e r v e r " seats,
directly behind th
which ar
Dash
pilot seats,
tw
second flight
used when
crew is c a r ie d o n l on g flights
w he n
FA
along.
he
includes tw
inspector is riding
gh
ec
ar
also
78 by 30-inch crew rest when
bunks, a ls o f o us
second
pair of pilot is aboard Th
size and complexity of the 747-400 is symbolized found aircraft, no fewe than 13 doors as (Unite Airlines)
number of hatches in
pilot seats of th
747-400
w er e d e si gn e d for convenience an
efficiency.
ll recline
adjustable l um b a
have
s u pp o rt s
sheepskin seat covers The captain's
flight
Th
deck situated fully 29 feet above th ground roughl feet in front of
th
gear, an
feet in
nose g ea r T h
pilots
main landin
on
th
maneuver t hi s l ar g
a ir cr af t around
1I0EINC747
firs officer' seats are adjustabl horizontally an fea vertically ture additional a f m ov e ment from previous 47 models Th firs "observer" seat, on th an
r ig h t b eh in d th
first officer, is
pedestal-mounted an horizontal
vertical adjustment.
Manua stowage an
table ar Th
features both
l oc at e
pullout work
n ex t to this seat.
s ec on d " o bs er v er " s ea t is on
fixed base with stowage space in th base. Optional features include head rests
seats
electrically
operated pilo seat controls. ENGINES
From t h
that
b eg in ni ng , t h
plan
747-400 w o u l d be
offered to airlines with engines from th
world's t h re e p r i nc i p a engine
b u il d er s : G e ne r a Electric, Pratt
Whitney, nd Rolls-Royce. All thre
Although it purpose is to illustrate th location of panels on the flight deck, this diagram of the pilots' work area (wit item or simplicity) also sense for the size an hape of this part of the aircraft. (United Airlines)
42
AIRLINER TECH
companies manufacture turbofan
engines of
ne
g en er at io n
referred to by some as third-genera tion turbofans. These engines ar
AI
S CO O
FULL AUTHORITY FUELCONTROL
MIXER ASSEMBLY
EXHAUST FUEL PUMPSI
-
-
e
<
CONE
~
FMU
thrust rating cumference an ha k N) . I t to 62,000 pounds uses new-technology, single-crystal turbine blade an is controlled by full-authority, engine digital contro (FAEDC). It als ha l ar ge r f a an is credited with reducing f ue l c on sumption by compared p er ce n same manufacturer's JT9D engine fro which it derived.
Users of th
include
P&
C a n a d a , Ai
engines China,
China Airlines, K o re a n A i Lines, Northwest Airlines, Singapore Air
DEDICATED
lines, an
ALTERNATOR
United Airlines.
General Electric manufactures
ROLLS-ROYCE RB211 ENGINE
th
CF6-80C2, which b ec am e t h
second engin
to be chosen for th ha
British Commonwealth carriers operatin
th 747-400 prefer th Rolls-Royc
747-400
RB.211-524G and -524H high bypa from RB.211-524D4 bu wit wide
turbofan engines, whic fan, ful authorit fuel
become th
are
derived ro
emission combustor, and integrate exhaus nozzle assembly (Boeing) an
current serie of
more p ow e rf u t ha n
engines of even
ago. Indeed, th
decade
tw
improvements in
efficiency proba bl mark t h b ig ge s change in air line flying in recent years. Were it engine p ow e a n
not aerodynamicall
4000 turbofans. The PW4056 initially known PW 4256 an tailore to th 747-400 ha 7-foot lO-inc (2.4-meter cir-
s ub se qu en tl y
most popular. It thrust
rating is listed as 57,000 pounds
(253.6 kN) although all thrust rat c ou rs e based on ri ings et of factor induding an altitude. Th e ng in e whose first 00 custome wa KL Royal Dutch
impossible
distinctly uncomfortable on b o a r d - t h e engines on Dash Four Hundred would enable the air straight up. It s h ou l b e r af t t o an
added that th wa
D as h F ou r Hundred
meant to us
t he s
e ng in e
to
travel farther. As compared
747-300 "classic," maximum fuel capacity rose to 44,640 gallons
(202,940 liters from 43,640 gallons (190,380 liters). D ep en di n o n th power p l a n t chosen, th 747-400 was designed
11 percent
greater fuel efficienc than th -300. After receiving th l au nc h c us to m e
od from
Northwest Air
lines, Pratt Whitne drew th dis tinction of s up p ly in g p o w e plants fo t h f ir s 747-400 a i rf r am e a n d hence, th first flight In th 1980s th
c om p an y b e ga n to develop it
Th Genera Electric CF6-80C2 turbofan engine
th most numerou powe
plant used by th 747-40 series (General Electric) BOEING
147-400
43
kN) thrust respectively. Becaus the engine is manufactured at th former Rove Ca Co facility at Barnoldswick, in northwest York shire, England, t h p re fi x
pounds
nifies Rolls Barnoldswick. Th launch customer fo the
engine was Cathay Pacifi Airways. Th RB.211 was, many product respects reorgani zation that followed Rolls-Royce's
darkest
hour-
1971. Th
bankruptcy in
it
company recalled it
m e w hi z kid Stanle masterminded
Hooker
ho
complete redesign
RB.211 d e s i g n . Th result is h a b y 2001, th builder of
h e b as i
h a d m a n uf a ct ur e d
least 3,400
RB.211 engines, including h e n o selected by
Boeing 757. With its RB211-624G/
users Of th
R-R w a
models,
a s a m n g th
ig three
engine makers to gain certifica tion
747-400, in 1990. Th R-R engine fo th 747-400, like previous RB.211s, is triple-shaf configured, bu unlike an previous 747 engine fo
th
provides wide-chord f a This view, emphasizing t h e as y accessibility
th
h ug e P ra t
Whitney
4000-series engine to ground maintainers, wa re ease to mar th delivery of the
1999. Th 94-inc diameter of th engine' fan unit na le he po er plan to fi inside nacell so ma Whitney) can stand fully erec inside th ai intake (Pratt
2,OOOth engine in
in
Airlines, wa an improved version of an earlier CF variant improved with the addition of an extra low-pressure compresso stag to tota four an wa controlled with ik competitor the CF -8 C2 used new, stronge materials in it
turbine blades an included an extra (fifth turbine stage. Carriers that c ho s
th
Ai
Ai
France Al Nippon Airways, Asiana Airlines Atla Cargolux (which also ha Rolls-powere Dash Four Hundreds) EVA Air, Garuda Indone sia Airways, Japan Airlines, KLM,
identical to those introduce on th regarded as 535E fo th 757 especially resistant to bird strikes.
Since introducing its 747-40 power plant ha upgraded th engine with th advanced Trent (for merly, the RB.2 1-700) high-pressure
Malaysia Airlines, Philippine Air
core, making th
lines, T ha i A i r wa y s I n te r na t io n al ,
part of th
Genera Electric turbofans also equip 747-400s operated by th government of Brunei a n Japan Airlines fo the government of Japan.
Trent engines.
an
RB.211-624G/H
maker's larger family
Operators of Rolls-powered
400s include
ir N e
Z ea la nd ,
British Airways, C a t h a y Pacific,
Qantas, an
South African Airways.
Commenting
ROLLS POWER
th
three
engine choices available to 747-400
G en er a
Electric power plant i nc lu d
44
Kuwait
b la de s
Rolls-Royce (R-R provides 747 400 airliners o pe ra te d b y British Commonwealth airlines with ts RB.211-524G -524H turbofan
engines. These engine ar r at e a t 58,000 pounds (258.1 kN) an 60,000
AIRLINER TECH ---
..
operators power plant expert said: Typically an engine maker will b oa s w h e n something is c he ap e o r ha
h ig he r p er fo rm an c
c om pa r e
to earlier p ro d uc t s G e tt i n
compression
more
extracting m o r e
power with fewer stages is some thing to boast about, bu
of th
CF
th
m ak e
would might
pride in, or publicize, th
stage
th
take
extra stub
compressor
th
extra turbine stage. That is an effec tive wa to increase thrust a n d / or reduce fuel consumption, trade-off is c os t ( mo r more maintenanc
th
(more parts)
more logica to
WHrTE
p ar ts ) a n
= = = ; ~ = ? - f /
is
good w he n y o
s o me t hi n g that's logical, like
hav
WING SCAN UGHTS-LEFT ANDRIGoHT
Rolls-Royce b oa st in g a bo u b ir d
resistant wide-chord blades. Th three engine choice avail able on D as h u r Hundred are identical t o t ho s
a va il ab l
completely up-to-date
world
wide noise requirements prompting
manufacturer
that
engine nois from today' half of what it wa
on t h
RED ANTICOWSION
LIGHT (BOTTOM)
RED ANTICOWSION UGHT (TOP)
RUNWAYTURNOFF L1GHT·LEFT AND RIGHT RED
th
Boeing so th builder h a b ee n able to design s o m c o m m on a li t y into engine pylons an nacelles. The a r i de nt ic a f o e ac h th engine choices. Al have cowling feet diameter of inches (2.6 meters). Al three engine choice are
th
NAVIGATION AND STROBE UGHTS
NAVIGATION
AND
WHIT STROBELIGHTS ----------
EXTERIOR LIGHTIN
Th exterior lighting a rr an ge me n conforms
to
th
o e n g 747-400. Th arrangement
internationa agreements fo th location an
of various lights
(Boeing) fo lavatories on th main deck, with six more "upstairs" giving an airline customer enormous flexibility, nd
121 different lavatory configura t i on s ! S i m il a rl y , th
aircraft
numerous "utility hook-ups," offer-
is o ri gi na l
747s delivered in 1970. FUSELAGE
In "green" condition (unfin i t e me rg e f ro m t h i sh ed , ry), th basic 747-400 airframe wa actually much lighter than th 747 00 "classic, b u w he n th aircraft
wa
fitted
tions
fo
revenue opera
h ea v e r a n
more
robust. Th certificated gros takeoff weight of th aircraft ros to 87 pounds (384,630 k il og ra m s f ro m 833,000 pounds (377,850 kilograms). interior e x te n s iv e l
also
r e d es i g ne d . Th
vacuum sewer system provided tw
massive 2-inch-diameter wast pipes running the lengt of t h m a i cabin an th upper deck These incorpo rated 33 potential "plug-in" points
Rolls-Royce RB.21 engine in final assembly. (Rolls-Royce) BOEING
141-400
45
747-400 away from
which s na re d t h
th
world's largest AP
supplier,
Garrett. The power unit wa derived company's line o f t ur bo
from th
prop engines.
press releas credit th PW901A with burning 40 percent less fuel than previous APUs, saving to $125,000 (presumably, pe air craft) pe year. LANDING GEAR
he 747-400 landing g ea r w a extensively modified in c o nt ra s t t o th
e a rl ie r 747 "classics," resulting
in
l,800-pound (844-kilogram)
weight savings. The 747-40
747-400 fuselage, seen at Baltimore W a sh i n gt o n I n te r na t io n a l Airport, Maryland, on March 31 1991 We are n ic e e ve n c on st ru ct or ' scrutinizing Boeing 747-406 line number 732, with number cl 24000, registered as PH-BFB with KL Royal Dutch Airlines an f ir s f lo w on Ma 23 1989 hi KLM's s ec on d a s o u H un dr ed . (Sunil Detail
the forward right side
th
main landing-gear tires landing-gear tires. Th
nose u n
g al le y r e with 15 different locations At th en of th 747-40 fuse lage is Pratt W h it ne y C a na d a
ca
t ak e p la ce . T h
earlier 74
rudder pedal.
marks
coup
Th
up t o
ft or
d eg re e
by application
at h ig h s pe e
manufacturer,
nosewheel
to 70 degrees
right from tillers an
models. T hi s f ea tu r
nd
n o aerodynamically
(auxiliary power unit), differen from t h A P found on all PW901AAPU
twin-wheel
limiting speed at which retraction steerable
in
nose
wa
a pp ar en tl y h a
16
ha
main gear c on si st s o f four,
four-wheel bogies; two, mounted side by side under th
th
ATTENDANTS PANEL
w i n g ' s trailing e d g e , w h i c h
retract f or wa rd ;
under
C... ,NlIGHTING
B8B6 ATHNOA""CALL
INDIRECT
wo
center main wheels steer to degree when t h n os e gear is steered more than degree so long as speed less than 23 miles pe hour (3 kilometers pe hour). In flight, th main wheels hang down at what on captain ls "strange tw
angle," u s ua ll y w i t
__ 1Ci
CEIUNG U G H T S - + - , - - =
AUOIOEfUeftT.o.INllEMT
mounted
h e w in gs , w h i c h retract
inward. Th
CABIN SERYICES
f us el ag e a t
th
af wheels
lower on t h
b og y beam.
retrac
t io n t he y ar
centered an
straight
ened so that they fit into t h CABIN SYSTEM MODULE
well Th landing gear configuration is based o n t ha t of th "classic" models,
ut b ec au s
Hundred It's
all
en fo grante when we file
he passenge cabi l i gh t ni n g s y st e m
747-40 preparin fo as designed with
g re a
flight bu of user
friendly thinking directed toward bothflight attendants and passengers (Boeing)
46
AIRLINER TECH
..
w he e
w e ig h a n
th
Dash Four
greater takeoff makes greater us
of
digital systems, minor changes have been introduced. Th most signifi-
re
cant change is th
introduction of
STA
carbon disc brake u n i ts , r e pl a ci n g s te e d is c brakes (this change
45
STEPS FIRST OBSERVER
as
FLIGHT KIT STOWAGE FIRST OFFICER
also introduced in th Boeing 757)
;"",,---,---p
WING
Quite remarkably, engineers
redesigned th
ad
47 jet
wing
liner fewer than 10 times th time th 747-400 wing wa finalized, although m os t c ha ng e na an
therefore
MAI N PANEL
w er e inter-
ot v is ib l
t o th
eye. Th wing 747-400 spans feet meters when th air 211 feet craft is f ul l f ue le d inches (64.6 m e te r s o t he r w is e , is s w e p t at 37.5 degrees at quarterchord, an ha an aspect rati of Th w i n g is 17 feet (5.2 meters) greater i n s pa n t ha n t h w in g th 747-300, ut is lighter. Th wing ha surface of aluminum alloy, dualpath, fail-safe material an is distin
The 75th oein 747 for Japan (via Michae Stroud)
Ai
SECOND OBSERVER STA
45 CREW REST BUNKS:
7B"
30
FUGHT DECK AND CRE
OPTIONAL SEA F OL D
RES
ARRANGEMENT
of the flight deck with he nose of the aircraft to the viewer's left. overhead seats captain view encompasses the first officer, or relief crewmembers located immediately behind the pilots, bunks. The ergonomic layout of the flight deck claims to reduce the workload of the 747-400 flight crew during either normal or abnormal operations. (Boeing)
An
Li es (o all models) is this 747-446 takin shap on the factor floo at Everett.
BOEING
141-400
47
guished (o
m o s t e x am p le s of th
aircraft) by th
ubiquitous, carbon-
skinned winglets. Th
extension of
wingspan measures just w hi l
th
f ee t
angled winglets
maximum span of
have
11
inches (.9 meter).
7 47 -4 0 wing weighs 28,000 pounds (12,70 kilo grams), an measures 5,600 square fee (5 4. square meters), an area b r oa d e n ou g h to hold 45 mediumsized automobiles or W or l W a 1er Curtiss JN4-D Jenny biplanes. Th
adoption o f w in g le t
as
that enables airline operators to conserve essentially
compromise
fuel while keeping th span of th win within reason for operation on c ro w de d a ir po r
h ar d st an d s easier
to
give t h D as h Four Hundred greater span a n d ~ i n g area, bu that would h av e c om pl ic at e
Close-up of Rolls-Royc engine on
747-400 freighte operated by Cargolux.
(Rolls-Royce).
o p er at io n s near
PRESSURE REGULATING SHUTOF VALV PRECOOLE
EXHAUST
(COWL MOUNTED)
ELECTRICAL DISCONNECT
AI
PUMP
DR VE
AND
HYDRAULIC
ON
P&WA PT2/TT2
PROBE
F ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ \ - : E X ~ V H A U S T
PLUG
STARTER VALVE OVERBOARD DRAIN THRUST REVERSER COWL
PRATI
The Pratt
Whitney PW4256 h ig h
derivative
th JT9D-7R4G
p as s
b u w it h
authorit electronic engine contro (EEC).
48
AN
WHITNE
PW4000 ENGINE
t ur bo fa n e ng in e t h first 747-400 power plant
to
the
x tr a 1.5 bearing, shorte combuster, advanced aerodynamic shape, an
is
full
he engineis rate at 56,750 pounds static thrust at sea level for takeoff. (Boeing)
AIRLINER TECH
..
th
g at e
taxiway.(As an
th
aside, some Classics ar fitted with winglets.) According to th additional 6-foo
no
being
b ui ld er , t h
meter) wingtip
extension an winglet adds nothing to th weight of th wing weight savings of approximately
5,000 pounds (2270 kilograms) wa wing
a ch ie ve d i n th
using ne
a l u m i n u m alloys t h a t offset w e i g h t increase of th extension
nd winglet. Th
nacelle pylons,
a i c ra f
ma
Kevlar an 747-400
wingtip wing,
n ac el le s o f th
ex en
other graphite materials.
TAIL
747 "classic" airliners t h a p re c ed e d it, th Dash Four Hundred introduced extensive s ec t T h h or i changes t o I n c o nt r as t to th
the Everett As seen fro beneat the wingtip of 747-40 factory, this is detailed ie of the outboard leading edge slats, showin the color variations in aircra metals an composit material prior to painting. Games c. Goodall)
PRESSURE REGULATIN AN SHUTOF VALVE TO AIR DRIVEN HYDRAULI PUM ON
TAl.
SUPPLY DUC
FUL AUTHORITY DIGITA ELECTRONIC CONTROL (FADEC)
STARTE
DUC
PNEUMATI
STARTE
VALVE
PNEUMATIC STARTER
IGNITION UNITS DRAI MAST HYDRAULIC P UM P
GENERA
I NT E
ELECTRI
CF
A TE D
IV
E NE RA TO R
ENGINE
D a Four Hundre airliner' most widely-use power plant is the General Electric CF6-80C-BIF high bypass ratio turbofan engine derivative of the 6- 0E bu wit shorte overal length rg diameter fan, four-stage oost compressor, shorter combuster, core-mounted accessory gear box and engine accessories, an relocated engine mounts. (Boeing) BOEING
141-400
49
zontal tail ha
3,300-gallon integral
t an k b e tw e e
s pa rs . T h f u
rear
tank increases range
miles
by about
an
kilometers).
span Th horizontal tailplane ha of 72 feet inche meters) an it actuall boasts more area than th entire wing of airliner
horizontal stabilizer con-
Th
ts
l ef t an
right outboard sec
tions attached to
center section
with close tolerance lockbolts. Th
t ot a t ra v e
th
s t ab il i ze r
degrees.
This three-quarter-rear vie
show th righ wingtip and winglet of
747-40
nearing completio at th factory. (James C. Goodall)
hi view of
747-400F freighte bein
production line and provides
50
revealin lo
le in
stabilizer position indica t o s ys te m u se s three transmitters to provide th flight crew with infor m at io n T h s ta bi li ze r c on tr o sys te trims th aircraft longitudinally varying th horizontal (i pitch stabilizer angle of attack. The rear surface of th horizon ta tailplane c on si st s o f f ou r- pi ec e elevator to t h r ea r of
Everet factor illustrate
at th tail structure (James C. Goodall)
AIRLIlVERTECH
type of scaffoldin employed on th
All that attention to the wing of th 747 400 produced complex and magnificent win structure, spanning 211 inches (64.44 meters), weighing 66,000 pounds (29,980 kilograms) wit surfaces everywhere In this view of 747-400, inboar Kreuge leading-edg flaps the simple leading-edge flap betwee en es four et of trailing aircraft is extremely edge flaps. stable just as suggests, and the win flight surf ce perform brilliantly. (Andre Ran)" th
GlARESHIElD FLOODUGIfT
horizontal stabilizer, with four
h y d r au l i c a c t ua t o r
plus controls
elevator fe system Th le vator feel system prevents overcon trol i n p it c an causes an increas in artificial force to react against control inputs as speed increases. nd
th
rudder of th
747-40 also have been redesigned. T h v er t ic a stabilize (f n) consists of
front spar, rear s pa r
r ib s
skin, which together constitute beam. Tw r u d d e r s c on (upper an lower) ar used trol, trim, an automatic rollout in th ya xi Th u p pe r r ud d e ha stringers, an
i n c re a s e
t r a ve l an
three triple-
FLIGHTDECK LIGHTING
The lighting configuratio of the pilots fligh deck was the result of considerable thought or was completely reworked in contrast to 747-400 "classic" models. (Boeing) BOEING
741-400
51
IDlING
?4?-4DD
MAINTENANCE
MANUAL
UPPER RUDDER
OUTBOARO
ELEVATOR
The complexit of the flight surface on the -400, especially the leading-edge flaps, which have 14 distinct surfaces is illustrated in this look from above and below. (United Airlines) valve actuators The aircraft height
of
in he measured from runway
m et er s
65
unchanged from th
earliest 747
model to th
l at e t , a s i s th exterior shape of th vertical fin. Th vertical stabilize is designed with r em ov able leading edge. LIGHTING
Th engineering e a
LEAOING EDGE FLAPS
FLAPS
13
12
VARIABLE CAilliER FLAPS
5 4 3 2 1
11
a t Boeing
d e v ot e d c o ns i de r ab l e time
KIlUEGER
1E
attention to lighting on th aircrafti l lu m i n at i o within t h
p r o v id e d
p a ss en g e
cabin to th
white strobe ligh at th
very rea ti
of th f us el ag e t ai l c o e . T h s ys tems manual for th aircraft tell us that th
flight deck includes floor
lights, dome lights, ma lights, utili ty lights, indicator lights, an inte i n s t r u m e n t lights, each designed nd positioned with con
gral
Flight Control
S u r f a c ~ s
siderable care by ergonomi experts In th passenger cabin lighting is controlled th ACESS nd is completely programmable. On th outside of this bi
aircraft, th exteri
o r l ig h installation wa
configured
with careful though given t o r el ia
bility an eas of maintenance. Most lightning control switche ar abov th pilot in th forward edge f or wa r
o v er h ea d panel w hi l
in
a se s t he r a r s wi tc he s in the compartments lighted. some
Thi Singapor Airlines 747-400 is receiving attention, apparentl at he factory at Everett. Yes, there is main entry door ocated on he right side of the forward fuselage, even though airliners in service are almost always boarded from the left side. (via Michae Stroud)
52
AIRLINER TECH
747-400 '
~ " I - A R I A N T S
THE M A I N MODELS IN USE
beginning, the prima ry object with th 747-400 wa
competitive edge.
to m ak e t h
no
ro
th
wa
more of
Included
newness,
wer studie
re some variants that no built as Boeing
shifted its perception
That meant improved systems, sim
size, that counted-improving upon basi design that looked dis
plicit of operation, nd the flexibili
tinctly old-fashioned w h e n com
bered t ha t e ve r
pared to aircraft such as th
it
757 an
change from time to time,
a ir cr af t better.
develop various models fo
various applications. Increasin pas senger capacit wa never an impor tant m o ti v e A f te r all, th SU of he at
" c a ss ic " 747-300 a d d e d
useful capacity to th
basic design
marginally reduced average
767, an
Boeing th early Airbuses.
New-technology
p o w e r plants,
a d v a nc e d m a t er i al s , ne
namics, an t h ar systems were th ke to t h D as h F ou r Hun d re d a n to the flexibilit that made
seat/mile costs. Nevertheless, with passenger capacity of
e ve n
earliest Boeing 747-100s h el d m or e
travelers t ha n a n of their competi tors Increasing th aircraft's capaci
aerody
over th
years.
market
should be remem
airline carrier ha
wn special n e ed s t he s
software beneath
needs th mod
airliner is c o ns ta n tl y b e in g upgraded. 747-300A
variants
described in thi chapter. The following is a n a tt em p to provide the principal characteristics of t h d if fe r en t kinds of 747-400.
Fo
brief
i n te n s
p e ri o d
Boeing devoted engineering efforts to longer-range Boeing 747-300A "classic" with longer-span wings,
The first Boein 747-400F freighter takes offf it ma de flight at Everett, Washington, on May 4, 1993, wearing he U.S. civi registry N6005C that was assigned for test purposes. The aircraft, 747-428F intended fo Air France as F-GlUA, was not delivered to th French airline, which decided to purchase Combi model instead. The aircraft was placed Arizon fo time before being delivered to Cargo lux on September 13 1995, with the registry LX-lCV (Boeing) BOEING
1 4 1 - 4 ~ ~
53
On September
4,1988, Boeing
arranged thi phot opportunity to compar the 747-40 and th 737-400. Tha month, th firs exampl of th smalle aircraft wa delivered
to
Piedmont
Airlines, whil th first 747 40 wen
to
Northwest
Airlines on January 26 1989 Th difference in size Th 74 ha 232-foot (70.7 meter) fuselage length th is
119
(36. meters). Th larger flying machine is
course,
line number 696, constructor's number 23719, registered as N401PW-the firs ship in
an
ver same Dash Four Hundre that first went Northwest. (Boeing) increased f u e c a pa ci ty ,
engines. This aircraft w ou l
been marginally m o r
ever it would have retained most
nd h av e
c a pa b l
of
handling long-distance routes. H ow -
th
d r aw ba ck s of t h
" cl as si cs " in
th
digital a g e - n o t in th
a dm in is tr at iv e h ea da ch e
Th cargo-haulin freighter versio of th famous Boeing jetliner
least th an
winglets but
passenger models "Meg Ark," Singapor Airlines' term fo it 747-400 freighters freighter, line no 1036, cln 26563, registered as 9V-SFA. (Andre Ran)
54
AIRLINER TECH
..
to
three-pilot aircraft. This model
w o u l d h av e b ee n have th need
e n o u g h to
drawbacks bu ne
enough
lengthy p er io d o f develop-
he stretche uppe
found
most
Singapor Airlines Boeing 747-412F
ment an
testing, m a ki n i t distinct
ly old-fashioned entered service.
me seemed more
cosmetic improvement than
advance, an 747-400
real
quickly shelved.
wa
COMBl
area
roller-conveyor system
variation in seasonal m ar ke t
an
enablin cargo containers to be read ily loaded an unloaded. Since it i n t ro d u c ti o n i n 1975, th Boeing 747 Combi ha helped airlines around th world meet their
charter demands.
long-range passenger
747. Cargo operation inter fere with passenger service becaus main-deck carg loadin occurs in an a re a o f t h a ir pl a where normally there no activity Thi simultaneous
cargo
requirements. The Comb has
larg
t h Combi's that i t c a be scheduled
Anothe reason
popularity t hr ou g
a n a ir po r with th
same
turnaround time as a n y p a ss e ng e r
"Two airplanes in one," Boeing Th 747-400 Combi derives call it name f ro m o ff er in g combina
wing, plus equipment that removes
tion of passenger
tracks, giving airlines t h o pt io n of
passenger-and -cargo-loading
carrying cargo in containers on th
unloading operation is possible because of th stability allowed by
c ar g
m e deck.
l oa d s
10xll-foot
(305x340-centimeter) cargo door dis tinguishes th 747-400 C om bi ; t hi s door is arranged in upward-opening position on th left side of th rear fuselage Th Combi ha strength ened floor in th
side-cargo d o o r b e h i n d th passenger seats
nd i n st al l
left c ar g
main deck behind passengers. This flexibility a ll o w
th
a ir l in e
to adapt
interior configuration to meet
nd
af arrangement wing a n d b o d landing gear th
fore an
rear-deck cargo
Exhibiting th familiar line of the basi Dash Four Hundred design this aircraft is
th Pratt
...
Whitney engine-powered
Boeing 747-400 prototyp (lin number 696, cl 23719), alia N401PW.
(via Michael Stroud)
BOEING
141-4@@
55
This is possibly the ver first airlin color scheme to underg change following it earl appearance on 747-400. Many United Airline customers and employees liked these colors better than the colors that replaced them (dominated by dark blues and grays). Their appearance in Dash Four Hundred photo, however, is extremely rare. Th larg side-cargo door on th m ai n d ec k a ll ow s c ar g
loading in
t h a f s ec ti o at t h s am e time pas s en ge r
ar
boarded in t h
f or wa r
section. locked partition separates the passenger compartment from th carg area which is accessible only by th crew Roller tray on the 747' af floo facilitate loading of 8-foot wide (2.4-meter) containers, or pal lets, to 20 feet long (6.1 meters). The airplane's main d ec k c a accom m o da t
in th
a n y c on ta in e o r p al le t used
aviation industry today in
length of up to 20 feet (6.1 meters).
Th Combi ca handle large volume
Th
f ir s Combi went into ser
shipments such as a u t o m o b i l e s ,
vice with th
small b oa t
Belgia Worl Airlines in early 1974. standard 747-10 passen This wa
h ea v
machinery,
drilling equipment an
aircraft or ta
h e l ~ c o p t e r s .
control in th
transportation
c ar g
li
even small Environmen a re a a ll ow s
a ni ma ls , p e r
now-defunct Sabena
g e a i rp la n e m o di fi e d
tion of
installa
side cargo d oo r B oe in g
delivered t h
s t t r u e 747-200
ishabl foods, an cut flowers/veg etables, w h il e m a in t ai n in g s ep a ra t e environmental control o f t h passen ge cabin. The 747-40 Combi incor p ro te ct io n porates additional
Combi (with t h e s id e -c a rg o door
two-crew
Royal Dutch Airlines
digital
advanced engines, wingtip exten sion with winglet, a n
ne
interiors.
already installed) to Ai
Canada in
February 1975. fo
Swiss ai wa th first customer th 747-300 Combi, KL as f ir s f o
747-400 C om bi . T h stretched upper deck of th 747-300 an 747th
There is no outward clue that this is "Combi," an aircraft configured fo mix of passengers and cargo. The location is Toront and this beautifu aircraft is Boeing 747-43 Comb line number 840, c/n 24998, registere as C-CAGL. The manufacturer delivered this aircraf to Ai Canada on February 15, 1991 (Bill Crimmins)
56
AIRLINER TECH
..
400 C om bi s c a
a cc om m od at e 44
more passengers than th
ARE MICROPHONE
standard
74 -2 Combi. The 47-400 Combi is currently th o nl y C om b in pro duction. More than 30 customers total of 1 4
operate
Combis,
including 58 747-40 Combis.
convertible, mixed passen ger/freight Boeing 747-400 Combi ha th same modifications as "clas sic" 74 Combis, w i t h h e s am e Th
removable
m o ve a bl e i n te r na l
bulkhead to separate th
nd freight i nc h c ar g
nd th
same 120x134
c ra f a ls o equipped to be able to 7t
o r 1 3t h pallet
tapering part of th
AREA MICROPHON
p o r t rear
door on
th
rear fuselage.
With Extended Twin-Engine Operat i n g P r oc e du r e s (ETOPS) allowing smaller twins to be used
ULB----t+ll
I",ICIiOPHO"lE
MONITOR
CAPT HANDMICS
FlO
FIRSTOBS OXY MASKMICS
D as h F ou r H u n d r e d
have been less popular. Despite this
VOIC RECORDER
AUDIO MANAGEMENT UNIT(AMU) MAIN EQUIPMENTCENTER(E2-5)
HEADSETS
routes there is less need t o " ha lf full" 47 an less "spare capacity" to be filled by freight, so Combi ver sions of th
--.JI
1-1
passengers
fuselage The aircraft ca 12 pallets in t h e a fuselage, with its strengthened floor, with some air carry
AFT EQUIPMEN CENTER VOICE RECORDER (E-8
AFT EQUIPMENT CENTER (E8)
VOICE RECORDER
famous
bo
hi
in re lity
is th voic recorder tha
or
he as thirty minute of flight crew communications. (Boeing)
Boeing sold 30-od 747-400Ms. The first entered service with KLM dur ing September 1989.
747-400D Boeing tailore severa versions of the 74 (for "domestic") fo the specia needs of Japan's domes ic ai routes Japanese airlines were enabled to h a u l u n u s u a l l y high numbers of passengers (u t o over comparatively short distances. The 747-400D combines th cockpit, u n de r c ar r i ag e D a s
fuselage,
Four Hundred with
"classic"-look short-span wing without in winglets. In fact, th 400D's wing is unique, since it is manufactured from
ne
alloys
rates f it ti ng s t o allow th wingtips an
afligh to Auckland New ealand throug he lens of New Zealande Jim Winchester's this an Airlines aircraft read to go in April 2000.
incorpo
HL7478 is th civi registration assigned to Boeing 747-4B5, line number 739, c/n
extended
24199, first flown on July 15
winglets to be retrofit-
98
in
Korea.
im
Winchester) BOEING
141-400
57
te
carrier seeking to shift
from short-haul to o ve rs ea s o p er a
tions. Unlike th
s t a n d a r d Dash
lacks th cre res facilities an th tailplane very high-densi fuel tank, an ha ty cabin layout an seating. Boeing delivered 747-400D to Japan Ai Lines nd 11 Nip Four Hundred, th
po
-400
A ir wa y s A N A r ec e nt l
con
of th latter 400 standard for us on long-range verted on
r ou te s T h
m a n uf a ct u re r h a s con
s i de r ab l e i n te r es t in selling addi t io n a s h or t -r a ng e , h i gh - ca p a ci t y
747-400s to China, or ve U.s. or European trunk carriers.
2001, Emirates SkyCargo actually Atlas Air, perfor 747-400F freighte duty at the ne Hong Kong airport. (Sunil Gupta)
"classic" -200 model, which ceased production in 1991. Th newer air
747-400F
th
ceiling height on th
main deck
would restrict
by nearly
wing
longer part o f t h forward fuselage
B oe in g 747-400F freighter
structure, increased span, winglets,
to 8-foot high containers, while con
differs from other Dash Four Hun
auxiliary power unit, carbon brakes,
tainers loaded
th Th
dred m o
no
h av i
th
Stretched Upper D ec k T hi s gives th
747-400F
resemblance to th
nd glass cockpit. Th
ne
upper deck
would be essentially wasted space on
freighter an
i t f lo o reduces
door an
ia t h
id
cargo
accommodated behind th
"hump" could be
Ai France ordered
to 10 feet high. -400Fs in 1989,
The cargo 747-400F is especially well illustrate in this view at Taipei Internationa Airport in Octobe 2001. This shot show Taiwan us the us only the aircraft but also examples of the palletized cargo it carries. No e: bo Mainland hina "B-1" civil registr assigned to China. (Sunil Gupta)
58
AIRLIlVERTECH "1M
bu cancelled these in favo of Com aircraft were completed,
bis. Th
first wa delivered to Car golux 1993. About 15 have number of cus been delivered to tomers, including Asiana, Atla ir Cathay Pacific, Korean Air, an Sin gapore Airlines. t h 747 It proponents c la i 400F ha t h l ow es t o pe r at in g costs pe ton-mile of al commercial carg haulers, with 15 percent improve ment over the 747-200F in fuel burn an
th
pe
p o u n d of p a yl o ad . O p er a to r
includ Asiana, Atlas ir Britis Air w a ys , C a rg o lu x , China A i C ar go ,
hilippin Airlines futur
EVA, Korean, Singapore ("Mega
this Boeing "jumbo"
Ark"), an
N752PR is,
P ol a
( wh ic h ha
no
been subsumed by Atlas).
Th
among th
ar
aircraft
that might have been. In 1996 Boe
s t u d y i n g projected 747
500X
747-600X designs t h a t
would have i nc r ea se d t h th
Dash Four H un dr e
b y length
ening the fuselage. design 747-600X wa 548-passenger aircraft with range of 8,90 statute miles or 7,750 nauti ca miles kilometers). wa Th
expected to introduce
nd tw
o pe ra ti n
he time this volume wen a t Hong Kong
u.s. registration,
as
recently
to
press, but
Ma
2001.
appear routinely on 747-400s
bu
belonging to the Philippine carrier. (Sunil Gupta)
747-500X/747-600X
T he s
course
as nc ea
ne
never-built 747-500X
describe as truncate rathe than stretche Dash Four Hundred. would h av e u se d fore an af fuse lage p lu g t o increase fuselag length inches (3.09 meters), 10 feet makin it shorter than the -600X. The 747-500X would h av e c ar ri e 462 passengers up to 10,000 miles ,0 kilometers) with 10 U.S. tons addi tional carg ca acit
Boeing never finalized tion of engin or ec 747-500X 747-600X,
wa
u n d e r p r e s s u r e from airlines to
cockpi compatible with existing 777 models to allow com on type rating fo pilots In Ma 1996, an agreement wa announced Whitney an Gen between Pratt introduce
eral Electric which w o u l d have r es ul te d i n t h
competitors teaming
w in g
body plugs to lengthen the
fuselage, on
measuring 18 feet
inches meters) inches forward of th w in g a n tw others totaling inches (3.09 m et er s a f 10 feet of
wi g.
he m a n u f a c t u r e r
planned t o s tr en gt he n t h
s t r u c t u r e to p e r m i t
fuselage
maximum
takeoff weight of 1,030,00 pounds (46719 kilograms). Th lengthened fuselage would be i nc he s (80 m e te r s f ro m nose t o i l This vastly bigger " su pe r j um bo " w o ul d
747-400s that might charitabl
have required
civi registry assigne by Thai authorities to
new, four-truck
m ai n l a nd in g gear with 16 wheels newer, broader horizontal
stabilizer.
be
characterized
as
unimaginative. HS TG
ship that
is
the
as relatively ea ly
production line namely Boeing 747-407, line number 769, constructor's number 2 44 58 , f ir s f lo w
21 1990
A ir po r
Netherlands. (Andr Ran) BOEING
1 4 1 - 4 ~ ~
59
to j oi n l y d ev el o
a n 84,000
p o u n d - t h r u s t (374-kN) t u r b o f a n engine II/lfl/I/
for th ne th
111"11111
aircraft.
1996 F a r n b o r o u g h
ir
show in Britain, some potential cus
tomers reportedly told R o
W oo d
ward, president of Boeing Commer
cial Airplane Group, of their doubt a b o u t th
economics
of
these
747-40 aircraft designs. Th reported sticker price of $230 millio (i adjusted dollars) fo 747-600 w a b ou t 40 percent "stretched"
greater h a
th
standard
os of
Dash Four H u n d r e d . Woodward
Close-up
th forwar
left si
centur pain scheme tha
is
taxiin Britis Airways craf in th twentieth
fondly remembered
This on
is
Boeing 747-436,
line number 1059, cln 25815, whic comple ed it maiden flight and
is
April 6,
1995
registere G-CIVG. (Michael Shayler)
"Utopia" pain
ch me
insisted that need for an even larg er aircraft would become obvious in th future-perhaps anticipating Air bus's A380 concept, which evolved at th
turn
c en tu ry . F o th
t im e b ei ng , h ow ev er , t h
h e Dash Five Hun-
turer s e a s
introduced by Britis Airways to
ne
millenniu
being unable to count, Britis introduced themat th star of 2000 (the fina year of th twentiet century) rath Most of
unusual
This Boeing 747-436 li
design
by variou artist
at London's Gatwic Internationa Airport no 802, cln 24056, registered
having complete it maidenfligh on July
60
take
as
shellackin from passengers April 7,
G-BNLN. Th
1999,
little
relatively arly slot
0. (Michael Shayler)
AIRLINER TECH
..
m an uf ac
although than 00
mp oyees, an ir assembly
is
This side view of generi Dash Four Hundred airline shows the locations of principa items of radio and electronic equipment an antennas. (Boeing)
VOR
CENTER EQUIPMENT CENTER (E6, E9)
WEATHER RADA
VHFR
AFT EQUIPMENT CENTER (EB)
ILS GIS TRACK
ILS GIS CAPTURE AND LOC
MAIN EQUIPMENT
CENTER (E1. E2, E30, E31)
EQUIPMENT CENTER
d re d a n
Dash Six hundred in order
to procee with improvements 757, 767, an 77 series 747-700X
6, Boein briefed air proposed 747 lin executives on 700X m od e t ha t w o ul d h av e b ee n bigger an longe reaching than an of it previous designs, although still smaller than th huge Airbus design that evolve
Airbus
was, in l ir e- bo dy in g th 747-600X concept with wider fuse lage bu retaining the wing, engines, an landing gear The 747-700X wa meant to carry abou 650 passengers approximately the distance covered by the standard 747-400. LONGER-RANGE
u si n
ar
th
same size as today's 747
th
400s, a ir li ne s they a ll o c ar g c ar ri er s t o l on ge r r ou te s o r
747-400 is th world's fastes subsonic jetliner. in
claim that th
auxiliary a n
ob
th
r cr a
in th
l ow e
p ro vi de s
e xi st in g r ou t es . To s u p p o r t this
a d di ti on a r an g c ap ab il it y a n o pt io na l s ec on d t an k is available.
enhanced capability, t h
Using both auxiliary tanks an
m or e c a g o o r p a ss e ng er s on
Range freighter an
L on ge r
passenger ver
in th
h or iz on ta l stabilizer (o
fuel th
sions have increased their gross
p a s s e n g e r v er si on ) t h
takeoff w ei gh t b y 35,000 p o u n d s
Range 747-400 will be able to carry
(15,870
kilograms)
to
910,000
Longer
to 63,765 U.s. gallons (241,370
p o u n d s (412,770 kilograms). In announcing progress with this vari
l it er s o f
a nt , B o i n r ei te ra te d i t longstand-
strengthene
support th
w e i g h t i nc re as e t h part
gross
a i rc r af t h a s wing, fuse-
747-400
A t t h b eg in ni n of 00
wa
Longer-Range 747-400 aircraft
c ar r
Also in
AND ANTENNA LOCATIONS
Boeing
term "Longer-Range
747-400" (and,
times, simply
"Long Range") for th
newest ver
s io n o f t h D as h Four Hundred. Th first e xa mp l
wa
s la te d to begin
major assembly at Everett in Febru t o r ol l ou in June, an to ar be delivered in October to launch customer Qantas.
Malaysia Airlines operating at Hong Kong. (Sunil Gupta) BOEING
141-400
61
load, either in full load of 416 passen
cargo or
gers Inside it interior
lo
feels even more spa
747's unique, 20-foot-wide cross section. c io u
b e ca u s
of th
Freighter: Th
f ir s
L on ge r
Range 747-40 Freighter als w it h a n increased takeoff weight of 910,000 pounds (412,770 kilograms), will be delivered in Octobe to Interna tional Lease Finance Corp., operated by Air France Th
In July 2001, eigh months afte Singapore Airlines suffered its first ever aircraft loss, 747-400, at this location, dark sky gather ehin this ingapore Dash Four Hundre flying over Taipei airport. 9V-SMF is the civi registry assigned to Boeing 747-412, line number 791, cln 24066, which made it firs flight on June 10 1990 before delivery to the carrier. (Sunil Gupta) lage, a n d l an di n ne
tires an Th
gear, including
wheels.
manufacturer describes th
Longer-Range variants thusly: Passenge version: Blending th latest in passenger amenities found with exceptional in th Boeing
takeoff weight i nc re as e a ll ow s t hi s a ir pl an e to fl additional 52 nautical miles (972 kilometers), o r c ar r an additional 21,000 pounds (9,525 kilo grams) of payload o n l on g -r a ng e
flights at maximum takeoff weight. takeoff weight
With
non-stop, highcdemand routes, th
capability the Longer-Range 747-40 carry 134 Freighter will be b l tons (122,525 kilograms) of cargo.
p a s s en g e r v e r si o n of th
Both
performance to support long-range,
Longer
Range 747-40 ca fly additional 435 nautical mile kilometers). Or, i t c a c a r y an additional 15,000 pounds (6,800 kilograms) of pay-
versions
of
747-400
Freighter (875,000-
910,000
pound takeof weight will continu
t o c la i t h industry's lowes operat ing cost pe ton-mile. u.s. AIR FORCE C-33A
1990s when Boeing wa competing with the manufactur er o f t h A i F or ce ' G lo be ma s te (befor b uy in g t h company), In t h
e ar l
business
legislative l ea de r
in
the Pacifi Northwest wer interest seeing th 747-400 in Air Forc colors What they d i n o w an t repeat of th
1960s, 1970s, an mad
history of th
1980s when Boeing
a t te m pt s to i nt e re s t t h
Force in t h port aircraft
Taipei 2001, Malaysia Airlines akes off, displaying ho-hum pain scheme that causes few to regret this carrier not being depicted more ofte in print. Headin out is in 747-4H line number 1130, cln 28426, first flow on October 5, 1997, and not likely to excite anyone much unless Malaysia hires artist and starts all over again. (Sunil Gupta)
62
AIRLINER TECH
..
t ra t g i
Ai
ra
lost ou when th
servic chose, instead, to re-wing 70 aging C-5A Galaxy an subsequent purchase 50 ne C-5Bs. At on point, B o ei n g o f fe r e change version of th
with " k ne e li n g
jack
minimum
747-200F, bu
n os e gear (using
lower the nose afte manual-
nose wheels) to
ly r e tr a ct in g t h
allow more direct ramp-loading into th fuselage. When an opportunity to th aircraft to th A i a ro s again in minimum Boeing offere change, PW4056-engined derivative of th Boeing 747-400F to meet th requirement known
jargon as
NDAA (Non Developmenta Alter
Airlifter). This aircraft would h av e b e e designated C-33A in mili tary service. would have boasted
native
nO,OOO-pound (417302-kilogram)
m a x i m u m takeoff w e g h
an
range of 7,800 nautical miles. Boe NDAA compe
ing's C-33A wo
th
tition,
n ev e
wa
although it ma
procured,
have stimulated th
C-17 team i nt o s o v in g t he i p ro b
he location
hicago
O'Hare I nt er na ti on a A ir po rt .
lems an getting that aircraft back on track. Congressional pressure for th
i t i ni ti a f li gh t
C-33A eased after Boeing acquired
United Airlines. (Tom Pesch)
M cD on ne l D ou gl a manufacturer
1998
he
ec
be
he aircraft is Boeing 747-422 line number 762, cln 24381, whic completed v er et t o n a n a r
1990 and operates
as
N174UA with
t o become th
of th C-17.
21 2000 fo
f it ti n
it will b e a dd e at Wichita.
o ut .
Force p l a n n e d to b e g i n
unclear whether titanium shielding
intended to protect th
u.s. AIR FORCE Y A L - l
undersides
from lase exhaust gases wa is th U.S. A i F or ce ' designation for the laser-equipped, YAL-IA
incor-
porated during production,
flight testing th W hi t
a i rb o rn e l a se r at
S an d P ro vi n
G ro un d Ne
Mexico, in 2001, leading to th
first
anti-ballistic-missile aircraft based
747-400F airframe. team composed of Boeing Lockhee Mar th
tin,
TR
wa
awarded
billion program definition an r e d uc t io n c o nt r ac t fo
risk
airborne
anti missile s ys te m i n N ov em be r
1996. Th YAL-IA prototype (mili -0 tary serial no wa ordered on November 12, 1996 TRW demon strated successful missile tracking laser firing i n e a l y 1998.
an
June
formal authority was
received to proceed with construc tion
of th YAL-1.
747-400F des tined to b ec om e t h YAL-IA began in August 1999, an th aircraft (Air Force serial 00-0001) f ir s f le w Production
January
delivered
"green" to Wichita Kansas on Janu-
When Ai Canada swallowed up Canadian Airlines th result, at leas temporarily, h yb ri d p ai n an Ma
w it h
name of heforme company
s ur vi vi n th fuselage
c o p an y
fi
he location is H on g
20 1. (Sunil Gupta) BOEING
141-400
63
Boeing is responsibl for supplying th 747-400 Freighter for th YAL-l, developing crew safety and th Battl Management system. Lockheed Martin
is responsibl for th nose-mounted turret illuminator la er and beam control system. TR
is responsible for
the system's high-energy laser.
(Boeing) demonstration against
ballistic
missile during The prototype be followed by one pre-produc five production
tion aircraft AL-1As. Th
prototype
nd EM
production AL-1A standards.
to flee
of seven aircraft would a ll o
on
aircraft wil t he n b e brought
enemy missiles during t he i b o os t
will h a v e
phase.
between 180 an
range of
miles
580 kilometers), with th flying at 40,000 feet (1 ,1 O p ti ca l- b as e
an
YAL-1A meters).
s en s or s (the so
called Electron-bombarded Charge IR Coupled Device cameras)
aircraft of those d e p l o y e d to
(infra-red) detectors provided
maintained on airborne alert around
L o ck h ee d -M a rt i n d e t ec t
th
clock during
deployed opera
launch,
cu
th
missile
l as e o nt o it
w i t h tw aircraft b e i n g retained in t h c on ti ne nt a U n it e
target, achieving lock on between 30
State fo home defense.
launch. Th
tion,
Th carry
YAL-1A
AL-1A will
huge TRW multi-hundred
Kilowatt chemical o xy ge n i o di n e long-range
laser (COIL)
articu
lated n o s e - m o u n t e d turret. powerful, nose-mounted
laser d e s i g n e d to s h o o t d o w n
64
14
e co n
f te r m i
laser then fire 5o n b u rs t a t t h missile's vulnerable
mid-section, igniting it tanks ac
nd causing th
propellant
debris t o
tory This in itsel is viewed by some of
chemical or biological warheads.
AIRLINER TECH
..
a i rc ra f t would carry suffi
cient oxygen an iodine t o a ll o th l as e t o 5 -s ec on d b u rs t s d ur mission, at an estimated cost of in $1,000 pe burst. Th AL-IA ma also assigned other roles, perhaps using it camera system an IR detectors fo long range standoff reconnaissance. Th laser could be used or lethal SE (suppression of enemy air defenses), th defense o f h ig h v al u assets such as (Joint Surveillance Track in an Radar System) nd AWACS (Airborne Warning an Control Sys tem), against SAM
(surface-to-air
missiles) or AAMs (air-to-air mis
o nt o h e l au nc h n at io n' s terri
deterrent against th
Th
siles), even t h e d e st r uc t io n of low-flying cruis missiles Th lase ma even have d eg re e o f capabili ty against manned aircraft.
COLORFUL JUMBOS 875,OOO-POUND it 231-ft., 10-in. fuse ), it l ag e i t stretched upper broad vertical ,.7 rt deck, an t h B oe in g g en e ro u c an va s t o an the high-tech ai
Malaysian, an
ir
Japan A i
began 747-40
i rl in e p ai nt s a s t he y' l transport felons to the penitentiary There were exceptions. Fro the
on th
m o m en t t he i
c hi ld re n he same is true of Japan Ai Lines' bril lian murals of children' themes.
747-400s emerged
India,
ne
s ta i
brushes that have
Thai,
ed t ha t o n
f ro m t h paint shop at Everett, Saudi Arabian Airlines, South African, an Virgin ad catchy colors that cap t ur e b ot h t h y e an th mind. In th 1990s, t hi ng s c h an g e fo th better. Airline were suddenly will in to spend more an think harder before wielding the figurativ bush. "Dreary" wa out. "Dream schemes" were in. Many airliners revamped their standard company colors; even
artist wieldin
r ep la ce d t h paint brush. When th 747-40 first appeared 1980s, t h c an va s an p ai n w er e on hand, bu the artistry wa missing. Never in favor of brilliance when blandness will job, most carriers have opted fo colo schemes that ar sin gularly devoid of imagination. Qantas,
FLYING CANVAS
operations w it h p ai n designs that enabled th viewer to determine which c ar ri e t h a ir cr af t just barely, sometimes. belongs to Bu like th original schemes used by Britis Air an United, these achieve being colors with t h d is ti nc ti o wa commentou being colorful.
U ni te d w hi c
d e- em ph as iz e
its identit as an American flag car rier nd adopted blue-dominated scheme in
heavily-marketed no
to globalism. Similarl shucking it nationality in f av o an image as global citizen, Northwest Airlines
came u p w it h it "Worldplane" idea. All Nippon's dazzling theme, based
children's g am e P ok em o n
appealed
British A ir wa ys , w hi c
no merely staid
c ol o
l oo ke d
ut stodgy acquired
began
s ch em e
devoting considerable a t t e n t i o n -
nd m o n e y - - t o individual aircraft
tails, created by numerous artists. is always c ha ll en g t o capture an a ir cr af t i n color in
works fo
th
image that
viewer. Photos ar
square or rectangular, while air craft--especially th long an
so th
747-400--are
thin.
t h p ag e that fol the bes shutterbug of
a ir li ne r w o r l d give
glimpses at th
fe
Boeing 747-400 in
full, colorful glory. Th photogra phers, however, d i n o paint the air craft. Any beholder in s ea rc h o f ferent definition of beauty w il l h av e to contac the airlines
Taken on July 5, 2001, this is 20-second timed exposure of soon to be delivered Cathay Pacific 747-400 cockpit with the power on. This view shows the six multi-function displays (five on the main instrument panel and center console), center console, and protective coverings on cockpit seats. When entering an aircraft at the Boeing production facility, everyone is required to wear cotton booties so as not to mark or trace any of the floor coverings or walkways. Games c. Goodall) BOEING
747-400
65
The low-slun engine nacelles and upturne winglet of he Dash Four Hundre stan ou in hi aerial view of All Nippon Airways' Boeing 747-481 line number 805, c/n 24801, registered as JA8094, which first flew on August 20, 1990 (All Nippon A i rw a y v i a Michae Stroud
The features of th 747-400 series are displayed to good advantage hi air-to-ai view of Air India' aircraft named the Konark. Th stretched upper deck (SUD) and winglets are the quickest identification features, although the SUD is not unique to the Dash Four Hundred and the winglets are not foun on all. The Konark is Boeing 747 437 (line number 987, c/n 27078), registered as VT-ESM. Boeing delivered this aircraf to Air India on August 1993 (Air India)
On final approach at Chicago's O'Hare Internationa Airport in April 1999, this massive jetliner passes by littl too close to be completely captured by the lens of Tom Pesch, whose airline photography has provided enjoyment to many enthusiasts over the years. With nose wheel ready an main wheel trucks dangling this ship on th verg of landing happen to be Korean Airlines' Boeing 747-4B51ine number lOB, c/n 27072, registered as HL7489, whic made its first flight on January 7, 1994. (Tom Pesch)
66
AIRLINER TECH
..
The location is London's Heathrow Internationa Airport in
ye is
2000
and th aircraft
one of th handfu
Dash
Four Hundred widebodie in South African's modest but busyfleet Specifically thi air craft
is
Boeing 747-444 line
number 1162/ c/n 28468/ regis tered as ZS-SAK, which first took
to
th
ne 30 1998.
Th South African arrier adopte its curren paint scheme righ abou
time th firs
747-400 were acquiring thei livery. (Jim Winchester) This Britis Airways' cheer and colorful fin-which, like th rest of th airline's
scheme ha not
won universal acclaim-was designed by well-known Australian design studi Balarinji. The aircraf is Boeing 747-436 line number 842/ c/n 24630/ registered as
G-BNLT whic
flight
ad its initia
February 26/1991. The
work of artist Danuta Wodj of Poland's Lowicz region thi paint scheme is known ••••••••
Lowickie livery
as
th "Koguty tribut
to
Poland appear on abou eight aircraft, al of different types, serving with British Airways. (Tom Pesch
BOEING
747-400
67
Seen in print little less often than the aircraft of many carriers, those serving with Saud Arabia Airlines cover the globe nonetheless. This look at the complete aircraf at the outer terminal at Washington ulles, with it fin show in close-up, takes place near sunset on February 2000 evening but fact dail occurrence. The aircraft is Boeing 747-468 line number 1122, c/n 28339, registered as HZ-AIV and flown fo the first time on September Alex Hrapunov)
This wa dubb he 'freighter wit smile" in promotiona material for the 1993 Paris International Ai Salon. It's actually the first 747-4R7F freighter for Cargolux. The aircraft is named or he adjacent city an duch of Luxembourg. The ability to open he nose in this manner give the 747-400F some capability to handle "roll-on cargoes, but the relative difficulty of loading the aircraft is the main reason it has not competed satisfactorily for military contracts agains roll-on, roll-off transports like Boeing's ow C-17 Globemaster III. (via Michae Stroud)
68
AIRLINER TECH
..
Chin Airlines operating at in June 2001. This angl illustrate ho
th heav
747-400 can be in th "rotate" position and be nowher near any danger of brushing its
lowe
fuselage agains th
concrete One separate from th pavement th 16 wheels on main-whee bo ie simply dangle at
downwar angle/
controlled by nothin othe tha gravity. (Sunil Gupta)
Th bell of the beast: Virgin Atlantic bare its undersid at Chicag O'Hare in April 2000. This view accent th that
over th tw
inboar (fuselage) main whee units seen almost completely retracted after th two outboard (wing) main whee assemblies have alread been completely closed up.
(To
"Mega Ark"
Pesch)
is
Singapore Airlines' nam for it freighter versions of th Boeing 747-400/ including this example visiting Chicag O'Har in August 1998. This
aircraft is Boeing 747 412F line number 10 6. cln 26563/ first flown July 8, 1994 and registered as 9V-SFA with Singapore. (Nate Leong)
BOEING
747-400
69
All Nippon's colorful aircraft name fo th children's game Pokemon operates at Washington Dulles in June 2000. This aircraft is Boeing 747-481, line number 979, c/n 25645, registered as JA8962 first flown on May 19, 1993 (Alex Hrapunov)
Perhaps inspired by Japan Airlines' success with its aircraf dedicated to the Pokemon comic strip and children's game, Cathay Pacific tried its own versio of kids pain scheme with it "S Team, Same Dream" color design. Thi phrase refers, in part to Hon Kong's reversion to Ch na 1999. Apparently the most recent photos appearin in this volume, these December 16 2001 portraits were snapped at the ne Hong Kong airport. The aircraft is Boeing 747-467, line number 877, c/n 24955, which has been flying sinc September 11, 1991 and bears civil registry VR-HOXfor Cathay. (Sunil Gupta)
As if to compete with All Nippon's Pokemo schem fo the claim to most colorful 747-400, the jetliner's launch customer, Northwest, celebrated 50 years of Pacific operations by emblazoning children's art on this ship known as the "Worldplane. The name is no accident since Northwest is seeking globa image having long ago he he name Northwest Orient. The aircraft actually is Northwest Airlines' Boeing 747-451 line number 802, c/n 24225, registered as N670US an first flow on August 31 1990. The location is the Netherlands' Schipol Airport. (Andre Ran)
AIRLINER TECH
..
Wit both leading- and trail ing-edgeflap extended climbs in
it
earl moments
following landing-gear retraction
Qantas 747-43
lifts of from Farnborough, England, in September 1994.
(Dave Willis)
On of six aircraft wit theme,
el
Disney
"JAL Drea
Express,"
and painted to mark Japan Airlines' 50t anniversar in 2001, an seen er at Haneda th domestic airpor near Tokyo, in August of that year. Note
markings whic includ
silhouette of
twin-engined
Convair, JAL's first aircraft JA808 is winglet-less Boeing 747-446D, line number 844, c/n 25213, delivered to th Japanese carrie for domestic operationsfollowing it first fligh on March 15 1991 (Sunil Gupta)
"The Drea
Express" is t h n am e
Disney characters to mark
an
th colo scheme
Airlines 50th anniversar in 2001.
at leas six domestic 747-400s painte wit
August 2001 at Haneda Airport, th domestic
airfield for Toky is th cartoon-festoone Boeing 747-446D line number978, c/n 26352, whic firs flew
Ma
11,1993, and
is registered as JA8908. (Sunil Gupta) BOEING
747-400
71
The first Dash Four Hundred plies th sk near Seattle. Line number 696, cln 23719, registered as N401PW, bega th flying career of the new airliner series. Powered by Pratt Whitney PW405 turbofa engines, the first ship was destined for Northwest Airlines following rigorous flight test program. (Boeing)
Boeing 747-406 Combi line number 737, cln 24001, registered as PH-BFD name "City of Dubai, an operated by KLM Airlines The aircraft is landing at Baltimore-Washington International Airport, Maryland, on May 12, 1991. (Joseph G. Handelman)
Seen on approach at London Heathrow, British Airways Boeing 747-400 displays one variation of the so-called "Utopia" paint scheme introduce year early (at the start of 2000) to mark the millennium. It was widely criticized by employees and enthusiasts as not projecting the best imag for the United Kingdom's flag carrier. (Michael Shayler)
72
AIRLINER TECH
747-400
IRLINES
T OD A Y A N D TOMORROW
t i m e . o ~ turmoil, the makeup of an aIrlme company f l e e t ,"·jindeed, th just a bo u a n
c ha n
fr
very existence of
airline-is s ub je c t o on
next.
B oe in g 747-400 population is
Th
more stable than airlin fleets gener
ally. Still, a n y d e sc ri p ti o n of D as h F ou r Hundred in airline ser going to be incomplete an
subjec to change In th
n a rr a ti v e t h a f ol lo ws ,
brie discussion is offered for most
airline companies that operate, or
operated, th
747-400.
m u s t be
emphasized that e ve r y s e nt en c
this narrative
of
subjec to change
Since there ar
h a v e [both] h i g h p as se ng e
an
cargo demand." Ai Canada's initial
CAAC (Civil Aviation Administra
PW4056-powered Dash F ou r H un
tion of C hi na )
dreds w er e e ar l
domestic
to enter service,
beginning in June 1991
Ai Canada h a n u me ro u s other aircraft types, ha retired it thre "classic" 747-100 an three 747-200 Combi models. I t f ir s example of th newer v e rs io n w a s Boeing 47 433 Combi line number 840, registere as C-GAGL which f ir s f le w on February 99 nd wa delivere to th carrier in June. A i C a na d a' s paint scheme includes all-blue fin surrounding p ro mi nent mapl lea in red.
t hi s world-class
international carrier
i e with Boeing, dating t o b ef or e th Tianan me Square incident of which
ha
l on g h i st or y o f c lo s
strained ties b e t w e e n th
States an Ai
th
United
PRe.
operated
C hi n
mixed
assortment of "classic" 74
airliners before September 10 1989 when its first aircraft (Boein Combi, line number 745, constructor's num be 24346) arrived to j oi n t h fleet. A ft e t hr e
C om bi s w er e o p er at in g
on its routes th
carrier ordered five
a l l- p a ss e n ge r m o d el s ,
fine reference
works which list airlin fleets by car
largest airline. Formerly known as
subse
plete production l is t s e Appendix
t er e a t Beijin Capital Airport, is the
more, bringing i t t ot a inventory of Dash Four Hundreds to te aircraft. Ai China employs atively innocuou paint scheme that
B), this chapter does n o t a tt e mp t to
fl
includes
AIR
q u en t l
CHINA
rier (IP Airline Fleets, f o o ne ) t hi s volume includes
s in c
list th
individual airliners in every
carrier's l iv er y
fe
Ai
com
C hi na , w h ic h is headquar
c ar ri e f o th People Republic of China (PRC), an l s China's
tw
white upper deck
stylized peacock image on th
tail.
airline fleet
list are provided as illustrative. AIR
CANADA
Ai Canada, th national carrier or th Unite States northern neigh bo with headquarters in Montreal, initially operated three Boeing 74 400 Combi aircraft. Air Canada took er Canadian Airlines resulting from b u y o u t offer D ec em be r T h a ir li n s ay s th D as h F ou r Hundred serves as "the a nc ho r o f th Ai Canada widebody fleet." Ai Canada's Combi seating accommodates up to passengers in two-class-configuration as well as seven pallets of cargo on th main d e k , s o company p ol ic y i s that th Combi "i
u ti li ze d o n r ou te s that
When it
casting it
subsidized Ai
lot with the Dash Four Hundred, government-
ance vote earl an often. F-GITB is
line number 843, c/
Boeing 747-428 Combi,
24990 an is beginning to pull in it February 13 1999 takeoff (Michael Shayler) BOEING
141-400
wheels during
73
Air China ha been th flag carrier of th Peoples Republic of China (PRC) since 1988. Thi aircraft, with the carrier's name appearin in both romanized an Chines characters is typical of the is number constructor' number 25879, registered as B-2464 Th "B-" prefix is also Hong Kong, Taiwan and carriers based which, of course, includes Cathay Pacific. Airport vehicles of Hundre wit good perspective of the Da it fuselage length of 231 feet 10 inches (70.66 meters). (via Michae Stroud) IR FRANCE
Air France's Boeing le t, which includes 737s 747s 767s an 777s, th
is
largest i n E ur op e
Among its 38 in-service
are 11 747-20 Freighters 13 747-400s. In early the carrier, which calls itself th fourth largest freight hauler in th
world, added
long-range
-4 0F freighter to its order book. Air France ha been th launch cus tome th frei hter when it con in September 98 t ra ct e it later acquired Combis instead I n D ec em be r 1992, A i F ra nc e a bs or be d t h
F re nc h c ar ri e UT
(Union de Transports Aeriens) that
ha
74
briefly operated
pair of
wn livery. Th current 400s in it Ai France paint c he m si le white design with blue white, an re tricolo fi flash. On 747-428 built fo Ai France wa s to re d i n the Arizona desert for several m on th s t he n transferred to Ro al Ai ar c, th Moroccan rier with which Ai France ha close economic links. Air France ha expe rienced j us t o n fatality in 747-400 operations:
September
AIR INDIA
Ai India, with headquarter at Nariman cemented it
reputation as
class international carrier with it
fleet of si all-passenger 747-400s, th first of which entered service in July 1993. A i I nd i officials sa they ar
o f e n o ve rl oo ke d i n h e
West which seems no to notice fo example, t h e i r
th
n e a O u ag a do u go u , Burkina Faso,
w o r l d ' s first all-jet airline
severe turbulence associated with weather front seriously injured three of th 206 passengers. On of th
June 1962). Th
three p as s n g r s
as VT-ESM, made i t
injuries caused tainment screen.
d ie d of
in-flight enter
..
first of t he i
D as h
Four Hundreds, Boeing 747-43 line
number 987,
27078, registered
on July 2, 1993, an later that month.
AIRLIlVERTECH
world
i ni ti a flight
entered service
India's long-haul 747-400
Ai
routes ar
flow with provision for passengers, including 16 in first in business class ("execu class, tive class, including seating in th stretched upper deck), an 385 in economy. AI
NAMIBIA
A i N am ib ia , l oc at e
at Wind
hoek, operates single Boeing 400M Combi aircraft (line number 28551 V5-NMA n a m e d Wel witschia, th former Asiana 74 in addition to tw 747S models. AI
NE
ir N e
t er e
Britis Airway has
ZEALAND
Z ea la nd , headquar
i n A u ck la nd ,
a n e ar l
D a s F o u Hundred user After suc
cess w i t h five 747-200 "classic" models dating to 1981, th
made i t
ers. Th
airline
i ni ti a 1993 purchase of
three Rolls-Royce-powere
tr diti of satisfie with Boeing products, ch er of the 747-400. BA's aircraft er delivere beginning in mid-1989 in the carrier's pearl gray/blue color scheme, and began to receiv th curren mix of "flag" and "world" color schemes decade later. This Dash Four Hundred is lifting offfro London's Heathrow Internationa Airpor in (Jim Winchester)
airlin
airline began to utiliz th
747-400
1995, w i t h
liv b lu e g re e fuselage
m o de l b e in g d is p la ye d i n
ery, including
cheatline. Th ne
first aircraft
as
747-buil fo arig Th second wa 747-475. Three more 747-419 models
Seen on visi to Chicago's O'Hare Internationa Airport, this aircraft typifies Air India' fleet. This is Boeing 747-437 line number 1009, c/n 27165, registered as VT-ESO, named Khajuraho, and operated on Air India' long-hau passenger routes. (Nate Leong This airframe completed its initia fligh on November BOEING
141-400
75
are currently in th fleet. 1998 Ai Ne Zealand announced the a l it " cl a sic" aircraft to Virgin Atlantic with t h a ir cr af t t o be delivered between 1999 nd 2001. In 1998, th airline leased (c/n 27602), which once b e e i n te n de d f o P hi li p could n o b e taken pine Airlines carrier. This completed th a ir li n e' s s e co n d batch of three Dash Four Hundreds, all departing from Commonwealth practice
r el yi n
o n General Electric
80C20B1F engines fo power. This arrangement offers commonality
ce
p or tr ai t of in
D as h
Hundred servin
i n number 1240, c /
T hi s
with Ai Ne
he larges 2 92 60 ,
17 2000 Some Atlas Ai freightliners are leased to othe an carr markings of those airlines but mos are now attire in he pain scheme shown. (Atlas Air) registered
as N499MC
In Februar 200t
w hi c
i t f ir s f li gh t o n
Malaysia Airlines 747-400 snuggles up
Melbourne, Australia Everything is hangin out
to
Boeing 767s. Th
airline a d d e d
f o u rt h G E -p o we r e
bringing it
craft in 1999,
Dash Four H u n d r e d
flee to seve aircraft
th jetbridg at gate D4 of Tullamarine International Airport, jetliner in "down" configuratio
food supplies, and people (Jim Winchester)
76
Zealand's f ou r l ea se d
AIRLIlVERTECH
..
waiting to
be
stocke with
AL
NIPPON AIRWAYS
N i p p o n Airways (ANA), headquartere in Tokyo, seemed for Al
gaining internationa
b us in es s a t t h
e xp en s
of rival
Japan Airlines (a m ov e h el pe d b y partial deregulatio in 1997), an
to
be giving g ro un d o n t h e d o me st i
front where i t o nc e dominated. AN b eg a
D as h Four Hundred opera
tions in 1990 initially with t h p as senger an specia domestic models with th
o pt io n o f c on ve rt in g
the domestic aircraft to internationa d ut ie s W it h t h
arrival of
c en tu ry , h o we ve r
ne
A N A ' s focus
returned to domesti operations.
In Ma
2001, A N A c on tr ac te d
with Boeing to convert w o D a
Four Hundreds b ac k f ro m the inter national configuratio to t h d om es configuration, convertin the air craf fro three-class, 367-seat con figuration to two-class 569-seat lay o ut . T h
Bangkok-base
Thai Internationa assigned th designation 747-407
ur Hundred
od ls operatin
it internationa routes
number 769, c/n 24458, registered as HS
hi
to
th ra
is
line
f i rs t f l ig h on
February 21 1990
reconfiguration primarily
involves removing the winglets an i ns ta ll in g w in gt ip s a s w el l m od i fyin the cabin interior w i t n e pas senger an attendant seats, in-flight entertainmen systems, galleys, lava tories floor coverings, closets, an stowage units.
ne
interior
modified wing structure, ANA's 747-400s will ready fo high-cycle increased density, domes ic routes in J ap an . T h f ir s a ir cr af t w a s d e li ve r e t o B o ei n g' s Wichita, K an sa s f ac il it y f o modification in layout an
September an
as re-delivered
in
December
Th secon airplane should arrive in Wichita in January 2002 an be re-delivere to AN in April 002. I n t o a l Al
N i p p o n Airways
currently operates 111 Boeing jetlin ers, including 37 47 21 777s an Earlier this year,
o rd er e
a n a dd it io na l
767s fo
delivery during t h e a ir l in e ' year 2002. A N
a s come
of British Airways 747-436 passenge aircraft parked nose to nose outside
fiscal
the Museum
with
from this angl
Flight in is
oeing' ho
th hig incidence BOEING
1 4 1 - 4 0 ~
town of Seattle, Washington. Apparent
th swept wing (via Michae Stroud)
77
most colorful of Dash
on
Four H u n d re d s , h o n or i n
th
chil
dren's gam Pokemon. ASIANA
Asiana, with it home in Seoul, is recovering from South Korea's economic d ow n tu rn . A t on point it boasted f l e t of about four dozen aircraft i n c l u d i n g three 747-400
Combi, five 747- 8E passenger, an three 747-400F freighters, although th prospect fo pending orders for tw more 747-400 passenger craft are unclear. On o f t hi s carrier's air c ha ng e
o wn er s
belongs to Ai Namibia. ATLAS
an
ew United Airlines'
blue cheatline; larger stylized "U he Boeing 747-40 ca in print wearin th se at ne
as
in so very fe
pain
chem (white
f in ) w en t o u o nl y
hite an of year after
Dash Four Hundred have be
he new sche
portraye
blue bottom fin an nacelles gra
o ri gi na l paint schem for many of
Hundreds in th hard-working United fleet. (Tom Pesch)
AIRLINER TECH
we;
..
Atlas Air, f ou nd e i n A pr i 1992 is t h w o rl d ' l ar ge s a i c ar g c ar ri er an
specializes in t h
l on g -t e r
contract outsourcing of 747-400 an 747-200 aircraft. Prior to acquiring Polar Ai as announced J ul y 2001, th company ha 26 "classic"
747 models, plus 12 Dash Four Hun dreds, known as 747-47UF models. Th company is in th proces of replacin three-pilo 747-200s with newer smaller, two-pilot aircraf while continuing to acquire 747-400s November 2000 contract with
in their paint schemes,
example
bein Chin Airline Cargo
following partial lis gives th more popular names assigned to some British Airways 747-43 air liners:
Th
BRITISH AIRWAYS
P ol a A i merger. At the start of 2001, th com
British Airways (BA), th succes BOAC (Britis Overseas Air ways Corporation), w h ic h h an g its wa th corporate at in London second customer for th RB.211-pow ered version, Cathay Pacific being th first. Th airlin committed itself to purchase 57 747-40 passenger
pany made arrangements to delay
airliners
single 74 -400F
G-BNLO
24057
Emmy Masanabo
the delivery of thes four aircraft.
freighter. Th first tw BA 747-436 to be delivered (lin number 727, 23908, registered G-BNLA, an line number 734, 23910, registered as G-BNLC) arrive simultaneously in 1989 a t L on do n' s H e at hr o Interna
G-BNLP
24058
City of Aberdee
G-BNLR
24447
City of Hull
G-BNLT
24630
City of Bangor
G-BNLW
25432
City of Norwic
G-BNLZ
27091
City of Perth
G-BYGA
28855
Chelsea Rose
tional A i r p o r t o n
G-CIVC
25812
City of St. Andrews
G-CIVG
25815
City of Wells
freighters, du
2002, Ai th th
four
747-400F
fo
d el iv er y i n late
expected to make Atlas l ar g s t freighter o pe ra to r i n
world even before th
747 offers t h l ow es t ton-mile costs
Th
an
c ar ri e claims that th
longest range of an
production
nd is
carry 12
freighter
kilograms) of cargo to 4,45 miles (7,170 kilometers).
tons
A tl a
Ai
operates many
747-400F freighters for other carriers
ei
de ve
flights, landing together on th port's parallel runways.
air
G-BNLB
23909
Cit of Edinburg
G-BNLC
23910
City of Cardif
G-BNLE
24047
City of Newcastl
G-BNLG
24049
Whale Rider
G-BNLH
24050
Cit of Westminster
G-BNLL
24054
City ofLeicester
G-BNLN
24056
Nalanj Dreaming
The high perch of the 747-400's two pilots provides excellen forwar vision but, as this angle illustrates, the do not have an all-around view and must rely on familiar tools in airport traffic. Thi Cathay Pacific 747-467 is following the painte stripe on the pavement, as well as voice instructions, at London's Heathrow International Airport, headin out on August 16 1997 Cathay has since adopted differen pain scheme. (Dave Willis BOEING
141-400
79
Britis Airways ha number of Da F ou r H u n d r e d s k n o w n "lites because they are certifie fo lower maximum takeoff weight of 840,000 pounds (381,015 kilograms). Th l a t h c re w rest facilities of other Dash Four H u nd re d s a n
so
ar limite to ll-hour sectors. Great Britain w a three European JA
refused to certify th
Four
Hundred
week b ef or e t h f ir s a ir
craft
du
DLH.
to b e d el iv er e options fo
th a r just jected markets. To greet
ne
lennium (beginnin
i n Brunei as A8-ALl). Th
century an
mil
y e a e a rl y on A i i nt ro
"Utopia" paint scheme
colors and, i n m an y cases, individually decorated t a i l s - a con troversial move e ve n a mo n
it
employees.
l ay si a i t n at io na l l a (via Michael Stroud
it
ir C a n a d a
offered to purchase Canadian; th
following year th merger wa com p le te d a n
C an ad ia n effectively
c ea se d t o
is as
separate carrier.
CARGOLUX
as nominally built to th
same standard as Lufthansa Dash
ut outsiders ar
Four
rarely invited to view its interior.
Cargolux, th headquartere
freight hauler
in Luxembourg, pur
quartet of
chased 12 Boein 747-400F freighters beginning with delivery in Novem Th on of mi be of an Rolls-Royce-powere air craft. Mor than f ou r y ea r te th first passenger-carrying 47-400 too th t h very first Dash Four
GE-powered 747-475 m od el s i n late
Hundred freighter m o de l o p er a te d
T h f ir s s hi p wa Boeing 747 line number 823, 24883, reg istered as C-GMWW, w hi c m ad e it initial fligpt o n N ov em be r 6, 1990. Th carrier also operated 43 Boeing 737-200s, 11 Boeing 767-
by an
CANADIAN
Canadian Airlines International,
headquartered in Alberta, Calgary,
w it h n e
80
chased its sole Boeing 47-4 0, pow e re d b y G E C F6 -8 0C 2 engines, in April 1992 (line number 910, 2642 ex-N6009F, ex-D-ABVM, reg
as pro
January I, 2000), B ri ti s
duced it
Brunei g o v e r n m e n t p u r
to
r e ce n t y e ar s , BA b e g a n
swapping it
Th
aircraft
nations that
10 Douglas DC-I0-30s.
In December 1999,
i st er e of
300Ers, an
BRUNEI GOVERNMENT
received th
f ir s
it
forwar fuselage which, from
AIRLINER TECH
carrie (although in the second built) wa Cargolux's Boein 747-4R7 line n u m b e r 1002,
25866, registered as LX-FCV which c om pl et e i t f ir s f li gh t October 30,1993.
distance coul
be
m is ta ke n f o
U .S .
PACIFIC
Cathay's 747-40 purchases:
Hong Kong-based Cathay Pacif
ic signed
early fo
747-467
VR-HOO
747-467
937
25873
VR-HUB
747-467
VR-HOP
747-467
949
25874
VR-HUD
received it firs (the second s h i o rd e re d ) line number 728,
747-467
VR-HOR
747-467
970
747-467
VR-HOS
747-467
993
25869
VR-HUF
23815, registered a s V R- HO P
747-467
VR-HOT
747-467
1007
25870
VR-HUG
The airline discarded is s t o d g y green paint scheme s o o n a f te r w ar d fo it cur rent subdued, blue-gray scheme.
747-467
VR-HOU
747-467
1020
27175
VR-HUH
747-467
VR-HOV
747-467
1033
27230
VR-HUI
747-467
VR-HOW
747-467
1061
27595
VR-HU]
747-467
VR-HOX
747-467F
1065
27503
VR-HUK
painful
747-467
VR-HOY
747-467F
1255
30804
VR-HUL
British
747-467
VR-HOZ
747-467F
1271
32571
B-HUO
colonial authorities turned H o n g
747-467
VR-HUA
747-467F
1282
30805
B-HUP
Royce-powered
Rolls
747-400
June 8.
Cathay h a s s uf f er e d decline
traffic since th
VR-HUE
1997. In
Kong over to
December 2001, C a th a y a n no u nc e d plans t o s to r
an unspecific number
of 747-400s at Avalon Airfiel
near
is unclear many of passenger 747 ho 467s an 47-467 freighters (inher i te d r o i r Hong Kong) t he y c a continue to o pe ra te . T h s t at u s of additional freighters is unclear Rolls Royc engine power th entire fleet. Th r eg is tr at io n o f t h aircraft
were changed to B- registries when
Hong Kong reverted to China.
uper
portrait of
re ghte
CHINA
th
a ir li n
m i sf o rt un e of
suffering
Dash
during an August 20
747-409F line number 1269, c/n 30764, registered 747-40 freighters this on
c ar r ie r fo
Taiwan, which calls itself Nationalist China, is headquartered in Taipei. Th
as
00
87
visit hi
as built without he stretche uppe BOEING
141-400
to
crash at H o n
er
Melbourne, Australia.
China Airlines, t h
F o u H u n dr e d aircraft-the Novem
Chicago
K on g' s
Kaitak Airport of 747-40 line num 977, 24313, registered as B-165, which ha made it first flight only on Ma of that year. Although no all ma be in us today, C hi n
A ir li ne s h a
receipt of 12 more
taken
W-powered
747-409 passenger aircraft an
'Hare
is
Chin
f ir s f li gh t o nl y
Airlines
Boeing
April 11, 2001. Like all
found on passenger versions. (Nate
Leong)
81
p o w e r e d 747-409F freighters, addition t o f r ei g ht e r
operated Atlas Air. Tw
t h e c a r ri e r' s b e h al f
China's remaining fleet, including engine type, delivery dates, i st r
a t th
reg-
time of delivery:
further 747-409F freighters w e r e once o n o rd e
never delivered.
ELAt
747-409
Israel Airlines headquar
a t Te Aviv ha
747-409
diverse fleet
747-409
of 32 airliners including
747-409
sics,"
7 4 "clas this national carrier initial
747-409
ly o rd e re d j u s
Pratt
1145
1186
29030
29031
Whitney
powered 747-400 m od el s T h
B-18201
28709
747-409
El t er e
1114
PW4056
10/22/97
B-18202
PW4056
12/05/97
B-18302
PW4056
12/18/97
B-18205
PW4056 PW4056
02/25/98
B-18206
09/26/98
B-18207
PW4056 PW4056
11/20/98
B-18208
06/25/99
B-18209
PW4056
06/14/95
B-18251
747-409
766
24309
PW4056
02/08/90
B-18271
as 747-458 line number 1027
747-409
778
24310
PW4056
03/27/90
B-18272
26055 registered as 4X-ELA first 1 99 4 flown April deliv
747-409
869
24311
ship
ered
th
A vi v' s B e
27.
I sr ae l c ar ri e G u ri o
B-18275
30759
CF6-80C
07/06/00
B-18701
1252
30760
CF6-80C
07/28/00
B-18702
c en tu ry , E l Al
747-409F
1254
30761
CF6-80C CF-6-80C CF-6-80C CF-6-80C
08/19/00
B-18703
02/09/01
B-18705
03/02/01
B-18706
04/11/01
B-18707
CF-6-80C
11/16/01
B-18708
f ou rt h D as h F ou r
riers, El Al appears to be bypassing 747-400 in it
01/11/93
747-409F
Hundred to its fleet. Like many car th
PW4056
A i rp o r on April
turn of th
belatedly added
a t Te
B-18273
30763
747-409F
1269
30764
future plans fo
international operations, having
"Mega Ark" is Singap re Airlines' term or it freighte versions Bo in 747-400, includin this exampl visiting O'Hare November 20,2001 This aircra is Boeing 747-412F line number 036. c/ 26563, firs flow on 8, 199 and registered as 9V-SFA with Singapore. (Nate Leong)
82
AIRLINER TECH
decided to introduce t hr e
l on g
Virgin Atlantic
range Boeing 777-200ER models into
are
its fleet.
This pa
ha severa pain scheme
at Washington
it Boeing 747-400s tw of which
.C.' Dulles Internationa Airport in
of example consists of G- VFAB alia Lad
ye
Penelope and G- VHOT,
dubbed Tubular Belle. (Ale Hrapunov) EVA passenger
nd cargo carrier
based in Taiwan a n d e n da n ge r e more than most by th
worldwide
airline slump, EV Ai operates 37 aircraft, including 15 Boeing 747-40 passenger aircraft, 12 M D - l l s ,
B767-200s, B767-300ERs an B747-400 freighters. Th carrie wil ad it third B747-400 freighter in 2002 followed in 2003 by th firs of Airbus A330-200s, an in 2005 by advanced, th many long-ra nge B777-200LR/-300ERs Typical o f t hi s carrier's opera tions, EVA Air's Vancouver-Taipei flights ar
operated using Boeing
747-400 aircraft in an all-passenger BOEING
141-400
83
One of six airc af with
Disney theme, at
includ
twin-engined Convair JACs first ai craf
silhouette of
747-4460 ne number
84
1, c/ 26348, first flow
"JAL Drea
Express,
Oc be I,
an painte to mark Japan Airlines' 50t anniversary in August of that year. Note markings whic larges 747-40 operator an JA8904 is Boeing (Sunil Gupta)
AIRLINER TECH
Not ofte version of
ee in print ec us it 747-400 adorne
er es solely on domestic routeswithin Japan, "Pocke Monsters"
with Pokemo cartoo
number 996, cln 27163, firs flown
haracter fo
ids.
is
Al Nippon Airways'
aircraft is winglet-less Boeing747-4810 line
Septembe 7, 1993. (Sunil Gupta)
BOEING
741-400
85
configuration o f
s ea ts . EV Ai o ff er s f ou r c la ss e o f s er vi ce : Super seats) Super Business (34 First seats), Economy (128 seats) what it call Evergreen Delux Clas seats) featuring seating con f i gu r a ti o n u s u a ll y f ou n
o nl y in
business class: personal seat-back TV, satellite telephones 38-inc
pitch, an
seat
deeper, wider seats.
GARUDA
Headquartered in Jakarta, Garu Indonesia is th
of I n do n es i
national airline
a nd owned
that
country's government. Garuda
nd
it subsidiarie operat over air craft including CF6-80C2B1F-pow ered 747-400C airliners configured fo seats (32-inch pitch in econo my class) on its longest-haul flights Malaysia Airline operatin at Hong Kong (Sunil Gupta)
a n d c o mp le m e nt in g th
carrier's
-'
...................
~
youn
=
.
.
=
=
.......'t!.':9!'? ~
of Tubular Bell is directin
.i..J
f(,q,!!..~f~..... .....
Virgin Atlantic' tw pilo
toward
II
_." "1""} •••
gate at Washington D.C's
Dulles Internationa Airpor in August Tubular Bell is Boeing 747-4Q8, line number 1043 c/ 26326, firs flow September 26 1994 and registere as G- VHOT. (Bil Crimmins)
86
AIRLINER TECH
..
United Airline Boeing 747-4225 operatin at Chicag O'Hare. (Tom Pesch)
BOEING
-400
87
Boein 747-47 VIP transports-newer an longer ment acquired tw
e gg e
ha
h e pair o f " c la s si c s
assigned
th U.S. president. Japan took t h i r a ir cr af t in September 1991 t h s ec on d in November of that year. Th aircraft ar mostly white with re cheatline, an carry th national insigni (hino number 816, maru) on t h registered as ha b ee n a ss ig ne d J ap a
Ai
Defense
Force serial 20-1101. Line number
Boeing 747-458, line number 1027, c/n 26055, firs flow on November 4, 1994, and registered as 4X-ELA with Israel's EI Al Airlines operates at Newark Ne Jersey, airport in Octobe 1997 (Sunil Gupta) half-dozen
47 "classics. Although
th carrie ha t w a dd it io na l D a s Four H u nd r ed s o n order as recently as 1, with economic woes setting in th delivery of thes aircraft wa problematical.
38 747-400 an
0D (domestic air
craft. After m an y y ea r
of being
k n ow n p r im a ri l
overseas
fo
it
routes, JA ha grabbed significan chunk of th r;lomestic ir travel market in Japan. JAPAN GOVERNMENT
JAPAN
Headquartered in Tokyo, Japan
Airlines operate th world's largest flee of 7s including approximate ly classics severa type an
Japan is t h
o nl y nation in th
more advanced aircraft it head of government than th United States Th Japanese govern world with
839, is
registered as serial number 20-1102. The too over operation of Japan' VI flight on April 1, Th air craf ar operated by No. 701 Hiko ta (squadron at Chitose on Japan's easternmost island of Hokkaido. KLM
KLM claims to world's oldest airline, nd is stil operating under it original name Th carrier operates aircraft types. Th carri er operates 21 Dash Four Hundreds,
dating to
747-40 passenger aircraft configured fo up to 436 passengers an 16 747-406 currently reconfig Combis including
uring many aircraft in it
fleet to
accommodate more business class
seats, each with personal satellite telephone. KLM's corporate offices are in Amsterdam. KUWAIT
Long before Kuwai wa liberat e d b y U.S. troops a n a n internation al coalition in Kuwait Airway ha been familia operator of "clas sic" variant of Boeing's best-known jetliner, in addition to severa other types. Th carrier' home in Kuwait City. K u wa i t A i rw a y ha just o n
The rarely seen (Sunil Gupta)
88
now-defunc Anset Australia, pe atin
Hong
a ir cr af t in th
Hundred series Boein number 1046,
AIRLINER TECH
..
Dash Four
-4 line 7338 registered
a s 9 K- AD E w h i c h m a d e i t flight
f ir s
October 28 1994 Th
craft wears
air distinctive white color
scheme with b l u t r i
bears th
carrier's n am e i n Arabic an
English
lettering.
Boein
users
as
ne of th
47-4
as well
earliest. K or ea n h a
ordered no fewer than 33 Dash Four
Hundreds, including tw
h is to r
o pe ra te d w it h a t least tw
distinctive seating configurations. Th
first o f t h
blue aircraft t o r ea c
Headquartered in Seoul an especially hard
th
w or l
hi eco
nomic slump (and, unlike Asiana, possessing little clout with President
Tae-chung), Korean Airlines ha parked many i r r af t i t flies, Ki
most visible
With h o m e offices in Cologne
Combi
f r ei g ht e rs . T h e passenger air
craft ar
KOREAN
LUFTHANSA
d is ti nc ti v K or e a wa
Lufthansa fo
ge
th
te
Everett production line, t hi s b ei n
Boein 747-4B5line number 729, 24198, registered as HL7477, which wa first f lo w o n M a 13 1989 nd wa delivered to Korean on June 14 of that year.
it
th
lea
to 1917,
c u st o me r
General Electric engines on th
747-400 an
pale
16th Dash F o u r H u n d r e d of
t ha t d at e
operates both passen
routes an
th
cargo an
char
services of Condor Flugdienset, subsidiary.
first 747-40 t o r ea c Europe Lufthansa's 747-430 line num
Th
723,
23816, registered as
D-ANVA, which firs flew on April delivered to th 1, 98 German carrier on Ma 23,1989
Pacific Northwest author, photographer, and historian Ji Goodal wa granted unusual access to the Everet factory to train his camera on 747-400 airliners being assembled. In addition to Jim's shots seen earlier in this volume these are additional Da Four Hundred. The aircraft has four main ruck offou wheels each, two views of he ma landing gear units on located beneat the fuselage and two beneath the inner wing. (James C. Goodall)
BOEING
1 4 1 - 4 ~ O
89
Lufthansa ultimately purchased 20
passenger aircraft while Condor, w hi c
Combis/
ha
s ep ar at e
offices in Munich, operate at leas frequently 747-430s borrows th Lufthansa aircraft. Although L uf th an s
he launch customer fo th 747-400, Northwest Airlines has take th aircraft al over it
B oe in g 747-451 line number 803/ cl
route system.
registered as N669US whic
it first flight
24224,
August 20,1990, an
as
servin with Northwest ever since. (Andr Ran) livery fo
th
1990s
th
ne
livery emphasized this Th
birdonthefinofLufthansa'saircraft
delivered Boeings. In keeping with
is
other airlines th
b i r d t h a t flies great distances.
M a la ys i
v er y first
L um pu r a n
livery wa
minimalist white fuselage although
th
fi
design remained much th
circular
always ha
logo
a n o ut e yellow ring an
he
first customer for the CF6-powered version of o u Hundred (which made it fi st flight on June 7, 1988 n o t h o we v er , th st to take delivery of th GE-pow ered version. T ha t w a KLM on Ma 1989 followed by Lufthansa five days later. In November 2001 Lufthansa n te nd s t o acquire confirmed h a 15 Airbus A380 s u p e r j u m b o s - a major b lo w Boeing an to likely future 747-40 sales.
a p p e a r e d on L u ft h an s a' s n e wl y ne
wa
stylized c ~ a n e - a
Lufthansa wa
MALAYSIA
big/ elegant
th
747-10 "classicI! customers early Dash Four customer, ordering 15 aircraft in Ma 1986.
h a s offices in Kuala
is ye another of th many national carriers p ou nd e d b y worldwide economic problems. Th ha Malaysia Airlines System ad 21747-400 aircraf on order or in another
service at
ne
a l th o ug h t h
maximum number in
us
at anyone time appears to be 13.
Genera Electri engine power 19 of Malaysia's aircraft an Pratt Whit ne
power the remainin 2.
Malaysia ha stored or disposed of possibly as many as 747- 0s includin Combis that went to International Airlines. Malaysia's MASKargo freight-hauling sub sidiary
This overal vie
is of
th final assembly area i n
receivin fina attentio that wil bring it up will
be
"green condition, meanin that it
read fo painting Th Everet facility has no ceilin featur lowe than 80
feet (24.38 meters), whic
ma es th spacious assembly area easil able
th 747-400's height of 64 feet
90
to
at Everett. This 747-400 is
to
handle
inches (19.06 meters). Games c. Goodall)
AIRLIlVERTECH ..
longer be operating
it sole leased 747- 00 freighter. As of lat ai craf among types servin destinations on six continents, th airline said it wa still using 13 747-4H6Ps with average 747-4H6Cs 5. years with an average age of years. Th airlin has straightforward paint scheme with
re
cheatline, white top, an
blue stylized
offices, in Manila, Philippine Air lines
facing
questionable
future when t hi s v ol um e went to
press. Th carrier ha four 747-400s be received by the carri Th in
number 1,012,
2726 registered as N725PR which ha made it firs flight on December P h il ip p in e h a s 34 aircraft alto gether, including
h e f ou r Boeing
747-400s three 747-200s nd o f A ir bu s 340-300s, 330-300s, 737 400s, an 737- 00s. Philippines' air c ra f r e white with four-color sunburst design on the fin. In the Everet assembly shop, this is head-on study in contrast: although the nose cone of the 747-400 is huge, the radar antenna housed hinged adom at inside (botto center is remarkably small. The extra, unused space within the confines of th radome is th result of miniaturization. re visibl in background (right) is poster based on u.s. postage stamp devoted to "jumbo jets." Games c. Goodall) fin, a n s e a si d plans more elaborate fin design celebrating the Malay go Sraimbon.
bird on th
PHILIPPINE
Th
n at io na l c ar ri e
of th
P h il ip p in e s d a ti n g to 1941 with
QANTAS
Qantas (the word comes from Queensland an
Northern Territory
Aerial Services is Australia's nation al carrier, headquartered at Mascot, South Wales, an Ne en user of 21 Boeing 747-400s, viewed as ideal fo the high-volume, l on g- di st an c
r ou te s i nt o t h
l an d
NORTHWEST AIRLINES
L a un c h c u st o me r for t h
D as h
Four Hundred, Northwest Airlines
operate fro
Paul, Minnesota in th United States, ha 400s large, diverse fleet, al with
418-sea configuration. The
fleet also includes 33 "classics," including it
dozen freighters Wit
f am il ia r l ay er e
r ed , gray,
blue p a i n t scheme, N o r t h w e s t
(which no longer calls itself North west Orient) go i nt o t h D as h F ou r H u n d r e < t ~ ; : s i n e s s
with an October
98 aircraft order. Th
first aircraft received
Northwest
a c tu a ll y t h
third
the carrier. This wa 747 23818, reg 451 line number 715, istered as N663US, w hi c m a d it ordered
first flight at Renton, Washington
on December 8, 1988 an ered on January 26,1989.
wa
deliv
Lufthans Airlines' flight to Munich is liftin offfrom Washington D.C's Dulles Internationa Airport, circa. 2001. The aircraft is no more than 50 feet (15.24 meters) off the ground ye the fou mainwhee trucks are alread fa advanced in he retraction sequence Boeing 747-430 line number 1109, c/n 28286, alias D-ABVS maintain comfortable, nose-dow attitud providing optimum comfort bu with thrust of over 220,000 pounds (99,80 kilograms) emanatin from it four GE turbofan engines, the aircraft is already climbing rapidly. (Bil Crimmins) BOEING
141-400
91
gapore operated
y ea r
w it h
accident until October 31,
2000 when flight f ro m S in ga po r
daily service
t o Los Angeles vi
Taipei, c r a s h e d o n t ak eo f
om
Taipei's Chang Ka Shek Internation al
Airport
in
poor
visibility.
14 knots, 747-400 impacted construction vehi cles, breaking it fuselag into three parts an ignitin larg post-crash Approaching
fire. Press reports i n d i c a t e d
aircraft at altitude with the wing displaying medium to high dihedral, of the airliner' tota capacity of 58,768 meaning ther is plenty of fuel U.S. gallons (229,900 liters). Registered as PH-BFB, this is Boeing 747-406 line number 732, with the beautifully even constructor's numbe 24000; an early ship asse ly ts initia flight on May 3, 1989 on (via Robert F. Dorr) "down u nd e r. " Q a n ta s is l a un c h c u st o m e fo
th
th "Longer
Range 747-400" slated fl
in mid
2002 an to begin revenu flights by the en of that year. Qantas aircraft are white with re tail surround hopping in th w h it e o ut li n of kangaroo.
Moroccan c a r r i e r
1993, th line
October 4,
aircrqft is Boein
number
956,
25629,
inadvertently begun flight cre their takeof roll on th wrong run way. The mishap aircraft wa Boeing 747-412 line n u m b e r 1099,
28023, registered as S O U T H A F R IC A N
With corporate offices in Johan nesburg, South African ha Boe in 747s of al models including Rolls-Royce-powered 747-444 pas
registered as CN-RGA, formerly
senger haulers an
made it F-OGTG. Th aircraft firs flight only o n J a nu a r 7, 1993,
747-4F freighters.
thus never really performed
PK
GE-powered
THAI
revenue servic fo Air France Headquartered in Bangkok Tha
ROYAL
IR MAROC
R oy a A i M ar oc , th
national
carrier fo Morocco, with offices in Casablanca, ha j us t o n Dash Four H u nd re d
p ur ch as e
from
France, plus severa "Classics." Seen least tw distinct p a i n t s ch em e
s in c
it
delivery to th
S a ud i A r ab ia n A ir li ne s with headquarters in Jeddah, h a
Boein 400s, plus trio of "Classics." Thai I n te r na t io n a w a s on of th early users of the Th airlin oper International boasts
SAUDI
g ra du
ally built its flee to fi
al powered General Electric CF6 80C2B5 engines, serving alongside earlier "classic" models an smaller aircraf fo use within th Kingdom
South African's fleet: 747-444
1152 (ex-N60697)
SINGAPORE
Saudi's fleet, with line number,
c/n, an
registry: HZ-AN
(ex-N6005C) HZ-AIW
HZ-AIZ
92
(ex-N6009F)
Singapore Airline ca la claim to owning th 1,000th Boeing 747. 1,000th aircraft rolled off th Everet production line on Sep tember 10 a n m ad e it first flight on September 24. Line number 1,000 wa Boein model, 27068, registered as 9V-SMU it superb safety record Sin-
AIRLINER TECH
747-444
861 (ex-N60668) 943
747-444
995
747-444 747-444
1158 (ex-N1785B)
long-haul routes ates th aircraft to Europe an North America. Th
c ar ri e t oo k delivery
first 747-4D7 in early 1990 On of it D as h F ou r Hundreds attire in special Viking ship livery UNITED
i n Chicago, Illi
H e ad q ua r te r e
nois, i n t h U ni te d States, an with growing flee of Boein United is th world's second largest airline (behind American, followin it absorption of Trans-World) an ha
e nj oy e
with
t re m en do u
success
Four H u n d r e d
Da
long-haul international routes.
a s operated several
Un ed
routes in succession, each billed as
th
w o r l d ' s l on ge st . T h
current
record holder is United flight 821
from Ne to Hong Kong 8,43 mile 13,5 kilometers), the world's longest daily scheduled flight. U n i t e d ' s first a ir cr af t i n this
series wa Boeing 747-42 line num registered as c/ N171UA, w h c h m ad e
flight
ts initial
ay 25, 1989
delivered to th carrie that day.
lo
at th
sequenc of United
o rd er s s ho w
consistent
continuing interest in th
aircraft
t h r o u g h s p r i n g 1998,
ll w i t h
Rolls-Royce RB.211 turbofan engine nacelles.protrud fa forwar of the swept leading edge of 747-400 at altitude. The amount of dihedral on the wing can vary as much as severa feet depending on fuel load an temperature. The leading-edge flaps are, of course, retracted, bu thei outline remains visible to the eye. (Jim Winchester)
PW4056 engines: VARIG
Model
Order Date
Total
RI 747-422
November
747-422
Ma
12 198
747-422
11
largest airline in
America, w it h a n average of
435 daily flights, transporting
r1 ,1
747-422
February
747-422
April 20 1995
747-422
January 09,1996
747-422
August
747-422 747-422
Lati
is th
million passengers year an servin c o t ri es , e l a s 36 cities within Brazil The airline' office ar in Rio de Janeiro. Of interest this topic, arig operate three
April
Varig' trio of Dash Fou Hundreds: 747-475
855/24896
91-05-08
PP-VPI
Varig
747-441
917/24956
92-05-05
PP-VPG
ILFC/Varig
747-441
971/24957
93-04-01
PP-VPH
IFLC/Varig
BOEING
1 4 1 - 4 ~ O
93
VIRGIN
Virgin's Dash Four Hundred fleet, with first-flight dates: With home offices in Crawley,
We
Sussex Great Britain, Virgin is airline almost as name business music world. it is
747-4Q8
1043/26326
94-09-26
G-VI-IOT
Tubular Belle
747-4Q8
1028/24958
94-04-14
G-VFAB
Lady Penelope
747-4Q8
1081/26255
96-05-28
G-VBIG
Tinker Belle
company's hip, cool image is
747-4Q8
1100/28194
97-01-14
G-VTOP
Virginia Plai
enhanced by it
747-41R
1117/28757
97-06-05
G-VAST
Ladybird
white logo
747-41R
1177/29406
98-09-30
G-VXLG
Ruby Tuesday
Th
ture of
sprightly red-and nd it nose-art carica
scarlet lady c ar ry in g t h
T h c ar ri e b oa st s o n o f youngest fleets in th air, with
Union th
n a m e d fo
famous women.
Altogether th flee totals 400s "classics, Airbus 340 300s A320-200s, an A321-200.
Virgin wa
first operator to s t ar t u si n th Boein 747-40 with CF6-80 engines.
Qantas Dash Four Hundred from below front. The aircraft is in "clean configuratio rather than ground-to-air shot. (via Michae Stroud)
94
this is probably an air-to-ai view
Before real 747-400 ha been built for Japan Airlines, the manufacturer gave wid circulation to this artist's conception of what the future jetliner would look like. The picture was created in the era before digita manipulation. It is faithful to the physical appearance of the aircraft although the paint scheme was destined to change. (via Robert F. Dorr)
...........r;....... = : : : = = : = l ~ ~ ~ ~ J ; A P ; ; A ; N ; . ; A ; I ; R ~ L / ~ ~ ) E . S . '
so
th
_-:.
••
AIRLINER TECH
..
APU GENERATORS
CENTER EQUIPMEN CENTER QTY PROCESSOR B RA KE T E P . ALE
B RA K
O NT RO L
LRRA AOF
FUGHT
COMPARTMENT
EQUIPMENT CENTER
MAIN
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM CONTRO P A N a AUXlUARY ELECTRICAL SYSTEM CONTROL P A N a MISCaLANEOUS SYSTEMS TEST P A N a DISPI.A UNITS
GENERATO
E8 AFT
CONTROL UNIT
POWER CONTROL UNIT POWER PANELS
B AT TE R B AT TE R C HA RG E TRANSFORME RECTIAE S TA TI C I NV ER TE R
UNITS
AP
EQUIPMENT CENTER B AT TE R C HA RG E
APU BATTERY
A P C ON TR O P AN EL S AP CONTROLLER (APUC) FUGHT RECORDER V OI C R EC OR DE R ORH.
Th char shows the distributio of power sources, including integrated drive generators, throughout the 747-400 airliner. (Boeing)
VENT SURGETANK NO.3
-
-
-
RESERV TANK
NO.4
+
VENT SURGETANK
~
--*i:-:l"\
.....
MAI TANK - - . . . . . , ~
...
HORIZONTALSTABIUZER FUEL TANK (OPTIONAL)
NO.3
The fuel system of the Boeing 747-400 is made up of seven fuel tank plus pumps, sum valves shutoffvalves fuel lines, an othe components. (Boeing)
MAIN TANK - - - ' : : ~
. H I
TANK
MAIN
BOEING
141-400
NO.1 MAIN TANK
95
of the wing of 747-400 showing principal components and features. (Boeing) plan
KRUEGE
FLAPS
FRON
SPAR
TANK EN
TANK ACCESS PANE
BODY BULKHEAD
OUTBOARD FLAPS
ACCESS PANEL
WING
UPPER DECK
CARGO COMPARTMENTDOORS (RH) TYPE 'A DOOR EACH SIDE (EMERGENCY) PILOTS' FLOOR
MAIN FLOOR WL 199.8
AIR CONDmONING EQUIPMENT BAY WING GEA WHEE WEL FUSELAGE BODY GEAR WHEEL WELL
SEC 41
SEC 42
SEC 44
SE 46
SEC 48
of the 747-400 fuselage depicting the sections and stations used to identify locations within the aircraft from nose side to tail. (Boeing)
96
AIRLINER TECH
..
7 4 7 - 4 0 . ~ TH
OSTER N U MB ER S
/"
ThiS
listing pwvides basic identity infonnatio
fm
Type
Line/msn
Date
Reg.
Operator
591 Boeing 747-400 a i rc r a f b u i lt , d e l iv e r e d or
••
ordered, as o f t h
of 2002. T he s
b eg in ni n
line n u m b e r s 725/1305; th
ar
747-4H6C745/24405 746/2437
721/723, line n u m b e r 72
he last
assigned to
747-430C 747/24285
89 09 15
748/24200
89-09-13
74 aircraft which In s o m e cases, th
id
operator
craft after ordering it
operator or registration.
ot take
aircraft ha
th
Line/msn
Date
Reg.
Qantas
D-ABTA
Lufthansa Lufthansa
75 24 06 British Air
this list
754/2428
Lufthansa
747-412
7 55 /2 40 6
Singapore
747-419
756/24386
h av e b e e n lost in mishaps.
Type
VH-OJB
749/2440
air-
since c h a n g e d
handful of 747-400s
9M-MHM Malaysia
Operator
89-12-14
Ne
747-430
uf ha sa
747-451
696/23719
88-04-29
N661US
Northwest
747-446
758/24423
90-01-25
747-430
700/23817
88-06-27
D-ABVB
Lufthansa
747-422
759/24380
89-12-08
747-467
705/23814
760/24424
90-01-25
747-451
708/23720
662U VT-EPW
Northwest
747-412
Air India
747-422
Northwest
747-406
763/24201
Singapore
747-438
764/24481
Ai India
747-438
Northwest
747-409
90-01-16
VH-OJD
Qantas
765/24482
90-01-31
VH-OJE
Qantas
766/24309
90-02-08
B-161
China
JA8073
Japan
JA8074
Japan
PH-BFF
KLM
717/24061
747-437
719/24160
747-451
721/23819
747-412
722/24062
747-430
723/23816
89-04-21
D-ABVA
747-406
725/23999
89-04-15
PH-BFA
KLM
7:47-407
747-451
726/23820
89-07-27
N665US
Northwest
747-406C 770/2420
747-436
727/23908
89-06-03
Ai VR-HOP
28 23 15 729/24198
89-05-13
730/2390
89
731/2435
89-07-03
VH-OJA
747-406
732/24000
89-05-23
PH-BFB
747-422
733/24322
89-05-25
Nl71UA
747-436
734/23910
747-4B5
747-412
NL
Cathay
767/2442
771/24631
B-HO
Cathay
747-436
773/24048
G-BNLF
Britis Air
747-436
774/24049
G- NL
British Air
775/2434
B-2458
Ai China
90-03-90
JA8075
Japan
90-04-08
VH-OJF
Qantas
British Air
ap
90-02-23
747-467
hA
736/24063
Singapore KLM
747-412
Singapore
Japan
PH-BFE
715/23818
64US
JA8071
61 24 65
747-451
9V
Zealand
747-438
781/24483
747-406
782/24517
PH
FG
KLM
747-406C 737/24001
89-04-24
PH-BFD
KLM
783/2451
PH-BFH
KLM
747-4H6C738/24315
89 10 01
9M-MHL
Malaysia
784/2405
G-BNIJ
British Air
D-ABTD
Lufthansa
D-ABVD
Condor
D-ABVE
Lufthansa
B-HOS
Cathay
739/2419 747-422
740/24363
747-4B3
741/24154
747-451
742/23821
747-4J6C 743/2434 747-436
744/23911
5/ 47
Korean 89-07-20 89-07-31
Nl72UA
N666US
Northwest
rCh hAi
747-467
788/24850
90-05-11
747-436
789/24052
90-05-23
747-436
790/24053
BOEING
141-400
hAi hAi
97
Type
Line/msn
747-412
791/24066
Date
-0
Reg.
Operator
Type
-S
Singapore
747-428C 843/24990
Line/msn
-2 91-03-15
rC
747-4J6C 792/2434
Reg.
Date
F-
Operator
TB
JA8083
Ai France Japan
L uf th an s 747-430C 846/2496
91-03-20
Lu
British Ai
747-430
91-03-26
L uf th an s
Condor
747-430C 848/24967
Ai
795/2405 747-430
90-06-28
G-BNLM
796/24761
847/25046
VR-HOV
Cathay
91-04-17
JA8081
Japan
91-04-23
9V-SMJ
Singapore
91-05-15
O-ABTH
Lufthansa
857/2506
VH-OJK
Qantas
858/2512
9M-MHO Malaysia
797/2477
JA8076
Japan
9/ 50
7 98 /2 47 8
JA8077
Japan
-4
850/2508
7 99 /2 42 2
N667US
Northwest
-4
851/2506
0 0/ 2 2 2
N668US
Northwest
852/25068
01
VH-OJG
Qantas
747-412
853/2520
802/2405
90-07-27
G-BNLN
747-451
803/24224
90-08-20
N669US
Northwest
747-475
855/24896
747-451
804/24225
90-08-31
N670US
Northwest
747-430
856/25047
747-481
805/24801
90-08-20
JA8094
All Nippon
747-422
806/24382
N175UA
United
747-422
807/24806
VH-OJN
Qantas
90-08-14
808/2483
854/25087
-4 747-412
859/2512
-0 -0
747-412
860/25128
-0
Si
747-444
861/25152
9M-MHN Malaysia
747-412
Lu
1-03-2
9V-SMK
Singapore
-S
Singapore South African
747-422
811/24383
90-08-31
N176UA
United
747-433C 862/25074
C -G AG M Ai Canada
747-481
812/24833
90-09-13
JA8095
All Nippon
747-481
863/25135
91-06-25
JA8097
All Nippon
747-438
865/25151
91-07-05
VH-OJL
Qantas
Cathay
747-419
815/24855
ZK-NBT
Ai
816/2473
JA8091
Japan Govt.
Zealand
Ne
United
747-436
817/24057
90-10-09
747-422
819/24384
90-11-08
Nl77UA
United
747-433C 868/25075
747-422
820/24385
90-11-08
N178UA
United
747-409
869/24311
821/2487
JA8091
Japan
747-481
870/25207
823/24883
C -G MW W Canadian
824/2488
JA8079
Japan
747-475
Ai
825/2488
90-11-20
JA8080
Japan
747-438
826/24887
90-11-27
ZS-SAV
Qantas
747-444
827/24976
90-11-27
VH-OJI
South
747-436
828/24058
90-12-04
-4
3 1/ 2 2 2
Singapore
United
91-07-24
C-CAGN
Ai
91-08-02
877/24955 747-48E
833/2499
90-01-11
747-467
834/24925
91-01-10
JA8098
All Nippon
JA8082
Japan
V R- H
Cathay
VH-OJM
Qantas
JA8085
Japan
VR-HOX
Cathay
JA8084
Japan
880/25405 United
835/2497
747-422 VR-HOU
Cathay
VH-OJJ
Qantas
836/24969
747-47C
839/2473
747- 33
840/24998
1-02-1
747-436
841/24629
91-02-20
747-436
842/24630
-0
-0 -2
United
8 3/ 25 31 7
VH-oJN
Qantas
884/25302
91-10-21
F-GISB
Ai
Ai
885/25308
91-10-25
JA8086
Japan
Canadian
887/25351
747-428
Singapore
747-406
888/25356
JA80n
Japan Govt.
747-428
889/25344
C-GAGL
Air Canada
747-40
890/2536
British Ai
AIRLINER TECH ---
..
France
Cathay
PH-BFL
LM
91-11-22 91-11-27
hA G-BNLT
Canada
China
Nippon
747-40
98
N180UA
hA
832/2491
747-428
91-07-11
8 71 /2 52 1
hA 747-412
867/2522
JA8099
All Nippon
Type
Line/msn
Type
747-4B5
893/26392
747-436
895/25406
G- NL
Britis Air
747-444
943/26637
747-406
896/26373
PH-BFN
KLM
747-422
944/26877
Japan
747-4D7 945/27093
91-12-11
92-01-14
JA8087
747-430
898/26425
92-01-20
D-ABVL
747-428
899/25599
747-436
900/25427 901/25600
747-446
902/26341
747-436
903/25432
rF 92-02-11
JA8088
747-428
906/25601
04
747-446D 907/26347
92-03-06
JA8089
911/25379
747-422
951/26396
-G
747-412
747-441 747-422
JA8090
N183UA N184UA 92-04-14
JA8955
VR-HUD
Cathay
JA8959
All Nippon
92-12-02 Singapore
747-412
Japan
955/27132
92-12-22
92-04-29
VH-OJP
92-05-11 92-05-21
957/25881
747-4B5
958/26393
United
747-436
959/27090
British Air
Canadian
747-428C 960/25630
Air France
United
747-446
961/26350
All Nippon
747-412
962/27133
Air China HL74
93-02-05
Japan
747-422
966/26878
N185UA
United
747-436
967/27092
JA8955
All Nippon 747-406
969/26373
85
923/2654
747-441
Singapore
924/2554
92-06-15· VH-OJQ
925/2587
VR-HOZ
926/25880
93-03-23
971/24957 93-04-08
D9 747-422
Cathay
Japan
JA8907
Japan
G-BN
British Ai
9M-MPB
Malaysia
N189UA
United
hAi
70
Korean
J8906
Korean
Singapore
964/2709
Qantas
JA8901
HL
Singapore
747-4J6
Singapore
922/2639
9V-SMQ
956/25629
93-02-16
921/2654
747-4J6
Japan
92-11-17
China
iGo
919/25395
747-481D 920/25640
Thai
JA8905
917/24956 918/2634
HS-TGM
Air France
915/2642 916/2554
United
953/27067
hA
913/25380
747-481D 914/25639
N188UA
92-11-11
92-12-18
Japan
908/2543
747-422
747-4B5
rC 92-02-07
910/26426
92-10-03
Japan Ai
905/26342
747-430
South African
EVA
hA
747-446
909/25602
EVA
Ai
904/2587
747-428
Date
747-45E
897/2634
747-428
Line/msn
973/26879
PH-BFN
KLM
VR-HUE
Cathay
PP-VPH
IFLC/Varig
JA8960
All Nippon
N190UA
United
JA8961
All Nippon
China
747-481D 975/25644
93-04-27
92-07-01
JA8957
All Nippon
928/2564
92-07-21
JA8958
All Nippon
747-446
929/26344
92-07-23
JA8902
Japan
747-467
930/25872
92-07-16
VR-HUA
Cathay
747-446D 978/26352
747-422
931/26875
N186UA
United
747-481
979/25645
93-05-19
JA8962
All Nippon
al
747-446
980/26353
93-05-21
JA8909
Japan
747-412
981/27134
747-45E
982/27142
747-481D 927/25642
EVA
747-419
933/25605
92-08-17
747-428
934/25628
92-08-24
747-446D 935/26345
92-08-28
JA8903
Japan
747-48E
983/25778
747-438
92-09-03
VH-OJR
Qantas
747-422
984/26880
Cathay
747-451
985/26473
747-4B5
986/26394
7-46
936/25547
HU
937/2587
Zealand
Ne
747-406C 938/25413 747-422
939/26876
747-412
940/27066
747-446D 941/26348
N187UA 92-10-01
JA8904
Japan
405E 93-06-14
8 7/ 2 0 7
United
ng
Singapore
988/2647
or 747-422
BOEING
-400
989/26881
93-08-16
EVA
N19IUA
United
N105UA
United
VT-ESM
Ai India
N106UA
United
N192UA
United
99
Type
Line/msn
747-412
'990/27137
747-4810 991/25647
Date
Reg.
93-07-29
Operator
Type
Line/msn
Singapore
747-4F6 747-4F6
Nippon
747-406
Reg.
Operator
1038/27827
C-FGHZ
Canadian
1039/27828
N753PR
Philippine
Date
1040/26550
Singapore
747-467
9M
747-45E
994/2715
B-16461
747-444
995/2663
ZS-SAY
747-4810 996/2716
747-412F 1042/2656
EVA
hA Nippon
747-48E
747-45E
9 9 / 27 17 3
747-4H
999/25702
9M MP
747-412
1000/27068
9V
1048/27349
747-4D7 1001/26609
HS-TGO
1049/27070
747-4R7F 1002/25866 93-10-30
LX-FCV
9M-MPD
747-45E
1004/27174 93-10-25
B-16463
747-4F6
1005 2726
N751PR
747-48E
1006/2577
747-467
1007/25870
747-4R7F 1008/2586
1045/26551 94-10-12 EVA
747-469
1046/27338
Malaysia
747-407
1047/26610
747-437
1009/27165 93-11-30
747-412
1010/27069
Singapore
9V-SPB
Singapore
K- DE 94-11-11
Kuwait
HS-TGP
Thai
G-
Britis Air
VD
Singapore hAir
93-11-08 93-11-24
9V-SFB
1044/27551 94-10-13
997/2570
1003/27164 93-10-21
ys
1043/26326 94-09-26
747-4H
747-437
94-09-17
PH
747-45EC 1051/27898 94-12-28
N406EV
EVA
747-412F 1052/26350 95-02-02
9V-SFC
Singapore
N407EV
EVA
747-4J6
1054/25883
Air Chin
VR-HUG
1055/26397 95-02-16
LX-GCV
1056/26552 747-4B5
1057/26398
Singapore 95-03-11
HL7493
Korean hAir
747-4U3 1011/25704
Garuda
747-436
hAir
747-4F6
1012/27262 93-12-14
747-4B5
1013/27072
HL7489
1014/27202
PH-BFR
1062/27915
ElAl
747-412
1015/27178 94-01-17
9V-SMW
1063/27965
Mandarin
747-45E
1016/26062 94-01-18
B-16465
747-4H
1017/27043 94 01 22
9M-MPF
747-436
1018/25811
747-4B5
1019/27177 94-02-07
747-4810 1060/27436 95-04-16 Korean
EVA
Britis Air
747-467F 1020/27175 94-02-21
HL7490
1061/27595
747-48E
VR-HUJ
HL
Asiana
1065/27503
VR-HUK
Cathay
747-4810 1066/27442 95-07-18
Korean
1067/2766
VR-HUH
1021/25882 94-02-18
B-2443
747-436
1022/25812 94-02-21
G-CIVC
1070/26554 95-09-28
747-412
1023/27217 94-03-08
9V-SMY
1071/27723 95-10-23
747-446
1024/2635
JA8910
747-4H
1025/25703 94 03 16
9M-MPF
747-446
1026/2635
JA8911
747-458
1027/26055
94-03-23
X-
Japan
Nippon
95 7-
1068/27663 95-08-28 Ai China
N754PR
1069/26553
747-412
Cathay
1064/25783
747-4J6
94-03-07
Nippon
Philippine Singapore
9V-SPE
Singapore
1072/27071
Singapore
1073/28096
Korean
Japan
747-412
1074/26562
Singapore
ElAl
747-412
1075/26555
Singapore
747-4Q8 1028/2495
94-04-14
G-VFAB
Virgin
747-45EC 1076/28092 96-03-14
N408EV
EVA
747-4U3 1029/2570
94-04-27
PK-GSH
Garuda
747-45EC 1077/29093 96-03-29
N409EV
EVA
747-412
1030/2654
94-05-04
9V-SMZ
747-446
1031/2709
94-05-16
JA8912
Japan
747-458
1032/2605
94-05-18
4X-ELB
ElAl
747-467
1033/2723
94-06-03
VR-HUI
747-437
1034/27214
747-48E
1035/25780
747-436
1079/25814 96-04-22
hAi
747-430
1080/28086 96-05-05
L uf th an s
1081/26255 96-05-28 747-412
1082/28022
HL7418
Asiana
747-4B5
1083/26400
HL74
Korean
Singapore
747-412
1084/26556 96-07-09
9V-SPJ
Singapore
1085/26890
N193UA
United
94-07-09
9V-SFA
1037/2734
94-07-18
HL7491
10
hAi
Air India
747-412F 1036/2656 747-4B5
1078/25809 96-04-11
AIRLINER TECH
Singapore
.'
-)
Type -4
Line/msn
1086 1086/2 /257 5784 84
Reg.
Date
Operator
Type
Line/msn
HL74 HL7497 97
747-422
1088/268 1088/26892 92 96-0 96-099-06 06
N194UA
United
1136 1136/2 /2 71
747-437
1089/280 1089/28094 94 96-0 96-099-21 21
VT-EVA
Ai India
11 7/ 8712 8712
1135/28849 97-11-18
747-406 1091 1091/2 /276 7672 72
9M-M 9M-MPI PI
Malaysia
-4
7-
VT-EVB
China Saudi
1139 1139/2 /290 9053 53
LX-L LX-LCW CW
Cargolux
B-l6 B-l6 lO
EVA
-1
61
U ni ni t
Ai
1094 1094/2 /282 8263 63
1142/2 1142/2828 828
1095 1095/2 /264 6403 03
-1 HZ-AIW
14 /2 1093/280 1093/28095 95 96-1 96-111-04 04
Ai
1138/28340 97-12-17
747-4B5 747-437
Operator
-0 -0
1087 1087/2 /264 6401 01
-4
Reg.
Date
L7 72 A si si a
747-436
747-407
98-0 98-011-29 29
Nippon
1143/29101
D- BV
Lufthansa
1144/28850
-CIV -CIV
Britis Britis Air
1145 1145/2 /290 9030 30
-0
China
747-4B5 747-412
Ai
1099 1099/2 /280 8023 23
-0 -1
11 0/28 0/2819 19
-S
Singapore
747747-4H 4H
1147 1147/2 /284 8427 27
- MP MP K
G-VT G-VTOP OP
hAi
1101 1101/2 /265 6557 57
BritishAir BritishAir
1102 1102/2 /258 5817 17
hA
G-CIVJ ft
Malaysia
sa
151/ 151/29 29 11
1105 1105/2 /280 8026 26
-0 -2
1106 1106/2 /282 8285 85
-0
B-16111
EVA
9M-M 9M-MPM PM
Malaysia
JA8913
Japan
D-ABVR
ir Ai
747-430
-0 -2
-4H6 -4H6 1152 1152/2 /284 84
Ai
-4
747-436
1156/25819 98-05-22
Ai
1109 1109/2 /282 8286 86
British Ai 1158/28959 -T
747-422
11 3/
si
89
N195 N195UA UA
T ha ha i
South African
159/ 159/29 2911 11 1161 1161/2 /276 7602 02
United
EVA
-1
ZK-SUJ
Ai Ne
Zealand
S ou ou th th A fr fr i Thai
Ai
747-41R 747-4B5
1166/26360 98-07-23
747747-4J 4J6C 6C 1119/2 1119/287 8754 54 97-0 97-066-23 23 -4
B-2467
rC
1120 1120/2 /287 8715 15
-0 -2
NI97UA
United
1121 1121/2 /269 6901 01
-0 -0
N197UA
United
1122 1122/2 /283 8339 39
-0 -1
HZ-AN
Saudi
1124 1124/2 /287 87
N198 N198UA UA
Japan South African
747-422
11 8/26 8/2690 90
NlO7 NlO7UA UA 4 92 92 M
747-485
United
A tl tl a
1170/26409 98-12-30 1171/26903 98-08-28
747-422
JA8914
N108UA
United
British Ai
United
Singapore Ab
United
747-4J6 747-4J6
1128 1128/2 /287 8755 55
-0
1130 1130/2 /284 8426 26 97-1 97-100-05 05
-0
Ai China
Ai
-C 747747-4H 4H
1175 1175/2 /287 8756 56
Dhabi
1177 1177/2 /294 9406 06
Ai
Virgin
9M-MPJ
Ai
F1 747-409
1132/28710
747-481
1133/28282 97-10-29
1180/26910 JA401A
All Nippon
747-4J6
BOEING
1 4 1 - 4 ~ O
Ne
Zealand
China
101
Type 747-468 747-436
Line/msn
Date
182/ 182/ 8341 8341 11 3/28 3/2885 85
Reg.
Operator
HZ-A HZ-AIX IX
Saudi
G- IV
Type
Line ms
Date
1230 1230/2 /255 5564 64
Reg.
Operator
VH-OJS
Qantas
hA
Cargolux
747-47UF 747-47UF 1184/29255
N494 N494MC MC
Atlas
747-451
1232 1232/3 /302 0269 69
747-422
1185/26906 98-11-16
N109UA
United
747-438
1233/25 1233/25565 565 99-0 99-099-30 30
VH-OJT
Qantas
747-409
1186/29031 98-11-20
1234/27650 99-11-21
JA8918
Japan
747-444 747-446
87
11
1188/2 1188/2636 636
-SAZ -SAZ 98-1 98-111-30 30
747-4R 747-4R7F 7F 1189/29729
JA8915
1190 1190/2 /285 8555 55
G-
747-430
1191/29492 98-12-21
D-ABVU
747-4 747-47U 7U 1192/292 1192/29261 61 98-1 98-122-15 15
N408MC
747-422
1193/26908 98-12-29
N116UA
747-436
1194/28856 99-01-17
747-436
1195/2 1195/2582 582
747-436
1196 1196/2 /288 8857 57
G-
747-422
11 7/28 7/2881 81
N117 N117UA UA
747-436
1198 1198/2 /288 8858 58
747-481
1199/2 1199/2926 926
747-436
1200/258 1200/25824 24 99-0 99-022-17 17
747-422
1201/2 1201/2881 881
747-446
99-0 99-011-19 19
Northwest
an
South
ol 747-446
Japan
X-
747-436
674U 674U
1236/27100 99-12-16
JA8919
1237/29858 Britis Britis Air
YAL-l
Japan
Lufthansa
1238/30201 1239/25566 00-01-24
0-00 0-0001 01
USAF
VH-OJU
Qantas
F1 747-412
United
1241 1241/2 /299 9950 50
SP
Singapore
it hAir
747747-47 47UF UF 1242/30 1242/30558 558 00-0 00-044-05 05
ti hAir
1243 1243/3 /301 0158 58
B-2472
Air China
1245/30023 00-05-12
N128UA
United
1247/ 1247/28 28432 432
9M-MPN
Malaysia
1248 1248/2 /264 6411 11
HL74 HL7449 49
Korean
hA 747-422
United
1246/26416 00-05-25 99-0 99-022-25 25 99-0 99-022-24 24
Nippon
747747-4H 4H
Ai N118UA
United
74
1249 1249/3 /307 0759 59
1202/263 1202/26362 62 99-0 99-033-18 18
JA8916
Japan
747-481
1250/303 1250/30322 22 00-0 00-066-28 28
1203 1203/2 /297 9730 30
LX-N LX-NCV CV
Cargolux
747747-45 45
1251/3 1251/3060 060
747-481
1204/292 1204/29263 63 99-0 99-033-30 30
JA404A
All Nippon
74
1252 1252/3 /307 0760 60
747-430
1205 1205/2 /294 9493 93
D-AB D-ABVW VW
747-451
1206/264 1206/26477 77 99-0 99-033-29 29
N67IUS
Northwest
747-422
1207/288 1207/28812 12 99-0 99-033-29 29
N119UA
United
1255 1255/3 /308 0804 04
747-446
1208/298 1208/29899 99 99-0 99-044-20 20
JA8917
Japan
1256 1256/2 /280 8027 27
Singapore
747-422
1209/2 1209/2916 916
99-0 99-044-12 12
N120UA
United
1257 1257/3 /307 0753 53
China China Cargo Cargo
747747-48 48EF EF 1210/2 1210/2760 760
99-0 99-044-14 14
HL7426
Asiana
747747-40 406M 6MI2 I258 58/3 /304 0454 54
PH-B PH-BFW FW
KLM
747-422
1211/2 1211/2916 916
99-0 99-044-22 22
N12IUA
United
747747-46 46NF NF 1259 1259/3 /308 0809 09
N451 N451PA PA
Polar
747-436
1212/2 1212/2885 885
99-0 99-044-29 29
G-BYGG
BritishAir BritishAir
747747-46 46NF NF 1260 1260/3 /308 0809 09
N452 N452PA PA
Polar
747747-47 47UF UF 1213/29256 1213/29256 99-0 99-055-26 26
G-GSSA
1261/29859
747-4D7 1214/28706 1214/28706 99-0 99-055-11 11
HS-TGZ
1262/276 1262/27645 45 00-1 00-122-19 19
747-458
1215 1215/2 /293 9328 28
747-468
1216 1216/2 /283 8342 42
747747-40 409F 9F 1263/30 1263/30762 762
1218/29 1218/29168 168 99-0 99-066-14 14
747-409
1219 1219/2 /299 9906 06
N122UA
747-47 747-47UF UF 1220/29258 1220/29258 99-0 99-077-15 15
N497MC
747-422
1221/28 1221/28813 813 99-0 99-088-02 02
NI27UA
747747-4R 4R7F 7F 1222/29731 1222/29731 99-0 99-077-12 12
LX-OCV
747-451
N672US
1223/302 1223/30267 67 99-0 99-077-19 19
747747-41 412F 2F 1224/28 1224/28032 032 99-0 99-088-05 05
Chin Cargo Cargo
B-HU B-HU
Cathay
Lufthansa 1-
09
JA8921 18
747-412
1266/28031 01-02-08
9V-SPN
Singapore
China
747747-40 409F 9F 1267/30 1267/30763 763 01-0 01-022-20 20
B-18706
China Cargo
United
1268/30885
Virgin
1269 1269/3 /307 0764 64
China Cargo
1270 1270/2 /280 8028 28 Northwest
-S
747747-46 467F 7F 1271/32571 1271/32571
- HU HU O
Singapore Cathay
Virgin
1226/30 1226/30268 268 99-0 99-088-24 24
N673US
Northwest
1282 1282/3 /308 0805 05
747-47 747-47UF UF 1227/29259 1227/29259 99-0 99-088-26 26 B-2471
China Cargo
United
9V-SFH
ZK-NBW
Japan
Saudi
747-451
10
B-18703
HZ-A HZ-AIZ IZ
KLM
1229 1229/2 /290 9071 71
Japan
1265/28343
PH-B PH-BFV FV
99-0 99-099-08 08
00-0 00-088-19 19
JA8920
747-468
1225/ 1225/28 28460 460 99-0 99-088-16 16
1228/2 1228/2937 937
China Cargo
Lufthansa
47-4 47-406 06
747-419
EVA
Saudi
747-47 747-47UF UF 1217/29257 99-0 99-066-30 30 747-422
747747-40 409F 9F 1254/3 1254/3076 076
Nippon
00-0 00-077-20 20
1253/276 1253/27648 48 00-0 00-088-17 17
ElAl
HZ-A HZ-AIY IY
China Cargo
Air Ne
Zealand
747747-6N 6N
1283 1283/3 /308 0811 11
1-09 1-09 26
1284 1284/26 /2641 41
-0 28
747747-41 412F 2F 1285/26 1285/26559 559 01-0 01-099-17 17 1286/264 1286/26413 13 01-0 01-099-28 28
AIRLINER TECH
..
B-HU B-HU
Cathay
N453PA
Polar
9V-SFJ
Singapore
-,
Type
Line/msn
Date
Reg.
Operator
Type
Line/msn
Date
Reg.
747-41R
Operator
Northwest 12 9/
25
Chin Carg
747-412
1298 1298/2 /280 8030 30
9V-SFK
Singapore
Singapore
747-430
1299 1299/2 /298 9872 72
D-ABTL
Lufthansa aC Malaysia
"'
/2
D-ABTK
1303 1303/3 /330 3002 02 aC
-4
1296 1296/2 /299 9900 00
9M-MPP
PH-BFY
KLM
N676US
Northwest
F1
Malaysia
economi setbac setbacks, ks, terro terro attacks, and the deterrent to travel posed star of 2002, with the airline industry reeling from economi the star by inconsist measure res, s, some some analysts were saying that twilight ha om for the era of the four-engined jetliner, inconsistent ent security security measu operat ator or by havi that saves money for its oper having ng just two pilots. Nevertheless, even even houg houg older 747 "classics" were clearly li even afte afte liab abil ilit it to most airli airline nes, s, the jury was stil stil ou on the mpac mpac of the economy on the 747-400. Boeing, even setb setbac acks ks an layo layoff ffs, s, has healt great aircraf aircraf doesn't healthy hy order book for the 747-400 and no one is ready to say, so far, that that this this great have brig bright ht future future ahead. (To Pesch
At
BOEING
141-400
10
DATES
SIGNIFIC
THE H I S T O R Y OF THE B O E I N G
DATES
February 9, 1969
Firs flight of Ma
1990 Boeing offers US Ai 400 m od e l d u bb e d th
Boeing
1985
rc C-33 USA
doesn't
Boeing announcement of 747-400
1996 Boeing briefs airlin executives on larger 747-700X m o de l w hi c is eventually also can studied celled
1991
program launch
747s p ar ti ci pa t
i n O p er at io n
October 22 1985
Desert Storm, carrying 644,000
L a un c h c u st om e r Northwest Air
troops an
lines orders 10 747-400s April 29 198
equip 220,000 o n ment to an from the Middle East
7, 1993 First flight of for Cargolux
co-pilot
Kenneth Higgin complete th
first
fl gh
747-400, p ow e re d b y
Pratt
Whitney engines, at Everett
October 1, 1998
A i F or c announces planned p ur ch as e o f YAL-l airborne laser aircraft, b a se d o n 747-400 November 1, 2000
Ma
L oe sc h an
Pilot J am e
747-400
747-400F freighter,
Singapore
loss ever at Taipei
killed in 747-00 crash
September. 10 1993
April 10 2001
1,00Ot Boein 74 rolls ou
United Airlines announces 747-400
June 27 198 First 747-400 sets
w e ig h t r ec or d
from Mose Lake Wash i ng to n a t 892,450 pounds (404,994 kilograms) taking
August 28 198 First flight of
November 4,1993
o pe ra ti on s o n th
ne China First loss of ad land Airlines 747-40 makes in an c om e t o rest off runway's en at Kaita harbor Hong Kong; on board survive. all
ai route, flight 821 from Ne York to Hong Kong ,439 miles (13587 kilometers)
ered 747-400 for Cathay Pacific April 15 1989 General Electric
First f li gh t o f
powered 747-400, for KLM
September 11,2001
T er ro ri s a t ta c k
Rolls-Royce-pow
1994 Boeing offer th US Ai rc derivative of th 747-400F dubbed th
world's longest
o n th
United
States exacerbat airlin industry's economic s lu m p c a us in g some
747-400 to be stored
N DA A ( No n Developmental
Alternative Airlifter); USA
buys
February 2002
C-17 transports instea
Boeing scheduled to begin assem bl o f " Lo n ge r R an g fo
First 747-40 Combi enters service
1995
reaching overseas routes; launch
withKLM
Boeing acquires McDonnell Dou
customer: Qantas
September 1989
glas, leaving the United States with January 1990
just
Boeing announces plan
range airliners
m a n u f a c t u r e r of long
Sched uled rollout
to
on Everett production line
1996 Boeing studies 747-500X an
600X designs, which ar quently cancelled
104
June 2002
747
subse
AIRLINER TECH
..
"Longer
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