BLACKWILL--Steel Designer's Manual 6th Ed

,

Steel Designers' Manual - 6th Edition (2003)

Contents xi xv xxv

Introduction to the th e sixth edition Contributors Notation

SECTION SECTI ON 1: DESIG DESIGN N SYNTHESIS SYNTHESIS 7 0 0 2 / 2 / 2 1 n o e t u t i t s n I n o i t c u r / t s g r n o . o z C i l b l e e e e t t S s . e p h o T h s / / m : o p r t t f h e c t o n e o c i l g r r e o d 5 n 7 u 7 d 2 e 7 c 8 u 4 d 4 o r 3 p 1 e 0 l R l . a c d t e n v r e e m s u e r c o s d t h i s g h i r t l f l a o - n t i o h s g r i r e y v p y o p c o s c i l d a r i a r h e t a a m y u s b i h o T T

1

Single-storey buildings Range of of building building types; types; Anato Anatomy my of structur structure; e; Loadi Loading; ng; Design of of common structural forms

1

2

Multi-storey buildings Introduction; Factors influencing influencing choice of form; Anatomy of structure; Worked example

42

3

Industrial steelwork Range of structures and scale of construction; construction; Anatomy of structure; Loading; Loadi ng; Struc Structure ture in its wider context

94

4

Bridges Introducti Intro duction; on; Select Selection ion of span; Select Selection ion of type; type; Codes of practice; practice; Traffic loading loading;; Other actions; actions; Steel grades; grades; Overall stabil stability ity and articulatio articu lation; n; Initi Initial al design; Worked example example

124

5

Other structural applications of steel Towers and masts; masts; Space frames; frames; Cable structu structures; res; Steel in residen residential tial constructi const ruction; on; Atria

169

SECTION SECTI ON 2: STEE STEEL L TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY 6

Applied metallurgy of steel Introducti Intro duction; on; Chemic Chemical al composi composition tion;; Heat treatmen treatment; t; Manuf Manufacture acture and effect on on properties; Engineering properties and mechanical tests; Fabrication effects and service performance; Summary

222

7

Fracture and fatigue Fracture Fr acture;; Linea Linearr elastic fracture mechanics; mechanics; Elasti Elastic–pla c–plastic stic fracture mechanics; mechan ics; Materi Materials als testing for fracture properties; properties; Fr Fracture acture-safe -safe design;; Fatigu design atigue e

248

8

Sustainability and steel construction 275 Introducti Intro duction; on; Econo Economic mic impacts; impacts; Soci Social al impacts; impacts; Envir Environmen onmental tal impacts; impacts; Embodied Embod ied energy; Operat Operational ional energy energy;; Summar Summary y

iii


iv

Contents

SECTION SECTI ON 3: DESIGN THEOR THEORY Y 9

7 0 0 2 / 2 / 2 1 n o e t u t i t s n I n o i t c u r / t s g r n o . o z C i l b l e e e e t t S s . e p h o T h s / / m : o p r t t f h e c t o n e o c i l g r r e o d 5 n 7 u 7 d 2 e 7 c 8 u 4 d 4 o r 3 p 1 e 0 l R l . a c d t e n v r e e m s u e r c o s d t h i s g h i r t l f l a o - n t i o h s g r i r e y v p y o p c o s c i l d a r i a r h e t a a m y u s b i h o T T

Introduction to manual and computer analysis Introducti Intro duction; on; Elemen Elementt analys analysis; is; Line elemen elements; ts; Plate Plates; s; Analys Analysis is of skeletal structures; structures; Finite element method method

286

10

Beam analysis Simply-sup Simpl y-supporte ported d beams; Propp Propped ed cantilevers; cantilevers; Fi Fixed, xed, buil built-in t-in or or encastré encast ré beams; Cont Continuo inuous us beams; Plast Plastic ic failure of single single members; Plastic failure of propped cantilevers

325

11

Plane frame analysis Formulae Fo rmulae for rigid frames; Po Portal rtal frame analysis

342

12

Applicable dynamics Introducti Intro duction; on; Fund Fundamenta amentals ls of dynam dynamic ic behaviour; behaviour; Distri Distributed buted parameter paramet er systems; systems; Dampin Damping; g; Fi Finite nite element element analysi analysis; s; Dynami Dynamicc testing testing

354

SECTION SECTI ON 4: ELEME ELEMENT NT DESIGN DESIGN 13

Local buckling and cross-section classification Introduction; Cross-sectional dimensions and moment–rotation moment–rotation behaviour; Effect of moment–rotation behaviour on approach approach to design and analysis; analysis; Classi Classificati fication on table; table; Econo Economic mic factors factors

373

14

Tension members Introduction; Types of tension member; Design for axial tension; Combined Combi ned bending bending and tension; Eccent Eccentricit ricity y of end conne connection ctions; s; Other considerati consi derations; ons; Cable Cables; s; Worked examples examples

383

15

Columns and struts Introducti Intro duction; on; Commo Common n types of member; Design consider consideration ations; s; Cross-sectional considerations; Compressive resistance; Torsional and flexural-tor flexura l-torsiona sionall buckling; buckling; Effect Effective ive lengths; lengths; Speci Special al types of strut; Economic points; points; Worked examples

402

16

Beams Common types of beam; Cross-section classification classification and moment moment capacity, M c; Basic desig design; n; Latera Laterall bracing; bracing; Bracin Bracing g action action in in bridges bridges – U-frame design; design; Design for restricted restricted depth; depth; ColdCold-formed formed sections sections as beams; Beams with web openin openings; gs; Worked examples examples

431

17

Plate girders Introducti Intro duction; on; Advan Advantages tages and disadvantages; disadvantages; Initi Initial al choice of cross cross-section for plate girders girders in buildings; buildings; Design of plate girders used in buildings build ings to to BS 5950: 5950: Part 1: 2000; Initi Initial al choice choice of crosscross-sectio section n for plate girders girders used used in bridges; bridges; Design of of steel bridges bridges to BS 5400: 5400: Part 3; Worked examples

470

Steel Designers' Manual - 6th Edition (2003) Contents


v

18

Members with compression and moments Occurrence of combined loading; Types of response – interaction; Effect of moment gradient gradient loading; Selection of type of cross-section; Basic design procedure; procedure; Cross-section classification under compression and bending; Special design methods for members in portal portal frames; Worked examples

511

19

Trusses Common Commo n types of trusses; trusses; Guidan Guidance ce on overall concept concept;; Effect Effectss of load reversal: reversal: Select Selection ion of elements elements and connections; connections; Guida Guidance nce on methods of analysis; Detailed design considerations considerations for elements; Factors dictating the economy of trusses; trusses; Other applications of trusses; Rigid-jointed Vierendeel girders; Worked examples

541

20

Composite deck slabs Introducti Intro duction; on; Deck types; types; Normal and lightwei lightweight ght concretes concretes;; Select Selection ion of floor system; Basic design design;; Fi Fire re resist resistance; ance; Diaph Diaphragm ragm actio action; n; Other constructional features; Worked example

577

21

Composite beams Applicatio Appl ication n of composite composite beams; Econo Economy; my; Guida Guidance nce on span-tospan-todepth ratios; ratios; Types of shear connection; connection; Span condition conditions; s; Analy Analysis sis of composite compo site section; section; Basic design; design; Worked examples examples

601

22

Composite columns 651 Introducti Intro duction; on; Design of encased composite composite columns; columns; Design of concreteconcretefilled tubes; tubes; Worked example

SECTION SECTI ON 5: CONNE CONNECTION CTION DESIGN DESIGN 23

Bolts Types of bolt; Methods of tightening and their application; Geometric considerati consi derations; ons; Metho Methods ds of analysis of bolt groups; Design strengths; strengths; Tables of strengths

671

24

Welds and design for welding 685 Advantages of welding; Ensuring weld quality quality and properties by by the use of standards; Recomm Recommendati endations ons for cost reduc reduction tion;; Weldin elding g processes; proce sses; Geometr Geometric ic consideratio considerations; ns; Metho Methods ds of analysis of weld groups; Design strengths

25

Plate and stiffener elements in connections Dispersion Dispe rsion of load through through plates plates and flanges; Stiff Stiffeners; eners; Prying forces; forces; Plates loaded in-plane

711

26

Design of connections Introducti Intro duction; on; Simpl Simple e connection connections; s; Momen Momentt connectio connections; ns; Summa Summary; ry; Worked examples

721


vi

27

Foundations and holding-down systems Found oundation ations; s; Conne Connection ction of the steelwork; steelwork; Analy Analysis; sis; Holdi Holding-do ng-down wn systems;; Worked examples systems

Contents

816

SECTION SECTI ON 6: OTHE OTHER R ELEMENTS ELEMENTS


28

Bearings and joints Introducti Intro duction; on; Bearin Bearings; gs; Jo Joints; ints; Bearin Bearings gs and joint jointss – other other considerations

842

29

Steel piles Bearing Bearin g piles; piles; Sheet piles; piles; Pile driving driving and and installati installation; on; Durab Durability ility

867

30

Floors and orthotropic decks Steel plate plate floors; Open-g Open-grid rid flooring; flooring; Ortho Orthotropi tropicc decks

906

SECTION SECTI ON 7: CONST CONSTRUC RUCTION TION 31

Tolerances Introducti Intro duction; on; Stand Standards; ards; Impli Implicatio cations ns of tolerances; tolerances; Fabrica abrication tion tolerances; tolera nces; Erecti Erection on tolerances tolerances

917

32

Fabrication Introducti Intro duction; on; Econo Economy my of fabric fabrication ation;; Weldin elding; g; Bolti Bolting; ng; Cutti Cutting; ng; Handling and routeing of steel; Quality management

948

33

Erection Introducti Intro duction; on; Th The e metho method d statem statement; ent; Plann Planning; ing; Site pract practices; ices; Site fabrication and modifications; Steel decking and shear connectors; connectors; Quality Qualit y control control;; Cranes and craneag craneage; e; Safety Safety;; Speci Special al structu structures res

971

34

Fire protection and fire engineering Introducti Intro duction; on; Stand Standards ards and buil building ding regulations; regulations; Stru Structural ctural performance perfo rmance in fire; fire; Develo Developments pments in fire-safe fire-safe design; design; Metho Methods ds of protection prote ction;; Fi Fire re testing; testing; Fi Fire re engineering engineering

1013

35

Corrosion and corrosion prevention The Th e corrosion corrosion process; process; Effect of the the environment; environment; Design and corrosion; corro sion; Surfa Surface ce preparatio preparation; n; Metal Metallic lic coatings coatings;; Paint coatin coatings; gs; Application of paints; Weathereather-resistant resistant steels; The protective treatment specification

1030

36

The Eurocodes The Eurocodes Eurocodes – background and timescales; Conformity with EN 1990 – basis of design; design; EC3 Design Design of steel structu structures; res; EC4 Design of composite steel and concrete concrete structures; Implications of the Eurocodes for practice in the UK; Conclusions

1053


Appendix Steel technology Elastic properties of steel European standards for structural steels


Design theory Bending moment, shear and deflection tables tables for cantilevers simply-supported beams built-in beams propped cantilevers Bending moment and reaction tables for continuous beams Influence lines for continuous beams Second moments of area of two flanges rectangular plates a pair of unit areas Geometrical properties of plane sections Plastic modulus of two flanges rectangles Formulae for rigid frames Element design Explanatory notes on section dimensions dimensions and properties, properties, bolts and welds 1 General 2 Dimensions of sections 3 Section properties 4 Bolts and welds Tables of dimensions and gross section properties Universal beams Universal columns Joists Universal bearing piles Hot-finished: circular hollow sections square hollow sections rectangular hollow sections Cold-formed: circular hollow sections square hollow sections rectangular hollow sections Asymmetric beams Parallel flange channels

vii

1071 1072

1077 1079 1087 1094 1102 1105 1116 1118 1122 1124 1127 1128 1130

1148 1149 1151 1160 1166 1172 1175 1178 1181 1183 1185 1187 1190 1192 1195 1197


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Contents

Two parallel flange channels: laced back to back Equal angles Unequal angles Equal angles: back to back Unequal angles: long legs back to back Castellated universal beams Structural tees cut from universal beams Structural tees cut from universal columns Extrac Ext racts ts from from BS 5950: 5950: Par Partt 1: 2000 Deflection limits (Section two: Table 8) Design strengths for steel (Section three: Ta Table 9) Limiting width-to-thickness ratios for sections other than CHS and RHS (Section three: Table 11) Limiting width-to-thickness ratios for CHS and RHS (Section three: Table 12) Bending strengths (Section four: Ta Tables 16 and 17) Strut table selection (Section four: Table 23) Compressive strength (Section four: Table 24) Connection design Bolt data Hole sizes Bolt strengths Spacing, end and edge distances Maximum centres of fasteners Maximum edge distances Back marks in channel flanges Back marks in angles Cross centres through flanges Bolt capacities Non-preloaded ordinary bolts in S275 Non-preloaded countersunk bolts in S275 Non-preloaded HSFG bolts in S275 Preloaded HSFG bolts in S275: no non-slip in service Preloaded HSFG bolts in S275: non-slip under factored loads Preloaded countersunk HSFG bolts in S275: non-slip in service Preloaded countersunk HSFG bolts in S275: non-slip under under factored loads Non-preloaded ordinary bolts in S355 Non-preloaded countersunk bolts in S355 Non-preloaded HSFG bolts in S355 Preloaded HSFG bolts in S355: no non-slip in service Preloaded HSFG bolts in S355: non-slip under factored loads

1201 1202 1203 1204 1206 1207 1208 1214 1218 1220 1221 1222 1223 1224 1227 1228

1236 1236 1237 1237 1238 1240 1240 1241 1242 1244 1246 1247 1248 1249 1250 1251 1253 1255 1256 1257


Preloaded countersunk HSFG bolts in S355: non-slip in service Preloaded countersunk HSFG bolts in S355: non-slip under under factored loads Bolt and weld groups Bolt group moduli – fasteners in the plane of the force Bolt group moduli – fasteners not in the plane of the force Weld group moduli – welds in the plane of the force Capacities of fillet welds Weld group moduli – welds not in the plane of the force


Other elements Sheet pile sections Larssen sections Frodingham sections Box sheet piles High modulus piles H-piles Floor plate design tables

ix

1258 1259 1260 1264 1266 1270 1271

1274 1275 1276 1277 1279 1280

Construction Fire information sheets Section factors for universal beams universal columns circular hollow sections rectangular hollow sections rectangular hollow sections (square) Minimum thickness of spray protection Basic data on corrosion

1302 1303 1304 1305 1306 1307 1308

Codes and standards British and European standards covering the design and construction of steelwork

1311

Index

1323

1282

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Introduction to sixth edition


At the instigation of the Iron and Steel Federation, Federation, the late Bernard Godfrey began work in 1952 on the first edition e dition of the Steel Designers’ Manual . As principal principal author he worked on the manuscript manuscript almost continuously continuously for a period of two years. On many Friday evenings he he would meet with his co-authors co-authors,, Charles Gray, Gray, Lewis Kent and W.E. W.E. Mitchell to review progress and resolve outstanding technical problems. A remarkable book emerged. Within approximately 900 pages it was possible possible for the steel designer to find everything necessary to carry out the detailed design of most conventiona conventionall steelwork. steelwork. Altho Although ugh not intended intended as an analyt analytical ical treatise, treatise, the book contained the best summary of methods of analysis then available. available. The standard solutions, solutions, influence lines and formulae for frames could could be used by the ingenious designer to disentangle the analysis analysis of the most complex structure. structure. Information on element design was intermingled with guidance on the design of both overall structures and connections. connections. It was a book to dip into rather than read from from cover to cover. However well one thought one knew its contents, contents, it was amazing how often a further reading would would give some useful insight into current problems. problems. Readers forgave its idiosyncrasies, idiosyncrasies, especially in the order of presentation. presentation. How could anyone anyone justify slipping a detailed treatment of angle struts between a very general discussion of space frames and an overall presentation on engineering workshop design? The book was very popular. popular. It ran to four editions with numerous reprints in both both hard and soft covers. Special versions were also produced for overseas markets. markets. Each edition was updated by the introduction of new material from a variety of sources. However, the book book gradually lost the coherence of its original authorship and it became clear in the 1980s that a more radical revision was required. After 36 very successful years it was decided to rewrite and re-order the book, while retaining its special character. This decision decision coincided with the formation of of the Steel Construction Institute and it was given the task of co-ordinating this activity. A complete restructuring of the book book was undertaken for the fifth fifth edition, with more material on overall design and a new section on construction. construction. The analytical material was condensed because it is now widely widely available elsewhere, but all the design data were retained in order to maintain the practical usefulness of the book as a day-to-day design manual. Allowable stress design concepts concepts were replaced by limit state design encompassing BS 5950 for buildings and BS 5400 for bridges. Design examples are to the more appropriate of these two codes for each particular application. xi


xii

Introduction to sixth edition

The fifth edition was published in 1992 and proved to be a very worthy successor to its antecedents antecedents.. It also ran to several printing printingss in both hard and soft covers; covers; an international edition was also printed and proved to be very popular in overseas markets. This sixth sixth edition maintains the broad structure introduced in 1992, reflecting its target readership of designers of structural steelwork of all kinds.


• • • • • • •

Design synthesis Steel technology Design theory Element design Connection design Other elements Construction.

Design Desig n synthesis: synthesis: Chapte Chapters rs 1–5 A description of the nature of the process by which design solutions are arrived at for a wide range of steel structures including:

• • • •

Single- and multi-storey buildings (Chapters 1 and 2) Heavy industrial frames (Chapter 3) Bridges (Chapter 4) Other diverse structures such as space frames, frames, cable structures, structures, towers and masts, masts, atria and steel in housing (Chapter 5).

Steel techno technology: logy: Chapte Chapters rs 6–8 Background material sufficient to inform designers of the important problems inherent in the production production and use of steel, and methods of overcoming overcoming them in practical design.

• • •

Applied metallurgy (Chapter 6) Fatigue and Fracture (Chapter 7) Sustainability and steel construction (Chapter 8).

Design Desig n theory: theory: Chapt Chapters ers 9–12 A résumé of analytical methods for determining the forces and moments in structures subject subject to static or dynamic dynamic loads, loads, both manual manual and computer computer-based -based..

BLACKWILL--Steel Designer's Manual 6th Ed

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