Black Origins of Ancient Rome a - Muller, Gert.pdf

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BLACK ORIGINS OF ANCIENT ROME AND BLACK ROMAN EMPERORS GERT MULLER



















Black Origins of Ancient Rome and Black Roman Emperors

Gert Mulle Mulle r

Copyright © 2013 Gert Muller All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, echanical, or oth er, er, means means , now or h ereafter ereafter invented, including including pho tocop ying and recording, recording, o r in any inform information ation s torage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Pomegra Pomeg rana nate te Publishing Publishing London



















CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: THE BLACK ELEMENT AMONGST THE GREEK COLONIZERS OF SOUTH ITALY CHAPTER CHAP TER 2: THE MYSTERIOUS MYSTERIOUS ETRUSCANS – ROMAN FORERUNNERS CHAPTER 3: THE BLACK ELEMENT OF THE ETRUS ETRUS CANS CANS REVEALED REVEALED CHAPTER 4: BLACK ORIGINS REVEALED THROUGH ROMAN RELIGION CHAPTER 5: THE FLAVIAN DYNASTY CHAPTER 6: THE ANTONINES AND SEVERANS CONCLUSION





















CHAPTER 1: THE BLACK ELEMENT AMONGST THE GREEK COLONIZERS OF SOUTH ITALY

Introduction

The civilization of the Italian peninsula did not begin with Latin-speaking Romans but with groups of settlers coming from the east. One s uch p arty of sett lers lers was the mysterious eth nic group known as Etruscans and o riginated, riginated, in part, from from As ia Minor Minor.. In Anu M’Bantu’s e-book Unmistakably Unmistakably Black: Sculpture and Paintings from from Ancient Syria and Anatolia we see what many ancient people in Asia Minor looked like. The other eastern element was the Ancient Greeks with their Afro-Canaanite and Egypt ian descend ed leadership. We shall begin by looking looking at th e background of the Greek Greek colonies colonies and the art they p roduced.

Greek Colonies in Italy Italy

The origins of Greek civilization on the mainland were the result of Egyptian and Afro-Canaanite trading influence on certain coas tal points that later became became My cenaean citadels citadels around 1600 1600 BC. BC. Trade Trade and sea travel were were obv iously prioriti priorities es from from the beg inning for fo r thes e Mycen M ycen aean citadels given their the ir origins origins . Thes e citadels citad els traded t raded with with Italy and an d Sicily Sicily a s we disco ver from a curator in the Cleveland leveland Mus eum of Art: The quantity and distribution of Mycenaean pottery found in South Italy, Sicily, and Sardinia, dated from the sixteenth century through the eleventh centuries BC, suggests that Bronze Age Greeks had been sailing west from an early period. “Eubo “Eubo eans and the West: Art, Art, Epic Epic Poetry, Poetry, and Histo Histo ry” by Michael Bennett, Bennett, in, Magna Mag na Graecia: Grae cia: Greek Art from Sout h Italy, Ital y, ed. MJ Benn ett, Mari Ma rio o Iozzo Iozzo and an d BM Wh ite; Huds on Hills Hills 2002 2002 p19 After Mycenaean civilization collapsed at the end of the Bronze Age life became difficult in Greece. War and trading opportunities prompted Ionian Greeks to migrate to Asia Minor from around 1000 BC. By 500 BC Greek colonies had spread to North Afri A frica, ca, South ern Italy, Italy, Sicily, Sicily, Sardinia, Spain and South ern France. The evidence eviden ce from art s trong ly s ugg ests es ts that tha t the Egypt ian and Afro-Canaanite-descende Afro-Canaanite-descende d elite Greek Greekss led them to th ese colonies. Looki Looking ng at a map o f Greece Greece and the Boot of Italy shows that Greek colonies in this part of Italy were inevitable.



















were settled were called Apulia, Salento, Campania and Calabria. The first and last were dominated by Achaeans. Salento was mainly Dorian, whilst Camapania had Achaean and Dorian areas. In the summary of Mag of Magna na Graecia Graecia (ed. by MJ Bennett et al) they inform us that the Greek colonization was ‘a watershed historical event that would profoundly influence the ancient Etruscans and Romans’. In The Greek Cities of Magna Graecia and Sicily Sicily we are told that their arrival ‘triggered great cultural changes among the local native communities’ (by Luca Cerchiai, Lorena Jannelli and Fausto Longo; Getty Publications 2004 p10). There is widespread agreement that the coming o the Greeks to colonize Italy changed the destiny of Italian civilization. In Black In Black Origins Origin s o f Ancient Anci ent Greek Civiliza Civi lizatio tion n we saw how the Afro-Canaanite influence led to the leading Greeks of later periods hav ing Phoen ician ician ancest ance st ry. In the sculptu sc ulptures res and paintings painting s of Magna Mag na Graecia we can see se e eviden ce of the AfroCanaanite ancestry of the leading Greek citizens.

Figure 2 a mask of Zeus occurring on a Gnathian wine-bowl

The above depiction is from a Gnathian column-krater (large type of wine-bowl). It has a mask of a dark brown face with signs of ageing and curly white hair. On the krater is the inscription ‘Of Zeus the Saviour’ making it clear the mask was intended to represent the face of Zeus . Gnathia Gnathia was a to wn in the region region of Apulia, Apulia, Southern Italy, Italy, from from where where the distinctive decorated black-slipp black-slipped ed po ttery. Below Below is a co mic scen e from a play b y th e Greek Greek wri writer ter Phylax. Phylax. It is is rep resen ted o n a b ell-k ell-krater rater us ing the th e red-figure st yle. In the



















Figure 3 Comic scene from a play shows an old and young man. Both have African features that have been exaggerated in ‘Spitting Image’ style



















Figure 5 Terracotta mould of a comic actor from Taranto

The terracotta mould mould s hown abo ve is from from the Apulian Apulian city o f Taranto Taranto an d d ates back to around 200 200 BC. BC. Taranto was one of the leading Greek colonies in South Italy. It is thought to depict a comic actor because of the exaggeration of the facial features. Why the exaggeration of African facial features? There are two possibilities. One is that African faces represented a foreign and oppressed type of human who was the subject of fun. Similar to the exaggerated features of the blacking-up minstrel shows of late 19 th century America. Museums that have displayed this piece have unconsciously backed this interpretation by referring to it as a comic actor depicting either a ‘slave’ or a ‘fat woman’. Judging by the facial features they could only be referring to a Black ‘slave’. The problem with the first interpretation of an oppressed outsider is the fact that they are not sure themselves whether the actor is intending to depict a ‘slave’ or not. Furthermore figure 3 shows a Greek citizen with exaggerated African facial features. Had the citizen been of European appearance it is tho se features which which would have been exaggerated and n ot African African ones . The presence of citiz citizens of African African appearance does not support the first possibility. Also according to the Greeks themselves Black people from Egypt and Canaan were the first leading members of their society in the 2nd millennium BC. This was followed by another infusion of late Egypt ian and Canaanite s ettlers ettlers in the early early an d mid-1 mid-1st millennium BC half of whom would have been Black (see Black (see Black Origins of Ancient Greece). Greece). Neither Neither they nor their des cendant s would have been o ppress ed. The other possibility, which would agree with the above information, is that it is a kind of ‘Spitting Image’ (an animated comedy of political satire from the 80’s poking fun at the British establishment by following the old tradition of exaggerating their facial features). This was in a society where many people of African appearance were leading figures, as we have just seen, and thus subject to political satire. Would an ancient Greek playwright have dared to use political satire against the



















Figure 6 Seated man from Apulia holding a scroll, scroll, 300-200 300-200 BC

Above is a more serious terracotta representation of a seated man of African appearance holding a scroll. Such a representation would befit a scholar, philosopher or some other academic luminary. It was made in northern Apulia around 200 BC. BC.





















Figure 8 Flask in the shape of a crouching man, from Campania, S Italy

The above human-shaped flask is in the form of a crouching man of African appearance. He wears what looks like a distinctive hair style which, in the present author’s mind, suggests foreignness. He has his arms crossed. Everyday objects like containers were often in human form and could be both European and African in appearance. They represented the kind of peo ple that th at cou c ould ld be met with o n s treets of Greek Greek cities cities in Italy amongs t both b oth ens laved and a nd free alike. alike. This flask was made in the Campania Campania region region of South Italy and dates to ab out 80 BC. BC.

Conclusion

The art of Magna Graecia is a reminder of a potentially confusing characteristic of Greek art. In many artistic depictions there is often no direct direct equat ion between the colour of the dep icted and their continental appearance. People People can be s hown with with black colour but of clear European ap pearance or a p ink colour with with clear African African ap pearance dep ending o n th e artistic artistic con vention. The art also shows that people of African appearance occurred at all levels of society and were amongst those in leadership who were the subject of political satire. Many are unaware of the seminal role the ancient Greeks played in stimulating the urbanisation process in Italy. Even more are unaware of the obvious African appearance of many Greek citizens at this time and how ho w it it is its elf evidence o f the Black origins origins of anc ient Greek Greek civili civilizati zation. on.



















CHAPTER 2: THE MYSTERIOUS ETRUSCANS – ROMAN FORERUNNERS

Introd Introduction: uction: Who Were W ere They?

The Etruscan civilization was based between the Tiber and Arno rivers in northern Italy. A wonderful introductory summary was given by the th en Italian Italian Ambas Ambas sad or to the Netherlands Netherlands : The Etruscan civilization has left us stelai, memorial stones, inscriptions and paintings, but no books or wealth o texts – from which Roman law to Livy or Apuleius – that characterize Latin-Roman culture. For this reason we still canno t s ay with with an y certainty whether the Etrus Etrus cans were were really really a European European p eople, as currently ass umed, umed, who first first becam beca me visible in a Villanov illanovaa civiliz civilization ation that tha t had its origins in Italy, Italy, or whether wheth er they the y came from As ia Minor, as Herodo Herodo tus an d other historians, ancient and modern, modern, contend . Franco Franco Giordano iordano , Italian Italian Ambas Ambas sad or to the Netherlands Netherlands , foreword foreword in, Etrusca in, Etrusca ns: Eminent Emine nt Women, Po werful Men edited by Patricia Patricia Lulof, Iefke Iefke van va n Kampen; t ranslated rans lated b y Michele M ichele Hendricks, W Books 2011 2011 There is is certainly certainly evidence to su pport th e view given given b y Herodotus of an origin origin in As ia Minor: Minor: Etruscan is a non-Indo-European language which is only related to one language outside Italy. This language is Lemnian, spoken on Lemnos until the Athenians, led by Miltiades, conquered the island around 500 BC...The language in the Lemnian texts is closely related to Etruscan. “The Etrus cans ” by Patricia Patricia S Lulof, Lulof, in, in, Lulof Lulof and an d van v an Kampen (2011) (2011) p27 At the same time it is clear that the civilization has strong roots in the period at the end of the Bronze Age in Etruria (Lulof and van Kampen 2011 p11). It is very likely that an elite element entered Etruria at the time when calamity struck the Aegean in the 12th century BC. There were earthquakes, drought, famine and wars which may have caused the linguistic ancestors of the Etruscans to leave north-west Asia Minor. Minor. The Lem Lemnians nians h ad been in contact with the Afro-C Afro-Canaanites anaanites t o the degree that they appear to have ad opted the Phoenician Kabiri Kabiri as t heir Gods ( Black Black Origins Origin s of Ancient Greek Civil C ivilizat ization ion by Muller 2013 p8991). The Afro-Canaanites were integrated into the upper echelons of the Lemnians. They also had wide-ranging maritime contacts. Only they, amongst the Lemnians, would have had detailed knowledge of the Italian peninsula needed to make the migration to Etruria when destabilization came to the Aegean.



















Figure 9 Map showing Etruria and some surrounding territories

By 700 BC the first Etruscan inscriptions were being written in a script derived from that of Euboean Greeks. This script was to influence influence the su rroun rroun ding Italic Italic peo ples (Haynes 2005 2005 p1). They were su rroun rroun ded by Indo-European-sp Indo-European-sp eaking eaking peoples of the Italic Italic sub-group. They included the Latini Latini to the s outh , the Faliscans Faliscans an d Sabines to t he s outh -east, the Umbri Umbrians ans to the west, and the Ligurians t o th e no rth (“The Earlies arliestt Etruscan Etrusca n Aristocracy” Aristoc racy” b y Gilda Gilda Bartoloni, in, in, Lulof and Van Van Kampen 2011 p52). p52). In the map above Rome Rome can b e seen on th e so uthern bo rder of Etruri Etruriaa and Latini Latini territor territory y to the s outh .

The The Orientalising Period



















founded new cities, cities, with with p lanned pu blic blic s paces ... ... Malnarti, in, Lulof Lulof and an d van Kampen Kampen (2011 (2011)) p7 He also also tells tells us on th e same page that th e power of: ...the ruling class was evident in their enormous wealth and display of power, in which women also participated, playing a ve ry different different role from from that o f Greek Greek women women in in the s ame period Malnarti, in, Lulof Lulof and an d van Kampen Kampen (2011 (2011)) p7 This is an interesting difference between the Etruscans on the one hand and the Greeks and Romans on the other. It is a difference that attracted many women to the study of this civilization in the 1970’s. Etruscan art shows women and men on an equal footing when art from from the oth er two civili civilizzations certainly certainly does not. We are also informed by Lulof that: The Etruscan’s mastery was evident in everything they created: in their gift to the gods, in metalworking and painting, painting , sculpture sculpt ure and arch itecture. Lulof, in, Lulof and van Kampen (2011) p11 In this period Etruscan power reached over Latium into Campania in the south. The effect of the intensive trade between Etruria and Campania had been the growth of urbanization in Latium and the growth of power in the regions surrounding Etruria. This was to result in the eclips eclips ing of Etruscan Etruscan power.

Decline of Etruscan Power

Tarquinius Superbus was the last of the Tarquinian Kings of Rome. His despotic style of rule led to the revolt leading to the expulsion of the Etruscan family in 509 BC (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/583670/Tarquin ( http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/583670/Tarquin). ). At the end of the s ixth ixth century cent ury BC ItalicItalic-sp sp eaking Umbro-Sabelli Umbro-Sabellian an t ribes ribes migrated into so uth ern Latium and later into Campan Campan ia leading leading to wars with the Etruscans in Campania. The loss of Etruscan influence in Latium and Campania economically affected Etruria. Throughout Throughout th e 5th century BC Greek cities were expanding their commercial activities in the Mediterranean and led to a naval battle bat tle bet ween the t he Sicil Sicilian ian Greek Greek fleet fleet and Etrus can fleet fleet in 474 BC. BC. The Greek Greek fleet fleet won end e nding ing Etrusc an nav al su premacy premacy in the region. The effects of this d ecline ecline can be s een in the tomb tomb s izes izes and q uality uality o f grave good s after 450 450 BC. BC. In the early fourth



















tradition tradition of the d ebt which she owed to the Etrus Etrus cans . Grose-Hodge (2012) p28 So who were these mysterious Etruscans whose language appears to have originated in Asia Minor and who, together with ancient Greece, formed the parental pair of forerunners of ancient Rome?





















CHAPTER 3: THE BLACK ELEMENT OF THE ETRUSCANS REVEALED

Textbook Textbook Etruscan Etrusc an Art

The Etrus Etrus can art comm common in textboo textboo ks would give th e impress impress ion all Etruscans Etruscans were were Europeans of Mediterranean Mediterranean appearance. A g ood exam example ple would would be the t wo pieces below which which are drinking drinking ves sels in th e form of a lady’s h ead. The s kin, kin, eyes and hair colour are Mediterranean Mediterranean European in type. In the right right hand exam example, ple, however, there there has been an at tempt tempt t o cu rl the black hair hair like in some Greek sculptures. The Greeks had in their midst a socially dominant Black population of Egyptian and AfroCanaanite descent who probably formed the models of imitation. It raises the question of whether there was also a socially dominant Black population amongst the Etruscans who were the models of imitation.















































































































































































































































CHAPTER 4: BLACK ORIGINS REVEALED THROUGH ROMAN RELIGION

























http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/525264/Satyr-and-Silenus First of all these are ‘spirits’ or ‘daimones’ (Greek) but not every definition source makes this clear from the beginning. Many

















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































CONCLUSION The study of the Black origins of civilization in Italy is a wonderful illustration of the contribution made by people of African appearance to progress in the arts and sciences not just in Africa and Asia but also in Europe, a continent not known for its dark inhabitants. It is also a clear illustration of the various stages of losing power which a people undergo. We discovered Etruscans of Moorish and Semi-Moorish appearance living in Etruria and ruling in Rome the 6th and 5th centuries BC. We then found t hem gradually gradually losing po wer as an ethnic group in the 5th and 4th centuries BC until they were absorbed into the Roman Empire. We then come acros s Etrurian-Latin trurian-Latin Semi-Moorish Semi-Moorish individuals who st ill ill manag manag ed t o wield wield p ower in Rome Rome in th e 1 st an d 2nd centu ries ries AD. This, This, ho wever, wever, was do ne in a sett ing of European European cultural norms. norms. The scu lptures of th e time time make make that q uite clear as does the Roman attitude towards Africa. There were no more powerful independent African nations with which Rome was in direct contact. Such a situation could only result in a more negative view of Africans than was the case during the Greek domination. All was not completely over, however. The story of the Moors of Africa bridges the Roman period and the Renaiss Renaiss ance in Europe, Europe, on th e one hand, and the Maafa in Africa, Africa, on th e other. See our Website:

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Black Origins of Ancient Rome a - Muller, Gert.pdf

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