VELS VIDYASHRAM SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL
INVESTIGA INVESTIG ATOR TORY Y PROJECT IN BIOLOGY
GENETIC ENGINEERING- A GLANCE AT ITS LATEST APPLICATIONS
PREPARED BY: DIVYA DIVYA DHARSHINI.U CLASS: XII SECTION: A
ROLL NO.: 12104
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify certify that DIVYA DIVYA DHARSHINI.U of Class XII Sec.-A has satisfactorily completed the proect !or" i# $iolo%y prescri&ed prescri&ed &y the Ce#tral $oard of Seco#dary 'd(catio# )C$S'* for the year +,-+,/.
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A*+!',&&/&! # I !o(ld li"e to si#cerely a#d prof(sely tha#" 0rs. 1U0UDHA madam for the 2al(a&le %(ida#ce3 ad2ice a#d for %i2i#% (sef(l s(%%estio#s a#d rele2a#t ideas that facilitate a# easy a#d early completio# of this proect. A#d !o(ld also li"e to tha#" my pare#ts a#d my frie#ds for helpi#% me !ith my proect !ith e2ery possi&le help they co(ld %et me.
INTRODUCTION WHAT IS A GENE? A Gene is a fundamental, physical and functional unit of heredity. It is responsible for the physical and inheritable characteristics of an organism.
Genetic Engineering It is manipulation/alteration of structure of a gene to create a desired characteristic in an organism. If genetic material from another species is added to the host, the resulting organism is called transgenic.
Humans have altered the genomes of species for thousands of years through artificial selection and more recently mutagenesis.
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GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS Genetically modified organisms (GMO are organism whose genetic material
has
been
altered
using genetic engineering techniques. These techniques, generally known as recombinant DNA tecno!og", use !"A molecules from different sources, #hich are combined into one molecule to create a ne# set of genes . $his !"A is then transferred into an organism, giving it modified or novel genes. $ransgenic organisms, a subset of GMOs, are organisms #hich have inserted !"A that originated in a different species.
Wat is te GMO #rocess?
All genetic changes affect the protein synthesis of the organism.
%y changing #hich proteins are produced, genetic engineers can affect the overall traits of the organism.
Genetic modification can be completed by a number of different methods as belo#& Inserting
targeted !irect
ne# genetic material randomly or in locations
replacement of genes (recombination 'emoval of genes Mutation of eisting genes
WHAT ARE THE AD$ANTAGES OF GMO? Mo%i&ie%
to ma'e tem more resistant to
(n&a)orab!e con%itions *ro%(ce iger "ie!%s +se !ess &erti!i,ers +se !esser -ater *est resistance
Herbici%e
to!erance Increasing &oo% s(##!ies in co.re!ation -it an increasing -or!% #o#(!ation/
Genetica!!" Mo%i&ie% microbes %acteria #ere the first organisms to be modified in the laboratory, due to their simple genetics. $hey synthesi)e products such as* Insulin Hepatitis
% vaccine
$issue
plasminogen activator
Human
gro#th hormone
Ice+minus
bacteria
Interferons
In --, researchers reported that a genetically+modified virus that eploits the selfish behaviour of cancer cells might offer an alternative #ay of illing tumours.
Genetica!!" mo%i&ie% )ir(s an% bacteria
Genetica!!" Mo%i&ie% Cro#s $ransgenic plants have been engineered to possess several desirable traits, such as
I#sect resista#t
Her&icide resista#t Dro(%ht4free5e resista#t Disease resista#t Hi%her yield 6aster %ro!th Impro2ed #(tritio# 7o#%er shelf life
Go!%en Rice is a transgenic variety of rice, #ith genes for the synthesis of b+carotene taen from the temperate garden favourite Narcissus pseudonarcissus (daffodil and inserted into the genome of a temperate strain of rice, using Agrobacterium tumefaciens as the vector.
GOLDEN RICE 5ITH BETA
Genetica!!" mo%i&ie% Rose
B"!"!" V"**i!&
0odi8ed 2ir(s i#ected i# sapli#% tree ca(ses the &a#a#as to co#tai# 2ir(s protei#s.
V&!'/'$ C""&
Scorpio# %e#es added to the ca&&a%e pre2e#t i#sects from eati#% it.
Transgenic Anima!s Genetically Modified (Genetically 0ngineered animals are becoming more vital to the discovery and development of cures and treatments for many serious diseases. %y altering the !"A or transferring !"A to an animal, #e can develop certain proteins that may be used in medical treatment.
1table epressions of human proteins have been developed in many animals, including sheep, pigs, and rats.
T)& G', Fi)3 a 9(oresce#t red 5e&ra 8sh sold as a #o2el pet3 has &ecome the 8rst tra#s%e#ic a#imal.
Sa!mon DNA a!tere% -ere &is gro- to mat(rit" in a!& te time/
Fast.Gro-ing Sa!mon Genes from t#o other fish cause this salmon to continually produce gro#th
GENETICALLY MODIFIED RATS
Uses: ;rotei# trac"i#% Disease detectio# (si#% &iol(mi#esce#t ima%i#% )$7I* to ide#tify di
S'/& H3%i A!i/" i! #$3666..
GENETIC ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE
Genetic engineering is becoming a ma2or force in conventional medicine. It has got numerous applications in medicine ranging from vaccines to transgenic organ transplants. a0 Te Arti&icia! 1!oo% $he artificial blood is a genetically engineered form of hemoglobin, the complicated protein that enclosed in red
blood cells++carries oygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body. An artificial blood also #ould virtually eliminate the ris of contracting AI!1, hepatitis and other viral diseases through transfusions. !evelopment of emulsion technologies resulted in the production of compounds #hich utili)ed smaller chain perfluorocarbon molecules to more effectively emulsify the perfluorocarbons, allo#ing higher concentrations of active agent in the emulsion and thus higher oygen carrying capabilities.
Arti&icia! Haemog!obin
b0 C!one% *igs Mo%i&ie% &or +se in H(man Trans#!ants $#o competing teams have cloned pigs that have been genetically modified to produce organs more suitable for transplantation into humans. 3ig organs are #ell suited for transplantation. $hey are approimately the same si)e as human organs and have similar plumbing, #hich maes reconnecting blood vessels much easier. Also, the si)e of pig litters tends to be large and pigs reproduce 4uicly, raising the prospect of a large supply of 5spare5 organs. A problem #ith using pig organs, ho#ever, is that they are coated #ith sugar molecules that trigger acute re2ection in people. Human antibodies attach themselves to these sugar molecules and 4uicly destroy the ne#ly transplanted pig organ. $o circumvent the re2ection, scientists are #oring to produce pigs that lac the sugar+producing gene.
