BIOPHARMACEUTICS (PACOP BLUE) 1. Passive diffusion of a drug molecule across a cell membrane depends on the I. Lipid solubility of the drug II. Extent of ionization of the drug III. Concentration difference on either side of the cell membrane a. only I and II d.III b. only III e. I, II and III c. I and II 2. The rate of dissolution of a ea!ly acidic drug may be increased by I. Increasing the p" of the medium II. Increasing the particle size of the solid drug III. Increasing the viscosity of the medium a. I only d. II and III b.I only II e. and II I, III c. I and II 3. The initial degradatin ! dr"g #$ li%er en&$'e a!ter ral ad'initratin ! a dr"g i n*n+ a. En&$'ati, degradatin d. -i, degradatin #. -irt /a 'eta#li' e. a#l"te #ia%aila#ilit$ ,. Relati%e #ia%aila#ilit$ 0. #hich of the folloing parameters can evaluate bio e$uivalency of drugs% I. Time to reach pea! concentration II. &'C III. Concentration of drug at plateau level a. only I only IId. b. and Ionly II e. I,II and III c. II and III only . The !ll*ing tate'ent are nt tr"e e,e/t+ a. A'r/h" !r' i 're l"#le than ,r$talli&ed !r' d. h$drate are e"i%alent t l%ate #. H$dr" !r' i 're l"#le then anh$dr" e. nne ! the a#%e ,. Pl$'r/h i 're l"#le then enanti'r/h 4. a. #. ,.
A 'ea"re ! the "antit$ ! dr"g in the #d$+ 5d 6d7.* AUC e. t172 /H
8. a. b. c.
(tudy of hat the body does to the drug) *iopharmaceutics Pharmaco!inetics Pharmacodynamics
d.pharmacology e. pharmaceutics
9. To different oral formulations of the same drug having e$ual areas under respective serum+concentration time curves
a. eliver the same total amount of drug meet to the body and are, therefore bioe$uivalent b. eliver the same total amount of drug in the body but are not necessarily bioe$uivalent c. &re bioe$uivalent by definition :. a. b. c.
d. are bioe$uivalent if they both '(P disintegration standards e. are therapeutically e$uivalent
-astric emptying rate is sloed don by all of the ff. except) igorousexercise d. hunger /attyfoods e.lyingontheleftside "ot meals
1;. An a#r/tin 'e,hani' !r Sa#in /ll %a,,ine+ a. Pai%edi!!"in d.,n%e,ti%etran/rt #. In the a'e dage !r' *ith the a'e trength and ad'initered #$ the a'e r"te+ a. Phar'a,e"ti,al e"i%alent d. !re"en,$ #. Bie"i%alent eH . al!
18. Indication for I rout a. *lood transfusion d. for !idney dialysis b. /or self+medication e. forperitonealadministration c. /or administration of small volumes in tissues 19. Bet r"te !r li"e!$ing thi, e'/$e'a a. I5 idn.halatin #. Intra/le"ral ,. IM
e. intrathe,al
1:. The folloing promotes better absorption except) a. Longer residence time in the small intestine d. decreased peristalsis b. Longer residence time in the stomach e. enhance propulsive contractions c. :ixing movements 2;. True about pharmaceutical e$uivalents I. (ame active ingredient II. (ame dosage form III. (ame dosage strength a. only I and II d.III b. only III e. I, II and III c. I and II 21. The folloing best describes the effect of propantheline on the absorption of paracetamol) a. elayed -E; d. increased intestinal transit b. Increased-E; decreasedacidsecretion c. Enhanced absorption 22. escribes diffusion of drug solutions across biological membranes a. "enderson+"asselbach d.ideal-asLa b. /ic!
&ctive transport Passive diffusion
a. I only b. I and II only c. II and III only
d. I and III only e. I, II and III only
20. True for all drug products administered by all routes except I) a. &bsorption d.excretion b. Liberation e. toxic !inetics c. :etabolism 2. escribes the relationship beteen dissolution rate and drug particle surface area a. "enderson+"asselbach d.ideal-asLa b. /ic!
24. ;oute of drug administration here hepatic metabolism is completely by passed) a. *uccal rectal d. b. (ublingual c. Topical
e. both &>*
28. ?n
-irt rder ineti, Mi,haeli III and I5 nl$ e.all!thea#%e
that primarily undergo Phase II metabolism) Phenols *arbiturates Corticosteroids (ulfonamides d. II, III and I only e. all of the above
2:. Thi i the r"te ! ad'initratin e'/l$ed !r ,he'thera/e"ti, dr"g in rder t 'ai'i&e dr"g ,n,entratin at the t"'r ite #e!re ditri#"tin ,,"r thr"gh"t the #d$. a. Intra%en" d.intra,ardia, #. Intra'","lar ,. Intraarterial 3;. The 'ai'"' de ! dr"g that ,an #e ad'initered "#,"tane"l$ i+ a. ' ;.l d. 2.; 'l #. 1.; 'l ,. 1. 'l 31. This type of membrane allos the passage of lipophilic drugs only) I. *lood capillaries II. *lood+brain barrier III. ;enal glomerular membrane I. ;enal tubule a. II and I only d. I, II and III only b. II and III only c. II only 32. Thi i the nl$ tran/rt /r,e that de nt re"ire a dr"g t #e in ae" l"tin t #e adr#ed+ a. Pai%edi!!"in d.,arrier<'ediatedtran/rt
#. Cn%e,ti%etran/rt ,. In
e. 5ei,"lar Tran/rt
33. The !ll*ing !a,tr in,reae gatri, e'/t$ing there#$ in,reae a#r/tin ! 't dr"g+ I. Intae ! *ar' !d intead ! ,ld !d II. L$ing n the le!t ide III. Eer,ie I5. Stre a. Inl$ da II.nd I IInl$ #. a I ndII I nl$ eI.II>Ia I ndI5 ,. I and I5 nl$ 30. The folloing statements about drug absorption are true) I. In order to maximize drug absorption, the drug needs to be highly soluble. II. In order to maximize drug absorption, the drug needs to be in the unionized form. III. In order to maximize drug available for absorption, the drug needs to be highly soluble. I. In order to maximize drug available for absorption, the drug needs to a. I and III b. and III c. I and I
be in the unionized.
d. II and III
only I e.
3. In general, the salt form of ea! acids and ea! bases) I. /aster dissolution and faster absorption II. Longer duration of action III. -reater stability I. Less local irritation and less systemic toxicity a. III and I,I d. II, III and I b. and II I, III e. &7T& c. I, II and I 34. /or conventional oral dosage forms, this is the sloest and rate+limiting step in the series of processes of drug absorption) a. Liberation d.iffusion b. isintegration c. issolution 38. The folloing pathological factors decrease drug absorption) I. iarrhea II. Constipation III. Par!inson
39. Phar'a,e"ti,all$ e"i%alent dr"g h"ld ha%e i'ilar I. A,ti%e , he'i,al i ngredient II. =age trength ! a, ti%e , he'i,al ing redient III. =age ! r' I5. Intenit$ a nd d "ratin ! a,tin 5. Thera/e"ti, e!!e,t a. II5 >a>nd 5 dA. OTA #. aII>nIdII e?. OTA ,. I> II> III and 5 3:. Thera/e"ti,all$ e"i%alent dr"g h"ld ha%e i'ilar+ I. A,ti%e , he'i,al i ngredient II. =age trength ! a, ti%e , he'i,al ing redient III. =age ! r' I5. Intenit$ a nd d "ratin ! a,tin 5. Thera/e"ti, e!!e,t a. II> I5> and 5 d. AOTA #. aII>nIdII e?. OTA ,. I> II> III and 5 0;. Pharmaceutical alternatives drugs should have similar) I. &ctive chemical ingredient II. III. I. . a. II, I, and b. and III,III c. I, II, III and
osage strength of active chemical ingredient osage form Intensity and duration of action Therapeutic effect d. &7T& e. =7T&
01. Therapeutic alternatives should have similar) I. &ctive chemical ingredient II. osage strength of active chemical ingredient III. osage form I. Intensity and duration of action . Therapeutic effect a. I, and b. and IIII, I,III c. I, II, III and 02. *ioe$uivalent I. II. III. I. . d. II, I, and e. and II I, III f. I, II, III and
&7T& =7T& e.d.
drugs should have similar) &ctive chemical ingredient osage strength of active chemical ingredient osage form Intensity and duration of action Therapeutic effect d. &7T& e. =7T&
03. The ff. statements are true for plasma albumin)
I. II. III. a. I only b.and IIII c. I and II
:a?or binding protein for acidic drugs Concentration is lo and saturation may occur Concentration is increased in :I and ;& d. II and III &7T& e.
00. The ff. statements are true for @+acid glycoprotein) I. II. III. only a. I b.and IIII c. I and II
:a?or binding for acidic drugs Concentration is lo and saturation may occur Concentration is increased in :I and ;& d. II and III &7T& e.
0. The ff. statements are true regarding drug protein binding) I. & tightly bound drug has @ value. II. The fraction unbound is determined by concentration of both the drug and binding protein and affinity of the drug for the protein. III. "ighly protein bound drugs re$uire more fre$uent dosage administration. a. only I and IIIII d. III b. andI e. &7T& c. I and II 04. The renal clearance of a drug that is filtered, secreted and reabsorbed is approximately) a. 641 ml8min =7T& d. b. A641 ml8min c. B641 ml8min 08. -r ad"lt *ith "nta#le renal !"n,tin> ,reatinine ,learan,e 'a$ #e ,'/"ted "ing thi e"atin+ a. C,r!@ ta"lt dL. e%e$ #. elli!e ,. Sala&ar and Cr,ran 09. & creatinine clearance of 1 is indicative of) a. =ormal!idneyfunction b. :ild renal failure c. :oderate renal failure 0:. "alf+life of a drug I. II. III. I. a.only I b. III only c. II and III
d.severerenalfailure
may be decreased by) "epatic insufficiency Cardiogenic shoc!, heart failure and hemorrhage Increased extraction ratio isplacement of the drug by another substance and II d. e. I, II and III
;. Phase II Clinical (tudies deal ith) a. Pharmaco!inetics in healthy participants b. rug interactions c. /ormulation evelopment
d. osage ranging and linearity
1. The *iopharmaceutics Classification (ystem D*C( is a drug development tool that allos correlation of in vitro drug dissolution and in vivo bioavailability correlation. It is based on the folloing parameters hich affect the rate and extent of drug absorption from solid oral dosage forms) I. Liberation II. issolution III. (olubility I. Permeablity a. IIandI d. II, III and I b. and II III e. all of the above c. I and III 2. *iopharmaceutics is the study of ) I. /actors that influence the release of drug from a drug product, the rate of dissolution of the drug, and the eventual bioavailability of drug. II. Interrelationship of the physicochemical properties of the drug, the
III. a. I and II b. II and III c. I and III
dosage form in hich the drug is given, and the route of administration on the rate and extent of systemic drug absorption. Finetics of drug absorption, distribution, and elimination d. &7T&
3. Compared to normal adults, infants have) I. (loer absorption II. (maller d III. (loer metabolism I. (hortened elimination time a. and III and III, d. I b. and IIII &7T& e. c. I and III 0. The nl$ 'eta#li, /r,e /reent in an in!ant i+ a. Red d. l",rnidatin #. S"l!atin ,. A,et$latin . The folloing statements describe the pharmaco!inetic profile of geriatric patients) I. ecreased absorption rate II. Increased d III. ecreased metabolism I. ecreased half+life a. and III and III, d. I b. and IIII &7T& e. c. I and III
4. Compared to normal adults, renally impaired patients have) I. ecreased absorption rate II. Increased d III. ecreased metabolism I. ecreased half+life a. II only d. I, II and I b. and IIII &7T& e. c. I and III 8. *ioavailability of I. II. III. I. a.and III b. and III II c. III and I
these drugs is decreased in patients ith renal disease) Erythromycin igoxin /urosemide +xylose and I Id. &7T& e.
9. Compared to normal adults, obese patients have) I. Increased renal blood flo II. Increased -/; III. I.
Increased d ecreased metabolism
a. I and II b. and IIII c. I and III :. Theraputic rug I. II. III. I. a.and III b.and II I c. II, III and I
d. I, II and I &7T& e.
monitoring DT: is employed for drugs ith ) :ar!ed pharmaco!inetic variability =arro therapeutic indo 'ndefined therapeutic range esired therapeutic effect that is difficult to monitor d. I, II and I &7T& e.
4;. &spirin is best absorbed by this transport mechanism a. Passive diffusion d. Convective Transport b. Carrier+:ediatedTransport e. esicularTransport c. Ion+Pair /ormation 41. rug penetration I. II. III. a. only I b. I and II c. I and III
is enhanced if the drug Is in solution "as a high lipid+ater partition coefficient Is ionized III II,I,d.
42. In /ic!
a.& bsorption b. iffusion c. Penetration
d. adsorption
43. #hich of the folloing is8are true about passive diffusion% I. It is the principal process for movement of drugs across membranes II. The driving force is electrochemical gradient. III. It involves a carrier protein as a component of the membrane a. &ll the ofabove b. I and II c. II and III
d.
40. These are drugs I. II. III. I. a. IIandI b. II and III c. I, II and I
I only
that undergo extensive first pass effect) P&*& Terbutaline erapamil Cimetidine d. &7T&
4. These are drugs that inhibit metabolism of other drugs) I. II. III. I.
&llopurinol #arfarin :eperidine Phenytoin
a. and I II b.and III II c. I, II and I
and IId. I,III e.
&7T&
44. Transdermal route of administration is administered in8through8on the) a. Epicutaneous d.subcutaneous b. Intracutaneous c. Percutaneous 48. &t physiologic p", a drug ith pFaG0. is approximately a. 12unionized ionized b. 6112 6112unionized, ionized, 12 c. 012 unionized, 012 ionized
d.e. H62 unionized, H62 ionized,H2 H2ionized unionized
49. The ff. diagram shos the comparative of rate of drug absorption from oral dosage forms fastest to sloest) a. (uspensionsBemulsionsBuncoated tabletsBcapsules b. EmulsionsBsuspensionsBuncoated tabletsBcapsules c. EmulsionsBsuspensionsBcapsulesB uncoated tablets d. suspensionsBemulsionsBuncoated tabletsBcapsules
4:. #hat is the administration rate of theophyliine, representing 1. of the administered dose, hen aminophylline is infused at J0 mg8hr% a. 1mg8h J1mg8h d. b. 01mg8h c. 51mg8h 8;. /our hours folloing the I administration of a drug, a patient DJ1!g as found to havea plasma concentration of 0.5 mcg8ml. assuming the d is 612 of body eight, hat is the amount of drug, in mg. present in body fluids% a. 30.J 34.H d. b. 3J.0 c. 3H.4
81. #hat is the rate of I administration for aminophylline hich ould produce a steady state plasma theophylline concentration of 60mg8L if the estimated theophylline clearance is 4. L8h% a. 01.0 03.0 d. b. 06.0 c. 04.0 82. If Lidocaine I is infused continually at a rate of 4mg8min and if the steady state concentration of lidocaine is 3mg8L, hat is the total clearance% a. 1.5J L8min d. 1.J L8min b. 1.0J L8min c. 1.J L8min 83. The etent ! ditri#"tin ! dr"g i a!!e,ted #$+ I. Bld /er!"in II. Pla'a /rtein #inding III. Me'#rane /er'ea#ilit$ I5. /H aa . In IIId AdO. TA #. II and I5 ,. II> III> and I5 80. The rate ! ditri#"tin ! dr"g i a!!e,ted #$+ I. Bld /er!"in II. Pla'a /rtein #inding III. Me'#rane /er'ea#ilit$ I5. /H a. I and III #. II and I5 ,. II> III> and I5 8. The rate ! &er<rder rea,tin a. Change,ntantl$ rea,tin
d. AOTA
d.hldnl$!rlight<,atal$&ed
#. Iinde/endentte'/erat"re radia,ti%e ,'/"nd ,. In in de/endent ! , n,entratin
e.hldnl$!r
84. #hat ill result if the distribution of drugs is sloer than the process of biotransformation and elimination% a. "ighbloodlevelsofdrug d.potentiation b. Lobloodlevelsofdrug e. failure to attain diffusion e$uilibrium c. (ynergism 88. #hich of the folloing types of tissues fre$uently stored drugs% a. /atty tissues d. and &* b. :uscle tissue e. & and C c. Protein tissue 89. #hich of the folloing drugs undergoes mar!ed hydrolysis in the -I tract% a. &(& d. "ydrocortisone b. Penicillin e. Chlortetracycline c. &cetaminophen 8:. If a C=( drug is extensively ionized at p" of blood, it ill a. Penetrate the *** sloly d. be eliminate sloly b. Penetrate the *** rapidly e. not be distributed to any tissue sites c. =ot penetrate the *** barrier 9;. The #"!!er e"atin i al n*n a a. "nge"atin #. CharleL a* ,. Hendern
d.SteLa* eA.OTA
91. To calculate a loading dose, one must first determine a. "alf+life b. *ody clearance c. Kfraction protein bound
d. d e. &7T&
92. To achieve the same steady+state plasma concentration Dfor a drug that is excreted by the !idney in renal failure patients ith normal renal function, you should a. Increasingthedosinginterval d. do any of the above, depending on pharmacodynamic properties of the drug b. ecreasethedose e.notad?ustthedosingregimen unless the patient shos sign of toxicity c. &d?ust both the dose and dosing interval 93. #hich of the folloing factors ma!e it necessary to give loer doses of drugs to geriatric patients% a. ;educedenzymeactivity d. & and * only b. ;educed!idneyfunction e.&,*andC c. Enhanced absorption
90. The ?$e
described as & theoretical value & measure of drug concentration+time curve "aving units of eight and time.volume d. II and III only &7T& e.
98. #hat is the potentially first rate+limiting process hen a tablet dosage form is administered% a. Ionizationofthedrug d.dissolutionofthedrugintheblood b. iffusion of the through the -I epithelium e. disintegration in the tablet c. issolution of the drug in the -I fluids 99. #hich of the folloing could be the rate+limiting steps for drug absorption from an orally administered drug product% I. isintegration of the unit II. issolution of the active drug III. iffusion of the active drug through the intestinal all a. only I and d. II III only b. only III e. &7T& c. I and II only 9:. The AUC ! a dr"g ,an #e deter'ined !r' a gra/h #$ "ing *hi,h ! the !ll*ing 'ethdF I. La* ! di'inihing ret"rn II. R"le ! nine III. Tra/e&idal r "le a. Inl$ ad IIn.I d IInl$ #. III nl$ e. AOTA ,. I and II nl$ :;. The pea! of the serum concentration versus time curve approximates the a. Point in time hen the maximum pharmacologic d. time re$uired for essentially all of the pharmacologic effect occurs. rug to be absorbed from the -I tract. b. Point in time hen absorption and elimination e. point in time hen the drug begins to
have e$ualized be metabolized. c. :aximum concentration of free drug in the urine. :1. In hich of the folloing sites may drugs be metabolized% I. (!in II. Lungs III. Liver a. only I and d. II III only b. only III e. &7T& c. I and II only :2. #hen compared to their parent compound, metabolites usually have a. -reater ater solubility d. no therapeutic activity b. Loeratersolubility e.greaterdiffusionthrough c. -reatertherapeutic activity the blood brain barrier :3. ifferences in bioavailability are most fre$uently observed ith drug products administered by hich one of the folloing routes% a. (ubcutaneous d.sublingual b. Intravenous e.intramuscular c. 7ral :0. #hen graphed, nonlinear pharmaco!inetics are characterized by dat that a. oes not yield a straight line at any time b. Exhibits a straight line only hen plotted as log+log functions c. Is dose+dependent
d. follos first+order !inetics e. ill have a negative slope
:. The /M value for a drug product is ideally compared to its a. &bsolute bioavailability d. relative bioavailability b. osingrate e.routeofadministration c. Clearance rate :4. If an oral capsule formulation of the drug & produces a serum+concentration time curve having the same &'C as that produced by an e$uivalent dose of drug & given I, it can generally be concluded that a. The I route is preferred to the oral route. d. &ll oral forms of drug & ill be b. The capsule formulation is essentially completely bioe$uivalent absorbed c. The drug is very rapidly absorbed. e. there is no advantage to the I route :8. The ter' thera/e"ti, *ind* re!er t the a. Ti'e inter%al #et*een ad'initratin ti'e ,"r%e And the #eginning ! a,ti%it$ #. Cn,entratin di!!erential #et*een dr"g ad'initratin ! MTC and MEC ,. Cn,entratin *hi,h '"t #e rea,hed Be!re a,ti%it$ #egin
d. ,n,entratin %er"
e. ti'e /erid #e!re the net de
:9. -r t* dr"g /rd",t t #e ,nidered G/har'a,e"ti,al e"i%alent the /rd",t '"t ha%e I. Ha%e the a'e a,ti%e d r"g (thera/e"ti, ' iet$) II. Cnit ! t he a'e alt III. Cntain the a'e e,i/ient a. Inl$ ad IIn.I d IInl$ #. In IIl$ aell. ,. I and II nl$ ::. Re"ire'ent !r the dr"g /rd",t t #e ,nidered G/har'a,e"ti,al alternati%e in,l"de ha%ing the a'e I. A,ti%e dr"g II. =age ! r' III. Salt r eter a. I nl$ d. II and III nl$ #. In IIl$ aell. ,. I and II nl$ 1;;. *ased upon the p" partition theory, ea!ly acidic drugs are most li!ely to be absorbed from the stomach because a. The drugs ill exist primarily in the d. the ionic form of the drug facilitates unionized, more lipid soluble form dissolution b. The drugs ill exist primarily in the ionized, e. ea! acids ill further depress p" more ater soluble form c. #ea! acids are more soluble in acid media 616. -astric emptying time except) a. igorous exercise b. /attyfoods c. "ot meals
d. hunger e.emotionalstress
614. ;educing drug particle size to enhance drug absorption is limited to those situations in hich the a. &bsorption process occurs by active transport b. &bsorption process is rate limited by the dissolution of drug in the -I fluids c. rug is very ater soluble
d. drug is very potent e. drug is irritating to the -I tract
613. rugs that are absorbed from the -I tract are generally a. &bsorbed into the portal circulation and d. not affected by liver enzymes pass through the liver before entering the general circulation b. /iltered form the blood by the !idney, e. (tored in the liver then reabsorbed into the general circulation c. &bsorbed into the portal circulation and are distributed by an enterohepatic cycle
61. The volume of distribution Dd of a particular drug ill be a. -reater for drugs that concentrate in concentration tissues rather than in plasma b. -reater drugs that concentrate in plasma drugs ratherthanintissues. c. Independent of tissue concentration
d. independent of plasma
e. approximately the same for all Inagiivenindividual
610. & !noledge of d for a given drug is useful because it alloes to a. estimate the elimination rate constant interval b
d. determine the best dosing
determine the biological half+life
e. determine the pea! plasma
c. calculate a reasonable loading dose
concentration
615. Estimate the plasma concentration of a drug hen 01 mg is given by I bolus to a 61 lb patien if her volume of distribution is 6.5 L8!g a. 1.6 mg8L b. 1.0 mg8L c. 6 mg8L
mg8L 0d. e. 36 mg8L
61J. the time needed to achieve a steady+state plasma level for a drug administered by infusion ill depend upon I. II. III. a. only I b. III only c. I and II only
&mount of drug being infused olume of distribution of drug "alf+life of drug and d. II III only e. all of the above
61. the time needed to reach optimum drug blood levels Dthe plateau portion of curve III during constant rateintravenous infusion is a. irectly proprtiona to the rate of infusion life b. Inversely proportional to the rate of infusion rate c. Independent of rate of infusion
d. independent of the biological half+ e. not related to either the infusion or the biological half+life
61H. #hat factor besides the desired steady+state concentration DCss is most important for determining an infusion rate of a parenteral solution% a.half+lifeofthedrug
d.
total clearance
b. :etabolismrate c. ;enal elimination
e.volumeofdistribution
661. Compartmental models are often used to illustrate the various principles of pharmaco!inetics. a compartment is best definded as a. any anatomic entity that is capable of absorbing drug blood or urine b. a !inetically distinguishable pool of drug c. specific body organsor that blood, tissues can be assayed for drug blood proteins that ould have tendency to absorb drug
d. any body fluid+such as that may contain drug e. anycomponentof the including
666. hich of the folloing is8are true of non+linear pharmaco!inetics I. II. III. a. only I b. III only c. I and II only
follos zero order !inetics elimination half+life ill change as the dose is increased half+life is expressed in terms of fraction per unit time and d. II III only and II e. I, III
664. The difference beteen pea! and trough concentrations greatest hen the is given at dosing intervals a. :uch longer than the half+life b. &boute$ualtothehalf+life c. :uchshorterthanthehalf+life reach
d. e$ual to the half+life times serum creatinine e. e$ualtothetimeitta!esto pea! concentration folloing a single oral dose
663. hich of the folloing pharmaco!inetic parameters is Dare li!ely to decrease in the geriatric population hen compared to average population% I. II. III.
;enal elimination rug metabolism olume of the distribution
a. only I b. only III c. I and II only
and d. II III only e. I, II and III
66. the pharmaco!inetic property !non as clearance is essentially the a. ;ate at hich the plasma is cleared of removed all aste materials and foreign substances De.g drug absorption b. olume of blood that passes through the
e.
d. rate at hich the drug is Dcleared from its site of
volume of blood that is completely
!idneys per unit of time time c. olume of blood that passes through the liver per unit of time
cleared of drug per unit of
660. a !noledge of the clearance DCL of a given drug is useful because it allos the a. Calculation of the maintenance dose re$uired to sustain a desired average steady+state plasma concentration b. etermination of a loading dose but not the maintainancedose c. etermination of the ideal dosing interval
d. decision hether a loading dose is necessary e. determination if the drug is metabolizedorexcretedunchanged
114. In ding dr"g that are /ri'aril$ e,reted #$ the idne$> ne '"t ha%e an idea ! the /atient renal !"n,tin. A ,al,"lated /har'a,ineti, /ara'eter that gi%e " a reana#le eti'ate ! renal !"n,tin i the a. Bld "rea nitrgen (BU?) #. Ser"',reatinine(S,r) ,. Creatinine ,learan,e (CL,r)
d. "rine ,reatinine (U,r) e.!ree*ater,learan,e
66J. if the rate of elimination of a drug is reduced because of impaired renal function, the effect on the drug half+life and the time re$uired to reach steady+state concentrations DCss ill a. *othincrease b. *othdecrease c. *e an increase in half+life and a decrease in the time to reach Css
d.beadecreaseinhalf+lifebutan increaseinthetimetoreachCss e. be negligible
66. /or many drugs, bioavalibilty can be evaluated using urinary excretion data. This is based on the assumption that a. *ioavailability studies can be done only dose can be on drugs that are completely excreted unchanged by the !idneys b. rug levels can be measured more accurately excreted in inurinethaninblood theurine c. & drug must first be absorbed into the systemic circulation before it can be appear in the urine
d. all of the administered recovered from the urine e. only drug metabolites are
66H. Estimating bioavailability from urinary excretion data is less satisfactory than estimated based on blood level data because accurate urinary excretion studies re$uire I. II.
Complete urine collections =ormal or near normal renal function
III. a. only I b. III only c. I and II only
That the drug be completely excreted unchanged by the !idney and d. II III only and IIe. I,III
641. The half+life of an anti+bacterial drug has been reported as ranging beteen and 61 h. hat is the estimated clearance of this drug in a patient receiving a 01+mg bolus dose of a drug at 6111% & blood sample dran at 611 assays at 61 mg8L a. 1. L8h b. 6.40 L8h c. 6.5 L8h
4.0 d. L8h e. 0 L8h
646. #hich of the folloing factors is Dare included in the Coc!roft and -ault e$uation for estimating creatinine clearance% I. II. III. a. I only b. III only c. I and II only
Patient
644. #hat is the approximate creatinine clearance in a 61+lb, 01yr old patient if the lab reports a serum creatinine value of 6.0 mg8dL% a. 01+00 mL b.6 11+610 mL c. 661+66 mL
d. 641+640 mL e. 631+61 mL
643. The patient in the previous problem is afemale. #hat correction, if any should be made in calculating her creatinine clearance value% a. Thevalue ill be012ofthemale value the male b. The value ill be J0 2 of the male value c. The value ill be 12 of the male value
d.
the value ill be 02 of
value e. no correction is needed
64. all of the folloing drugs are believed to undergo significant /irst+Pass hepatic metabolism ENCEPT) a. Lidocaine b. :orphine c. =T-
d. phenytoin e. propranolol
640. The science that examines the inter+relationship of the physicochemical propertis of the drug, the dosage form in hich the drug is given, and the route of administration on drug
a. b. c. d.
Pharmacology *iopharmaceutics Pharmaco!inetics Toxicolgy
645. The application of pharmaco!inetic principles in the safe and effective treatment of individual patients, and in the optimization of drug therapy. a. b. c. d.
Clinical pharmacy Clinical pharmacology Clinical pharmaco!inetics Clinical biopharmaceutics
64J. The I route of administration may be preferred over the preoral route for some systemic+acting drugs because) a. The drug does not have to be absorbed b. &bsorption is predictable and complete c. & portion of the absorbed drug pass through the liver before entering the systemic circulation d. /irst+pass effect is avoided 64. The route of administration hich ill by+pass the-IT degradation and hepatic metabolism is a. I in?ection b. (ublingual c. *uccal
and d. bc e. all of the above
64H. &dvantages of systemic drug administration byrectal suppository a. b. c. d. e.
Partial avoidance of first+pass effects (uitability hen the oral route is not feasible Predictable drug release and absorption a and b only all of the above
13;. The /r,e *ith the l*et rate ,ntant ina $te' ! i'"ltane" ineti, /r,e a. #. ,. d.
lag t i'e rate li'iting te/ #ie"i%alen,e a,,"'"latin
636. & rate limiting step factor in the dissolution of tablet is a. disintegration of the tablet b. thic!ness c. content uniformity d. local effect
634. #hich of the folloing series in !inetic processes may bethe rate+limiting step for drugs that are poorly soluble in a$eous media% a. b. c. d. e.
isintegration and dissolution of the unit iffusion of active drug through the intestinal all issolution of the active drug isintegration only &ll of the above
633. The e$uation that best describe the overall rateof drug dissolution a. "enderson+"asselbach e$uation b. :ichelis+:entene$uation c. =oyes+#hitney e$uation
d. /ic!
63. #hich of the folloing factor8s is inversely proportional to the rateof dissolution in the lipid membrane of lipid soluble unionize substances% a. Particle size b. Lipid8aterpartitioncoefficient c. (urface area
d. diffusion coefficient e.=7T&
630. issolution rate tests canbe used to predict bioavailability if a. b. c. d.
issolved drug remains free in the -IT issolved drug is decomposed in the -IT rug is hydrolyzed in the -IT &7T&
635. #hich of the folloing factors affect thedissolution in the lipid membraneof the lipid soluble unionized fluid compartment a. b. c. d.
p" pFa lipid8ater partition coefficient &7T&
63J. The ratio of drug concentration in thelipid phase over the concentration of the drugin the a$ueous phase is e$ual to a. b. c. d.
&PC pFa p" Concentration gradient
63. The li/id /hae *hi,h i ""all$ e'/l$ed in the deter'inatin ! a//arent /artitin ,e!!i,ient a. B"!!er l"tin at /H 8.0 #. Crn il ,. Cttneed il
d. O,tanl 63H. ecreasing oil8ater partition coefficient, the polarity of drug increases due to the presence of hydrophilic functional groups, thus ater solubility a. Increases b. ecreases c. =o change d. Polarity is not related 61. The ionization constant ofa drug is important in bioavailability since it determines the folloing except a. b. c. d.
Its a$eous solubility issolution rate p" of the medium extent of protein binding
66. The extent of ionization of aea! electrolyte drug is dependent on the a. p" of the media and pFa of the drug drug b. particle size and surface area of the drug c. oil ater partition coefficient of the drug
d. =oyes+#hitney e$uation of the e. polymorphic form of the drug
64. The p" of a buffer system can be calculated ith the a. =oyes+#hitneye$uation b. "enderson+hasselbach e$uation c. :ichealis+:enten e$uation
d.Oounge$uation e. (to!es e$uation
63. The p" value is calculated mathematically asthe a. log of the "ydroxyl ion D7" + b. negative log of the 7" + concn c. log of the hydrogen ion D"
d. negative log of the " concn e.;atioof" 8 7"+
6. & change of p" in the a$ueous phase alters the QQQQQQQ of electrolytes a. egree of dissociation b. egreeofacidification c. egree of purification
d. =7T& e.&7T&
60. The mathematical e$uation usedin determining the ratio beteenionized and unionized drug include a. =oyes+#hitneye$uation b. /ic!
d.=7T& e.&7T&
65. #hich of the folloing al!aloids exhibits goodater solubility%
a. :orphine (7 b. Cocaine c. &tropine
d. lidocaine &7T& e.
6J. p" is e$ual to pFa hen the ionized form is a. -reater than unionized b. Less than unionized c. =either greater or less than unionized d. E$ual to unionized e. &7T& 6. #hich of the folloing is a characteristic of strong electrolytes% a. b. c. d.
Exist entirely as ions Exist both as ionic and a molecular form Exist entirely in molecular form :ay be undissociated
6H. Characteristics of salts of electrolytes include a. b. c. d.
"igher solubility :ore rapid dissolution rate *oth =7T&
601. &cids are QQQQQQ , hen nonprotonated a. Charged b. 'nchanged c. unionized
d. non polar =7T& e.
606. (ignificant site of absorption of many acidic and neutral compounds but not for basic compounds. a. Fidney b. Liver
c. (tomach &7T& d.
604. &ccording to p" partition theory, $ ea!ly acidic drug ill most li!ely be absorbed from the stomach because. a. b. c. d.
The drug ill exist primarily in the ionized, more lipid soluble form The drug ill exist primarily in the ionized, more ater+soluble form #ea! acids are more soluble in acid medium The ionic form of the drug facilities dissolution
603. #hat is the p" does ea! acids greatly ionized% a. "igh p"
=eutral c. p"
b. Lo p"
d. &7T&
60. The excretion of ea! acid ill be more rapid in al!aline urine than in acidic urine because) a. &ll drugs are excreted in al!aline urine b. The drug ill exist primarily in the unionized form c. The drug ill exist primarily in the ionized form d. #ea! acids cannot be reabsorbed from the !idney tubules 605. #hen does ea! acids reabsorbed not the bloodstream% a. If the urinary p" is high b. If the urine is made al!aline c. If the urinary p" is lo d. &ll situations apply 60J. *ased on the relation beteen the degree of ionization and the gastric solubility of a ea! aced, the drug aspirin DpFa 3.H ill be most soluble at. a. 6.1 p" b. p" 4.1 c. p" 3.1
.1 p" d. e. p" 5.1
60. The concentration of the ionic moiety of ea! acids increases ith a. ecreasing p" of a$ueous solution solution b. Increasing p" of a$ueous solution
c. Increasing p7" of a$ueous d. &7T&
60H. #hat is the reason behind hy :orphine sulfate most li!ely absorbed is the small intestine a. b. c. d.
The molecular form ill be more lipid soluble The drug ill exist primarily in the ionized and more ater soluble form The ionic form of the drug facilitates dissolution *asic drugs are lipid soluble in al!aline media
651. #hich condition usually increases the rate of drug dissolution from a tablet% a. Increases in the particle size of the drug b. 'se of Ionized or salt form of the drug
c. ecrease in the surface area of the drug d. 'se of free acid or free base form of the drug e. 'se of sugar coating around the tablet 656. It is the phenomenon hen organic substituted ammonium salts or salts of various inorganic acids are added to mixtures of organic non+electrolytes causing the dissolution of the undissolved solutes a. Chelation b. Clathrate formation
c. (olvation d. (alting+In
654. These are formed hen a substance is capable of forming channels or cages hich can ta!e up another substance into the intraspace of the structure a. CoRprecipitates b. (olvates c. rug R Clathrate complexes
d."ydrates =7T& e.
653. #hich of the folloing is a clathrate forming substance a. 'rea b. :ucin
c. :elt of mannitol d. Theobroma oil
65. Polymorphism is generally defined as a. b. c. d.
(ubstance that may exist in more than one crystalline form or amorphous form (ubstance that may exists only in metastable form (ubstance that has different viscosity time to time (ubstance that reduces interfacial tension
650. ifferent polymorphs of the same drug exhibit differences in all aspects except a. Chemical structure b.:elting points c. (olubilities
d. :olecular sizes e. =one
655. These are addition compounds of drug and ater a. "ydrates b. (olvates
c. polymorphs d. Chelates
65J. #hich of the folloing crystal form gives the best dissolution rate% a. :eta+stablepolymorph
c.(tablepolymorph
b. &morphous
d. a and b
65. &bility of chemical compound to exist as optically active stereoisomers or enantiomers is !non as. a. Polymorphism b. Chirality
c.Chemicalariation d. Chelation
65H. #hich of the given properties has the property of absorbing moisture from the atmosphere% a. :icronization b. "ygroscopicity
c.iscosity d. Ionization
6J1. The folloing is8are factor8s affecting biological performance of drugs a. iscosity b. Polymorphism c. (olubilizing agents
d. &dsorption e. &7T&
6J6. Those multiple source drug products that contain identical amount of the identical active ingredients in identical dose forms are called a. b. c. d. e.
Chemical e$uivalents or pharmaceutical e$uivalents *iologic e$uivalents Therapeutic e$uivalents Pharmaceutical alternates Therapeutic alternates
6J4. rug products that contain the identical therapeutic moiety, or its precursor but not necessarily in the same amount or dosage forms or as the same salt ester a. Pharmaceutical alternates b. Pharmaceuticale$uivalents
c. *ioe$uivalent drug products d.=7T&
6J3. ose pumping is defined as a. b. c. d.
&n intended sudden release of large amounts of drugs into systemic circulation 'nintended sudden release of large amounts of drugs into systemic circulation (lo release of the drug into systemic circulation (lo absorption of the drug into the systemic circulation
180. A /rtin ! a /rlnged releae dage !r' *hi,h li#erate the dr"g !r' the !r' at a l*er rate that i "nretri,ted a#r/tin rate
a. =e/t /hae #. Relea/ehae ,. =il%e /hae
d. AOTA e?.OTA
6J0. In general, various oral dosage forms can be ran!ed in hich of the folloing expected order of availability Dfastest to sloest a. b. c. d.
&$ueous solution, capsule, tablet, poder, coated tablet, suspension Capsule, tablet, coated tablet, poder, suspension, a$ueous solution &$ueous solution, suspension, poder, capsule, tablet, coated tablet (uspension, a$ueous solution, poder, capsule, coated tablet, tablet
6J5. Process of transferring chemical substances from the -IT through its all into the blood and lymphatic stream a. istribution b.& dsorption
c. &bsorption d. Exocytosis
6JJ. Collective term used to describe penetration and permeation include a. isposition c. (orption b. istribution d. &dsorption 6J. If drug moves into the deeper layers of the s!in or mucosa and yet does not reach the capillary alls a. &dsorption b.P ermeation
c. Penetration d. &bsorption
6JH. 7ne of the mechanism by hich drugs containing sorption promoters penetrate the s!in is by idening of either lipid or a$ueous phase or both phases found in the intercellular matrix. #hich of the folloing sorption is used% a. (urfactants agents8thinners b. &bsorption
c. iscosity+decreasing &7T& d.
61. & second substance tends to accumulate to the surface of a first substance due to intermolecular forces of attraction is a phenomenon of a. Penetration b. &bsorption
c. &dsorption &7T& d.
66. 7btained hen the drug product is administered at the site here pharmacological response is desired and hen the drug released from the product acts by absorption to the s!in or mucosa or penetrates into the s!in or mucosa, but does not enter the systemic circulation or lymphatic system a. (ystemiceffect b. Local effect
c.:eantransittime d. :icro constants
64. The theory hich states that cell membrane is made up of bi+lipid layers and fluid protein molecules interspersed beteen 4 layers of lipid layer a./ ic!
d. (tro!e
63. :embranes are responsible for hich of the folloing process% a. 'pta!eoffluidmaterial b. 'pta!e of solid material
c.Extrusionofastematerial d. 7&T&
6. :embrane potential is due to the) a. b. c. d.
&dsorption of protein to the outside of lipid layer ifferent distribution of ions in the extracellular and intracellular fluid *oth a and b p" of the medium
60. &bsorption is not involved hen a drug is administered by hich of the folloing routes% a. I b. Intra R arterial
Intracardiac c. d. &7T&
65. #hich of the folloing is the first process that must occur before a drug can become available for -I absorption from a tablet dosage form% a. b. c. d. e.
issolution of the drug in the -I fluids Ionization of the drug isintegration of the tablet issolution of the drug in the blood &dsorption of the drug on the mucosal surface of the s!in
6J. The value of particle size reduction to enhance drug absorption is limited to the situation in hich the
a. b. c. d.
&bsorption process occurs by active transport &bsorption process is rate limited by the dissolution of the drug in the -IT rug is very soluble rug is very potent
6. In general, the form of a drug that can be absorbed faster is a8an a.I onized form b. 'nionized form
c. *ound form d. & and C
6H. In general, the form of a drug that can be absorbed faster a. b. c. d. e.
pFa value of the drug and p" of the drug product Perfusion rate 7smotic pressure *oth a and b =7T&
6H1. ue to their anatomical structure, the organ that is considered as the most important site of drug absorption is a. Large intestine b. (tomach
c. (mall intestine d.:ucusmembraneofthemouth
1:1. In *hat /art ! IT> i *here n a#r/tin ! !d tae /la,e #"t large a'"nt ! *ater are a#r#ed aR. e,t"' #. Large in tetine
dS. 'ailn l tetine e. St'a,h
1:2. Dhat i the /e,i!i, rgan ! ani'al "ed !r In %i% teting ! a,ti%e tran/rt 'e,hani' a. ="den"' #. A,ending,ln
,. Il"e' d.Tran%ere,ln
6H3. &s soon as drug has passed the epithelium of the -I mucosa, it can reach the systemic circulation by a. Entering through the villi b. Enteringthroughthelacteals
c. *oth d.=one
6H. rugs that are absorbed in the -IT are generally
a. &bsorbed in the portal of circulation and passed through the liver before entering the general circulation b. /iltered from the blood by the !idney, the reabsorbed into the general circulation c. =ot affected by the liver enzymes d. (tored in the liver 6H0. &bsorption of itamin & from the -I tract depends on a. The presence of bile in the intestine b. *yhichsaltisused c. &cid+base balance
d. =eeds of the patient e.p"oftheintestine
6H5. /actor affecting gastric emptying time of a drug a. &ge person of a b. Time of the day c. *ody pressure
d. &7T& e. a and c only
6HJ. ;ate of gastric emptying is sloed don by the folloing except a. igorous exercise b. /attyfoods c. "ot meals
d. "unger e.Emotionalstress
6H. In the oral administration of drugs for aged people, the possible conse$uence8s hen the gastric emptying time is increased is8are a. ;educe mixing of intestinal content b. elayed transfer to small intestine c. Change in epithelial transfer
d. &and C e. & and *
6HH. & condition that may increase the time of gastric emptying a. epression b. (tressful
c.lyingontheleftside d. & and C
411. #hich of the folloing statement is the least that could increase drug absorption% a. b. c. d. e.
Increase blood flo to the site of administration ecrease particle size Increase surface area dedicated to absorption Increase lipid solubility ecreased p" hen the drug is a ea! base
411. #hich of the folloing statement is the least that could increase drug absorption% d. Increased blood flo to the site of administration e. ecreased particle size f. Increased surface area dedicated to absorption g. Increased lipid solubility h. ecreased p" hen the drug is a ea! base
416. /actors affecting membrane transport include all except d. pFa e. iffusivity f. Partition coefficient
d.Presenceorabsenceofachange e. (urfactants
414. The transfer of most drugs across biologic membranes occurs by d. diffusion e. Passive &ctive transport !. /acilitated transport
d. Pinocytosis e. Ion+pair transport
413. E$uation folloed by passive diffusion d. =oyes+hitney e. an (ly!e f. /ic!
d."enderson+"asslebalch e. =7T&
41. In the diffusion controlled system, the initial rate of dissolution is directly proportional to the d. pFa e. p" !. Suantity of the free acid
d. (olubility of the drug in the dissolution medium
410. &ll of the folloing statements about /ic!
The smaller the surface area the greater the drug flux The greater the lipid+ater partition coefficient, the greater the drug flux iffusion constant is directly proportional to the temperature iffusion constant is inversely related to the molecular size
415. The driving force for passive absorption of a drug is the d. (pecific carrier of proteins and shos saturation !inetics
Pharmaco!inetics
e. Concentration gradient across a membrane separating body compartment f. *oth g. =7T& 41J. The ratio of drug concentration in to phases separated by a semi+permeable membrane fluid is called) d. &PC e. pFa f. Concentration gradient
d.Eliminationhalf+life &7T& e.
41. The rate of diffusion of drugs across biological membrane is) a. Independent on the concentration gradient b. irectly proportional to the concentration gradient c. ependent on the availability of carrier substrate g. ependent on the route of administration
41H. The cell membrane is capable of forming vesicles hich may engulf drug substances outside the cell membrane to transport drug Dvia the engulfed drug into the compartmen d. Ion+pair e. Passivediffusion !. Convective transport
d. Pinocytosis e.&ctivetransport
461. & transport mechanism in hich drugs moves from an area of high concentration to an area of lo concentration include except d. Passivetransport e. &ctive transport !. Convective transport
d./acilitateddiffusion e. Ion+pair
466. &rrange the mechanism of absorption of drugs in order their importance d. e. f. g.
&ctive+passive+convective transport Passive diffusion+convective+active transport Convective+active+passive transport &ctive+pinocytosis+passive
464. (odium pump is special type of d. Convectivetransport e. &ctive transport f. Passive transport
d.Ion+pair
463. #hen active transport system becomes saturated, the rate process ill be d. ero order e. Pseudo+order f. /irst order
d. Pseudo+first order
46. The folloing are characteristics of active transport except d. &gainst concentration gradient e. /ollos saturation !inetics f. Carrier mediated
d. ;e$uires expenditure of &TP e. =7T&
460. & carrier mediated transport of absorption that does not proceed against a concentration gradient includes) d. /acilitated transport e. &ctivetransport f. &ctive transport
d. Ion+pair transport e.=7T&
465. The folloing are the characteristics of facilitated diffusion transport except d. &gainst concentration gradient e. /ollossaturation!inetics f. Carrier mediated
d. &7T& e.=7T&
46J. &ll phenomenon characteristics are associated ith the process of facilitated diffusion of drugs, except d. The drug crosses the membrane against a concentration gradient e. The process is selective for certain ionic or structural configuration of the drug !. Competitive inhibition if to compounds are transported by the same mechanism g. The transport mechanism becomes saturated at high drug
46. /acilitated transport is similar to active transport in a sense that it) d. Is a carrier mediated e. 'tilizes &TP
f. Is against concentration gradient g. Is moving from an area of lo concentration to an area of high concentration
21:. Dhi,h ! the !ll*ing i a !eat"re ,''n t all ,arrier<'ediated tran/rt /r,eF a. M%e'ent i alng the ,n,entratin gradient
d. =i/la$ a Mi,haeli<
Menten ineti, #. In%l%e nn</e,i!i, #inding t ,arrier ,. Can #e ,hara,teri&e #$ allteri, inhi#itin
e. ?n
441. /ormation of pairs D/or highly ionized compounds ith endogenous substrate present at the -IT to form a neural complexes that are absorbed by passive diffusion d. Pinocytosis e. Convective transport f. Ion+pair transport
d./acilitatedtransport
446. #hich of the folloing statement is8are Carrier+mediated transport systems characteristic8s% d. Consume energy e. &re structure specific f. :ay be adversely affected by certain chemicals
d. &7T&
444. & type of transport here by drug molecules dissolved in a$ueousmedium at the absorption site move along ith the solvent through the pore. d. &ctivetransport e. Convective transport f. Ion+pair
d./acilitatedtransport
443. #hen considering drug transport, passive diffusion involves drug movement from area of d. "igh concentration to an area of higher concentration e. "igh concentration to an area of loer concentration f. Lo concentration to an area of higher concentration g. "igh concentration to an area of e$ually high concentration h. =o concentration to an area of higher concentration
44. Lipid8ater partition coefficient permits
d. Convective transport e. &ctivetransport
c. Passive transport d.Ion+pairtransport
440. #hich statement best describes bioavailability% d. ;elation beteen the physical and chemical properties of a drug and its systemic absorption e. :easurement if the rate and amount of therapeutically active drug that reaches the systemic circulation f. :ovement of drug into the body tissue over period of time g. issolution of the drug in the -IT E. amount of drug destroyed by the liver before systemic absorption from the -IT occurs
224. The /ri'ar$ /r! ! a dr"g #ia%aila#ilit$ i d. Prd",tin ! it /har'a,lgi, e!!e,t "rine e. Prd",tin ! high #ld le%el #ld !. Prd",tin ! hig h "r ine le %el
d. A//earan,e ! 'eta#lite in e. A//earan,e ! 'eta#lite in
44J. To determine the relative bioavailability of a drug given as an oral extended+release tablet, the bioavailability of the drug must be compared to the bioavailability of the drug form d. e. f. g. h.
&n immediate+release oral tablet containing the same amount of active ingredient &n oral solution of the drug in the same dose & parenteral solution of the drug given by I bolus or I infusion & reference drug that is bioe$uivalent &n immediate+release "-C containing the same amount of active drug and lactose
44. If the extent and rate of absorption is similar to the standard drug, it has achieved the d. *ioe$uivalence of the drug e. Pharmaceutical e$uivalence f. Pharmaceutical alternative
d. a and b
44H. Possible approaches to measure the bioavailability) d. *lood level data e. 'rinary excretion data f. Clinical data
d. &7T&
431. In all $uantitative or! for bioavailability, the concentration at the site of action and pharmacologic response. g. *lood8plasma h. 'rine i. -astric fluid
d. a and b
436. The relation beteen the drug concentration at the site of action and pharmacologic response d. Pharmaco!inetics e. Pharmacology !. Pharmacodynamics
d.none
434. These conditions re$uire immediate increase in the blood levels of the drug except) d. "ypertensiveattac! e. Chronic asthma f. (udden increase in blood glucose
d.none
433. In vitro dissolution rate studies for drug products are useful for evaluating bioavailability only if they can be correlated ith d. e. f. g. h.
isintegration rates The chemical stability In vivo studies in humans In vivo studies in at least 3 species of animals none
43. rug products can be also evaluated by comparing curves of serum concentration vs. time Dblood level curve. The most important parameters that can be obtain from such curves are d. Pea! concentration, biologic concentration, half life, elimination rate constant e. *iologic half time, pea! concentration, total &'C f. Pea! concentration, pea! time, total &'C g. &verage serum concentration, &'C, absorption rate constant
430. Is the difference beteen the E:C and :TC d. :inimum effective concentration e. :inimum toxic concentration f. :inimum inhibitory concentration g. Therapeutic plasma concentration
h. none
435. #hich of the folloing e$uations may be useful to find out the plasma concentration of drug% d. x * G CP e. * x CP G f.
d. G CP8*
G *8 CP
43J. Clinical effectiveness often depends on d. e. f. g. h.
:aximum serum drug concentration :inimum serum drug concentration Time after the administration to reach the onset of concentration &7T& =7T&
43. The intensity of the pharmacologic action of a drug is most dependent on the d. Concentration of the drug at the receptor site e. !. g. h.
t:TC U ofof the drug the drug in plasma 7nset time of the drug after oral administration :EC of the drug in the body
43H. #hich of the folloing refers to the intensity of pharmacologic response% d. Cmax e. Tmax f. &'C
d. &'C
41. Cmax is the pea! drug concentration in the g. Plasma h. 'rine i. :uscle
d. *ile
46. The onset time for a drug given orally is the time for a. b. c. d. e.
rug to reach the pea! plasma drug concentration rug to reach the :EC rug to begin to be eliminated from the body rug to reach the :TC rug to begin to be absorbed from the small intestine
44. /or drugs that are given at constant rate, the time to reach steady state concentration is dependent on d. only I e. I and III f. I and II
and IIIII d. e. &7T&
43. The *iological half+life of a d. Is a constant physical property of a drug e. Is the time for one half of the therapeutic activity to be lost f. Is a constant chemical property of the drug g. epends entirely on the route of administration
4. #hich of the folloing is a half+life e$uation for first+order reaction% d. tUG1.15H38! e. tUG 1.H538! f.
d.tUG68a! e. tUG 1.5H38!
tUG a84!
40. In hich !inetic reaction, the rate of reaction is dependent on concentration% d. /irst order e. ero order f. Pseudo first order
d. (econd order
45. #hich e$uation is true for a zero+order reaction rate of a drug% d.d &8dtG +! e. tUG 1.5H38! f. &G&1e+!t
d. dC8dtG +!C e. CG +!1t C1
4J. ;efers to a change of one or more of the pharmaco!inetic parameters during absorption, distribution metabolism, and excretion by overloading of processes due to increased dose sizes d. =onlinear !inetics e. Linear!inetics f. (aturation !inetics
d. both a and b e.bothbandc
4. #hich e$uation is true for absorption rate constant of a drug% d. !&G 1.5H3
t684 e. !&G In C6diff R In C4diff t4 R t6 f. !&G log v 4 R log v4 t4 + t6
d. log C G +!t 4.3
4H. Tmax means d. Time of great solubility of the drug e. Pea! height concentration f. Time of pea! concentration
d. &'C values
401. This pharmaco!inetic property is representative of the amount of a drug absorbed d. t684 e. TH1 f. &'C
d. Fel e.
21. The integral ! dr"g le%el %er ti'e !r' &er t in!init$ i d. Bilgi,hal!
d. Bi/har'a,e"ti,
404. To different formulation of the same drug having e$ual areas under their respective serum concentration time curve d. e. f. g.
eliver the same total amount of drug to the body and are therefore bioavailability eliver the same total amount of drug to the body but are not necessarily bioavailability &re bioe$uivalent by definition &re bioe$uivalent if they meet '(P standards
23. An entit$ *hi,h ,an #e de,ri#ed #$ a de!inite %l"'e and ,n,entratin ! dr"g ,ntained in that %l"'e d. C'/art'ent e. Ser"' le%el !. re,e/tr
d. Bld trea'
20. =r"g ,n,entratin in $te'i, ,ir,"latin rie t a /ea !ll*ed #$ tee/ !all d. O/en ne ,'/art'ent I5 e. O/en ne ,'/art'ent E5 !. O/en t* ,'/art'ent I5
d. O/en t* ,'/art'ent E5
400. In compartmental analysis of serum drug concentration versus time plots, hich of the folloing findings confirm a one compartment model of drug behavior% d. &n &'C above the extrapolated line that is less than 612 of the total &'C e. &n &'C above the extrapolated line that is less than 02 of the total &'C f. (lope of the last 3 terminal points differing by more than 612 from the first 3 terminal points g. (lope of the last 3 terminal points differing by more than 412 from the first 3 terminal points h. Cmax that is above the line extrapolated from terminal points 405. If is 1 liters, the drug is confined in% d. Intracellularfluid e. Circulatory system f. Extracellular fluid
d.#holebodyfluid e. eeper tissues
40J. The dose size used in initiating therapy so as to yield therapeutic concentration hich ill result in clinical effectiveness include all the folloing except d. and III e. III and I f. I and III
and III, d. I e. &7T&
40. The term systemic circulation refers primarily to d. eins e. &rteries f. "epatic portal ein
d. a and b and be. c
40H. The term oftenly used to described drug distribution and elimination d. Eliminationonly e. isposition f.
d.:etabolismonly e. =7T&
&bsorption
451. The principal place for exchange and interchange of biological fluid include d. "eart e. Capillary netor! f. Lymphatic vessels
d. *ody fluids e. Lymphatic system
456. The hole body fluid in man comprises approximately d. 612ofthebodyeight e. 512 of the total body eight f. H12 of the total body eight
d.4 12ofthetotalbodyeight e. 12 of the total body eight
454. Compartments of total body ater include d. ascularfluid e. Extracellular fluid f. (alivary fluid
d.Intracellularfluid e. &7T&
453. Test used for determination of plasma volume include d. Thiosulfate d. Evans blue e. of any nonelectrolyte dissolved in ater e. Inulin f. *romsulpthalein
45. Test used for determination of hole body fluid include d. e. f. g. h.
*romolein of any nonelectrolyte dissolved in ater *romsulfthalein Evans *lue Inulin
450. & chemical indicator used in determination of EC/ hose action of this drug is dependent on a colligative property include d. :annitol e. Evans blue f.
636
d. Thiosulfate e. inulin
l+albumin
455. The system concerned ith the recirculation of the interstitial fluid to the bloodstream and the maintenance of the consistency of the blodd d. Lymphatic system e. ;espiratorysystem f. igestive system
d. Circulatory system e.&7T&
45J. #hich of the folloing physiologic factor is the least influencing drug distribution% e. f. g. h. i.
7smotic pressure Particle size Tissue perfusion iffusional barrier =7T&
45. :aintenance of a steady state hich characterized the internal environment of the healthy organism d. (teadystate e. epotphase f. "omeostasis
d.:aintenancedose e.istributione$uilibrium
45H. The most common entry of drug into the cell is through) d. Infusion e.L evigation
c. &ctive transport d. iffusion
4J1. #hich of the folloing statement concerning hydrostatic pressure and absorptive pressure is true% d. ;epresents a pressure gradient beteen the arterial end of the capillaries entering the tissue and the venous capillaries leaving the tissue e. ;esponsible for the penetration of relatively ionized drugs f. &llos small drug molecules to be filtered at the glomerulus g. & and * only h. &7T& 4J6. rugs that are poorly lipid soluble. Polar, or extensively ionized at the p" of the blood generally a. Penetrate the C=( very sloly and may essentially be eliminated from the body before a significant concentration in the C=( is reached b. &chieved ade$uate C=( concentration only if given I c. :ust be metabolized to a more polar form before they can gain access to the C=( d. Can gain access to the C=( if other drugs are used to modify the blood p"
4J4. If drug & is more lipophilic than drug *, then a. b. c. d. e.
rug & ill be better distributed than drug * rug * ill be better distributed than drug & rug & is an agonist =7T& Either & and *
4J3. #hich of the folloing poorly perfuse organ or tissues is potential site of drug accumulation of drugs that has been ingested% a. Liver b. *rain
Lungs d. *lood e.
c. *one
4J. &ll the folloing statements are true concerning drug distribution except a. *rain capillaries are not fenestrated b. "ydrophobic drugs given I ould be transported rapidly to the brain c. & hydrophilic I drug ould be distributed rapidly to the !idneys d. /etal placenta limit drug distribution more than the blood brain barrier e. =7T& 4J0. To produce its characteristic pharmacologic action8s, a drug must alays a. b. c. d. e.
;each high blood levels *e absorbed from the -IT &chieve ade$uate concentration at its site8s of action *e excreted unchanged in the urine =7T&
4J5. #hich if the folloing factors does not affect the protein binding of drug% a. b. c. d. e.
The availability of protein for binding The presence of competing substance for protein binding *inding affinity of protein to the drug The concentration of a drug at its receptor site =7T&
4JJ. The extent of protein binding is determined in vitro by the folloing mechanism except a. 'ltracentrifugation b. ialysis c. Endocytosis
d.electrophoresis =7T& e.
4J. The ma?or plasma protein involved in the distribution of ea! acids is a. &lbumin b. -lycoprotein c. -lycine
d. -elatin e.Ceruloplamin
4JH. #ea! bases generally bind to a. Plasmaalbumin b. &lpha 6+acid glycoprotein c. Plasma lipoprotein
d.Erythrocytes e. LL
41. #hich of the folloing statements is not true about displacement of drug from plasma protein binding sites% a. b. c. d.
;esults is transient increased volume of distribution :a!es more free drug available for glomerular filtration isplacement of a potent drug that is normally more than H02 bound may cause toxicity Increases tissue levels of the drug
e. -enerally has a smaller compared ith drugs that are highly bound to plasma proteins 46. &ll of the folloing may shorten the duration of drug effects except a. b. c. d. e.
Extensive plasma protein binding of the drug ;enal excretion of the drug ;edistribution of the drug :etabolism of the drugs =7T&
44. #hich of the folloing drugs do not bind to plasma protein to any significant extent
a. Lithium b. igoxin c. &mitriptyline
d. iazepam &7T& e.
43. #hen comparing a highly protein+bound drug to its less+ or nonprotein+bound analog, the higly protein+bound drug ill be probably a. b. c. d.
"ave a shorter biologic half+life "ave delayed elimination from the body "ave decreased pharmacological response &re free drug
4. Conse$uence resulting from an increased plasma protein binding include all except a. b. c. d. e.
Increased toxicity as result of displacement (horten elimination half+life Provides a depot upon chronic dosing ;emain inactive until free =7T&
40. #hich of the folloing statements is correct% a. ;educed binding to plasma protein by the drug molecule ill decrease the therapeutic effect of the drug b. (aturation of binding produces linear pharmaco!inetics
c. 7nly the unbound drug may be available for metabolism and excretion d. Increase binding ill increase free drug concentration 45. If sulfonamide has greater affinity to plasma protein than tolbutamide, hat ill be the conse$uence of ta!ing the 4 drugs concomitantly a. Increase plasma concentration of tolbutamide b. c. d. e.
(ulfonamide ill be displaced bu tolbutamide Increase pharmacologic effect of sulfonamide Increase distribution of sulfonamides &7T&
4J. #hat is the ma?or mechanism of interaction beteen digoxin and $uinidine as a result of competitive inhibition% a. b. c. d.
ecreased binding of digoxin from plasma protein binding sites ecreased hepatic metabolism of digoxin ecreased renal clearance of digoxin Increased binding of digoxin ith ion transporters in the myocardium
e. Increased intestinal absorption of digoxin 4. & neonate is given drug &, a compound ith a high affinity for plasma proteins, in a dose that does not exceed the binding capacity of albumin, Later, a second drug * that binds strongly to albumin is given in amounts that greatly exceed albumin
-reater for drugs that concentrate in the tissues rather than in plasma -reater for drugs that concentrate in the Plasma rather than in plasma Independent of tissue concentration Independent of plasma concentration &pproximately the same for all drugs in a given individual
4H1. The larger the volume of distribution a. The more extensive the distribution
b. c. d. e.
The higher the physiological significance The sloer the distribution a and b only &7T&
Pr#le' Sl%ing+ /or numbers 4H6+4H3 A. & drug ith an elimination half+life of 6 hour as given to a male patient D1 !g by I infusion at a rate of 311 mg8hr. &t J hours after infusion, the plasma drug concentration as 66 Vg8mL.
4H6. #hat is the rate constant of elimination% a. 1.1H38hr b. 68hr c. 1.5H3 mg8hr
d. 1.5H3 mcg8hr none e.
4H4. Calculate the
a. 3H L b. mL 3H c. 3,H30 mL
d. 3.H L none e.
4H3. Predict hat body compartment the drug might occupy a. EC/ b.I C/ c. #hole body fluids
d. eep tissue e. Circulatory system
/or =umbers 4H+4H5 B. /olloing the I administration of a drug, a patient eighing J1 !g as found to have J1,111 mcg8mL of drug present in the blood. &ssuming apparent volume of distribution is 612 of body eight, elimination rate constant is 1.4368hr and folloing first+order !inetics. 4H. Calculate the plasma concentration after hours a. J11 mg8mL b. 4J.J0 mg8mL c. 61 mcg8mL
d. J11 mvg8mL e. none
4H0. #hat is the half+life% a. 1.4368h b.days 3
d. 3 hours none e.
c. 4.3618day
4H5. &ssuming the drug is no longer effective hen levels decline to less than 61,11 ug8mL. #hen should you administer the next dose% a. hours 5
61 d. hours
b. hours c. hours 4HJ. Immediately after an I dose of 0 mg, the apparent volume of distribution of chlordiazepoxide has been determined to be 3 liters. Calculate the expected drug plasma concentration of the drug in mcg8mL. a.1 .6J6mg8L b. 1.6J6 mcg8L c. 1.6J6 mcg8mL
d.1.6J6mg8mL e. none
4H. Phenobarbital if the drug is given to a 51 !g patient as a 50mg tablet once daily ith bioavailablity of H12. The drug has a volume of distribution of 1.0L8!g body eight and a half+life of 611 hrs. #hat is the concentration at steady state% a. 63.14J mcg8L b. 63.14J mg8mL c. 63.14J mcg8mL
d. 63.14J mg8mL e. none
4HH. :r. Wones is admitted to the hospital ith pneumonia due to gram+negative bacteria. The antibiotic tobramycin is ordered. The ClT and of tobramycin in :r. Wones are 1 mL8min and 1 L respectively. #hat maintenance dose should be administered I every 5 hours to eventually obtain average steady+state plasma concentrations at mg8L% a. 660.4 mg
d. 660.4 mg.min
b. 660.4 mcg c. 660.4 g 311. & ne broad+ spectrum antibiotic as administered by rapid in in?ection to a 01+!g oman at a dose of 3mg8!g. The apparent volume of distribution as e$uivalent to 02 of the body eight. The elimination half+life for this drug is 4 hours. If H12 the total amount of unchanged drug as recovered in the urine, hat is the renal excretion rate constant% a. 1.3648hr b. 1.11468hr c. 1.13648hr
d. 1.1468hr none e.
