BIOLOGY PROJECTS CLASS 12 CBSE INVESTIGTORY Elephantiasis causes cures prevention ,treatment,causes and case studies..

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Elephantiasis is typically

characterized by a thickening of the skin and subcutaneou subcutaneous s tissue that gives rise to the grossly enlarged and swollen limbs that earn the condition its name. 

Elephantiasis refers to a parasitic infection that causes extreme swelling in the arms and legs.

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The disease is caused by the filarial worm, which is transmi transmitted tted form human to human via the female mosquito when it takes a blood meal. The parasite grows into an adult worm

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that lives in the lymphatic system of humans.

HISTORY Lymphatic filariasis is thought to have affected humans for about 4000 years. Artifacts from ancient Egypt (2000 BC and the !ot civili"ation in civili"ation in #est Africa ($00 BC sho% possible elephantiasis elephantiasis symptoms. &he first clear reference to the disease occurs in ancient 'ree literature) %herein scholars differentiated the often similar symptoms of lymphatic filariasis from those of leprosy leprosy.. &he first documentation of symptoms occurred in the *+th century) %hen ,an -uyghen van Linschoten %rote Linschoten %rote about the disease during the eploration of 'oa 'oa.. /imilar symptoms %ere reported by subseuent eplorers in areas of Asia and Africa Africa)) though an understand understanding ing of the disease did not begin to develop until centuries later.













-enry #ucherer ) made the connection bet%een microfilariae and elephantiasis) establishing the course of research that %ould ultimately eplain the disease. 1n *5+) ,oseph Bancroft discovered Bancroft discovered the adult form of the %orm.

1n *55) the lifecycle involving an arthropod vector %as theori"ed by 6atric 7anson) 7anson) %ho proceeded to demonstrate the presence of the %orms in mosuitoes. 7anson incorrectly hypothesi"ed hypothesi"e d that the disease %as transmitted through sin contact %ith %ater in %hich the mosuitoes had laid eggs. 1n *800) 'eorge Carmichael Lo% determined Lo% determined the actual transmission method by discovering the presence of the %orm in the proboscis of the mosuito vector.













SIGN OF SYMPTOMS *. &he most most spectacular spectacular symptom symptom of lymphatic filariasis is elephantiasis elephantiasis)) a stage lymph edema %ith edema %ith thicening of the sin and sin and underlying tissues. &his %as the first mosuito9b mosuito9borne orne disease disease to to be discovered.













2. &he sin condition the the disease causes is called :elephantiasis tropica: (also no%n as :elephantiasis arabum: 3. Elephantiasis mainly affects the lo%er etremities; the ears ears)) mucous membranes) membranes ) and amputation amputation stumps stumps are affected less freuently. -o%ever) various species of filarial %orms tend to affect different parts of













(causing hydrocele hydrocele formation) formation) %hile Brugia timori rarely timori rarely affects the genitals. 4. &hose %ho develop the chronic stages of elephantiasis elephan tiasis are usually amicrofilaraemic amicrofilaraemic and and often have adverse immunological immunological reactions to the microfilariae as microfilariae as %ell as the adult %orms. 5. Elephantiasis results %hen the parasites lodge in the lymphatic system and system and cause blocages to the flo% of lymph. 1nfections usually begin in childhood. 6. /in rashes) urticarial papules papules)) and arthritis arthritis)) as %ell as hyper9 hyper9 and and hypopigmentation macules. 7. /erous cavity filariasis cavity filariasis presents %ith symptoms similar to subcutaneo subcutaneous us filariasis) in addition to abdomina abdominall pain) because these %orms are also deep9tissue d%ellers. 8. &hose %ho develop the chronic stages of elephantiasis elephan tiasis















usually amicrofilaraemic amicrofilaraemic and and often have adverse immunological immunological reactions to the adult %orms.. 8. Elephantiasis leads to mared s%elling of the lo%er half of the body

CAUSES Elephantiasis s occurs in the presence 1. Elephantiasi of microscopic) thread9lie parasitic













of helminth helminth infection. infection . &hree types of %orm cause the disease and damage the lymphatic system .

3. &he disease itself is a result of a comple interplay bet%een several factors< the %orm) the endosymbiotic Wolbachia Wolbachia bacteria bacteria %ithin the %orm) the host=s immune response) and the numerous opportunistic infections and disorders that arise. 4. &he parasite infects the lymph nodes and blocs the flo% of lymph lymph throughout throughout













Life cycle of parasite













Wuchereria Wucherer ia bancrofti is

a human parasitic round%orm round%orm that that is the ma>or cause of lymphatic filariasis. filariasis . 1t is one of the three parasitic %orms) together %ith Brugia malayi and and B. timori ) that infect the lymphatic system to cause lymphatic filariasis. &hese filarial %orms are spread by a variety of mosuito vector species. species. W. bancrofti is is the most prevalent of the three and affects over *20 million people) primarily in Central Africa and the !ile delta) /outh and Central













conditions it also causes tropical eosinophilia)) an asthmatic disease. eosinophilia Limited treatment modalities eist and no vaccines vaccines have have been developed. W. bancrofti carry carry out their life cycle in cycle in t%o hosts hosts.. -uman beings serve beings serve as the definitive host and host and mosuitoes mosuitoes as as their intermediate hosts. hosts . &he adult parasites reside in the lymphatics lymphatics of of the human host. &hey are found mostly in the afferent lymphatic channels of the lymph glands in the lo%er part of the body. &he first9stage larvae) no%n















microfilariae in humans easier to determine. &he microfilariae are found mainly in the peripheral blood and can be found at pea amounts from *0 p.m. to 4 a.m. &hey migrate bet%een the deep and the peripheral circulation ehibiting uniue diurnal periodicity. 3uring the day) they are present in the deep veins) and during the night) they migrate to the peripheral circulation. &he













as lo%ered body temperature) oygen tension and adrenal activity) and an increased carbon dioide tension) among other physical alterations) any of %hich could be the signals for the rhythmic behavior of microfilaria parasites. 1f the hosts sleep by day and are a%ae at night) their periodicity is reversed. 1n the /outh 6acific) %here W. bancrofti sho%s sho%s diurnal periodicity) it is













infected mosuito has its net blood meal) W. bancrofti is is egested via the mosuito=s proboscis into the blood stream of the ne% human host. &he larvae move through the lymphatic system to system to regional lymph nodes) predominantly in the legs and genital area. &he larvae develop into adult %orms over the course of a year) and reach seual maturity in the afferen afferentt













Wuchereria bancrofti

3iagnosis













&he blood sample is typically in the form of a thic smear and and stained %ith 'iemsa stain.. &esting the blood serum stain serum for for antibodies against the disease may also be used. ?or this reason) the blood has to be collected nocturnally. &he Carter Center @s @s 1nternational &as ?orce for 3isease Eradication declared lymphatic filariaisis one of si.















Africa) albenda"ole Africa) albenda"ole (donated (donated by 'lao/mithline 'lao/mithline is being used %ith ivermectin ivermectin (donated (donated by 7erc  Co. to treat the disease) %hereas else%here in the Co. %orld) albenda"ole is used %ith diethylcarbama"ine diethylcarbama"ine.. &ransmission &rans mission of the infection can be broen %hen a single dose of these combined oral medicines is consistently maintained annually for a duration of four to si years. Dsing a combination of treatments













Additionally)) surgical treatment Additionally treatment may be helpful helpful for issues related to scrotal elephantia elephantiasis sis and hydrocele hydrocele.. -o%ever) surgery is generally ineffective ineffe ctive at correcting elephantiasis elephantiasis of the limbs. A vaccine vaccine is is not yet available but in 20*F the Dniversity of 1llinois %as reporting 8$G efficacy in testing against B. malayi in in mice. &reatment for podoconiosis consists of













the %orm. #hen the symbiotic bacteria of the adult %orms are illed by the antibiotic) they no longer provide chemicals %hich the nematode larvae need to develop) %hich either ill the larvae or prevent their normal development. &his permanently sterili"es the adult %orms) %hich additionally die %ithin * or 2 years instead of after their normal *0 to *4 years













minus. The growth was soft, and the overlying skin showed rigidities . A clinical diagnosis of fibrolipoma was suggested. Fine needle aspiration of the growth was performed. Micr Micros oscop copy y show showed ed hypo hypoce cell llul ular ar smea smears rs with with an occasional lymphocyte in a proteinaceous background.



























Lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis is >ust one of Lymphatic a number of neglected tropical diseases (!&3s













estimated the disease costs Africa J*.F billion a year in lost productivity













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BIOLOGY PROJECTS CLASS 12 CBSE INVESTIGTORY Elephantiasis causes cures prevention ,treatment,causes and case studies..

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