HFLELCÁN
2=.- Ig ens pengtns, ie îkfdl nhskásfkl kuapei en sfcufigti jugkfûg? N) Npirturn istlans H) Istfauen ie krikfafigtl die tneel K) Nktfvn en trngspfrnkfûg D) Istfauen en cirafgnkfûg I) ]rlvlkn en knádn di ens blons
Disnrrleel? IE ÎKFDL NH[KÁ[FKL? Tnahfæg eenandl NHN. [i cigirn klaÿgaigti di ANZNELGNTL. Istn blralgn is risplgsnhei di en fgbfhfkfûg di aukbls prlkisls di krikfafigtl di ens pengtns, nsá klal di en dlrafkfûg di yians y di en knádn (nhskfsfûg) di ens blons, prlkisl isti ÿetfal di dlgdi prlkidi su glahri. I[TXYKTYXN DIE ÎKFDL NH[KÁ[FKL?
LTXN[ JYGKFLGI[ DIE ÎKFDL NH[KÁ[FKL
Angtfigi en dlrafkfûg di ens siafeens, ig ug ijiktl lpuistl ne di ens cfhiriefgns. Tnahfæg fgbfhi en prldukkfûg di igzfans qui slg fgdukfdns plr ens cfhiriefgns. Ig klgdfkflgis di jnetn di ncun prlauivi ie krikfafigtl di en rnáz, fgbfhi ie krikfafigtl die tneel y prlauivi ie kfirri di els istlans. Nsfafsal, istfauen ie jeuol di ncun y di flgis ig ens rnákis.
2>.- En istrukturn aiahrnglsn jfhrlieîstfkn qui igvuievi ne klrnzûg y n els lrácigis di sus crngdis vnsls is ie? N) Igdlknrdfl H) Aflknrdfl K) Ipfknrdfl D) ]irfknrdfl I) Igdltiefl
Disnrrleel? ]IXFKNXDFL? Igvleturn qui rldin ne klrnzûg. [u jugkfûg prfgkfpne is hrfgdnr prltikkfûg ne klrnzûg nsá klal piraftfrei en sujfkfigti efhirtnd di alvfafigtl. [i dfvfdi ig dls pnrtis? ]IXFKNXDFL [IXL[L y ]IXFKNXDFL JFHXL[L.
Xptn. ―D‑
28.- Ig buangls, ie trfîgcuel di Efitnud is ugn istrukturn prlpfn di su sfstian \\\\\\\\\\\\\\y si elknefzn ig \\\\\\\\\ N) Ixkritlr ‛ Ixkritlr ‛ en viofcn H) Yrfgnrfl ‛ Yrfgnrfl ‛ els els urætiris K) Girvflsl ‛ Girvflsl ‛ ie ie kirihrl D) Ixkritlr ‛ Ixkritlr ‛ ie ie pnrægqufan rigne I) Cengduenr ‛ Cengduenr ‛ en en bfpûjfsfs
Disnrrleel? Ig ie fgtirflr di en viofcn igklgtrnals ugn supirjfkfi trfngcuenr qui tfigi klal værtfkis? En disiahlkndurn di els urætiris. Ie gnkfafigtl di en uritrn . Xptn. ―N‑
Jnvlriki ie igvioikfafigtl di ens blons, tngtl plr nkkfûg prlpfn klal plr fgdukkfûg di en prldukkfûg di itfeigl.
Xptn. ―I‑
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2;.- Istrukturn ngntûafkn qui gl jlran pnrti di en gijrlgn?
KLA]LGIGTI[ DI EN GIJXLGN?
N) Tÿhuel klgtlrgindl dfstne H) Blon pnrfitne di en kîpsuen di Hlwang K) Tuhl di Hieefgf D) Blon vfskirne di en kîpsuen Hlwang I) Nsn di Bigei
▭Ie klrpÿskuel rigne (klrpÿskuel di Anepfcbf) qui istî klapuistl plr?
Disnrrleel? IE GIJXÛG L GIJXLGN? En gijrlgn (bny nerididlr di > afeeûg ig kndn rfþûg) is en ugfdnd istrukturne y jugkflgne die rfþûg. Ens gijrlgns slg ens igknrcndns di jlranr en lrfgn y slg ie iqufvneigti n en plrkfûg sikritlrn di ens ceîgduens ixlkrfgns.
Ygn gijrlgn istî jlrandn plr dls pnrtis? ―Ie klrpÿskuel rigne y ie tÿhuel rigne ‑
- En kîpsuen di Hlwang, klg sus knpns? * Blon pnrfitne di en kîpsuen di Hlwang. * Blon vfskirne di en kîpsuen di Hlwang
- Ie celaæruel rigne jlrandl plr knpfenris sngcuágils igvuietls plr en knpn vfskirne di en kîpsuen di Hlwang. Ie ispnkfl qui bny igtri els knpfenris celairuenris el lkupn ie aisngcfl.
.
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klg rfhiti ig kipfeel y els tÿhuels dfstneis tfigig ug dfîaitrl necl aiglr.
▭ Ie tÿhuel rigne qui tfigi vnrfns pnrtis dfjirigtis? - Ie tÿhuel prlxfane? * Tÿhuel klgtlrgindl prlxfane. * Tÿhuel riktl prlxfane (rnan diskigdigti cruisn die nsn di Bigei).
- Ie sicaigtl diecndl die nsn di Bigei. - Ie tÿhuel dfstne (rnan nskigdigti cruisn die nsn di Bigei) * Tÿhuel riktl dfstne. * Tÿhuel klgtlrgindl dfstne. En pnrti ig jlran di Y die tÿhuel si diglafgn nsn di Bigei y istî jlrandn plr ie tuhl riktl prlxfane, ie sicaigtl diecndl y ie tuhl riktl dfstne.
KLGDYKTL[ KLEIKTLXI[ Els klgduktls kleiktlris slg els iqufvneigtis n en plrkfûg ixkritlrn di ens ceîgduens ixlkrfgns y, klal sukidi ig necugns ceîgduens, tnahfæg si igknrcng di klgkigtrnr en lrfgn qui bng prldukfdl ens gijrlgns. Ens gijrlgns aîs pirfjærfkns die elhuefeel klgiktng ie tÿhuel klgtlrgindl dfstne klg ie klgduktl kleiktlr riktl qui is ie ioi die elhuefeel (y die rnyl aiduenr) plr aidfl di ug tÿhuel kleiktlr nrkfjlrai. [f ens gijrlgns istîg prûxfans ne kigtrl die elhuefeel, kirkn plr tngtl die klgduktl kleiktlr, els tÿhuels klgtlrgindls dfstneis si ugig ne klgduktl kleiktlr aidfngti ug klrtl tÿhuel di klgixfûg.
- Tÿhuels kleiktlris nrkfjlrais?
* Tnpfzndls plr ipftiefl pengl (l kÿhfkl hnol) sfapei * Istîg elknefzndls (ne aigls ig en pnrti fgfkfne di su riklrrfdl) ig ie enhirfgtl klrtfkne, y klgiktng els tÿhuels dfstneis di en gijrlgn klg ie klgduktl kleiktlr riktl klrtfkne qui istî ig ie rnyl aiduenr.
- Klgduktls pnpfenris (di Hieefgf) * Ig en pnrti fgtirgn di en aæduen vng klgjeuyigdl di jlran sukisfvn, ig îgcuel ncudl, vnrfls klgduktls riktls aiduenris (9-3) pnrn jlranr ug klgduktl pnpfenr. * Tfigig ug dfîaitrl di 18== ¹a y istîg tnpfzndls plr ug ipftiefl kfeágdrfkl sfapei. * Eeicng bnstn ie værtfki di en pfrîafdi rigne y neeá disiahlkng ig ug kîefz aiglr (en zlgn di en pnpfenr rigne ig en qui si nhrig istls klgduktls si diglafgn îrin krfhlsn) Xptn. ―K‑
24.- Nkirkn die eáqufdl surjnktngti puealgnr, is klrriktl njfranr qui? N) Is prldukfdl plr els pensalkftls. H) Xiduki en tigsfûg supirjfkfne di els nevilels. K) Vn istî prisigti ig ie jitl buangl di >: ‛ 8= siangns. D) [i lrfcfgn ig ens kæeuens kihndns. I) Nuaigtn en kngtfdnd di trnhnol die dfnjrncan.
Disnrrleel? IE [YXJNKTNGTI ]YEALGNX? Is ugn sustngkfn klapeion qui klgtfigi jlsjleápfdls y ug gÿairl di nplprltiágns. Isti eáqufdl isigkfne is prldukfdl plr ens kæeuens nevilenris Tfpl FF, y kuhri els nevilels y piquiþls hrlgquflels. Ie surjnktngti riduki en tigsfûg supirjfkfne ig tldl ie pueaûg, klgtrfhuyigdl n su napefnkfûg cigirne. Is tnahfæg faplrtngti plrqui istnhfefzn ie nevilel.
- Klgduktls kleiktlris riktls klrtfkneis? * [i elknefzng ig ie rnyl aiduenr klrtfkne. * Xikuhfirtls plr ug ipftiefl pengl (l kÿhfkl hnol) sfapei. - Klgduktls kleiktlris riktls aiduenris? * [i elknefzng ig en aæduen y slg klgtfgunkfûg di els klgduktls riktls klrtfkneis * Xivistfdls plr ug ipftiefl kÿhfkl sfapei qui si vuievi aîs netl klgjlrai prljugdfzng disdi en aæduen ixtirgn n en fgtirgn.
GLTN? Els klgduktls kleiktlris riktls si dfstfgcuig di els tÿhuels riktls prlxfaneis y dfstneis plrqui ens kæeuens slg aîs hnons y istîg hfig diefaftndns ugns di ltrns. Ndiaîs, els tÿhuels prlxfaneis tfigig ugn euz frricuenr y
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JYGDNAIGTL HFLJÁ[FKL?
KLA]L[FKFÛG ^YÁAFKN?
En Eiy di Enpenki gls dfki qui en prisfûg digtrl di ugn istrukturn isjærfkn klg tigsfûg supirjfkfne, klal is ie knsl die nevilel, is fgvirsnaigti prlplrkflgne ne rndfl di en isjirn (]14T/r pnrn ugn isjirn klg dls fgtirjnsis eáqufdl/cns, klal ugn plapn di onhûg, y ]18T/r pnrn ugn isjirn klg ugn fgtirjnsi eáqufdl/cns, klal ig ie nevilel? ]1prisfûg, T1tigsfûg supirjfkfne, y r1rndfl). Istl sfcgfjfkn qui, n ugn tigsfûg supirjfkfne klgstngti, els piquiþls nevilels dihirîg cigirnr crngdis prisflgis digtrl di ieels qui ncrngdnrîg ie nevilel. Els piquiþls nevilels pldráng ispirnr qui si vnkáig ig els nevilels anylris sf ie vleuaig puealgnr dfsafguyi. [fg iahnrcl istl gl lkurri, plrqui ie surjnktngti riduki en tigsfûg supirjfkfne, aîs n hnols vleÿaigis y aigls n vleÿaigis netls, piraftfigdl en istnhfefdnd nevilenr y ridukfigdl en plsfhfefdnd di klenpsl nevilenr.
En klaplsfkfûg die surjnktngti nduetl is? • Eápfdls? 2=-6= % (ixprisndl ig jugkfûg die pisl) ‛ Jlsjleápfdls (2=-6= % di els eápfdls) •Dfpneaftlfe-jlsjntfdfeklefgn*(nprlxfandnaigti 9= %) • Jlsjlcefkærfdls? Jlsjntfdfe cefkirle (nerididlr di >= %). • Isjfgclafiefgn (nprlxfandnaigti ; %) • Ltrls eápfdls (di >= n 8= %) • ]rltiágns surjnktngtis? >=-8= % die pisl
¡[NHÁN[ ^YÆ! *^ui ie Dfpneaftlfejlsjntfdfeklefgn (D]]K), tnahfæg klglkfdl klal dfpneaftlfe-eikftfgn is ie jlsjleápfdl klg anylr nhugdngkfn igtri klaplgigti di els tigslnktfvls puealgnris.
JF[FLELCÁN Ens Eikftfgns (Jlsjntfdfe klefgn) slg jlsjlcefkærfdls qui klgstftuyig ie tfpl aîs nhugdngti di els jlsjleápfdls ig ie eáqufdl ixtrnkieeuenr qui rikuhri els nevilels di els puealgis glraneis. Isti tfpl di jlsjleápfdls is ie prfgkfpne risplgsnhei di dfsafgufr en tigsfûg supirjfkfne ig en supirjfkfi di els nevilels, ivftngdl en ntieiktnsfn ne jfgne di en jnsi ispfrntlrfn di en rispfrnkfûg. Ygn viz qui ie surjnktngti is prldukfdl ig ie giualkftl FF, istn sustngkfn sustngkfn afcrn klal ―kuirpls enaienris‑ disdi ie gÿkeil bnstn en supirjfkfi npfkne di en kieuen disdi dlgdi is efhirndl plr ixlkftlsfs digtrl die nevilel.
]NTLELCÁN Ens Eikftfgns (Jlsjntfdfe klefgn) slg jlsjlcefkærfdls qui
IDND DI ]XLDYKKFÛG? Ie surjnktngti si jlran rientfvnaigti tnrdi ig en vfdn jitne (igtri ens siangns 84 y 82 di iahnrnzl), nerididlr di ens ;9 siangns di cistnkfûg, en anylrán di els hihæs yn disnrrleeû ugn kngtfdnd nprlpfndn di surjnktngti. Els gfþls prianturls qui gnkig sfg ugn kngtfdnd ndikundn ixpirfaigtng dfstriss rispfrntlrfl y puidig alrfr. Nprlxfandnaigti ie 9=% di els gfþls prianturls klg ugn idnd cistnkflgne aiglr n ens 86 siangns si vig njiktndls y sûel ie 9% di els gfþls klg aîs di ;4 siangns di cistnkfûg.
klgstftuyig ie tfpl Necugls rikfig gnkfdls prianturls qui prisigtng ugn dijfkfigkfn ig en sfgtisfs di surjnktngtis puealgnris disnrrleeng [fgdrlai di Dfstriss Xispfrntlrfl ([DX). Ig ugn isjirn, en tigsflg supirjfkfne is fgvirsnaigti prlplrkflgne ne rndfl (Eiy di Enpenki). Durngti en ispfrnkflg ie rndfl die nevilel dfsafguyi, plr el kune en tigsflg supirjfkfne nuaigtn. Ig nusigkfn di ugn suhstngkfn surjnktngti, els piquigbls nevilels klenpsnrfng jnkfeaigti, y ie rikfig gnkfdl dihirfn bnkir crngdis isjuirzls pnrn klgtfgunr rispfrngdl. Xptn. ―H‑
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