Biochemistry Mnemonics
Essential amino acids PVT. TIM HALL: Phe Val Thr Trp Ile Met His Arg Leu Lys · Pvt. is short for Private in the military. military. · Arg and His are considered semiessential. · Alternatively: "MATT VI PHy".
Dicarboxylic acids (alpha ome!a" #$ thro%!h #&' common names ")h My! *uch +ood A pple Pie! *eet As *ugar#": )$alic Malonic *uccinic +lutaric Adipic Pimelic *u%eric A&elaic *e%acic
Phosphorylation cascade action d%rin! lo, !l%cose "In the Phasted 'tate! Phosphorylate": The phosphorylation cascade %ecomes active hen %lood glucose is lo.
t-A molec%lar shape (ortunately! (ortunately! t)*A +Transfer )*A, is shaped li-e a capital T.
Vitamins ,hich are /at sol%ble 0ADE: Vitamin 0 Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E
a10 p%mp concentrations o/ a 2s. 0 on inside1o%tside o/ cell p%mp action n%mber o/ molec%les mo2ed HI0I: There is a HIgh / concentration Iside the cell. (rom this can deduce that the *a0/ pump pumps / into cell and a nd *a out of cell. Alternatively: 1hen I as learning this pump +circa 2334,! a %and that as "in" as 0 ris ris 0 ross! ross! and a %and that as "o%t" as "'ha a a a": 'o pump moves 0 0 +4 +4 /, in and a a a +5 *a, out. · 'adly! as infectious as their de%ut al%um as! /ris /ross can really no longer %e classed as "in".
Ins%lin /%nction IsulI stimulates $ things to go I $cells: Potassium and 6lucose.
+lycolysis steps "+oodness +racious! 3ather 3ran-lin Did +o By Pic-ing Pump-ins
+to, Pr epare Pies": +lucose +lucose787P 3ructose787P 3ructose72!87diP Dihydro$yacetone7P +lyceraldehyde7P 2!57Bi phosphoglycerate 57Phosphoglycerate 47Phosphoglycerate +to, Phosphoenolpyruvate 9PEP Pyruvate · ;id!
#itric acid cycle compo%nds ")h #itric Acid Is )f +course, A *iLly *Tupid 3unny Molecule": )$aloacetate #itrate Aconitate Isocitrate )$alosuccinate Alpha7-etoglutarate *uccinyL7>oA *uccinaTe 3umarate Malate · 'ily and sTupid used to differentiate succiny and succinaTe
B 2itamin names "The - hythm early Proved #ontagious": · In increasing order: Thiamine +<2, - i%oflavin +<4, iacin +<5,
Pyrido$ine +<8, #o%alamin +<24,
Testosterone con2ersion to DiHydroTestosterone ;ihydrotestosterone is an active form of testosterone. Its conversion needs an en&yme : 3ive Alpha - eductase · This reaction occurs in the peripheral +"3A- ", tissue such as adipose tissue.
D0A si!ns D0A: Dehydrated 0 etones0 0 ussmaul %reathing0 0 drops Acidosis
Amino acids properties · 'ung to the
>ome an listen to my story a%out the a7mi7nos (ive Al7i7phats -ic- off our sho 6lycine! Alanine! Valine and then eucine and Iso ma-e up half of ten 1ell the ne$t thing you -no are three aromats phenylalanine+(, is right off the %at t?rosine has alcohol ne$t to its ring And tryptophan+1, has indole dou%le ring thing. 'ulfur in >ysteine@ it loves to %ond 'ulfur Methionine is much more a sno% Alcoholic 'erine! ell ouldnt you -no! And Threonines H gives a arm glo.
Acid7aspartic+;, and glutamic+=, are ioni&ed 1ith p/ of B! their protons are lysed! asparagine+*, and glutamine+C, play a different role 1ith amides theyre neutral %ut they %oth have poles lysine+/, and a)ginine are the %asic -ind!
3abry disease presentation 3AB-4: 3erile episodes Angio-eratomas0 Alpha galactosidase A deficiency Burning pain - enal failure 4outh death
+lycolysis en5ymes "High Profile People Act Too +lamorous! Picture Posing Every Place": He$o-inase Phosphoglucose isomerase Phosphofructo-inase +P(/, Aldase A Triose phosphate isomerase +lyceraldehyde757phosphate dehydrogenase Phosphoglycerate mutase Enolase Pyruvate -inase
Porphyrias ac%te intermittent porphyria symptoms D Ps: Pain in a%domen Polyneuropathy
Psychologial a%normalities Pin- urine Precipitated %y drugs +eg %ar%iturates! oral contraceptives! sulpha drugs,
B6creatinine ele2ation ca%ses AB#D: A&otremia +pre7renal, Bleeding +6I, #ata%olic status Diet +high protein parenteral nutrition,
+7PD oxidant dr%!s ind%cin! hemolytic anemia AAA: Anti%iotic +eg: sufametho$a&ole, Antimalarial +eg: primaEuine, Antipyretics +eg: acetanilid! %ut not aspirin or acetaminophen,
Vitamin B8 (niacin nicotinic acid" de/iciency pella!ra The 5 Ds of pellagra: Dermatitis Diarrhea Dementia · *ote vitamin <8 is the 8;s.
+lyco!en stora!e Anderson9s (IV" 2s. #ori9s (III" en5yme de/ect AB#D: AndersonsFBranching en&yme. #orisFDe%ranching en&yme. · therise! cant really distinguish clinically.
Tan!ier9s disease hallmar: "Tan!ierene tonsils": Hallmar- is large orange tonsils. · Important clinical note: there is no increased ris- of atherosclerosis! Gust li-e eating tangerenes.
a;10; p%mp mo2ement o/ ions and <%antity 0; and in each consist of $ characters! so so 4 / are pumped in. a; and o%t each consist of 8 characters! so 5 *a are pumped out.
Hemo!lobin bindin! c%r2e ca%ses o/ shi/t to ri!ht "#ADET! face ri!ht#": #4 Acid 4!57DP6 +a-a 4!5
#oa!%lation common path,ay /actors in order &' ; = > $ ? &8 >oagulation common pathay: (actor @ to (actor V to (actor II to (actor @III
Vitamin 0 dependent co/actors "*e2eral Tend To icely *top #lots": (actor *e2en! Ten! T,o! ine. Protein *! Protein #.
+ protein type /or respecti2e receptors "0I** and 0I#0 till youre *I#0 of *E@" +CI'' and CIC till youre 'IC of 'C',: · This gives the 67protein type +6
3olate de/iciency ca%ses A 3)LI# D-)P : Alcoholism 3olic acid antagonists )ral contraceptives Lo dietary inta-e Infection ith 6iardia #eliac sprue Dilatin - elative folate deficiency )ld Pregnant
iacin de/iciency si!ns and symptoms The famous B ;s: Diarrhoea Dermatitis
Dementia Death +if untreated,
#itric acid cycle compo%nds ")ur #ity Is 0e pt *afe And *ound 3rom Malice": )$aloacetate #itrate Isocitrate alpha70 etoglutarate *uccinyl7>oA *uccinate 3umarate Malate
+alactosaemia en5yme de/iciency +ALIP6T: +alactose & Phosphate 6ridyl Transferase. · There is an assay called the 6aliput test for this.
Metabolic acidosis (normal anion>!ap" ca%ses · 1ith hyper-alemia: -AI*E /: - TA type B Aldosterone or mineralocorticord deficiency Iatrogenic: *HB>l! H>l "*tenosis": o%structive uropathy Early uremia · 1ith hypo-alemia: -eD6#E /: -enal TA type 2 and 4 Diarrhoea 6rine diversion into gut #ar%onate anhydrase inhi%itor E$7hyperventilation
#reatine phosphate amino acid prec%rsors "*ice +AMs#": +lycine Arginine Methionine · 6am is slang for a persons leg! especiallay an attractive females leg: "*ice gams F nice legs#" · >reatine phosphate is a muscle energy store! and spontaneously converts to creatinine hich is e$creted in the urine in direct proportion to muscle mass: clinically useful! such as in M' ;$.
itric oxide amino acid prec%rsor 1hen the dentist or-s on your teeth! you say! "AAAr! (Ar!inine" " %efore he administers itric )xide ()" to ta-e the pain aay. · ther players necessary for * synthesis: * synthase! >a! *A;PH.
Heme synthesis amino acid prec%rsors to basic %nit o/ porphyrins heme (pyrrole rin!" ";racula ants to *%c- a #o7eds %lood 9thin- heme ith his +lystening teeth#": *%ccinyl #oA and +lycine are precursor amino acids to pyrrole rings! hich is the %asic unit of porphyrins and heme.
En5ymes classi/ication ")ver The HILL": )$idoreductases Transferases Hydrolases Isomerases Ligases Lyases
Pompe9s disease type "Police F Po lys": Pompes disease is a lysosomal storage disease +alpha 2!B glucosidase,.
+ol!i complex /%nctions "6olgi Distrib%tes A *PAM": Distrib%tes proteins and lipids from =) Add mannose onto specific lysosome proteins *ulfation of sugars and slected tyrosine Proteoglycan assem%ly Add 7oligosugars to serine and threnonine Modify *7ologosugars on asparagine
Phenyl:eton%ria ,hich en5yme is de/icient PHenyl-etonuria is caused %y a deficiency of: Phenylalanine Hydro$ylase
Malate>aspartate sh%ttle "MAD commute": Malate in. Alpha7-etoglutarate and D+Aspartate, out.
DA bond stren!th (n%cleotides" "#ra&y +lue": 'trongest %onds are %eteen #ytosine and +uanine! strong li-e #ra&y +lue +5 H7%onds,! hereas the AFT only have 4 H7%onds. · This is relevant to ;*A replication! as the ea-er AFT ill %e the site here )*A primer ma-es the initial %rea-.
En5yme :inetics competiti2e 2s. non>competiti2e inhibition 1ith 0 ompetitive inhi%ition: 0 m increases@ no change in Vma$. 1ith on7: ompetitive inhi%ition: o change in 0 m@ Vma$ decreases.
*ic:le cell anemia m%tation "H%* isnt Very +ood": At *i$th position of H< %eta chain! Valine is present instead of +lutamic acid.
Hyper!lycemia 8 classic si!ns and symptoms D0A: Dehydrated 0 etoacidosis Acetone %reath
Vitamins ,hich are /at sol%ble "The 3AT cat is in the ADE0 +attic,": 3at solu%le vitamins are A!D!E!0 .
#itric acid cycle compo%nds ")h# #an I 0 eep *ome *%ccinate 3or Myself": )$aloacetate #itrate Isocitrate 0 etoglutarate *uccinyl coA *%ccinate 3umarate Malate
#arbon monoxide electron transport chain tar!et "> %loc-s >": >ar%on mono$ide +>, %loc-s >ytochrome $idase +>,
Electron transport chain -otenone9s site o/ action )otenone is a site specific inhi%itor of comple$ one.
#atabolism steps o/ branched chain amino acids "Truc- hit the )x to Death": Transamination )xidative decar%o$ylation Dehydrogenation
Adrenaline mechanism "AB# of Adrenaline": Adrenaline77J activates Beta receptors77J increases #yclic AMP
#itric acid cycle compo%nds "#an I 0 eep *elling *e$ 3or Money! )fficer": #itrate Isocitrate alpha 0 etogluterate *uccinyl >oA *uccinate 3umerate
Malate )$aloacetate
*ic:le cell disease pathophysiolo!y *I#0 le cell disease is due to a *u%stitution of the *I#0 sth amino acid of the < chain.
+l%ca!on /%nction "Mr. +l%ca has +one to the cAMP to %ring o%t some +l%cose": · 6lucagon elevates glucose %y cAMP mechanism.
In/antile Beriberi symptoms )estlessness 'leeplessness
Hyper2itaminosis A si!ns and symptoms "Increased Vitamin A ma-es you HA-D": Headache0 Hepatomegaly Anore$ia0 Alopecia - eally painful %ones Dry s-in0 Drosiness
3astin! state branched>chain amino acids %sed by s:eletal m%scles "Muscles LIVe fast": Leucine Isoleucine Valine
Essential amino acids "PVT. TIM HALL alays ar!ues! never tires": Phe Val Thr Trp Ile Met His Arg Lue Lys · Alays argues: the A is for Arg! not Asp. · *ever tires: T is not Tyr! %ut is %oth Thr and Trp.
a10 p%mp action +'ing loudly to the chorus of "/iss Him 6ood%ye",: "a! a! a 77 o%t# a! a! a 77 o%t# 0 ! 0 goes...inside#" Action of pump is 5 *a out and 4 / in
Acetyl#oA and acetacetyl#oA amino acids /ormin! them "A Li!hter Lease " +A yTr eIs,: AFAcetyl>oA or Acetoacetyl >oA LyFLysine TrFTryptophan LeFLeucine IsFIsoleucine
Van den Ber!h reaction (Ca%ndice test" "Indirect reacting %iliru%in F 6nconGugated %iliru%in":
Type & !lyco!en stora!e disease Type & F one +Von,! ie Von 6iere-es disease
En5ymes competiti2e inhibitors "#ompetition is hard %ecause e have to travel more :ilometers (0m" ith the same 2elocity ": 1ith competiti2e inhi%itors! 2elocity remains same %ut 0m increases
3abry9s disease 3AB-49* : 3oam cells found in glomeruli and tu%ules0 3e%rile episodes Alpha galactosidase A deficiency0 Angio-eratomas Burning pain in e$tremities0 BL* increased in serum0 Boys - enal failure 4 genotype +male! lin-ed recessive, * phingolipidoses
#olla!en concisely co2ered #)LLA+E: #7terminal propeptide +procollagen,0 #ovalent #ross lin-s0 # vitamin0 #onnective tissue0 #artilage0 #hondro%lasts0 #opper #ofactor +#ovalent #ross lin-ing, )utside the cell is here collagen normally functions0 )steo%lasts0 )steogenesis imperfecta
Lysyl hydro$ylase0 Lysyl o$idase +o$idatively deaminates lysyl and hydro$ylysyl residues to form collagen cross lin-s! last %iosynthesis step, Long triple helical fi%ers0 Ligaments Alpha chains0 Attached %y H %onds form triple heli$0 Ascor%ate for hydro$ylation of lysyl and prolyl residues of pro7Alpha chains +postranslational modification, +ly in every third position0 +lycosylation of hydro$yl group of hydro$ylysine ith +lucose and +alactose@ +lgi allos procollagen to + outside of cell E$tracellular matri$0 Eye +cornea! sclera,0 Ehlers7;anlos 'yndrome 7terminal propeptide +procollagen,0 onhelical terminal e$tensions · *ote: Procollagen =AV=s the cell to %e c=AV=d %y procollagen peptidases
Metabolism sites "Lse both arms to H6+": Heme synthesis 6rea cycle +luconeogenesis · These reactions occur in bothcytoplasm and mitochondria.
Mitochondrial DA (mt DA" properties "mt ;*A". mt stands for: Maternal Transfer Mutates Tremendously +high mutation rate,
)rbital names be/ore alphabetical order be!ins "*o%er People Dont 3ind +ood In 0 illing": r%ital names for electrons are *!P!D!3!+!I!0 . After that! alpha%etical order %egins.
)xidation 2s. red%ction electron !ain1loss "LE) the lion says +E- ": Lose Electrons F )$idation. +ain Electrons F - eduction.
Ben5ene rin! order o/ s%bstit%ents Meta: the to stic-s representing functional groups ma-e a capital letter M ith the ring. )tho: can close the top of the functional groups and ma-e a %o$y capital letter ).
#is1trans (!eometric" isomer nomenclat%re "ame ide. E pposite.": N is the 4 functional groups on the same side of dou%le %ond. = is for opposite sides.
)xidation 2s. red%ction electron !ain1loss )IL -I+: )$idation Is Loss +of electrons,. - eduction Is +ain +of electrons,.
#ation 2s. anion positi2e 2s. ne!ati2e The t in cation loo-s li-e a plus sign: "ca;ion". >ation is positive! anion is negative.
)xidation 2s. red%ction electrochemical cell and electron !ain1loss A )IL -I+ #AT:
At the Aode! )$idation Involves Loss of electrons. - eduction Involves +aining electrons at the #AThode.
+ibb9s /ree ener!y /orm%la "+ood Honey Tastes *eet": +delta,+ F H 7 T+delta,*
Anion 2s. cation char!e Aion is A egative ion.
Ben5ene rin! order o/ s%bstit%ents "
Ben5ene rin! e//ects o/ s%bstit%ents on /%rther additions "
#athode ,hat happens d%rin! electrolysis #urrent #arries #ations to the #athode for redu#tion.
#is1trans (!eometric" isomer nomenclat%re The letter "N" is ritten in a &ig&ag ay. If you dra a vertical line splitting it don the middle then its the same halves +same sides of dou%le %ond,. The letter "=" is ritten differently so a vertical line splits it into different halves +different sides of dou%le %ond,.
#is1trans (!eometric" isomers arran!ement o/ /%nctional !ro%ps #is starts ith a # and the functional groups form a #. Trans! therefore is the other one %y default.
Acids Le,is acid 2s. Bronsted acid BAD LATE: BAD: Bronsted Acid Donates hydrogens LATE: Leis Acid Ta-es Electrons
