A cover slip is a thin square of glass that you put over a specimen on a microscope slide. The cover slip stops the specimen from drying out, and squishes it so that light can get though it easier
antibacterial improvements-weigh fixed / known amount plant ; 2. measured/known volume of ethanol / known concentration of ethanol ; 3. shake / leave for known / stated time ; 4. standardised crushing method ; 5. separation / filtration /eq ; 6. use same part of plant / same strain / variety of the plant ;
measurement: 1. graph paper tracing / {mean / average} diameter / eq ; 2. count squares / calculate area / eq ; 3. subtract area of {well / paper} / eq
Enzymesrisk1. respiration / breathing problems / eq ; 2. use coated enzymes / eq / wear mask ; 3. possible skin reaction to enzyme /eq ; 4. wear gloves / wash with copious water / wash bench down / dry up spills ; 5. getting enzyme into blood through cut ; 6. wear plaster / gloves ; 7. high level of alkali damages skin / eyes ; 8. gloves / goggles as appropriate ; 9. reference to enzyme damage to eyes ; 10. wear goggles / eq reliability of graph: reference to wide range / variability of data ; 2. greater reliability for data at {1% / 4% / 5%} / eq ; 3. reference to more data needed for 1.5% to allow better assessment of reliability ; 4. reference to outliers / anomalies ; economic implications: reference to (idea of) best concentration to use (ignore value) ; 2. reference to no improvement above this concentration ; 3. enzyme costs money ; 4. reference to reduced cost effectiveness at higher concentrations ; conservation: bias: check for any bias of sponsor (e.g. funding source) ;
2. check for credentials of contributor ; 3. reference to cross check with another source ; 4. reference to evidence of peer reviewing ;
issues: 1. Economic ; 2. about possible uses of money in conservation of different types / eq ; ethical, lines 47-48 ; 2. ethics of keeping animals in zoos ; 3. cage environment ; 4. ethical, lines 38-39 ; 5. ethics of hunting animals ; 6. (wrong if) for ornaments, dubious medications, trophies etc / might lead to extinction ; 7. social, lines 49-54 ; 8. part of this (social) is education ; 9. teaching, awareness ; 10. environmental, lines 30-31 ; 11. correct reference to appropriate habitat ;
12. as only place organisms can properly exist
vitamin c controlled variable: heating time / eq ; 2. cooling time / eq ; 3. concentration of DCPIP / eq
How controlled: named variable e.g. volume DCPIP / {/type / source / age / eq} of orange juice ; 2. means of controlled described e.g. {suitable measuring device named / use same orange / orange juice carton} ;
reliability: idea that {SD / range} measures reliability / eq ; 2. SDs low / eq, therefore reliability high / eq OR replicated results similar at each temperature / eq ; 3. SDs differ at various temps, therefore so does reliability ; 4. 20, 23 and 50 (any 2) same reliability ; 5. and more reliable than 40/30 / eq ; 6. 30 least reliable / eq ; 7. comment on anomalous data / eq ;
Validity: both (sets of data) show loss on heating / eq ; 2. all the vegetables show similar loss which is less than hers/eq ; 3. credit comparative manipulation of data to support
Validity of product: cooking temp / eq ; 2. cooking time / eq ; 3. cooking method / eq ;
4. source of fruit or vegetable / eq ; 5. comment on juice compared with whole extract ;
genetic testing: usefulness of evidence (Using source A) this would not support the statement / eq ; 2. (Using source A) (because) it’s a survey of the general population / there is no evidence from religious groups / eq ; 3. (Using Souce B) don’t know what % is therefore not much use / eq ; 4. If makes an assumption about what it is a percentage of, credit correct conclusion from that assumption ; 5. (Using source B) only considers one religious group / catholics / eq ; (Using source B) catholics compared with non-catholics, who still might be religious people / eq ; 7. (Using source B) there is {no / little} difference between the two groups / eq ; 8. (Using sources A and B) there is {no / little} difference between general population, Catholics, non-Catholics / eq ; 9. use of comparative figures ; 10. We have no idea of sample size in either study/ We have no idea of variability of estimates/ We cannot say anything about reliability / eq ; relevancy:
Appropriate type of chart / graph ; 2. detail of chart / graph ; 3. relevant information select
economic issues: increase cost in short term /eq ; 2. because money spent on trialling stem cell therapies / eq ; 3. reduce the cost in long term / eq ; 4. because benefits easily come by / eq ; 5. so other (expensive) research not needed / mineral deficiency: controlled/ how its controlled: the deficient mineral / solution(s) eq ; (reject nutrients), seed mass
light intensity / wavelength ; 2. light bank / eq / use same bulb ; 3. temperature ; 4. environment chamber / some sensible suggestion about the lab / room /sensible use water bath ; 5. carbon dioxide level / eq ; 6. {cylinder/ enclosed chamber} / eq ;
7. humidity / eq ; 8. reference to enclosed chamber ; 9. wind speed ; 10.reference to {enclosed chamber / fan} ; 11.{source / variety / age / ref genes} of seed / eq ; 12.from same packet / (parent) plant / eq ; 13.pH (of mineral solution) ; 14.Use buffer ; 15.Same concentration ((I) amount / volume) of all other minerals / minerals not omitted ; 16. Use same concentration as in complete solution each time ;
how to calculate or get dry mass: remove water by placing in oven for sensible time (24 hours or so / at sensible temp (100°C or so) / eq ; 2. until constant mass idea ; NOTE (I) Filter paper, evaporation tensile strength: cross sectional area of fibre / eq ; variable that must be measured to convert the breaking
force (N) into tensile strength (Pa)
controlled and how controlled: length of fibre ; 2. suitable measuring device so all the same ; 3. cross-sectional area / diameter / radius / thickness of fibre ; 4. select after measuring with micrometer / eq; 5. ; 6. humidity chamber with suitable solution, which could just be water, to keep them all the same ; 7. temperature ; 8. {chamber / water bath} kept at {stated / fixed} temperature ; 9. soaking time ; 10. use of stopclock for {stated / same} time ; 11. nature of fibre / eq ;
12. same {species / plant / location in plant/ age
how reference should be improved:
(2) dates / times websites accessed ; 2. specific detail of website {e.g. hyperlinks to websites / url / eq / author} / eq ; 3. reference to addition of suitable non-web resource ;
heart beat: idea of (transparent / eq) so heart visible ; 2. {easily obtainable / cheap / abundant} / eq ; 3. idea that Daphnia {well studied / model organism} ; 4. Daphnia are easy to manipulate / eq
ethics: {simple nervous system / invertebrate} so reduced awareness of pain /eq ; 2. (transparent so) no need for dissection /eq ; 3. abundant in nature so no threat to it or its dependent species (food chains) / eq ; 4. bred for fish food will thus die anyway / eq ; 5. may be clones therefore no loss of genetic variation / eq ; 6. animal welfare argument e.g. cannot give consent / may feel pain / eq temp: idea that lactic acid concentration is only variable / to avoid changes in heart rate due to temperature changes (rather than [lactate]) ; 2. high enough to ensure good level of activity / not denature enzymes / habitat temperature of Daphnia / easy to maintain 25 ° C / eq ; controlled variable: some feature of Daphnia (age / size /sex / eq) ; 2. measure/ref to source of fleas / reference to some feature to assess sex (e.g. brood chamber) ; 3. reference to {pre-treatment / acclimatisation / recovery time / eq} ; 4. detail of {pre-treatment / acclimatisation / recovery time / eq} given ;
low ph results and validity of evidence and that graph in:increase in lactic acid concentration causes fall in heart rate / eq ; 2. low pH has an effect on enzymes / slows down / inhibits muscle contraction Idea that more lactic acid lowers pH 2. these data show that lowering pH depresses heart rate in rats as in Daphnia / eq ; 3. published in peer-reviewed journal therefore validity is likely to be good ; 4. but rat is vertebrate / (many) differences (in physiology) between rat and Daphnia / eq ; 5. rat heart is isolated, Daphnia whole organism / eq ; cell membrane: why equal sized cylinders of beetroot:same {amount / volume /eq} of pigment / same face area / number of cells on surface / e colorimeter: Then any two fro • • • • • • • •
shake before measurement use of appropriate colour filter zeroing against blank clean cuvettes wiping cuvettes transparent side REJECT smooth side measure absorbance / transmission enough liquid to allow light go through
how variable could be controlled: volume of water (in the boiling tube) ; 2. suitable method e.g. measuring cylinder, pipette / eq ; 3. reference to rinsing ; 4. until clear / for fixed time for all ; 5. similar {variety / density / eq} of beetroot ; 6. method to ensure same variety e.g. same beetroot ; 7. pre-treatment e.g. storage ; 8. detail of above ; 9. (use same) part of beetroot / eq ; 10. detail e.g. cut from middle, peeling ;
how temperature affected: freezing / condensation effect at low temperature explained ; 2. correct reference to effect of temperature on membrane permeability ; 3. correct reference to effect of temperature on membrane component ;
4. {all / as much} pigment as possible gone at 60 °C / idea of high temperature destroys pigment / eq ; Ethical implication gene testing: For example: • • • • •
invasive procedure elimination / disposal / storage of unused embryos / right to life eugenics / designer babies / discrimination who should have access high cost
(false positive • distress - abortion not justified • distress - worry about baby / not having children when not a problem • distress – about abortion that was not needed (false negatives) • shock of diseased baby born • false confidence
right to know or not: Diagram A 1. most people have definite opinions ({few / only 2%} not sure, no response % low) ; 2. the idea that {a majority / most} think somebody has a right to know /eq ; Diagram B 3. more think that medical practitioners should know than think commercial insurers should ACCEPT converse ; 4. more people are unsure / no response / eq about medical practitioners knowing than about commercial insurers ; 5. anywhere within lines 55 and 65 ; what u would look more for reliability of evidence: Credit any two appropriate questions ;;
For example • what research is being done on treatments for TSD • what is gene therapy • what progress on gene therapy (in relation to named diseases) • is it available internet search engine / scientific journals / gazines / reference to specialist library / erence to relevant experts / eq ma ref
tissue culture: how growth controlled: idea of concentration of {mineral salt / auxin / cytokinin / eq} ; 2. reference to same {mass / eq} of chemical ; 3. idea of adding to known volume
of {water / medium / eq } ; OR 1. temperature (of incubation) ; 2. water bath / incubator / eq ; 3. sensible temperature value e.g.15-30 oC ; OR 1. light ; 2. idea of same light source e.g. light bulb ; 3. idea of how same intensity / wavelength obtained e.g same distance, same wattage, same filter ; OR 1. pH ; 2. use a buffer / eq ; 3. idea of buffer content or appropriate pH e.g. 6 to 8 ; OR 1. humidity / eq ; 2. idea of closed container used idea of reduces evaporation
Reliability: idea that SD indicates reliability ; 2. idea of that (all) these results are reliable ; 3. idea that a small SD means better reliability ; 4. idea that SDs do not overlap advan and disadvan of gm crops:Maximum of three from the following 1. idea of crops resistant to (disease / pests / insects / eq} ; 2. idea of survive adverse abiotic factors e.g. drought, weather ; 3. less use of chemicals e.g. agrochemicals, pesticides, insecticides ; 4. saves money ; 5. idea of reducing soil erosion / eq ; 6. idea of bigger yields ; 7. improved nutritional value ; 8. might help with food shortage / reduce famine/ make
LEDCs more {self sufficient / economically stable};Disadvantages Maximum of three from the following 9. escape of (resistant / eq) genes / alleles ; 10.expense (especially to LEDC farmers) of seeds ; 11.loss of beneficial insects / birds / eq ; 12. idea of damage due to increased use of glyphosphate ;
environmental implications of gm cropsreduce agro-chemical use / eq ; 2. idea of reduced impact on environment described e.g. nontarget organisms survive, less pesticide in food chains ; 3. idea of use of GM reduces need for{cleansing soil / fallow fields} ; 4. idea of reduces {erosion / loss} of soil (when fields fallow); 5. idea of escape of {GM/ resistant / eq} genes into wild population ; 6. idea of consequences on organisms in the ecosystem ; 7. idea of toxin present in GM crop gets into food chain; 8. effect on food chain described e.g. loss of beneficial insects / detail (ladybirds /lacewings / birds) ;
heart rate: why daphnia: simple nervous system / invertebrate; reduced awareness of pain/eq.; or transparent; heart visible without need for dissection/eq.; or abundant in nature; no threat to it or its dependent species (food chains); or bred for fish food; will thus die anyway;
or may be clones; therefore no loss of genetic variation max temp min temp: lower temp leads to inactivity /freezing; higher temp leads to enzyme denaturation reliability: controlling temperature/eq improvement: accuracy; the graphs interpretation: reference to kinetic effects on enzymes and the substrate; increase rate of respiration increases oxygen demand/increased rate of reaction increases heart muscle activity/eq; Above 30°C enzymes/proteins begin to denature; Reduced heart rate because of heart made of protein/eq; Daphnia become exhausted; ethics of drug: ethical; ethics of drug trials discussed (informed consent); social; implications of drug trials discussed (payment / encourages less well off volunteers (students etc.) ; economics; comment on high costs / long time
how to make better data to be published:discussion of use of sub-headings; suggestion for 1 or 2 such sub-headings; suggestion for at least one visual aid; detail of visual aid; flow charts Explain how a respirometer you have used is designed to overcome this problem and describe how it could be used to measure the volume of oxygen taken up by respiring tissue in a human-carbon dioxide is absorbed in the apparatus / eq ; named absorber (e.g. sodium hydroxide/potassium hydroxide/soda lime) ; therefore there will be a decrease in volume/pressure which can be measured / eq ; Explain how temperature was controlled when using your respirometer.: use of water bath /eq ; allow to equilibrate before sealing apparatus ; suitable named temperature (20 – 40°C) [Reject room temperature Describe the measurements you would take when using a respirometer and any calculations necessary to determine the rate of oxygen uptake in a sample of respiring tissue-measure movement of liquid in capillary/manometer/U tube ; in a fixed time ; measure diameter/radius of tube ; volume = π r2l (l = distance moved by liquid in tube / eq) ; (volume) divided by time to give rate;
