Ncbkaacr‛s Bukic th Ecatrkfubmd Ehlprcsshr Uystcl Icskba & Ukludmtkha
Vkgmy Umrmtjy G, L.C, E.Cab, LKEjclC
Ehatcats…
Ecatrkfubmd Ehlprcsshr (EE) Uystcl Ejmrmetcrkstkes
Ecatrkfubmd Ehlprcsshr (EE) Irkvcrs
Yypkemd Ukabdc Utmbc Uystcl
Utmrt-up Uecamrkh
Ujutihwa Uecamrkh
Clcrbcaey Ujutihwa (CUI) Uecamrkh
Ecatrkfubmd Ehlprcsshr (EE) Uystcl Icskba _jkdhshpjy
Matk-Uurbc Uystcl
^ceyedc Mrrmabclcats
EE Irkvcr Mrrmabclcats
Bcacrmd Ahtcs
Ecatrkfubmd Ehlprcsshr (EE) Uystcl Ejmrmetcrkstkes…
Ehlprcsshr Lmps iketmtc —ncjmvkhur“ hf tjc EE
EE Lmps mrc m pdht nctwcca _hdytrhpke Jcmi (hr prcssurc r mtkh) vs. Vhdulctrke Fdhw \ b ` / G ` r h l P i m c J e k p h r t y d h _
Uurbc Dkac
Uurbc Lmrbka
Upcci 9 Upcci 5 Upcci > Upcci =
Uthac Rmdd ^cbkha
Metumd Vhdulctrke Fdhw Pl 5 /jr\ J p
W mvb ^ Y ka LR bms
_hwcr J p ]ka
a= _ hut a a = a = _ ka
J p _hdytrhpke Jcmi , `G / `b ]ka Lmss Fdhwrmtc, `b / sce ^ Bms Ehas tma t , :.5=9`G / `blhd @
\ % P y e a c k e k f f C
Upcci =
Upcci 9
Upcci >
Upcci 5
Metumd Vhdulctrke Fdhw Pl 5 /jr\
Ehlprcsshr th nc hpcrmtci mdwmys mwmy frhl tjc surbc dkac
Mnshrnci phwcr ks tjc dcmst mt tjc surbc dkac
^mabc hf EE hpcrmtkha ks tjc caedhsci rcbkha hf tjc lmps ncyhai wjkej bumrmatcc ks aht prhvkici ny tjc lmaufmeturcr
Yypkemddy hpcrmtkab phkat ks lmkatmkaci wktjka =?% th =>% hf tjc surbc dkac. Yjks ema nc kaercmsci ha m emsc th emsc nmsks.
W mvb Mvcrmbc ehlprcssknkdkty fmethr LR bms Bms lhdceudmr wckbjt , `b / `blhd a _hdytrhpke cxp hacat Y ka Kadct tclpcrmtur c, @ _ hut
_ ka
_r cssurc rmtkh
Ehlprcsshr th nc hpcrmtci wktjka surbc dklkts
Ecatrkfubmd Ehlprcsshr (EE) Irkvcrs… Rkicdy
Utcml Yurnkacs (UY)
Cdcetrke Lhthrs (CL)
Bms Yurnkacs (BY)
Uklpdc
usci ka tjc dmst 5?
Dmyhut, rciueci ekvkd
whr`s.
ycmrs.
Lmy
mvhki bcmrnhxcs fhr 5??? th 56?? rpl EE spccis
Iksmivmatmbc Iksmivmatmbc
hf EHZ mai AHZ clksskhas clksskhas & rcdmtkvcdy dhwcr cffkekcaekcs.
EE‛s
Katcaskvc
lmkatcamaec. BY cffkekcaey icpcais ha mlnkcat ehaiktkhas.
Mcrh
icrkvmtkvc turnkacs hffcr tjc mivmatmbc hf vmrkmndc spcci iuc th twka sjmft icskba.
ehupdci wktj Vmrkmndc Frcqucaey irkvcs hffcr lhrc hpcrmtkhamd fdcxknkdkty
CL
cffkekcaekcs ema rcmej ms jkbj ms ;:%
Hdicst
lcejmaksl
Dhw usmbc ka rcecat ycmrs iuc th kaercmskab empktmd & hpcrmtkab ehsts (stcml nhkdcrs, cqukplcat, cte. & lmkatcamaec kssucs).
_creckvci
ms —Vkethrkma“ tcejahdhby
Lhthrs
Empmektkcs ~ 23 LR (c.b., Frccphrt DAB)
Fmethrs mffcetkab Irkvcr Ucdcetkha Ehlprcsskha Ehlprcsskha
Empmekty
Ehlprcsshr Ehafkburmtkha
Ehlprcsskha Ehlprcsskha Fucd
_dmat Dhemtkha
/ _hwcr ^cqukrclcats fhr EE hpcrmtkha
Fdcxknkdkty Fdcxknkdkty
hf Hpcrmtkha
Irkvcr scdcetkha `cy pmrmlctcrs kaeduic _hwcr & Hpcrmtkab Ehaiktkhas
Yypkemd Ukabdc Utmbc Ecatrkfubmd Ehlprcsshr Uystcl… Matk-Uurbc Vmdvc
5
Uuetkha Uerunncr
Jht Bms Nypmss Vmdvc
Vcat Vmdvc
3
Iksejmrbc Uerunncr
>
=
Uuetkha Ndhe` Vmdvc
Ehhdcr
9
Iksejmrbc Ndhe` Vmdvc
Irkvcr Ehlprcsshr
Uuetkha Uerunncr scpmrmtcs scpmrmtcs lhksturc lhksturc & pmrtkeudmtc lmttcr
Matk-surbc Vmdvc (MUV) prhtcets tjc ehlprcsshr frhl surbc iurkab stmrt-up, sjutihwa & hpcrmtkab ehaiktkhas
Jht Bms Nypmss (JBN) Vmdvc ks usci iurkab sjutihwa hpcrmtkha fhr surbc mvhkimaec mai ms m dmst rcshrt th mvhki hvcrjcmtkab tjc ehlprcsshr.
Iksejmrbc Ejce` Vmdvc prcvcats nme`fdhw hf fduki.
Mkr ehhdcrs mrc usci th ehhd tjc ehlprcssci iksejmrbc bms.
Vcat Vmdvc ks usci fhr ehlprcsshr systcl icprcssurkzmtkha
Icekici th nc miici ha m emsc th emsc nmsks
Hac Utmbc EE Uystcl
Yypkemd Ukludmtkha hf Ehlprcsshr Utmrtup… Matk-Uurbc Vmdvc
5
Uuetkha Uerunncr
Jht Bms Nypmss Vmdvc
Vcat Vmdvc
3
Iksejmrbc Uerunncr
>
=
Uuetkha Ndhe` Vmdvc
Iksejmrbc Ndhe` Vmdvc
Ehhdcr
9 Irkvcr Ehlprcsshr
Ehlprcsshr ks kidc
Uuetkha & iksejmrbc ndhe` vmdvcs mrc edhsci (= & >)
MUV (5) ks `cpt fuddy hpca wjkdc JBN (3) ks `cpt edhsci
EE Utmrt-up wktj Irkvcr (9)
EE spcci ks rmlpci up ka rceyedc lhic
Fduki fdhwkab tjrhubj EE kaercmscs & icvcdhps jcmi
LSUY nc casurci tjmt tjc hpcrmtkab phkat phkat stmys mwmy frhl surbc dkac
Haec hpcrmtkab spcci ks rcmejci, suetkha & iksejmrbc ndhe` vmdvcs (= & >) mrc hpcaci wktj tjc matk-surbc vmdvc nckab edhsci skludtmachusdy skludtmachusdy mt m ecrtmka rmtc.
Kddustrmtkha _urphscs ^mtci _hkat
l5 /jr
Yypkemd Ukludmtkha hf Ehlprcsshr Ahrlmd Ujutihwa… Matk-Uurbc Vmdvc
5
Uuetkha Uerunncr
Jht Bms Nypmss Vmdvc
Iksejmrbc Uerunncr
Vcat Vmdvc
3
>
=
Uuetkha Ndhe` Vmdvc
Iksejmrbc Ndhe` Vmdvc
Ehhdcr
9 Irkvcr Ehlprcsshr
EE ka hpcrmtkha
MUV (5) ks hpcaci tkdd hpcrmtkab phkat lhvcs mwmy frhl surbc dkac. JBN (3) vmdvc rclmkas edhsci.
Irkvcr (9) Uthps & EE systcl mddhwci th jmdt.
Uuetkha & iksejmrbc ndhe` vmdvcs (= & >) edhsc mt m prc- ictcrlka ictcrlkaci ci rmtc.
Hpcrmtkab phkat rcmejcs zcrh fdhw
LSUY nc casurci tjmt tjc tjc hpcrmtkab phkat stmys mwmy frhl surbc dkac iurkab sjutihwa
Fhr kddustrmtkha _urphscs ^mtci _hkat
Klprhpcr Ujutihwa Cxmlpdc… EE Uystcl cxpcrkcaekab surbc iurkab CUI
Hpcrmtkab _hkat erhsscs surbc uppcr dklkt
Uhlc _hsskndc ^cmshas
Saicr skzci MUV ― Samndc th jmaidc jmaidc CUI sktumtkha
Ah Jht Bms Nypmss vmdvc/dkacs prcscat
Dhabcr MUV rcsphasc tklc emusci iuc th
Hpcrmtkab phkat erhsscs surbc dkac iurkab sjutihwa
Jkbjcr Iksejmrbc Vhdulc
MUV wktj dhw rcsphasc
Katcr EE cffcet
Fmkdurc/Icdmyci skbamd th Matk-surbc ehatrhd systcl
Fmkdurc hf Ejce`-vmdvc mt EE iksejmrbc
EE Ucrkcs/_mrmddcd mrrmabclcat
Ahtc
MUV skzkab
Iurkab icskba pjmsc
Iyamlke skludmtkha
Ma uaicr icskbaci MUV systcl rcqukrcs kastmddmtkha hf Jht Bms Nypmss (JBN)
Uystcl icskba wktj hady MUV Aht mdwmys fcmskndc iuc th ehatrhd Vmdvc Vmdvc dklktmtkhas dklktmtk has (Mvmkdmnkdkty / Ehastruetkha Ehastruetk ha dklktmtkhas). Jcaec cvcry Matk-surbc Matk-surbc systcl th nc rcvkcwci ha m emsc-th-emsc nmsks.
Utcmiy stmtc emdeudmtkha emdeudmtkha ihcs aht aht meehuat meehuat fhr fhr trmaskcat cffcets (cqukplcat /pkpkab vhdulc). vhdulc). Clcrbcaey sjutihwa hpcrmtkha ema nc nc pcrfhrlci pcrfhrlci th ejce` fhr surbc surbc Kicatkfkcs kf MUV ks suffkekcat th jmaidc jmaidc surbc surbc iurkab iurkab CUI mdsh.
Uhdutkha7 Miiktkha hf JBN Uystcl
Yypkemd Ukludmtkha hf Ehlprcsshr CUI wktj JBN… Matk-Uurbc Vmdvc
5
Uuetkha Uerunncr
Jht Bms Nypmss Vmdvc
Vcat Vmdvc
3
Iksejmrbc Uerunncr
>
=
Uuetkha Ndhe` Vmdvc
Iksejmrbc Ndhe` Vmdvc
Ehhdcr
9
? Ehlprcsshr
EE ka hpcrmtkha
Irkvcr Yrkps (9) iuc th phwcr fmkdurc
Ukbamd frhl IEU rcmejcs MUV ehatrhddcr ka mnhut 5?? lsce.
MUV (5) hpcas wktj ma kicmd tklc hf > sce & JBN (3-Ha-Hff Vmdvc) hpcas kllcikmtcdy (wktj dmb)
Uuetkha & iksejmrbc ndhe` vmdvcs (= & >) edhsc mt m prc- ictcrlka ictcrlkaci ci rmtc.
Hpcrmtkab phkat rcmejcs zcrh fdhw
LSUY nc casurci tjmt tjc hpcrmtkab phkat phkat stmys mwmy frhl surbc dkac iurkab sjutihwa
Irkvcr
Fhr kddustrmtkha _urphscs ^mtci _hkat
Ucttdkab Hut Ehaiktkhas…
Fhr kddustrmtkha _urphscs
UH_ & UHY Cffcets
Ucttdkab Hut Ehaiktkhas
UH_ & UHY ( ) Uystcl Uystcl Kacrtkm Kacrtkm (K) ( ) EE Utmrt-up _hwcr _rcssurc (UH_) & Yclpcrmturc Yclpcrmturc (UHY) ks tjmt ( ) UH_ wjkej cxksts wjca m lhvkab fduki ka m f (KEE ^hthr + KBcmrnhx+ KIrkvcr + KBms UH_ & UHY) EE irkvcr stmrt-up ehlprcsshr systcl vhdulc ehlcs th rcst Iyamlke Ukludmtkhas Ukludmtkhas _rcikets Utmrt-up _hwcr meeurmtcdy Iyamlke mftcr tjc ehlprcsshr ks sjutihwa
Ehaiktkhas mrc icekici ny mlhuat hf upstrcml & ihwastrcml pkpkab vhdulc
EE Irkvcr‛s stmrt-up kaempmnkdkty kaempmnkdkty rcqukrcs icprcssurkzmtkha
UH_ & UHY mffcetci ny mlnkcat ehaiktkhas mftcr sjutihwa.
Ihwastrcml ehhdcr iuty kafducaecs kaktkmd UHY. Mlnkcat Ehaiktkhas icekic fkamd UHY
UH_ & UHY
Icekskvc fmethr fhr EE Irkvcrs Irkvcrs Utmrt-up Empmnkdkty
Ecatrkfubmd Ehlprcsshr Uystcl Icskba _jkdhshpjy… Fmet Fm ethr hrs s th nc eh ehas aski kicr crci ci fh fhrr Eh Ehlp lprc rcss sshr hr Uy Uyst stcl cl Ic Icsk skba ba
Lkak Lkaklu lul l _hwc _hwcrr ^cqu ^cqukr krcl clca cats ts th rcme rcmej j rmtc rmtci i phka phkatt wktj wktjhu hutt surb surbc c
EE Hpcr Hpcrmt mtkh kha a mt Lmxk Lmxklu lul l Cffk Cffkek ekca caey ey _hka _hkatt mt rmtc rmtci i ehai ehaikt ktkh khas as
^hnu ^hnust st Matk Matk-su -surb rbc c Uyst Uystcl cl & JBN JBN Uyst Uystcl cl (kf (kf acec acecss ssmr mry) y)
Lkak Lkaklu lul l _kpk _kpkab ab & Cquk Cqukpl plca catt Vhdul hdulcs cs th rcme rcmej j rmtc rmtci i phka phkatt wktj wktjhu hutt surb surbc c
Meeur Meeurmtc mtc ^cdkc ^cdkcff Vmdvc mdvc Ukzc Ukzc fhr Icprcs Icprcssur surkzm kzmtkh tkha a iurkab iurkab fmkdur fmkdurc c ehaikt ehaiktkha khas s
Hptkl Hptklul ul UtmrtUtmrt-up up Yklc Yklc kaedu kaeduskv skvc c hf Bms Bms Cxphrt Cxphrt Ehaikt Ehaiktkh khas as
EE Yura ura ihwa ihwa hpcr hpcrmt mtka kab b seca secamr mrkh khs s th nc ehas ehaski kicr crci ci
Cvmdumtkha th nc ehaskicrci fhr mdd hpcrmtkab wcmtjcr ehaiktkhas, c.b., Jht, Mlnkcat & Ehdi wcmtjcr
Ehlp Eh lprc rcss sshr hr Uy Uyst stcl cl FU FUI I Ut Utmr mrtt-up up Lc Lctj tjhi his s (E (Ehl hllh lha a Ha Hacs cs))
Yjrh Yjrhtt ttdk dkab ab Vmdvc mdvc (Fkx (Fkxci ci Upcc Upcci i Irkv Irkvcs cs)) - ^cbu ^cbudm dmth thry ry vmdv vmdvc c mt ehlp ehlprc rcss sshr hr suet suetkh kha a rciu rciuec ecs s bms bms icas icaskt kty y iurk iurkab ab stmr stmrt-u t-up p wjke wjkej j rciu rciuec ecs s stmr stmrt-u t-up p phwc phwcrr rcqu rcqukr krcl clca cats. ts. Dklk Dklktm tmtk tkha ha cxks cxksts ts ha tjc tjc cxtca cxtcatt hf dhwc dhwcrk rkab ab kadc kadctt prcs prcssu surc rc.. Jkbj Jkbj prcs prcssu surc rc rmtk rmtkh h emus emuscs cs ehlp ehlprc rcss sshr hr th surb surbc c mt stmr stmrt-u t-up p mai mai jcae jcaec c rcbu rcbudm dmtk tkha ha hf bms bms fdhw fdhw ks acec acecss ssmr mry y. Ekreu Ekreukt kt Bms Icprcs Icprcssur surkzm kzmtkh tkha a ― ^cprc ^cprcsca scats ts lhact lhactmry mry dhss dhss
Ehlprc Ehl prcssh sshrr Uy Uystc stcl l Eha Ehatr trhdd hddkab kab Lct Lctjh jhis is
Upcci Upcci Ehatr Ehatrhd hd (VUI, (VUI, c.b. c.b. BY/UY BY/UY/VF /VFI-C I-CL) L)
Uuet Uuetkh kha a Yjrh Yjrhttd ttdka kab b (FUI (FUI,, c.b. c.b. Kaiu Kaiuet etkh kha a CL + Bcmr Bcmr Nhx) Nhx)
Kadct Kadct Bukic Bukic Vmacs macs (KBV‛ (KBV‛s) s)
Ehdi Ehdi Iksejm Iksejmrbc rbc Nypms Nypmss s (FUI) (FUI)
Iksejmrbc Iksejmrbc Vcatka Vcatkab b (FUI) (FUI)
c.b. c.b.,, Lmr` Lmr` VK Ehat Ehatrh rhdd ddcr cr fhr fhr BY & Vmrkm mrkmnd ndc c Frcq Frcquc ucae aey y Irkv Irkvc c fhr fhr CL‛ CL‛s Iksej Iksejmrb mrbc c prcssu prcssurc rc ehatrh ehatrhdd ddci ci ny MUV MUV
Fuaetk Fuaetkham hamdkt dkty y sklkdm sklkdmrr th m tjrhtt tjrhttdk dkab ab vmdvc vmdvc nut wktj wktj jkbjdy jkbjdy kaercm kaercmsci sci empmnk empmnkdkt dktkcs kcs Yh rcbu rcbudm dmtc tc ikse iksejm jmrb rbc c prcs prcssu surc rcs s ny rcey rceyed edka kab b ehdi ehdi ikse iksejm jmrb rbc c bms bms th suet suetkh kha a
Yh nc mvhk mvhkic ici i ka emsc emsc hf jmzm jmzmri rihu hus s bmsc bmscs s
EE Uystcl Icskba Icpcaicat ha Uehpc hf Hpcrmtkha
FUI ― Fkxci Upcci Irkvcs VUI ― Vmrkmndc Upcci Irkvcs
Yypkemd Matk Uurbc Uystcl… Fhr kddustrmtkha _urphscs 5
IEU
Uuetkha Uerunncr
Uuetkha Ndhe` Vmdvc
Vcat Vmdvc FY
=
YY _Y
9
Lcmsurci
Fms Fmst ^csph cspha asc th Uurbc rbc 4 >s (~9“ (~9“ th =6“ =6“ vmdv mdvcs)
Fmkd Fmkd Hpca Hpca Lhic Lhic Yypc ypc
Jkbj Jkbj Empm Empmek ekty ty th jmai jmaidc dc stmr stmrtt-up up‛‛s & sjut sjutih ihwa wa‛‛s
Fduk Fduki i Vcdhe cdhekt ktkc kcs s 4 ?.5 ?.5 Lmej Lmej th mvhk mvhki i phss phsskn kndc dc MUV
]uke` Hpcakab ― Uuffcrs frhl _hhr tjrhttdkab ejmrmetcrkstkes
Cqumd umd _crecatmb tmbc ― Vmdvc hpcakab heeurs sdhwdy iurkab rkab tjc tjc kak kaktkm tkmd tkl tklc pcrkh crkhi i mai mai meec meecdc dcrm rmtc tcs s mftc ftcr tjc tjc ~3?% ~3?% lmr` lmr`
Dkac Dkacmr mr ― Yrmik rmiktk tkha hamd mddy dy usci usci ny lhst lhst lmau lmaufm fmet etur urcr crs. s. _rhvk _rhvkics ics bhhi bhhi prcssu prcssurc rc tjrhtt tjrhttdk dkab. ab.
Ndcai hf may hf mnhvc hvc ejmrmetcrks rkstkes rcsphasc
& pkpk pkpkab ab imlm imlmbc bc..
Metu etumth mthr Hpca pcakab kab tkl tklc iurkab rkab surb surbc c Dhwcr Dhwcr rcspha rcsphasc sc tklcs tklcs ks prcfcr prcfcrrci rci.. Ahksc Dklkt ~ :3 iN 4 ==? iN (Lmx)
Iksejmrbc Ndhe` Vmdvc
Yypcs hf MUV Hpcakab Ejmrmetcrkstkes
Lcmsurci
Ehhdcr
Irkvcr
MUV Yypkemd ^cqukrclcats
Utmndc Utmndc Yjrhttdkab Yjrhttdkab
>
Hrkfkec
Hrkfkec
Iksejmrbc Uerunncr
YY _Y FY
EE
Matk-Uurbc Vmdvc
4 5??l 5??ls s
Fhr Fmst
Yypc =7 Uuetkha Ukic Lcmsurclcat
MUV ^csphasc th Uurbc Ujhudi nc Fmst
Yypc >7 Iksejmrbc Ukic Lcmsurclcat (Ahtc7 Hady hac ehafkburmtkha usci mt m tklc)
^ceyedc Mrrmabclcats… =. Nmske ^ceyedc Uystcl
>. ^ceyedc Uystcl wktj Iksejmrbc Ehhdcr
(+) Ulmdd Iksejmrbc Vhdulc, Fmst rcsphasc
(+) Fudd ^ceyedc
(-) Hady _mrtkmd rceyedkab Mnscaec hf ehhdcr emuscs jht fduki th lkx wktj kaehlkab fduki. Mppdkemndc hady fhr slmdd prcssurc rmtkhs
(-) Miiktkhamd Miiktkhamd pkpkab vhdulc klpmets rceyedc rcsphasc
9. Ehhdcr ^ceyedc Dhhp
5. _rc-ehhdkab & _hst-ehhdkab
(+) Ulmdd Iksejmrbc Vhdulc, Fmst rcsphasc. =??% rceyedc phsskndc. Klprhvcs ehlprcsshr cffkekcaey
(-) ^cqukrcs ma miiktkhamd ehhdcr (kaercmscs ehst)
^ciuecs surbc th dmrbcr cxtcat
(+) Ah Kadkac prcssurc dhss
(+) Ulmdd iksejmrbc vhdulc, fmst rcsphasc
(-) Miiktkhamd Miiktkhamd ehhdcr rcqukrci
^ceyedc Mrrmabclcats (ehati)… 6. _mrmddcd ^ceyedc Vmdvcs
3. Jht Bms Nypmss
(+) _rhvkics bhhi lhiudmtkha iurkab sjutihwa
(+) Bhhi lhiudmtkha iurkab surbc ehatrhd & fmst sjutihwa
(-) Cxtrm pkpkab/JBN vmdvc mii th tjc hvcrmdd ehst
(-) Miiktkhamd Miiktkhamd pkpkab vhdulc/vmdvcs klpmet ehst
:. ^ceyedc fhr ludtkpdc EE‛s
2. EE-> dmrbcr tjma EE-=
(+) Bhhi lhiudmtkha iurkab surbc ehatrhd & fmst sjutihwa
(-) Miiktkhamd pkpkab vhdulc/vmdvcs mii th ehst
(+) Lhiudmtcs surbc ehatrhd fhr kaikvkiumd ehlprcsshrs
(+) Uklkdmr th mrrmabclcat Ah.3 nut wktj rcdmtkvcdy rciueci pkpkab ehsts iuc th ehlnkaci MUV systcl
Ecatrkfubmd Ehlprcsshr Irkvcr Mrrmabclcats… _mrmddcd Mrrmabclcat ― CL/VFI-CL/BY/UY
Ucrkcs Mrrmabclcat ― CL/VFI-CL/BY/UY
(*) EE‛s mrc irkvca kaicpcaicatdy.
(+) Fmkdurc hf = st EE ihcs aht sthp tjc > ai EE
(-) Fmkdurc hf hac CL emuscs EE systcl sjutihwa
(-) Dhmi sjmrkab sejclc th nc prhvkici
Ucrkcs Mrrmabclca Mrrmabclcatt ― BY/UY ― Ehllha Ehllha Ujmft
Ucrkcs Mrrmabclcat Mrrmabclcat ― BY + VFI-CL VFI-CL Ehupdkab
CL
(+) Fucd rcqukrclcats mrc sklpdkfkci
(+) _rhvkics miiktkhamd phwcr iurkab stmrtup.
(+) Nhtj ehlprcsshrs rua mt smlc spcci
(-) Miiktkhamd Miiktkhamd phwcr & sjmft icfdcetkha th nc ehaskicrci.
(+) CL prhvkics stmrtkab thrquc fhr BY tkdd fkrkab phkat mftcr wjkej CL ncjmvcs ms m bcacrmthr
(-) Fmkdurc hf irkvcr emuscs EE pdmat sjutihwa
(+) CL prhvkics miiktkhamd phwcr th BY iurkab sullcr wjca BY cffkekcaey ks rciueci.
Bcacrmd Ahtcs…
Uurb Uurbc c ema heeu heeurr aht aht hady hady iurk iurkab ab stmr stmrtt-u up hr sjut sjuti ihwa hwa nut nut mdsh mdsh iurk iurkab ab Ahrlmd rlmd Hpcr Hpcrmt mtka kab b Ehai Ehaikt ktkh kha as wjca wjca tjc fhddhwkab ema tm`c pdmec mec - Dhmi ejmab mabcs, prhecss upscts, bms LR ejmabcs, hpcrmth mthr crrhr rhrs, irkvcr prhndc prhndcls ls,, ehhdc ehhdcrr fmkdur fmkdurc, c, cte. cte.
Ucmd Ucmd Bms Bms Uyst Uystcl cl scdc scdcet etkh kha a th nc lmic lmic tm`k tm`kab ab kath kath ehas ehaski kicr crmt mtkh kha a jyir jyirmt mtc c fhrl fhrlmt mtkh kha. a.
Kae Kaercm rcmsc ka Bms LR emus emuscs cs sjk sjkftka ftkab b hf EE lmps mps th sjk sjkft thwm thwmri ris s uppc ppcr ikm ikmbham bhamdd rcbk rcbkh ha wjk wjkdc icerc cercms msc c ka Bms Bms LR emus emuscs cs tjc tjc sjkf sjkftt th tm`c tm`c pdme pdmec c thwm thwmri ris s dhwc dhwcrr ikmb ikmbha hamd md skic skic..
Jht Bms Nyp Nypmss mss systcls mrc icekic ekici i ny pcrfhrl fhrlkkab m iya iyamlke skludmtk mtkha th ejce` fhr fhr micqumey hf MUV prhv prhvks kskh kha. a. Ka emsc emsc hf kami kamicq cqum umey ey,, JBN JBN syst systcl cl ks miic miici. i.
Yjc Yjc MUV syst systcl cl sjhu sjhuddi aht aht nc hvc hvcrsk rskzci zci ms kt ema ema rcsu rcsudt dt ka phhr hhr rcbu rcbudm dmtk tkh ha. Miik iiktkha tkham mddy ddy kt whu whudi nrkab rkab tjc tjc EE hpcr hpcrmt mtka kab b phka phkatt th tjc tjc stha sthac c wmdd wmdd rcbk rcbkha ha iuc iuc th cxec cxecss sskv kvc c fdhw fdhw
BY + VFIVFI-CL CL ehln ehlnka kamt mtkh kha a usci usci fhr fhr vcry vcry dmrb dmrbc c trmk trmkas as (c.b (c.b., ., DAB DAB Mppd Mppdke kemt mtkh khas as))
Kacr Kacrtk tkmd md cffc cffcet ets s hf irkv irkvcr cr rhth rhthrr ictc ictcrl rlka kacs cs stmr stmrt-u t-up p tklc tklc.. Kaer Kaercm cmsc sc ka rhth rhthrr lmss lmss miis miis th tjc tjc kacr kacrtk tkm. m.
Matk-s Matk-surb urbc c Dkac Dkac Ms edhs edhsc c ms phss phsskn kndc dc th tjc tjc ikse iksejm jmrb rbc c pkpk pkpkab ab.. Jhwc Jhwcv vcr tjks tjks phsk phsktk tkha ha ks mdsh mdsh icpc icpcai aica catt ha vknrmtkh vknrmtkhamd amd cffcets. cffcets.
M dklk dklktt hf 3?% 3?% JBN JBN dkac dkac skzk skzkab ab ha vhdu vhdulc lctr trke ke fdhw fdhw ks rceh rcehll llca caic ici i th mvhk mvhki i hvcr hvcrjc jcmt mtka kab b hf EE. EE. Metu Metumd md skzk skzkab ab ehud ehudi i nc lmic lmic dhwc dhwcrr.
^cfcrcaecs…
—Uurbc Mvhkimaec Mvhkimaec fhr Ehlprcsshr Uystcl“, ^hncrt E. Rjktc, ^mkacr @urz, jttp7//turnhdmn.tmlu.ciu/prhe/turnhprhe/Y53/=6-RJKYC.pif
