ALEXANDER G. BAUMGARTEN
REFTEXIONES FITOSOFICAS
ACERCA DE tA POESIA Traducción del latfn, prólogo
JOSE ANTONIO MIGUEZ
.\GUILAR
notás de
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iblioteca de Iniciación Filosófica kimera edicién: 1g55 Cuarta edición: 19?5
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Queda hecho el depósito que ma¡ca ta ley L1.7Zg 9f-5 _A-guilar ergéntú; s.e. ¿-" báiciones Av. Córdoba 21O0 Buenos Airee ----.-Impreso en la Argentina hinted ín Atgentiru
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EN TOENO DE LA ESTETICA
teoría Quien desee meditar un poco sobre la ojos que los vuelva estética no estará de más Platón relea, con a¡rsia cordial, las páginas del Córmt$él;. Allí p.odrá ggstar de las primicias de diál&tica platónica, realzada en el ejercicio de la virüud cognoscitiva.
Por lo pronto, hemos de decir que la teoría del Srtq de Platón se presenta estrechamente ligada su concepción del universo del hombre-'Dialécticamente, que es lo que importa, las e]app del saber humano se resumen en un anhelo de la acercan al Dios, ascensión propia ?icisitud el esfuerzo del conocimiento. Pero entendamos exactamente el recorrido pla-
tónico para perfrlar después las consecuencias
que nos ofrece en relación con la ciencia, el arte la beileza.
Platón, con su justeza proverbial, resume así las partiendo siempre, claro
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3a El rcadquiere progresivamente, por medio de la rerniniscencia, su saber perdido.
4^ El alma, en ascensión desde el mundo material, contempla ya el Bien bajo la especie de lo P_etl-g,_ lo Verdadero, lo [Jno, la Causa la Medida.
5' Desciende el alma de huevo al seno.de los fenómenos percibe las relaciones recíprocas, definiéndose en función del ser del no-ser. 6a El alma llega
adqui¡ir una visión total del no¡ser,
una ciencia co.mpleta del ser i;
t.
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7a' Por fin, el alma se dirige hacia el Principio Justificación últimos. Entonces, no se trata ya de un saber sino de una toma de contacto estrechísima que anula la memoria llena el alma de un inexplicable sentimiento de pre. sencia.
Justo €s, ante todo, hacer resaltar aquí el adequilibrio de Platón, püt quien, en ese sublime recorrido, la ciencia del alma se va completando, "en visión fuem dei mu¡do", poi
Platón, sin formular una verdadera ciencia estrata, no obstante, de ponderar metalftica, físieamente la idea del Bien, tan vinculada las de Belleza de Bondad que ella misma, según se dice en el libro VII de La República, n", la (¡E todo causa quDa de l,rr(rrr cuanto ut{¡ll¡u(, existe extsue qe. de bello oello de oe bueno". Si cabe hablar de una estéticá platdniü 'ya se ha dicho en realidad casi todo al señalar ei recorrido del conocimiento huma¡ro. De tal motlo esto es asÍ, que lo belto incluso se convierüe en .una de las leyes uniuersales que encauza dirigen al hombre en su ma¡cha hacia los r¡Pr¡EDr,(rD ¡Irgüatlslcos. supuesf.os metaf Ísicos.
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no es que Platón, sin embargo, precise "nL.! oncreto una ciencia estética de particular sig¡i, ficación. Por el contrario; lo qué pretende slubrayar es una metafísica de la belleza en co-
yuntura racional del ser
relación íntima con el conocimiento inteligible de la esencia de las cosas .-
A*i, la Estética no alcanza adquirir plena independencia formal, pero, en cambio, sñe al impulso metafísico del hombre
la idea
cofmológica que en él priva, base de su concep-
''.
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Importa mucho considerarlo. así, después de la lectura del pórmides de cualquier otro diálogo platónico. Estéticam Estráticamente, 1o esencial es la obra :misma, misma, ésta, toda su grandiosa ascensión, ascensión. ya nos define al poeta al filósofo Platón, Platón, inavegante navegante de mitos etemos al servicio de la la poesía universal.
De atrí que le recordemos con dilección al comienzo de un estudio estético. Porque, además, la teoría de la belleza que nos legó Platón que inunda toda su obra, habría de ofrecer, en gran parte, rico vivero de sugestiones
estetas de todo tiempo.
De tal manetra, por ejemplo, la consideración de guía del neoplatonismo, r,ecoge magistralmente esas antiguas ideas platónicas, en tal grado, que no se pueden leer las Enneadas sin que nuestro ánimo no se oriente, atento énsimismad.o, lo mejor del Fedón del Fed,ro al mito singular de La Repúblícc. Pues lo bello en Plotino se hermana empareja con las purísimas ideas platónicas. Lo bello -se nos dirá- es la forma que manda sobre la materia, lo incorpóreo, el alrna de los cuerpos perecederos 2. Plotino acentuará todavía
lo bello en Plotino, apóstol
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los
propio su forma de belleza sin mancha. pero, por encima de ella, el Bien, fuerza de lo bello, dará todavía la belleza generadora Iu privativo
peculiar encanto 3.
4C"T. qué sobxa d.e raz6n, pues, no cabe hablar u9Tbos estéticos geniales en las concepciones l9: filosóficas helénicas? ¿eu¿ valor puede tener,
la afirmación de q"" tantá- en lomg réplica, Grecia, como más tarde en Roma, no se dio en estética como !9da sr¡ amplitud pujanza filosofí¿ de lo belro? para la concepción ¿*i arte podremos decir, en verdad, que eitán lri*r-1, nosotros .el ejemplo la obra de platón, de Aristóteles, de Horacio, de plotino de tantos otros que alumbraron en su mente,-los más de modo altamente poético, exigencias de ordena_ ción de método artísticos, de disciplina al servicio de lo bello de honda enseñanáá moral expresiva de un mundo donde f* ,¿q;i_ 'en siciones filosóficas eran cauce de escuela seguimiento altruista humano de la verdad.
t/fodo. to que entonces no fue ciencia positiva, c.on rigor problemática de investigación, cons_ tituyó, en todo caso, un precedeñte de ,**o
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también, con'ello expone Croce pensamientos aleccionadores sobre la filosofía del arte, que:la historia del espíritu humano presenta siempre, aun través de sus aitibajos, una continuidad ejemplar que hace revivir cada instante el hálitó de los preeursores.; quiérrese decir con esto "que la negación platónicJ de la poesíg aparecié con Descartes Malebranche, dando lugar, por reacción, la reivindicación de la fantasía- Que el esbozo de Plotino de un sistema de la belleza, como irradiación imperfecta de la idea en la Naturaleza, más perfecta en la mente del artista, torna, con nueva riqueza de matices ¡r rrradurez de método, con el idealismo posL kantiano. Que la sugestión de Aristóteles sobre las proposiciones no lógicas reaparece en ,la flosófÍa moderna sobre. el lenguaje. Que la cognitio confusa, de Duns Escoto, actuó 9n :la 9l leibnizianismo produciendo, través de é1, AEsthetiu, de Baumgarten. Que el hedonismo estético antiguo se reavivó en los estéticos serrsualistas del siglo XVIII, que tanta influencia ejercieron en li Crítica del ¡uicio, etc., etc.'" 4,
lo que parece, la obra de más alcance- de la antigüedad clásica la que precisa todo un
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didáctica poética gue j1másn cierto es, pudo ser olvidada por completo. Horacio enlazabá zu pensamiento con el de .dristóteles y, en lo tundamental, aprovechaba los conceptos sobre la poética que extendió con su culti¡ra el mundo El propósito de Horacio era realmente ambicioso. así, su Epistoh abarcará en sus tres partes preceptos esenciales sobre las condiciones de la creación poética, de la comedia de la tragedia, sobre los caracteres mismos de lá accigg que el poema presente V, €D fin, sobre las cualidades exigibles al poeta para su consagración aceptación popular. El talento *l esfuerzo arüístico habrán de complementarse felizmente_ pafa el logro de, la óbr" p"¿i:á-l serán, además, en la mente de Horacio,'eondició nes necesarias que nos den el verdadóro pó"iu,
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:",'\il Natura fíeret taudabile qrrnen an arte i.: Qraesitum est; ego nec studium sine diuite uena fi,i !'.,'.'"-' Nec rude qaid prosit uid,eo '1,í+,,- .il Plgtón rompe lanzas contra los poetas en su ",f; Repúbliea, pero, entendámoslo bienl- siempre \É beneficio de su Estado ideal perfeito, lb liá¿a-""r, ser.rcillamente para .justificar i¿ea p"dti"" q""r:.,{¡*
ingenium
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i3:ffi ii3::t i:H?lt i::'l*:'fl;#3T:'i; moverá en un á;'1"";;"-;;¿;-artísticao n9 se animará en üi";.';'aá-Jq groria h";;;; il.J; o:du reflejar todo tiempo l""tt,-qtó-debe1á :':-- i.
': r! 'Íj*;.i,
"r sui'rgn-tq. ejemplo moral' Por ;;;"*"b;; "orño át Ai¿ con Particular deleite: Respicere,ex.gryPlar uitae *o'ry*,q\i::::f;:""r,
ni&"*
imitutórem et uíuas hí¿
es -liición l"-ullf-"""u aún lav ,f:::.^"1- *l?*deba' no poit¡q u*orrr*j"üiul t-t:"qt'" de los límites de Io
cima de_ crgagión espiritual con fines. rnuy supelos formalmente didácfióos qrre señala Horacio, éste sin excesivas pretensiones en cuanto al caxiz de su propia-virtud creadora. Pero para Platón, en puró lenguaje estético, se tratába de apreúend"r 1". niís- áe las_ cosas,, cumpliendo de esta manera un postulado que le glorifica esencial humanamente, ya i,il 9.ue, aunque "todo hombre es capaz de se'nie-rr'"ijánte modo de contemprá"iá",-ro á" d;-ú;i¿ el hombre genial el gxan artista, porque el ¡l WA-* genio cons!;te en suma en ver lo generallen lo particular" 8. rioreso desde luego,
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chisílxls,
cual la- escu-Itur", ?, !?ry:!ff^=:p; ;;i*-'É"iia",
íif,L?:' -;*e ;á' ;:' "o¡"-o-l:^::i l: 14 lnuula :l ;#rffi d. '¡se¡ve lt:","- iiJ,Tf#""il casi überación :--^ri-*a I"uii*i¿ád del arte mismglapor ..,ex9¡":1é:,
rff
;;t"'t" :ffi;ffi:J ;:iH#tff ;ffii*'J, ilii*i
tienen.
:H*fli
al q:*l11ii"^li ".o" os temas obque IOs formal profundidad
el actual han menudeado En el siglo XIX en eI ,ábr" arte, advirtiéndose cla-
_o.br1,- la definición de la nueva ciencia lt fijación la de su -particular cont*"i¿"-v áü¡Jto. La lstetjcg quedlrá en sucesivá "p";¡il;. mente delimitada comoloaio$nrd -rilr¡iiíái. {t aío Bnrmrts sci3ntla cosnitíánis é;L;;ri;; Baumgarten, recogiendo la áoble consi¿erácián de una NaturalezJintetigi-Ule otra dribl;;;; aparece ya en las Enneadas de plotino _Aírifrg Qb gtlogac raúrqc, oüot¡s, rls péu ,oqrni, rñi 6¿ o,ío8rlrñs -,'fórm.,ü'lo.' supuestos de una ciencia -dq.l1 percepción gue podrá
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método desenvuelve el mismo Baumgarten con
nido .y, sobrq todo, liena de agudísimas sugeencias para el desarrollo ;6"ú;;;;;J;"" ciencia estética contemporárea. modestia de aumgarten c,gnsisugr_-ñl,"o,L La premio inizuaa!|e, va que cóntinüiil ¿"- u-l""ria"rá'"%" .la estética ha sido p", .""i*r*¿" circuns_ tancia, tónica ae la fl;*E, á"..r"fquier ;;;; t:;;;", uelta por un _1"4" las "á.rjr"rorres mismas de la creación de ta técnicá-*lirti"u o, por otro, la valoración más amplia-y profunda cabe del objeto del zujeto d;l arie"
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poético, preconiza la nueva estética lo. Ciertamente, con ello se da luz cauce al esfuerzo ininterrumpido del poeüa, que no ha de detenerse en la imitación servil de la Nahrraleza si aspira justificarse corno rey de la creación como creador él mismo en el giro incesante del devenir universal. Por eso nos repite Baumgarten con insistencia en el LVIII de las Reflexiones: "Si la experiencia no basta serán provechosas las ficciones verdaderas, lo mismo que si la historia no es suficienüemente rica en ejemplos, resultarán probablemente necesa¡ias lás iicciánes he-
terocósmicas",
muchos años de vigencia del pensamiento de aumgarten. la ,,r"uo omó aún nuevo.."rtéii"r'übiá' giro. qrr-"-rr"o ,"gut*an aplauso benefici" *?1fl A;ia*-;, peso inmediato_en el p;;" que desconocen de la creación rtística, lo mismo_ que É1-"""r" et de ia cualificación nrológica de verd*a lg_. q"" ¡reren ían;J"i;"ii"Il: ó1""' fl ?l-': üJás*ü". enras$, también en aras i""""*"o'i:3#',1#"rlot de la distinción tan fanosamente buscada: ;nil,r" ante una obra a¡te pregunta
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BR-EVE NOTICIA BIOGRAFICA
SOBRE BAUMGARTEN
Alejandro Teófilo Baumgarten nació en Berlín por el año de L7].4 ,ñrriófru"crorf-áéi
Oder en L762.
"r,
El mismo nos refiere algunos aspectos de su formación intelectual iu Introducción sus Reflexíones"r,
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i;--,-..'--..='t:::-.," 'ás proféticas nad'", .'" 1¿r\/ e'- las ficciones L)ttL LIv' IJr'q?b:, _,:^ ^^_ojó^ fni.Smornismo' --tu'oo|---l'r-^l sohon arecer contradict;;;; aparecel "o'iigo^ nreferirse pleferírse
n"' íáil'''"l'iuáutn'"'iíaáÁ
boAi"t'--S'l'X'
ff
..f
improlas lrnpro-
L'Yésteesel ;; i¡ *"'1;;';"'*h-qí""-""lasagradaEscriturase: de los ptgl*- i' ?l1i:^"f:"iluiil"*""te-*"át'os poett"u:"::;.;'::;';;"Jucit manifiestan aquellas "i es peligro:" o-t-::::*";:;';;; una t";:--ú; "mbutgo' ttttüt" pues Ie desconoce' t;tJ "Lo; ""*: *J"i"^ti¿iculizada' Entonces''o".:;;'""t ;;; ilt
-- el ^r'poeta se t¡rb]1l? il'.fft;"t'; AI profetizat'
,'lil,,
benhacerto"-po"tuJ^i;"tq""'tótie benhacerto"-po"tuJ^i;"tq""'tótiertoesquelosi rtoesquelosi:::: rásesclarecido'¿T""tütir"tvatici rásesclarecido'¿T""tütir"tvaticinanennom-É Ya se hicie;;;; 1"" '"r'"'ananennom-É --" ri"üi?t:" todabff á;¡;tr;1i 'ou# cuando iledictt" predice ,','ál' i"*" no cosas ;4;9' q"á-a"q'iises en uiu no habí"" ":;;ü;.vilgirr8il: Eneas "'" ¿L/ iirrLED '-Heleno ElÍseos7 Campos nrí'"*it6";1"!.r^1t**?*i: "los os campos L"f "nár."i" tt" ttuen el
*?:-
;;ti:o'vulcano ":"Yo::*r?f:: if; piedecir ;'Ñ";;;; .:l^ ofiT:Tt;"3?.ti#? "r,o i' 1. r"* *;' :yHoracio rl BJr#a 3,"11t" d"t',+ es reaF" r" que hace
había "o"tit*uJo'i ftecuencia destrelizado tumuiélii"o"-#J;? *tuda del Cristiaza on re spe"to' i'iu^ rii-*t"t-tu",S los mas entre fieu-ra que ot con que' nismo po, s*üiJwski' t.Lliio* ritt"ós recientet
-#t
cas debe contribuir al conocimiento sensible, VII, IX; por tanto,debe ser poético, II. Grande es el pader del orden de la composiclon '' LXVI. Entendemos por tema aquello cuya representación contiene Ia razón suficiente de otras representaciones empleadas en el discurso, pero, en cambio, no tiene su razón suficiente en 4.O
ellus.
LXVil. Si existiesen varios temas podría ocurrir que estuviesen enlazados. Supongamos que
otro; estando enlaza' es uno de los temas de está en dos, entonces la raz6n no son el la de en y, por tanto, enteramente es el enlace LXVI. Mas, poético, LXV; por consiguiente, el poema que tiene un solo temq es mds perfecto que el poema que tiene uarios, VIII, II.
En estos términos entendemos nosotros lo que
dice Horacio:
Sea cual sea el poema (en la representación final),5oque al nlenoE aparezca como simple uno
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xión con el tema, ya sabemos que el enlace es ciertamente poético, LXV puestos ya límites frenos la fantasía al contumaz atrevimiento del ingenio, que puede constituirse en escandaloso abuso, sólo se admitirán en el poema imágenes ficciones que tiendan su perfección. entonces comprobamos que aunque pueden existir buenas representaciones, consideradas sólo en abstracto, sin embatgoT en su coordinación pueden excluirse cada sión sensuaJ, cada ficción cada imagen. ciña
Lo que no conduzcast al fin (al tema) no se él estrecharnente
Hace poco hemos visto que el poeta era algo así como un hacedor un creador, por lo que el poema debe considerarse como un mundo. Así, pu€s, por analogía, lo que acerca del mundo real ós eviáente para los filósofos, eso mismo convie'-
ne como tema del poema.
LXIX. Si las representaciones poéticas que no son temáticas son deterrninadas por el tema, estaxín ciertamente' enlazadas con él y, por consiguiente, también entre sí, sucediéndose la vez en relación de causa efecto. Así, pues, la semejartza observable en el modo como se suceden
;1
LXX. Como quiera que el orden en la süc€, sión de representacioneJse llama método, el método es poético, LXX. Diremos con Horacio, que la clarídad del orden a los poe^atribuye tas 52, eü€ eI método poético es claro.
LXXI. La regla general de la claridad del mé-
todo
es la siguiente: que de tal mod,o se sucedan las representaciones poéticas que el tema se represente poco poco extensiuamente mds més claro. Como el tema debe exponerse de manera sensible, IX, su claridad extensiva se mantiene. XV[; p.rer si las representucio.t"r-pri;r;; ;; representan ya con más claridad que las siguientes, las últimas en verdad no concurrirían la representación poética y, sin embargo, deben conóurrir, LXVII. Por-tanto, tas lttím&s representacíones deben hacer el tema mds claro que las primeras.
Los antiguos, al tiempo que maceraban su plurna, parecían mofarse justamente de aquellos poetas cíclicos que ya en el comienzo de s.rs pb"mas despreciaban la regla del método: Estón los montes de parto.
s3.
¿Y quien no condena "Ia desproporcionad,a alti-
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(-l
Renwncía d.io
ss
palabras hinchadas
de píe
me-
Y, sin embargo, no deberemos atacar de nuevo otros poetas que ya- han Lücano, Estacio rt¿o vapuleado* Itecuentemente por e-sa falta' p*ru"u preferible, Por una parte, dar la taz6n por la que se iniciaron malamente los poemas extender la regla qrre Lí ini"iádos o, por otra,toda la narración poétiellos han transgxá¿l¿o que observar lo que ca. En todas partes habrá Horacio estima merecedor de ianta alabanza en el poeta Homero:
¡Cwínto meior -nos dice- procede. lfoy3ro, que no emprende nada fuera de propQsito! Pues át tu esfuerza no en obtener humo de Ia llama' sino rnás bien In luz después del humo, de tal manera que llega d.escubrir así marat¡illosas histo A",Antiphates Escíta lfl del torias, Curibdis s6 Cíclope"á*o Se hacen aquí explícitas las significaciones. propias diferett"]ándoias de las impropias,-y está cla. io que el poeta concuerda con la regla propu-esta, áunqué tan sólo en lo concerniente los principios del poema. Con respecto esta regla,
LXXII. Como según el LXIX, algunas de las representaciones coordinadas pueden enlazar_ se como premisas con las conclusiones, algunas ciertamente en raz6n de semejanza áe p-arentesco otras aún por la ley de la sensaóión imaginación, puede decirse qve para ll;ls representaciones claras es util el método histórícá, el de ingenio el de razón. LXXIII. Si las reglas del método memorístico
del de ingenio están en contradicción con las reglas poéticas, como ocurre en el LXXI, pero hay en cambio otras reglas que convienen:con ellas, entonces es poético pasar de uno de los métodos al otro, Il.
Así podemos interpretar
Hor?cio cuando, no bstante sus dudas, nos da preceptos sobre el mücn:
yo me equiuoco, la uirtud la belleza del orden consistirán en que el poeta diga en su motnento lo que debe decír, si acaso omítiend,o dejando muchas cosas para otra ocasíón.s7.
Lo que se debe dgcir es, precisamente, lo que exigen el método de ingenio, el de memoria
el
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ma pueden enlazarse por medio de alguna de aquéllas. Ha de oriiitir rrzuchas eosas para otra ocasión porque en otro orden de pensamientos las cosas que sigan han de ser más útiles la perfección del poema V, por tanto, más poéticas. Concedemos que Horacio no tuvo nociones claras no sólo del método claro sino de ningún otro, pero, con todo, no debe dudarse de su legítimo sentido, teniendo en cuenta que nuestras concepciones representan las suyas, aunque quizá con más claridad. (Véase Wolff, Lógica, eze).
LXXIV. Entend,ernos como discurso intrínseco absoiutamente breve aquel al que rwda puede faltarle, Ein ntenoscabo d.e su grado de perfección. Tal breuedad, puesto que es propia de todo discurso, Jo es también del poema, IX. sin embargo, ue.rdad es que con utors cuantas
razones se ha corrompido unas ueces do otras el dnímo d,e los mortales s8.
endereza-
Adivinamos que la misma noción de brevedad estaba en el ánirno de Horacio cuando decía:
Lo que quiera que enseñes, sea por lo menos breue.
Así, con suficiente.'claridad; opone lo breve lo superfluo. Pero también puede pensarse, según esta definición de la brevedad, eu€ ocurra lo que dice el propio Horacio: Me hago oscuro al pretend,er ser breue 60 Pues, ciertamente que al no queréilarecer difuso colma de tal modo el discurso con pensamientos, que una cosa no alcartza distinguirse de la otra de ahí la oscuridad. La brevedad extrínseca relativa no es necesaria todo diseurso, ni siquiera todo poema si, no obstante, es propia de alguna especie peculiar, como pbr ejemplo el epigrama, ello debe deducirse de su constitución determinación específicasi cu-
ya precisión sería empeño al cual ahora no quiero exponenne.
LXXV. Las representaciones no poéticas aquellns cuyo enlace con el poema es menor pueden faitar de éste sin que se menoscabe.con ello su grado de perfección; incluso es poético prescindír d.e ellas, LXXIV, II. Esto mismo es lo que aconseja Horacio en el ejemplo de Homero, LVII, cuando alaba en él
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En los libros de las Metamorfosis, de Ovidio, obsen¡aremos que puü p", algunas his_ "l-pá"i"upárr", torias casi sin tocarlai mencionándolas con tres palabras, no sin !l ll"rrto i" i"áig._
ción de los peqúeñuel.;, a;
guen los cuentos de viejas.
dese"an se
-ff;l;-
LXXVI. puesto que es!á permitido omitiy -qü"""ááü, e_l pó9pa, úxv, 'dé narrar toda la un tema d;il;; -conexión ciertas cosas en
braría admirablemente ,i i""f"vl*;" ;;; susta¡rcial del mundo, "" al tener toda la historia universAí puei es que abarcar omítir ciertas deterrninaeiones L-;;;"exiones mós re-
motas.
es
Tlomero,
el poeta por exce,"a"É ^lo_.g11g lencia, LVII, según el É*timo.rio'á" H;_ Frace
tacio?:
Siempre apresura el d,esenlace de los episod,ios lleua com atebato o-yente al punto central del -al él 'poema como si todo fuese rcnocido 6,2 .' -Se,enti.en$e a-Oui todo ello como sodio de los dos huevos de rcáá, opuesto al eni_
Se hacían -a la rrlar, epenas alejados de Ia eosta de Sicilía 63
Lo mismo ocurre frecuentemente en los poetas cómicos, ya que, si se exceptúa el prólogo, tu-bién se echa de ver que ordenan los caracteres principales como si fuese conocido ya el enlace general de la obra, éste, según lo dicho en el
tXV, es sobremanera útil.
LXXVII. Los uocablos que se refieren las varias partes del poema, X, deben ser poéticos. II, IX.
LXXVIII. Deben considerarse varios aspectos
en los vocablos: 1) su rcnida articulado; 2) su significación. Cuanto mús poéticos son ambos, tanto mtís perfecto es el poema, VII.
LXXX. La significación impropia se apoya en el vocablo impropio. su vez, los términos impropios, la mayor parte de las veces apropiados para la representación sensible, constiüuyen figuras poéticas: 1) porque la representación que adviene con la figura es sensible y, por tanto, poética, X, XI; 2) porque suplen represen-
taciones complejas confusas,
XXilI.
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{i.
ple. Por consiguiente, eg poético d.ar
Ins representactiones términos impropios.
conocer
no sensibles por me¿ti -áe
Tan,pronto como intentemos expre.sar la noción bullirá en ,ruertü mente {1 delicadeza, impropia_. "o*o La primera no es poética, ir_l,l!r XlV, la segunda es empleada jusiamente por Sarbiewski:
Le cima se contempla mtís apacible el resplnndor de un mediodía apetws sin en nubesquign preserua todas sus cosal estó limpio de Ia nube dgl odio que nos radea, con mds
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términos impropios que ponen la'. especie poi et género el indiuiduo por la espeeie; son, por tanto, poéticos, LXXX, también altamente poéúicos según los XIX XX. De aquí que se les emplee odecuadamente con mós abundancia que los de las restanfes figuras.
Por ejemplo, Typhis en vez de los marineros, Palinuro en vez del timonel, Sufeno por el que sin rival se ama solamente sí misráo i.r* cosas, Chremes por el avaro, Marrucino por el imbécil, Nepote por el derrochador, Mentor por el orfebre, Codro por el envidioso, Iro por el
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tls resras que se han dad.o anteriorsobre ras represántaciones poétícis en ge-
yy!.bien-
f:#í:
LXXXIX. Zos ,nombrbs propios son nombres ue designan individuos, lás cuates, por lto grado no!!i_co", ñáJ""""que también ser en Io sean os nombres propios que ¡--r--" to, dan 'rs* xrx. "á-rrJ."r,
XC. puesto que el confuso na representación es poético,reconocimiento de Xi;il y"""to, or otra partg, sólo los^ n;;l;", propios de fuer_ desconocida
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que un jgicio confuso se atribuya a.los sentidos que se hable de juicio de los senüidos.
XCI[. EI juicb del oído es afirmativo
neplacer el negativo hastío; ambos están determinados por una representación conf.usa, XCII, que es, por tanto, sensible, In, poética, XII. De aquí que sea poético ex'cilai et tedío eI placer por medio del oído, II.
gativo,
XCI; el juicio afirmativo produce
XCIV. Cuanto más armoniosas incongruentes se señalen las cosas, tanto más intenso será el
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el omato de sus figuras. Pero estas cosas también son comunes al poema con el discurso sensible imperfecto, lo cual nos hace correr el
cia
riesgo d9 alejarnos de nuestro propósito. Nada, pues, sabremos en cuanto al caráctbr del poema si lo consideramos como una serie de sLnidos articulados: únicamente por qué taz6n debe evi_ tarse el encuentro de vocales, las frecuentes eli_ siones la pesadez de las aliteraciones. Todu perfección nece&ria Ia calidad del sonid,o artí_ culado puede llamarse sonorid.ad, término que, si no nos equivocamos, ha sido tomado de la es_ cuela de Prisciano.
$..XCIX. Si aI twbtar se,atribylte mda síIaba su io-it¡a"a, diremos que la medimos
al medir la mntid'ad de Ia síIaba ígwla d.e ta sílaba rnós la de ln sílaba i, la'ánt¡dadque ln sílnba es larga b,--ti d¡"" E C. St
breues-
de Entre los gramáticos se entiende por cantidad para qu necesaria tiempo ,rttu tuttt Ia parte de de trata se sólo áquí como mas' ;;;;;¿i"ción; -tifunut, mutafiá mutandís, pol cantidad de i^ -tit"na entenderemos la parte de tiempo ne,ñu para pronunciarla. Por tanto, al efectrrar
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tr e5
Añade incluso el sexto, a no ser que se trate de un trímetro, en cuyo caso no céde el quinto lugai, con lo que tenemos: j.
v-/ u-/ t¡-/ u-/ t¡-/ /-/ /-lu-
haciendo una gradual sustitución de dos breves por una larga vendremos dar con todas las hcéncias posibles. prime, ramente, los pies pares admiten en lugar de la segunda sílaba, originándose así el tribraquio. Después, los pies impares admiten también u, pero en lugar de la primera sílaba larga,
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Me ha parecido mejor ofrecer aquí una definición real que una definición nominal de una cosa cuya misma existencia es puesta frecuentementó en duda. Ahora la experiencia se constituve en iuez. La cadencia es algo que afecta al
y, ¿quién se atrevería disputar |rsto, XCtl, iobre' eito? La experiencia de otros, entre los
cuales Cicerón se cuenta por modelo, abunda en favor nuestro hasta el punto de que, según su ooinión la del resto de los gramáticos' no debe Uitr."tt"-la cadencia tan sólo en la variada disposición de las sílabas üónicas, sino más bien en la cantidad larga "v breve de las sílabas carentes de
cuya variedad ciertamente no se
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al oído por medio de la ordenación de todas las sílabas del discutrw, se llama metro, q.ue se can'' uierte en ritmo propíamente dícho si praduce el placer por medio de algunas sílabas que se suceden utars otras con un cierto orden. Puesto que r¡rás cosas contribuyen en el metro que en el ritmo al placer del oído, más agrado proviene de aquél que de éste y, por consiguiente, el metro es poético, XCV.
par verso un di*urso proCIV. Entendemos 6e
ben el nombre de ritmo en contra del uso coCIII, el juego de fetras átt los acrósticos, las expresiones figuradas, como por ejemplo, üna cruz, una pera, un cono tantas tantas otras de este estilo, sólo nos dan perfeciiones aparentes son determinadas bajo condiciones especiales por el gusto particular acústico de algún pueblo, del mismo modo qué las formas lírica, épica dramática, con sus res¡rectivos géneros, tienen sus particularidades que, ciertar.nente, deben convenir con las perfecciones
rrecto,
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son por una facultad superior como objeto de la
mostraciones genéri9al yl especialmente,'
pre_
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