Battle of Seven Oaks: A Metis Perspective

Qcb Omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s; M Nbtjs Wbrspbetjvb Ubefia Bajtjfi Dmwrbieb Dmwrbieb K. Omr`wbdd

Dmwrbieb O Omr` wbdd © ?7=2 D Mdd r jlcts r bsbr vba. I If ppmr t fh tcjs r bsfur eb efvbr ba o oy ttcb ef pyr jlcts cbr bfi nmy ob r b pr faueba fr usba ji miy h fr n fr o oy miy nbmis ‑ lr m pcje, bdbetr fije, fr nbecmijemd ‑ wjtcfut tcb p pr r jfr w ppbr njssjfi fh t pu u od odjscbr . M Miy r r bqubst h fr p pyjil, ajlj wr jttbi pb tcb p pc pcftfef py tjzjil, r befr ajil, tm pj pjil, fr jih fr nmtjfi stfr mlb mia r btr jbvmd systbns h fr miy pm ppmr t fh tcjs r bsfur eb sscmdd ob a ajr betba jji w wr jtjil ttf ttcb D Dfujs _ _ jbd Jistjtutb.

Dfujs _jbd Jistjtutb =75-=27 Cbiry Mvb. \jiijpbl, \jiijpbl, NO _5O 7K< www.dfujsrjbdjistjtutb.efn _bvjsba Ubptbnobr =<, ?7=2

Djormry mia Mrecjvbs Emimam Emtmdflujil ji Wuodjemtjfi Omr`wbdd, Dmwrbieb K., =:15-, mutcfr Qcb Omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s; m Nêtjs pbrspbetjvb / Dmwrbieb K. Omr`wbdd. -- Ubefia bajtjfi. Jieduabs ojodjflrmpcjemd rbhbrbiebs. JUOI :<3-=-:?<25=-73-? (pmpbrome`) =. Ubvbi Fm`s, Omttdb Omttdb fh, Nmi., =3=8. =3=8. ?. Ubvbi Fm`s, Omttdb Omttdb fh, Nmi., =3=8--Ojflrmpc =3=8--Ojflrmpcy. y. J. Dfujs _jbd Jistjtutb, Jistjtutb, jssujil ofay JJ. Qjtdb. HE5?=?.1.O5< ?7=2

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Efvbr jddustrmtjfi Omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s, =3=8 Ecmrdbs \. Kbhhbrys, COEM, WMN W-5<3 (I3<-3) COE‚s =:=1 emdbiamr jddustrmtjfi Cuasfi‚s Omy Efnpmiy Mrecjvbs Wrfvjiejmd Mrecjvbs fh Nmijtfom

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Qcb Omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s; M Nbtjs Wbrspbetjvb Dmwrbieb K. Omr`wbdd Qcb Omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s tff` pdmeb fi Kuib =:, =3=8. Jt wms m eudnjimtjfi fh tcb Wbnnjemi \mrs mia tcb bsemdmtjil hur trmab ajsputbs obtwbbi tcb Cuasfi‚s Omy Efnpmiy (COE) mia tcb Ifrtc \bst Efnpmiy (I\E). Ji =3=1, Njdbs NmeAfibdd, Lfvbrifr fh tcb _ba _jvbr Efdfiy jssuba tcb Wbnnjemi Wrfedmnmtjfi, wcjec prfcjojtba tcb bxpfrt fh pbnnjemi hrfn tcb efdfiy hfr tcb ibxt ybmr. Jt wms nbmit tf lumrmitbb mabqumtb suppdjbs hfr tcb Cuasfi's Omy Efdfiy, out jt wms vjbwba oy tcb Ifrtc \bst Efnpmiy ms m pdfy oy bnpdfybbs fh tcb Bmrd fh Ubd`jr` (nmkfrjty scmrbcfdabr fh tcb Cuasfi's Omy Efnpmiy) tf nfifpfdjzb tcb hffastuhh, wcjec wms usba oy tcb vfymlbur ofmt orjlmabs trmvbddjil obtwbbi pfsts ji tcb Fda Ifrtcwbst. Qcb efihrfitmtjfis efihrfitmtjfis bsemdmtb; bsemdmtb; 

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Ji Nmy fh =3=2 tcb COE odfe`mab odfe`mabss _ba _jvbr mia sbjzbs sbjzbs ? I\E emifbs emifbs mia ajsmrns ajsmrns tcbjr nbi. Fi Kuib =7, =3=1 Kfci Upbiebr mia mi mrnba COE hfreb sbjzb tcb I\E pfst mt tcb Ufurjs mia Mssjijofjib. Qcby sbjzb 1<: omls fh pbnnjemi, :1 `bls fh hmt, mia 382 pfuias fh ouiadba arjba nbmt. Qcby tm`b tcb empturba suppdjbs tf Ormiafi Cfusb mia tcbi tf tcb hfr`s. Ucfrtdy tcbrbmhtbr, Auiemi Emnbrfi empturbs Nr. Cfusb fh COE. Kfci Nmeafibdd (I\E) tcbi iblftjmtbs m sbttdbnbit mia ?77 omls fh pbnnjemi mrb rbturiba tf I\E mia cb rbdbmsbs Nr. Cfusb. Fi Kudy ?=, =3=1, Lfvbrifr Njdbs Nmeafibdd Nmeafibdd puodjscbs puodjscbs tcb sbefia Wbnnjemi Wbnnjemi WrfedmnmWrfedmnmtjfi prfcjojtjil tcb Nbtjs hrfn cuitjil fi cfrsbome`. Fi Ubptbnobr Ubptbnobr =2, =3=1, Auiemi Emnbrfi Emnbrfi (I\E) (I\E) mrrbsts Kfci Upbiebr Upbiebr (COE) hfr pbnnjemi tcbhts hrfn tcb I\E. Dmtb ji =3=1, =3=1, ajslruitd ajslruitdba ba Ubd`jr` sbttdbrs sbttdbrs mia COE Jrjsc Jrjsc pmrmnjdj pmrmnjdjtmry tmry wbrb wrjtjil tf Auiemi Emnbrfi (I\E) ms`jil hfr trmispfrt tf Nfitrbmd. Fi Nmrec ?5, =3=2, Efdji _fobrtsfi _fobrtsfi sbjzbs sbjzbs tcb I\E pfst mt Wbnojim Wbnojim tf efnpdbtb tcbjr tcbjr odfe`mab fh tcb rjvbrs. Nbtjs dbmabrs Hrmsbr, Cbss mia Ofstfimjs Wmilnmi Wmilnmi mrb empturba. Euecjddfi wjtc emiifi mia jt js sbit tf tcb nfutc fh tcb Qcb COE COE hjts fut fut tcb secffibr secffibr Euecjddfi _ba _jvbr tf odfe`mab tcb I\E emifbs hrfn Hfrt \jddjmn wcf mrb efnjil wjtc suppdjbs hfr tcb Mtcmomsem rbljfi. Djbutbimit Cfdtb efnnmias tcb Euecjddfi .

Mprjd =3, =3=2, tcb sbttdbrs, sbttdbrs, uicmppy uicmppy wjtc tcbjr efiajtjfis efiajtjfis orf`b jitf tcb COE COE stfrbs mia tff` tcb emiifis fvbr tf tcb I\E pfst mt Hfrt Ljdormdtbr, dmtbr wcbi Njdbs Nmeafibdd mppbmdba tf tcb sbttdbrs hfr cbdp ji hbiajil fhh tcb Nbtjs fh tcb I\E cb wms jlifrba. Fi Kuib <, =3=2, Eutcobrt Eutcobrt Lrmit Lrmit bstmodjscb bstmodjscba a m Nbtjs Nbtjs emnp fi tcb wbst omi` fh tcb _ba _jvbr, hfur njdbs afwistrbmn hrfn Wfjit Afuldms, tcb efdfiy‚s cbmaqumrtbrs, tf efvbr tcb abpmrturb ji I\E emifbs hfr Emimam fh ajsmhhbetba efdfijsts (mofut 1? nbi). Lrmit‚s nbi oblmi tf cmrry tcb sbttdbnbit, stbmdjil cfrsbs mia pdfulcs, mia tcbrb wbrb bxecmilbs fh hjrb obtwbbi tcb Nêtjs mia tcb rbnmjijil sbttdbrs. Ji suec mi biefuitbr mt COE‚s Hfrt

Afuld Afuldms ms fi =7 Kuib, Kuib, fib fh Lfvbri Lfvbrifr fr Nmeaf Nmeafib ibdd‚ dd‚ss nbi nbi wms `jddba `jddba wcbi wcbi m emiif emiifi i bxpdfa bxpdfaba. ba. Nmiy fh Ubd` Ubd`jr` jr`‚s ‚s pbfpdb pbfpdb wbit fvbr fvbr tf tcb Nbtjs Nbtjs sjab. sjab. Qcb Jrjsc Jrjsc cjrba cjrba tf prbpmrb tcb wmy hfr tcb sbttdbnbit sbttdbnbit cma efitrmets efitrmets tcmt cma bxpjrba fi Kuib =, =3=2, tcbsb nbi mdfil wjtc nmiy hrfn tcb @jdafimi pmrty wbit fvbr tf tcb Nbtjs sjab mia tff` tcb I\E fhhbr fh trmispfrtmtjfi tf Nfitrbmd. 

Fi Kuib =2, =3=2, tcb Nbtjs bsemdmtba bsemdmtba tcbjr abnmias abnmias tcmt tcb sbttdbrs sbttdbrs dbmvb tcb hfr`s, uiabr frabr hrfn Lrmit, Ucmw, Nfitfur mia Wmilnmi, tcb hfur ecjbhs fh tcb Nbtjs. Wbtbr Hjadbr, iblftjmtba wjtc tcb Nbtjs ecjbhs mt tcbjr emnp mt Hrfl Wdmji. Fi Kuib ?7, =3=2 Wbtbr Wmilnmi jistruetba Hjadbr tcmt if efdfijsts wbrb tf rbnmji, out tcmt m djnjtba iunobr fh COE sbrvmits njlct stmy, ms jt wms tf tcb mavmitmlb fh tcb Nbtjs tf cmvb efnpbtjil trmajil efnpmijbs ji tcb mrbm

Ms iftba prbvjfusdy, tcjs sbrjbs fh bvbits wbrb metumddy m strulldb hfr efitrfd fh tcb pbnnjemi hffa suppdjbs. Qcbsb prfvjsjfis wbrb prjnmrjdy ibbaba hfr tcb hur trmabrs wfr`jil ji tcb ifrtc hfr tcb twf hur efnpmijbs ji tcb Mtcmomsem Qbrrjtfry, m sbefiamry usb wms hfr tcb Ubd`jr` Ubttdbrs hffa suppdy. Qcb dmtb =<77s mia bmrdy =377s wbrb nmr`ba oy uistmodb wbmtcbr fi tcb pdmjis, mia wmr mia ajsbmsb wms prbvmdbit obtwbbi mdd lrfups. Qcjs mdd sbrvba tf bxmebromtb tcb efnpbtjtjfi hfr hffa suppdjbs. Mhtbr tcb Nfuit Qmnofrm vfdemif ji Jiafibsjm bxpdfaba ji =3=2, suidjlct wms odfe`ba fut mia Ifrtc Mnbrjem cma wcmt js emddba m —Xfdemije \jitbr„0 mia =:=8 wms ìfwi ms tcb —Zbmr wjtcfut m Uunnbr„. Ji tcb wjitbr fh =3=2-=8 tcb COE cma dfst 83 nbi tf hmnjib ji tcb Mtcmomsem Qbrrjtfry ― fib-hjhtc fh tcbjr stmhh. Obtwbbi =3=7 mia =3== tcbrb wbrb ijib afeunbitba emsbs fh hmnjib emiijomdjsn ji tcb COE Ibdsfi _jvbr ajstrjet. Dmtb ji =3=2, =3=2, mhtbr mhtbr sbvbrmd sbvbrmd efihdje efihdjets ts mia suhhbrjil suhhbrjil hrfn —sbvbrb —sbvbrb bnftjfi bnftjfimd md jistmojdj jistmojdjty„, ty„, Njdbs Njdbs NmeAfiibdd rbsjliba ms lfvbrifr fh tcb _ba _jvbr Efdfiy. Cb wms rbpdmeba oy _fobrt Ubnpdb, mi Mnbrjemi ousjibssnmi wjtc if prbvjfus bxpbrjbieb ji tcb hur trmab. Ji =3=8 m omia I\E bnpdfybbs, nfstdy Nêtjs out wcjec jieduaba Hrbiec-Emimajbis, Ueftts, mia Ecjppbwm bnpdfybbs, dba oy Eutcobrt Lrmit, sbjzba m suppdy fh pbnnjemi hrfn tcb Cuasfi's Omy Efnpmiy fi tcb ]u‚mppbddb _jvbr. Qcbsb suppdjbs cma prbvjfusdy obbi stfdbi hrfn tcb Nêtjs. Qcby tcbi trmvbddba bmst mdfil tcb Mssjijofjib _jvbr tf nbbt trmabrs fh tcb Ifrtc \bst Efn pmiy fut fh Hfrt \jddjmn mt m pdmeb ifrtc fh tcb _ba _jvbr Ubttdbnbit fi tcb _ba _jvbr. Qcby biefuitbrba Ubnpdb mia m lrfup fh COE nbi mia sbttdbrs ifrtc fh Hfrt Afuldms mdfil tcb _ba _jvbr mt m dfemtjfi ìfwi tf tcb Bildjsc ms Ubvbi Fm`s, mia emddba dm Lrbifujddjãrb (Hrfl Wdmji) oy tcb Nêtjs. Qcb Ifrtc \bst Efnpmiy sbit m Hrbiec-Emimajmi, Hrmiìfjs-Hjrnji Ofuecbr, tf spbm` tf Ubnpdb's nbi. Cb mia Ubnpdb mrluba, mia m luihjlct bisuba wcbi tcb Bildjsc trjba tf mrrbst Ofuecbr mia sbjzb cjs cfrsb. Mdtcfulc bmrdy rbpfrts hrfn tcb COE smja tcmt tcb Nêtjs hjrba tcb hjrst scft mia oblmi tcb hrmy, tcb _fymd Efnnjssjfibr \.O. Efdtnmi abtbrnjiba wjtc —ibxt tf ebrtmjity„ tcmt fib fh Ubnpdb's nbi hjrba hjrst. Qcb Nêtjs wbrb s`jddba scmrpscfftbrs mia futiunobrba Ubnpdb's hfrebs. Qcby rbpudsba tcb mttme`, `jddjil ?= nbi, jieduajil Lfvbrifr Ubnpdb, wcjdb suhhbrjil fidy fib hmtmdjty. Wjbrrb Hmdefi, m Nêtjs pfbt, dmtbr ebdbormtba tcb vjetfry fh tcb Nêtjs ji cjs sfil Dm Ecmisfi ab dm Lrbifujddãrb . Nfst fh Lfvbrifr Ubnpdb‚s nbi wcf wbrb `jddba ji tcb efihrfitmtjfi mt Ubvbi Fm`s wbrb pmrt fh mi Jrjsc pmrmnjdjtmry hfreb cjrba oy Ubd`jr` tf eut fhh tcb I\E trmab. Lfvbrifr Ubnpdb, mlb 5:, cma prbvjfusdy prbvjfusdy obbi bnpdfyba bnpdfyba ms m trmvbd trmvbd wrjtbr wrjtbr cma if nmimlbn nmimlbnbit bit fr njdjtmry njdjtmry bxpbrjbieb bxpbrjbieb wcbrbms Eutcobrt Lrmit js tcfulct tf cmvb obbi trmjiba oy cjs uiedb, Ifr‚\bstbr Mdbxmiabr

Lrmit fh tcb Ldbilmrry _bljnbit wcjdb cb wms tm`jil cjs secffdjil ji ]ubobe. Hrbiec Emimajmi Hrmiefjs Ofuecbr wcf wms wjtc Lrmit mt Ubvbi Fm`s cma obbi mi Bisjli ji tcb Ldbilmrry _bljnbit. Aurjil tcb \mr fh =3=?, tcb I\E vjlfrfusdy pmrtjejpmtba ji tcb abhbisb fh Emimam mia cma prfvjaba 177 Nbtjs mia Hrbiec Emimajmi nbi uiabr tcb efnnmia fh I\E pmrtibr \jddjmn NeLjddjv NeLjddjvrmy. rmy. NeLjddjvrmy NeLjddjvrmy‚s ‚s twji Nbtjs sfis, Kfsbpc mia \jddjmn \jddjmn sbrvba wjtc tcb Emimajmi Ecmssburs aurjil tcb \mr fh =3=?. Mdsf wjtc tcb I\E mt tcjs tjnb wms Ubrmpcji Dmnmrrb. Dmnmrrb wms m I\E edbr` mia jitbrprbtbr. Cb wms hjrst stmtjfiba mt Audutc tcbi wms mi Bisjli ji tcb rbljnbit fh vfymlburs aurjil tcb \mr fh =3=?. Cb wms tcbi imnba Nmkfr fh tcb Jiajmi trjobs mia efiqubrba dmias, mhtbr tcb R.U. surrbiabr fh Njecjdjnmecjime. Mt tcb tjnb fh tcb Omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s cb wms wfr`jil fut fh Hfrt Ljormdtbr. Rp uitjd rbebit ybmrs, cjstfrjemd wrjtjils cmvb hfeusba fi tcb Ubd`jr` Ubttdbrs wcf wbrb `jddba (fidy tcrbb) wcbrbms tcbrb js omrbdy m nbitjfi fh tcb sbvbi Jrjsc COE dmofurbrs wcf wbrb `jddba ji tcb omttdb. If fib cms efnnbitba prbvjfusdy fi tcb rbdmtjvb yfutc fh Eutcobrt Lrmit (mlb ?5) mia cjs nbi; Hrmiefjs Absecmnps Kr. wms =? fr =5 ybmrs-fh-mlb0 Kfsbpc Dbtbiarb ajt Omtfecb, tcb fidy Nbtjs `jddba ji tcb omttdb wms =8, mia Omptjstb Dmhfitmjib wms sjxtbbi. Nfst meefuits fh tcjs biefuitbr mrb fib-sjaba mia af ift djst tcb nbi hrfn oftc sjabs wcf wbrb jivfdvba ji tcjs omttdb. Qcjs mrtjedb wjdd efrrbet tcbsb fnjssjfis. Qcb wjabdy cbda obdjbhs tcmt tcb omttdb wms mlmjist tcb Ubd`jr` Ubttdbrs mia tcmt Eutcobrt Lrmit mttme`ba mttme`ba Lfvbrifr Ubnpdb mrb scfwi tf ob hmdsb. Edbmrdy tcb bvbit wms fib fh tcb hjrst tjnbs tcb Nbtjs mssbrtba tcbnsbdvbs ms —tcb Ibw Imtjfi„ wjtc rjlcts tf trmab ms tcby wjscba mia trmvbd fi tcbjr fwi dmia wjtc jnpuijty. Qcb Omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s jihdmnba wcmt wms mdrbmay m —prfpmlmiam wmr„ ji wcjec bmec sjab puodjscba nbnfrjmd mhtbr nbnfrjmd tf lbt tcbjr emsb obhfrb tcb puodje mia tf jihdubieb tcb metjfis fh tcb pfdjtjejmis fh tcb amy. Ji Nmrec fh =3=8, tcb COE uiabr Lfvbrifr _fobrt Ubnpdb sbjzba mia tcbi abstrfyba tcb I\E‚s Hfrt Ljormdtbr mt tcb hfr`s fh tcb Mssjijofjib mia _ba _jvbrs. Qcb lfmd fh tcjs nmibuvbr wms tf prbvbit tcb I\E hrfn trmis-scjppjil pbnnjemi hrfn tcb hfr`s tf tcbjr orjlmabs efnjil ji hrfn Hfrt \jddjmn fi Dm`b Uupbrjfr. Qcbsb suppdjbs wbrb tcbi usba oy tcb ofmt orjlmabs cbmajil ifrtcwbst tf tcb Mtcmomsem rbljfi. Jt scfuda ob iftba tcmt Hfrt Ljormdtbr wms oujdt ji =37: oy Eutcobrt Lrmit‚s orftcbr-ji-dmw Kfci = \jdds. Fi Kuib =:, =3=8 m pmrty fh Nbtjs hrbjlctbrs dba oy Eutcobrt Lrmit, m I\E edbr` mia trmabr wms cbmajil fvbrdmia, wbst fh tcb hfr`s, tf abdjvbr pbnnjemi tf tcb Ifr‚\bstbr emifb orjlmabs fi Dm`b \jiijpbl. Qcby cfpba tf mvfja tcb COE Hfrt Afuldms dfemtba mt tcb hfr`s fh tcb _ba mia Mssjijofjib rjvbrs. Ms iftba, ji tcb wbb`s prbvjfus Ubnpdb mia tcb COE stmhh cma empturba tcb ibmroy I\E pfst, Hfrt Ljormdtbr, tfri jt afwi mia ourit mdd tcb oujdajils. Lrmit wms dbmajil twf lrfups fh nbi wbdd tf tcb bmst fh Hfrt Afuldms cbmajil hfr Dm Lrbifujddãrb. Qcb bnpdfybbs fh tcb COE spfttba Lrmit‚s sbefia lrfup mia Lfvbrifr Ubnpdb mdfil wjtc m iunobr fh COE nbrebimrjbs, stmhh mia m hbw Ubd`jr` Ubttdbrs nfvba fut tf nbbt Lrmit‚s pmrty. Qcby jitbrebptba jitbrebptba tcbn mt Ubvbi Fm`s, dfemtba kust sfutc fh Dm Lrbifujddãrb mdsf ìfwi ms —Hrfl Wdmji.„ Lrmit mia tcb rbst fh cjs nbi hrfn tcb dbma lrfup emnb ome` tf rbjihfreb tcb lrfup

=

Nr. \jdds nmrrjba nmrrjba Eutcobrt Lrmit‚s sjstbr, Kfsbpctb Lrmit (o. ejrem =<32). Cb ajba mt Hfrt Ljormdtmr fi Hrjamy, Kmiumry 8, =3=2.

tcmt Ubnpdb Ubnpdb wms efihrfitj efihrfitjil. il. M vbromd vbromd efihrfitm efihrfitmtjfi tjfi obtwbbi obtwbbi lfvbrifr lfvbrifr Ubnpdb Ubnpdb mia Hrmiìfj Hrmiìfjss Hbrnji Ofuecbr dba tf scfts objil hjrba mt Ofuecbr mia fib fh tcb Jiajmis ji Lrmit‚s pmrty. ? Hrmiìfjs Ofuecbr abserjobs tcb omttdb; 5 Efnnb kb pmrdfjs Mildfjs0 dbs nbtjhs n‚bivfyãrbit m ebt bhhbt vbrs Nr. Ubnpdb qub d‚fi mpbrebvfjt mpbrebvfjt m dm tëtb ab ebs lbis. lbis. N‚êtmit mpprfecb mpprfecb ab duj, kb duj abnmiamj abnmiamj ç cmutb vfjx vfjx eb qu‚jd vfudfjt6 Umis nb rêpfiarb, jd nb abnmiam eb qub kb vfudfjs nfj-nënb6 ]ubdqubs pmrfdbs s‚bisujvjrbit s‚bisujvjrbit ab pmrt bt a‚mutrb, mprãs qufj Nr. Ubnpdb, smis n‚mvfjr afiim mueuib bxpdjemtjfi, afiim d‚frarb ms sbs lbis ab s‚bnpmrbr ab nfj. Kb dbur fosbrvmj qub kb ib rêpfiarfjs pms ab dbur vjb s‚jds nb tfuecfjbit0 qub kb i‚êtmjs pms vbius pfur nb omttrb, nmjs pfur n‚bitbiarb mvbe bux, bt k‚mkfutmj0 «I‚mybz-pms db nmdcbur ab nb tfuecbr.« Nr. Ubnpdb frafiim mdfrs mdfrs ç sbs lbis ab hmjrb hbu0 sur qufj k‚bitbiajs qubdqubs qubdqubs uis a‚bux ajrb ebs pmrfdbs ; « Nfi Ajbu, « nfi Ajbu, sj ifus hmjsfis hbu, ifus mddfis ëtrb « tfus tuês. ° Nr. Ubnpdb rêpdjqum ; « hmjtbs hbu, « pfdtrfis ; jd i‚bst pdus tbnps ab sfilbr ç ebdm. ° Mussjtñt qubdqubs efups ab husjd hurbit tjrbs pmr dbs lbis au ajt Ubnpdb, bt dbs omddbs pmssãrbit mssbz prãs ab nfj. Ms J spf`b Bildjsc0 tcb Nêtjs sbit nb tf Nr. Ubnpdb wcf wb spjba mt tcb cbma fh tcbsb pbfpdb. Objil ibmr cjn, J ms`ba mdfua wcmt cb nbmit6 \jtcfut miswbrjil, cb ms`ba nb wcmt J wjscba nysbdh6 Ufnb wfras bisuba hrfn oftc sjabs, mhtbr wcjec Nr. Ubnpdb, wjtcfut miy bxpdmimtjfi, frabrba cjs nbi tf sbjzb nb. J tfda tcbn J efuda ift ob mwmrb hfr tcbjr djhb jh tcby tfuecba nb.0 J cma ift efnb tf hjlct, out tf tmd` wjtc tcbn, mia J maaba0 —Af ift tm`b fi tcb njshfrtuib tf tfuec nb.— Nr. Ubnpdb tcbi frabrba cjs nbi tf hjrb0 wcbrbupfi J cbmra sfnb fh tcbn smy; —Ny Lfa, Lfa, jh wb hjrb, wb wjdd mdd ob `jddba.„ Nr. Ubnpdb rbpdjba, —hjrb efwmras; jt js ift tjnb tf tcji` mofut tcmt.„ Jnnbajmtbdy m hbw scfts wbrb hjrba oy tcb nbi fh tcb smja Ubnpdb, mia ouddbts hdbw edfsb bifulc tf nb. Mu orujt ab d‚bxpdfsjfi, nfi ecbvmd sb aênbimit, kb n‚bsqujvmj efnnb kb pus au eftb abs nêtjhs. Ebux-ej, Ebux-ej, jrrjtbs a‚uib pmrbjddb prfvfemtjfi, prfvfemtjfi, hjrbit ui hbu lêiêrmd ab dbur eftb pfur rêpfiarb ç ebduj abs lbis au Lfuvbribur Ubnpdb quj efitjiufjt tfukfurs ; ebpbiamit ebpbiamit dm husjddmab efnnbiìfjt m ebssbr, dfrsqub ifus mppbrìðnbs qub dbs mlrbssburm trméifjbit uib pjãeb ab emifi quj, kusqu‚mdfrs, êtfjt rbstêb emecêb emecêb abrrjãrb qubdqubs oujssfis. Dbs nêtjhs vfymit qu‚fi mddmjt nbttrb db hbu ebttb pjãeb bt pmrnj dbsqubds k‚mj rbefiiu Kfci W. Ofur`b, d‚ui abs lbis au ajt Ubnpdb. ― Eb hut mdfrs qub db efnomt abvjit pdus mecmriê. ‑ Db ifnnê Dbtbiarb, nêtjh, hut tuê pmr dm prbnjãrb aêecmrlb abs lbis ab Nr. Ubnpdb, bt Kfsbpc Qrfqujddb Psje. Qrfttjbr^, mutrb nêtjh, hut lrjãvbnbit odbssê. Db rêsudtmt ab ebt bilmlbnbit, prfvfquê pmr db Lfuvbribur Ubnpdb, hut dm nfrt ab ebt fhhjejbr bt a‚bivjrfi uib vjiltmji vjiltmjibb a‚mutrbs a‚mutrbs ab sfi pmrtj. pmrtj. Dbs mutrbs mutrbs pmrvjirbit pmrvjirbit ç sb smuvbr. Eb quj hjt qub dbs mlrbssburs pbrajrbit tmit db nfiab, bt dbs nêtjhs sj pbu, efnpmrmtjvbnbit, e‚bst qub ebs abrijãrb sb nbttfjbit vbitrb m tbrrb pfur ecmrlbr bt aêecmrlbr dburs husjds, bt s‚morjtfjbit ?

Zbmrs dmtbr, tcb trjmds cbda mt Zfr`, bstmodjscba bstmodjscba tcmt Ubnpdb‚s nbi hjrba hjrst. —_bpfrt —_bpfrt fh tcb Wrfebbajils Wrfebbajils Efiibetba wjtc tcb Ajsputbs obtwbbi tcb Bmrd fh Ubd`jr` mia tcb Ifrtc-\bst Efnpmiy mt tcb Mssjzbs Cbda mt Zfr` ji Rppbr Emimam, Emimam, Fetfobr =3=3.„ 5 Ofuecbr, Hrmiìfjs Hjrnji. _bdmtjfi Hjrnji. _bdmtjfi afiiêb pmr duj-nënb abs êvêibnbis Psje^ quj fit bu djbu sur db tbrrjtfjrb abs smuvmlbs abpujs db nfjs a‚fetforb, =3=2, kusqu‚mu : kuji =3=8 ; êpfqub ab dm nfrt ab Nr. Ubnpdb mvbe dbs aêtmjds ab sfi dfil bnprjsfiinbit, kusqu‚ç sfi kulbnbit. Nfitrbmd ; s.i, =3=:; =2-=8. Qrmisdmtba oy Ucjrdby Ucjrdb y Abdfrnb Abdfr nb _ussbdd, Dfujs _jbd _j bd Jistjtutb. J istjtutb.

abrrjãrb dburs ecbvmux, a‚fú jds vjsfjbit bi sðrbtê dburs mavbrsmjrbs. ― Jd y but obmuefup ab ecbvmux ab tuês bt ab odbssês au eftb abs nêtjhs. Mt tcb sfuia fh tcb bxpdfsjfi, ny cfrsb wms strulldjil, J sdjppba mwmy tf tcb nêtjh sjab. Qcby, jrrjtmtba oy suec m prfvfemtjfi, nmab m lbibrmd hjrb hrfn tcbjr sjab tf nbbt tcb pbf pdb fh Lfvbrifr Ubnpdb wcf stjdd efitjiubaPtf efitjiubaPtf hjrb^; Cfwbvbr, tcb scfftjil wms obljiijil tf ebmsb wcbi wb pbrebjvba tcmt tcb mllrbssfrs wbrb nfvjil m emiifi tcmt uitjd tcbi cma rbnmjiba cjaabi obcjia sfnb ouscbs. Qcb nêtjhs smw tcmt tcby wbrb lfjil tf usb tcjs pjbeb, J rbeflijzba Kfci W. Ofur`b, fib fh Ubnpdb‚s pbfpdb. ‑ Jt wms tcbi tcmt tcb omttdb obemnb hjbreb. ‑ Qcb mppfjitba Dbtbiarb, nêtjh, wms `jddba oy tcb hjrst ajsecmrlb hrfn Nr. Ubnpdb‚s pbfpdb mia Kfsbpc Qrfqujddb Psje. Qrfttjbr^, nêtjh miftcbr wms sbrjfusdy jikurba. Qcb rbsudt fh tcjs bilmlbnbit, dba oy Lfvbrifr Ubnpdb, wms tcb abmtc fh tcjs fhhjebr mia mofut twbity ftcbrs fh cjs pmrty. Qcb ftcbrs nmimlba tf bsempb. \cmt nmab tcb mttme`brs dfst tf tcjs wfrda, mia nêtjhs sf djttdb, efnpmrmtjvbdy, js tcmt tcbsb dmttbr dmy tcbjr obddjbs fi tcb dmia tf dfma mia uidfma tcbjr rjhdbs, mia scbdtbrba obcjia tcbjr cfrsbs, wcbrb tcby efuda sbeurbdy sbb tcbjr fppfibits. - Qcbrb wbrb nmiy cfrsbs `jddba mia wfuiaba fi tcb sjab fh nêtjhs.

Qcb efisbqubit bxecmilb fh luihjrb mia cmia-tf-cmia efnomt dbht Ubnpdb mia twbity fh tcb COE pmrty abma, wjtc fib abma mia fib wfuiaba fi tcb Nbtjs sjab. Eutcobrt Lrmit smja (Abpfsjtjfi, If. ?=8 tf Efdtnmi) tcmt tcb Nbtjs wbrb sueebsshud ji abhbmtjil Ubnpdb obemusb —Mhtbr tcb hjrst rfuia, tcb Cmdh-Orbbas ji lbibrmd tcrbw tcbnsbdvbs fi tcbjr ome`s wcjdst dfmajil0 wcbrbupfi 1 tcb efdfijsts, efiebjvjil tcmt nmiy wbrb `jddba, tff` fhh tcbjr cmts mia cuzzmba.„ Ubnpdb‚s nbi wbrb tcbi tm`bi oy surprjsb wcbi tcb Nbtjs, cmvjil rbdfmaba, rfsb hrfn tcb lrmss mia rbsunba hjrjil. Qcb hmet tcmt tcby tcrbw tcbnsbdvbs afwi tf rbdfma js nbitjfiba ji sbvbrmd ftcbr Abpfsjtjfis (Ifs. ?=2, ?=< mia 5=<) ms tcb rbmsfi hfr nmiy hbwbr nbi objil `jddba fi tcbjr sjab. Eutcobrt Lrmit tcbi sbjzba Hfrt Afuldms mia tcb Ubd`jr` Ubttdbrs mia COE stmhh dbht hfr Zfr` Hmetfry. Hjvb ybmrs dmtbr tcb twf efnpbtjil efnpmijbs nbrlba. Uuosbqubitdy, tcb Orjtjsc lfvbrinbit emddba hfr m Upbejmd Jiqujry mia Djbutbimit Efdfibd \jddjmn Omecbdfr Efdtnmi wms mppfjitba ms prjiejpdb efnnjssjfibr tf efiauet tcb biqujry. Ji Nmy fh =3=<, Efdtnmi trmvbdba tf _ba _jvbr tf efiauet tcb biqujry. Cjs rbpfrt wms abdjvbrba tf tcb Cfusb fh Efnnfis fi Kuib ?1, =3=:.

1

Efdtnmi =3=:; =:=.

Qcb Omttdblrfuia

Qcjs js mi =33< nmp prfaueba oy Ecmrdbs Obdd Qcb omttdb dj`bdy tff` pdmeb obtwbbi wcmt js scfwi ms Ji`stbr Erbb` mia Ubvbi Fm`s Erbb` tf tcb ifrtc (rjlct). Qcb prbsbit amy 2 nfiunbit js edfsb tf tcb sjtb fh Ubvbi Fm`s Erbb`. Hrfn; Ecmrdbs Impjbr Obdd. Qcb Obdd. Qcb Ubd`jr` Ubttdbnbit mia Ubttdbrs.„ Ubttdbrs.„ \jiijpbl; Qcb \jiijpbl; Qcb Efnnbrejmd , =33<; ?=.

Ubnpdb Frabrs Cjs Nbi tf Fpbi Hjrb fi tcb Nbtjs \jtc rblmra tf tcb hmet fh Lfvbrifr Ubnpdb‚s cmvjil frabrba cjs nbi tf hjrb fr ift; Ofuecbr, oftc fi cjs bxmnjimtjfi (If. ?=1) mia ji cjs abpfsjtjfi (If. ?=2) stmtbs pfsjtjvbdy, tcmt cb PUbnpdb^ aja ljvb suec frabrs0 mia tcmt suec wms tcb obdjbh fh tcb Ifrtc2

Hrfn; Ecmrdbs Impjbr Obdd. Qcb Obdd. Qcb Ubd`jr` Ubttdbnbit mia Ubttdbrs.„ Ubttdbrs .„ \jiijpbl; Qcb \jiijpbl; Qcb Efnnbrejmd , =33<; ?=.

\bst pmrty, mppbmrs ibmrdy ebrtmji hrfn tcb jitbrebptba dbttbr fh _fobrt Cbiry, hjdba fi obcmdh fh tcb Bmrd fh Ubd`jr` (Abpfsjtjfi If. ?=3) mia oy tcb stmtbnbits fh Kbmi-Omptjstb 8 Absnmrrmjs (Abpfsjtjfi If. 57<).

Efdtnmi lfbs fi tf stmtb tcmt wjtc rblmra tf bvjabieb tcmt tcb hjrst scft wms hjrba oy tcb efdfijsts, tcjs stmias suppfrtba oy sjx nbi wcf wbrb prbsbit, tcb Jiajmi Nmecjemomfu, Eutcobrt Lrmit, Njecmbd Ofurmssm, Kfsbpc Wbddbtjbr ajt Mssjijofjib, Kbmi Omptjstb Nmrsbddfjs mia Hrmiìfjs Ofuecbr. < Cb ljvbs erbajojdjty tf tcbjr stmtbnbits bvbi tcfulc tcby njlct ob ojmsba; Hrfn tcb abbp jitbrbst fh tcbsb dmst pmrtjbs ji tcb bvbit, tcbjr bvjabieb emi cmvb djttdb ajrbet wbjlct0 ybt tcb lbibrmd efihfrnjty fh nmiy ajspfsjtjfis efddbetba hrfn ajhhbrbit pbr sfis mt vmrjfus tjnbs mia pdmebs, wjtc tcb prbvjfus stmtbnbits nmab oy Ofuecbr, ljvbs tcbn sfnb jnpfrtmieb ms nfrmd tbstjnfiy0 ms tcb edbmribss mia mppmrbit hrmiìbss fh 3 Lrmit‚s abpfsjtjfi tbias tf prfaueb efihjabieb ji jt.

Mt trjmd ji =3=3, miftcbr I\E bnpdfybb, Njecmbd Nmrtji lmvb tcb hfddfwjil tbstjnfiy; tc

J wms ji tcb omttdb fh tcb =: Kuib wjtc tcb Cuasfi‚s Omy pbfpdb. Qcb Cuasfi‚s Omy pbf pdb hjrba hjrst0 tcby hjrba twf scfts obhfrb wb hjrba miy, hfr J smw tcbn… J cbmra mia smw m lui hjrba, mia J ìfw jt wms oy tcb Cuasfi‚s Omy pmrty, obemusb J smw tcb snf`b.„ :

Fidy fib pbrsfi, COE bnpdfybb Njecmbd Cmyafi, tfda Efdtnmi tcmt tcb Nbtjs hjrba hjrst. Efdtnmi aja ift obdjbvb cjn. Ift fib Pwjtibss^, P wjtibss^, bxebpt Cmyafi, stmtbs tcb efitrmry, bvbi fi obdjbh0 mia mdd ftcbrs wcf cmvb spf`bi fi tcb qubstjfi efieur ji stmtjil tcmt suec Ptcb efdfijsts hjrba hjrst^ wms tcb lbibrmd rbpfrt0 wcjdst tcb fppfsjtb stmtbnbit fh Cmyafi rbnmjis uisuppfrtba oy m sjildb bvjabieb, bjtcbr ajrbet fr jiajrbet. Ftcbr efddmtbrmd ejreunstmiebs cmvb mdsf efnojiba, wjtc tcjs wbjlct fh bvjabieb, tf efivjieb nb, tcmt tcb abedmrmtjfi nmab oy cjn js, ji tcjs rbspbet, uihfuiaba. =7

Njecmbd Cmyafi‚s tbstjnfiy wms rbhutba sfuiady mt trjmd oy Culc Omiibrnmi == mia \jijhrba =? NeIudty ; Nr Ucbrwffa; Af yfu ìfw Njecmbd Cmyafi wcf cms obbi bxmnjiba ms m wjtibss ji tcjs emsb6 Obiibrnmi; Zbs, J ìfw cjn vbry wbdd.

8

Efdtnmi, =3=:; =:7. Efdtnmi, =3=:; =3<-=33. 3 Fp. ejt. : —_bpfrt fh tcb Wrfebbajils Efiibetba wjtc tcb Ajsputbs obtwbbi tcb Bmrd fh Ubd`jr` mia tcb Ifrtc-\bst Efnpmiy Efnpmiy mt tcb Mssjzbs Mssjzbs Cbda mt Zfr` ji Rppbr Emimam, Fetfobr Fetfobr =3=3.„ Qrjmd fh Kfci Ubvbrjlct Ubvbrjlct bt md, Wrfvjieb fh Rppbr Emimam; Ubssjfi fh Fybr mia Qbrnjibr mia Lbibrmd Lmfd Abdjvbry cbda mt Zfr` Fetfobr =:, =3=3 tf Fetfobr Fetfobr 57, =3=3; pp. =<7-=<=. =7 Fp. ejt. == Culc Omiibrnmi Omiibrnmi wms fib fh tcb Ubd`jr` Ubttdbrs Ubttdbrs wcf mrrjvba mt Ecurecjdd ji Mulust =3=5 mia emnb tf _ba _jvbr ji tcb sprjil fh =3=1. Cb wms =3 wcbi cb mrrjvba mia wms hrfn Ame`mdury ji @jdafimi Wmrjsc. Cb nfvba bmst mhtbr =3=8. =? Nrs. \jijhrba NeIudty mia cbr cusomia cusomia Wmt NeIudty hrfn Hfxhfra cma obbi wjtc tcb lrfup fh tcb Ubd`jr` Ubttdbrs tcmt mrrjvba mt _ba _jvbr ji =3=?, tcby tcbi nfvba bmst mhtbr =3=8. <

Nr Ucbrwffa; Aja yfu bvbr cmvb miy efivbrsmtjfi wjtc cjn fi tcb suokbet fh tcb omttdb fh tcb =: tc Kuib, mia wcmt aja cb tbdd yfu, mia wcbrb mia wcbi wms jt6 Obiibrnmi; J smw cjn ji tcjs tfwi fh Zfr` dmst sunnbr, mia cb tfda nb tcmt Nr. Ubn pdb‚s pmrty hjrba hjrst. Mttfriby Lbibrmd; \cbrb aja tcjs efivbrsmtjfi tm`b pdmeb6 Obiibrnmi; Jt tff` pdmeb mt Mscdby‚s, mia wb tcbi wbit tf Cmnjdtfi‚s, mia cb smja cb wfuda lf tf Nr. Nme`bizjb, mia tbdd cjn tcb wcfdb trutc fh tcb ousjibss .=5 Nrs. NeIfdty (sje); Cb PCmyafi^ tfda nb tcbsb wfras, —wb emi ift odmnb tcb Cmdh Orbbas, hfr fur sjab hjrba hjrst, mia jh wb cma lmjiba tcb amy, wb scfuda cmvb afib tcb smnb, fr ms oma, tf tcbn.„ =1 Nrs. NeIfdty; J smw Lfvbrifr Ubnpdb lf fut fh tcb hfrt mrnba wjtc luis. J lubss tcbrb wbrb hjhtbbi fr twbity fh tcbn. Qcb luis cma omyfibts. J cma feemsjfi tf spbm` wjtc Cfdtb obhfrb tcby emnb mia mhtbr wjtc Cbyafi. Nr. Cfdtb smja jh tcb Cmdh-Orbbas emnb, wcf wbrb cfurdy bxpbetba, bxpbetba, tcmt tcby wfuda cmvb tcbjr pbnnjemi pbnnjemi fr tcbjr djvbs. djvbs. Cb smja tcmt jh tcby aja ift ljvb up tcbjr pbnnjemi tcby wfuda tm`b tcbjr djvbs. Qcb pmrty wbit fut ms jh tcby wbrb lfjil tf omttdb. Njecmbd Cmyafi mia Njecmbd @jd`biiy smja fi tcbjr rbturi hrfn tcb hjbda fh omttdb, tcmt tcby efuda ift odmnb tcb Cmdh-Orbbas. Qcby smja, –wb emi ift odmnb tcb Cmdh-Orbbas, wb hjrba hjrst, mia jh wb cma lft tcb obttbr, wb wfuda cmvb sbrvba tcb Cmdh-Orbbas tcb smnb.‚ Qcby oftc smja sf. =2

Efiedusjfis fh tcb Upbejmd Biqujry 







=5

Qcb hjrst scft wms hjrba mt Hrmiìfjs Hrmiìfjs Ofuecbr Ofuecbr hrfn Ubnpdb‚s Ubnpdb‚s sjab. Qcjs scft pmssba pmssba sf edfsb ms tf stui cjn mia emusb cjn tf hmdd fhh cjs cfrsb, m sbefia wms hjrba mt mi Jiajmi ji Lrmit‚s pmrty. Mhtbr tcjs pfjit, oftc sjabs djobrmddy scft mt fib miftcbr. Mhtbr tcrbb ajsecmrlbs tcb efdfijsts oblmi tf ljvb wmy. Qcb omttdb tcbi efitjiuba obtwbbi jiajvjaumds. Qcb hjlctjil aja ift bxebba hjhtbbi njiutbs. Obhfrb tcb omttdb omttdb jt wms ift ift tcb jitbitjfi jitbitjfi fh bjtcbr pmrty pmrty tf bilmlb bilmlb ji m hjlct. Wbrsfis fh ìfwi tmdbits tmdbits mia lbibrmd jihfrnmtjfi jihfrnmtjfi suec ms tcb Bmrd fh Ubd`jr` Ubd`jr` mia Lfvbrifr Ubnpdb scfuda cmvb ìfwi tcmt tcbjr bihfrebnbit fh tcb cuitjil mia trmajil bajets scfwba —m odmnbmodb emrbdbssibss ms tf efisbqubiebs, fi m suokbet dj`bdy tf biamilbr oftc tcb pbmeb fh tcb efuitry mia tcb djvbs fh jiajvjaumds .„ Fi tcb `jddjil fh tcb wfuiaba wfuiaba ji Ubnpdb‚s Ubnpdb‚s pmrty‑Efdtnmi pmrty‑Efdtnmi iftba tcmt tcmt jt wms tcb eustfn fh tcb Jiajmis mia Nbtjs djvjil fi tcb pdmjis tf —rbhusb qumrtbr tf tcbjr efiqubrba bibny.„ Cb hfuia hmudt wjtc tcb nbi cb efisjabrba tf ob —ejvjdjzba Cmdh-Orbbas„ mia smja mi bqumd ablrbb fh nfrmd erjnjimdjty nust mttmec tf tcfsb wcf efddbetba tflbtcbr suec m smvmlb hfreb hfr cfstjdb purpfsbs, nbmijil tcb I\E.

—_bpfrt fh tcb Wrfebbajils Efiibetba wjtc tcb Ajsputbs obtwbbi tcb Bmrd fh Ubd`jr` mia tcb Ifrtc-\bst Efnpmiy Efnpmiy mt tcb Mssjzbs Cbda mt Zfr` ji Rppbr Emimam, Emimam, Fetfobr =3=3.„ Qrjmd fh Kfci Ubvbrjlct Ubvbrjlct bt md, Wrfvjieb fh Rppbr Emimam; Ubssjfi fh Fybr mia Qbrnjibr mia Lbibrmd Lmfd Abdjvbry cbda mt Zfr` Fetfobr =:, =3=3 tf Fetfobr 57, =3=3; pp. =:=-=:?. =1 Fp. ejt. pp. =:?-=:5. =2 Fp. ejt., pp. ?87-?8=. ?87-?8=.

Rpfi efnpdbtjfi fh cjs jivbstjlmtjfi, Efdtnmi wrftb tf Eutcobrt Lrmit, mavjsjil cjn tf surrbiabr; … ms hfr tcb omttdb jtsbdh, jt js mdwmys uiabrstffa tcmt tcb Efdfiy pbfpdb pursuba yfu, fr emnb hfrwmra tf nbbt yfu mia hjrba tcb hjrst scft wcjdb Ofuecbr wms spbm`jil tf tcbn. J efisjabr tcjs mhhmjr, ms wbdd ms ftcbr vjfdbit abbas wcjec tff` pdmeb, mdtcfulc ms sbrjfus fhhbiebs mlmjist tcb dmw, ybt suec nmy ob pmrafiba… tc

… J bxpbet tcmt J scmdd dbmvb cbrb fi tcb 2 fh ibxt nfitc mia J wjdd tm`b wjtc nb mdd tcb prjsfibrs mia scmdd prfpbrdy rbturi hfr m hbw nfrb amys mt tcb bia fh tcb nfitc jh suec tjnb mlrbbs wjtc yfu obttbr hfr yfur surrbiabr. =8

Eutcobrt Lrmit mia m iunobr fh Ifrtc \bst Efnpmiy bnpdfybbs wbrb ecmrlba wjtc nurabr mia dmrebiy. Qcb trjmds wbrb cbda mt Zfr` ji Rppbr Emimam ji Fetfobr =3=3‑mdd tcfsb sbit tf trjmd wbrb mequjttba, mia ecmrlbs wbrb arfppba fi tcb rbnmjiabr. =<

Qcb Wmrtjejpmits ji tcb Omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s Wrbduab Kuib =3 tf =:, =3=8; Eutcobrt Lrmit‚s pmrty wms nfuitba mia trmvbdjil bmst mdfil tcb Mssjijofjib _jvbr, tcby cma twf emrts mia emifbs wjtc =2 omls (=,=27 dos.) fh pbnnjemi. Ji frabr tf mvfja tcb COE luiofmts odfe`majil tcb Mssjijofjib _jvbr ibmr tcb hfr`s, Lrmit orfulct tcb emifbs mscfrb mt Uturlbfi Erbb` wcbrb jt bitbrs tcb Mssjijofjib _jvbr hrfn tcb ifrtc mia tcby prfebbaba bmst, bmst, fvbrd fvbrdmi mia a tf Emthj Emthjsc sc Erbb` Erbb` (ifw (ifw Fnmia Fnmia‚s ‚s Erbb` Erbb`), ), tcbi tcbi cbmab cbmaba a ifrtc ifrtc tf Hrfl Hrfl Wdmji. Wdmji. Cb rbmecba Emthjsc Erbb` fi tcb dmtb mhtbriffi fh tcb ijibtbbitc0 m dfemtjfi tcrbb njdbs wbst fh tcb hfr`s. Cjs pdmi wms tf oypmss Lfvbrifr Ubnpdb mt Hfrt Afuldms mia nbbt tcb I\E pmrtibrs afwistrbmn fh tcb hfrt fi tcb _ba _jvbr. M wbb` prbvjfus (Kuib =7 tc) Ubnpdb cma tfri afwi I\E Hfrt Ljormdtbr Ljormdtbr mia ourit tcb rbnmjijil oujdajils. Obemusb fh tcb dmrlb swmnp armjiba oy tcb erbb`, Lrmit‚s cfrsbs wbrb up tf tcbjr obddjbs ji wmtbr mia cma tf trmvbd hurtcbr bmst tcmi tcby cma pdmiiba. Qcby cma tf vbbr bmst tf wjtcji fib mia m cmdh njdbs fh Hfrt Afuldms. Lrmit‚s nbi empturba \jddjmn Omiibrnmi =3, Mdbxmiabr Nurrmy=: mia Mdbxmiabr Uutcbrdmia ?7, tcrbb sbttdbrs wcf wbrb wfr`jil sfutc fh tcb hfrt mia cbda tcbn sf tcmt tcby efuda ift wmri Ubn pdb tcmt tcb Nbtjs wbrb oypmssjil tcb hfrt. \jtc tcb mja fh m spyldmss Ubnpdb smw tcb nbi fi tcb pdmjis mia dbht tcb hfrt tf efihrfit tcbn wjtc fidy =2 fr sf nbi, mdd COE stmhh. Ms Ubnpdb prfebbaba ifrtc tcrfulc Kfci NeDbmi‚s hmrn NeDbmi?= kfjis tcbn. Qcby tcbi nbbt Mdbx NeObmtc, \jddjmn ?? mia Kmnbs Uutcbrdmia mia tcbjr =8

Ejtba ji K.L. NmeLrblfr, Wbtbr NmeLrblfr, Wbtbr Hjadbr; Emimam‚s Hfrlfttbi Bxpdfrbr =<8:-=3??. Emdlmry; Hjhtc Cfusb Dta. =::3; p. ??=. =< —_bpfrt fh tcb Wrfebbajils efiibetba wjtc tcb Ajsputbs obtwbbi tcb Bmrd fh Ubd`jr` mia tcb Ifrtc-\bst Efnpmiy mt tcb Mssjzbs Cbda mt Zfr` ji Rppbr Emimam, Fetfobr =3=3.„ Nfitrbmd; Kmnbs Dmib mia Imcun Nfwbr, =3=:. =3 Omiibrnmi emnb tf _ba _jvbr ji =3=?, mt mlb =3, wjtc cjs hmtcbr. =: Nurrmy, hrfn Udjlf, Jrbdmia, emnb tf _ba _jvbr ji =3=? mt mlb =:. ?7 Uutcbrdmia emnb tf _ba _jvbr ji =3=? mt mlb ?1. ?= Kfci NeDbmi mia cjs wjhb emnb tf _ba _jvbr hrfn @bilcmrmi wcbi cb wms ?3.

hmnjdjbs hdbbjil sfutc tf tcb hfrt. NeObmtc tbdds Ubnpdb cb wjdd ibba mt dbmst twf emiifis tf efihrfit Lrmit out Ubnpdb rbhusbs tf djstbi. Ubnpdb nbt tcb sbefia cmdh fh Lrmit‚s pmrty mt Ubvbi Fm`s, twf njdbs sfutc fh Hrfl Wdmji. Nbmiwcjdb Lrmit mia cjs mavmieb pmrty cmvb rjaabi ome` tf kfji tcb dmttbr pmrt fh cjs lrfup. Djbutbim Djbutbimit it \jddjmn \jddjmn Efdtnmi Efdtnmi‚s ‚s jivbstjl jivbstjlmtjv mtjvbb rbpfrt rbpfrt stmtbs stmtbs tcmt tcb frabrs frabrs ljvbi ljvbi oy Mdbxmiab Mdbxmiabr r NeAfiibdd tf Lrmit‚s nbi wbrb tf pmss ji tcb pdmjis ms hmr ajstmit ms pfssjodb hrfn Hfrt Afuldms, tf mvfja nm`jil miy mttme`, fr emusjil mdmrn, mia tf wmjt mt tcb Lrbifujddjbrb hfr tcb mrrjvmd fh tcb emifbs hrfn Nfitrbmd hfr wcfsb usb tcb prfvjsjfis wbrb sbit, out tcmt ji tcb emsb fh objil mttme`ba, mttme`ba, tcby njlct abhbia tcbnsbdvbs.?5 Wjbrrb Ufuejssb tfda Efdtnmi tcmt upfi dbmrijil fh tcb abstruetjfi fh Hfrt Ljormdtbr tcb I\E nbi abtbrnjiba tf obsjblb tcb efdfiy, rbdyjil ecjbhdy fi euttjil fhh tcbjr suppdy fh prfvjsjfis, Lrbifujddjãrb , wcjec wfuda mt tcb smnb tjnb bimodb tcbn tf eut mia jitbiaba tf tm`b m pfsjtjfi mt Lrbifujddjãrb fhh tcb efnnuijemtjfis fh tcb efdfiy, mia sbeurb tcbjr fwi0 tcmt tcby aja ift mvfw tcbjr jitbitjfi fh arjvjil fhh tcb efdfijsts, mdtcfulc cb obdjbvba tcby njlct cmvb bitbrtmjiba jt bvbi obhfrb tcb ?1 omttdb. Mdbxmiabr Ne@bizjb, wms prbsbit mt m nbbtjil wjtc Mdbxmiabr NeAfiibdd, cjs pmrtibr, wcbi tcb dmtbr tfda cjn —tcmt cjs lbibrmd pdmi, mia tcmt, wcjec cb cma rbefnnbiaba tf tcb cmdh-orbbas, wms tf odfe`mab tcb hfrt fh tcb efdfiy, mia eut fhh tcbjr prfvjsjfis mia wmtbr, oy pdmejil tcbnsbdvbs ?2 fi oftc sjabs fh tcb rjvbr, sf ms tf fodjlb tcbn tf surrbiabr, hrfn hmnjib.

Eutcobrt Lrmit‚s nbi Lrmit‚s lrfup efisjstba fh hfur Umudtbmux, twf Erbb, sjx Emimajbis, mia hjhty-twf Cmdh Orbbas.

Eutcobrt Kmnbs Lrmit (=<:5-=321) Fi Kuib =:, =3=8 tcb Omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s feeurrba wjtc Lfvbrifr Ubnpdb mia twbity fh cjs nbi `jddba fi Hrfl Wdmji. Eutcobrt mia tcb Nbtjs tcbi tff` Hfrt Afuldms. Eutcobrt fhhbrba sbttdbrs wcf wmitba tf dbmvb tcb _ba _jvbr Ubttdbnbit prftbetjfi. Cb wms dmtbr tf hmeb ecmrlbs ji Nfitrbmd mrjsjil hrfn tcb hjlct out ibvbr metumddy wbit tf trjmd. \cjdb Eutcobrt wms mwmy cjs wjhb Bdjzmobtc Ne@my mia tcbjr sfi ajsmppbmrba mia wbrb ibvbr cbmra hrfn mlmji. Lrmit wms ecmrlba hfr cjs pmrt ji tcb efihrfitmtjfi mt Ubvbi Fm`s mia tm`bi tf efurt, out tcb ecmrlbs wbrb ajsnjssba. Efdtnmi dmtbr stmtba tcmt —Lrmit‚s efiauet ... fidy sbbnba tf cjn tf uiabrdjib tcb amilbrfus pfdjey tcb I\E cma obbi pursujil ji usjil tcb Nbtjs hfr jts fwi bias'„ Qcjs stmtbnbit ift fidy rbhdbets tcb edfsb mddjmieb obtwbbi tcb Nbtjs mia tcb I\E, out mdsf sullbsts tcmt tcb efnpmiy vjbwba tcb Nbtjs ms m lrfup wcjec, jh prfpbrdy efitrfddba, wfuda prfvjab sbrvjebs wcjec wfuda obibhjt tcb efnpmiy. Mdsf ìfwi ms —\mpbstfi„ (\cjtb Brnjib), Eutcobrt Lrmit Kr. wms ofri ji =<:5, mt Hfrt ab dm _jvjãrb Qrbnodmitb. Eutcobrt‚s hmtcbr, Eutcobrt Ur. wms m I\E pmrtibr mia trmabr, cjs nftcbr ??

\jddjmn Uutcbrdmia hrfn Ofrfomd, emnb tf _ba _jvbr ji =3=? mt mlb ??. Efdtnmi, =3=:; =35 ?1 Joja. ?2 Fp. Ejt. =31. ?5

wms m Nbtjs Mssjijofjib-Erbb wfnmi. Cb cma fib orftcbr, (Kmnbs) mia tcrbb sjstbrs, (Kfsbpctb, Nmry mia Nmrjb Nmrlubrjtb). Eutcobrt wms nmrrjba tf Nmrjb NeLjddjs, tcb Nbtjs amulctbr fh Milus NeLjddjs.

\cbi Eutcobrt‚s hmtcbr ajba ji =<::, ji meeframieb wjtc cjs hmtcbr‚s wjdd, \jddjmn NeLjddvmry, m I\E Ajrbetfr, obemnb obemnb Eutcobrt‚s lumrajmi. Eutcobrt wms omptjzba Fetfobr =?, =37=, mt mlb bjlct ji tcb Uefttjsc Ecurec fi Ut. Lmorjbd Utrbbt ji Nfitrbmd, m ecurec cjs hmtcbr afimtba nfiby tf cbdp oujda. Cjs hmtcbr‚s wjdd mdsf stmtba tcmt cb wjscba cjs sfis tf ob bauemtba ji Ueftdmia. Ubvbrmd cjstfrjmis mrb fh tcb fpjijfi tcmt abspjtb efikbeturb tcmt Eutcobrt hfddfwba cjs orftcbr tf Ueftdmia hfr cjs secffdjil, cb wfuda mppbmr tf cmvb obbi bauemtba ji Nfitrbmd uiabr NeLjddjvrmy‚s supbrvjsjfi. Eutcobrt Lrmit js tcfulct tf cmvb obbi ljvbi nbajemd trmjijil wjtc tcb njdjtmry oy cjs uiedb, Ifr‚\bstbr Mdbxmiabr Lrmit, dbmabr fh tcb Ldbilmrry _bljnbit, wcjdb cb wms tm`jil cjs secffdjil ji ]ubobe. Qwf fh Lrmit‚s nbajejib ecbsts mrb stjdd bxtmit, fib js m efuitrynmab ecbst tcmt cb usba tf tm`b wjtc cjn fi tcb ouhhmdf cuit tcb ftcbr, dj`bdy mequjrba dmtbr js m hjib ormss-ofuia emsb. Lrmit bitbrba tcb efnpmiy‚s sbrvjeb, prfomody mofut =3=7 tf wfr` ji tcb Nfitrbmd fhhjebs, mia ji =3=? cb trmvbddba tf Hfrt \jddjmn (Qcuiabr Omy, Fit.) wjtc tcb miiumd orjlmab. Mt tcb nbbtjil fh Nfitrbmd mia wjitbrjil pmrtibrs tcmt sunnbr, mt mlb =:, cb wms mssjliba ms edbr` tf tcb Rppbr _ba _ba _jvb _jvbrr abpm abpmrtn rtnbit bit.. Cb wms pfstb pfstba a tf tcb Ifrtc Ifrtc \b \bst st Efnpmi Efnpmiy‚s y‚s Hfrt Hfrt Bspêr Bspêrmi mieb eb fi tcb ]u‚Mppbddb _jvbr uiabr Kfci Wrtjecmra, wcbrb cb wms put ji ecmrlb fh m snmdd futpfst. Ji =3=?, tcbrb wms m lrfwjil efihdjet obtwbbi tcb twf nmkfr efnpmijbs, tcb COE mia tcb I\E. Qcjs ybmr mdsf nmr`ba tcb mrrjvmd fh tcb hjrst efdfijsts. Qcb Ifr‚ \bstbrs smw tcb efdfijsts ms m tcrbmt tf tcb hur trmab mia suppdy fh pbnnjemi. Qcb efihdjet lrbw. Ji =3=1, Lfvbrifr Njdbs Nmeafimda nmab m prfedmnmtjfi prfcjojtjil tcb smdb fh pbnnjemi hrfn tcb Mssjijofjib, fut fh hbmr tcmt tcb efdfiy wfuda stmrvb. Qcb I\E ibbaba pbnnjemi ms hffa suppdy hfr tcb vfymlburs. Qcb Nbtjs abpbiaba fi tcb smdb fh pbnnjemi tf tcb Ifr‚ \bstbr‚s tf suppfrt tcbjr hmnjdjbs. M sbefia prfedmnmtjfi prfedmnmtjfi frabrba m stfp nfuitba nbi hrfn tcb ruiijil fh ouhhmdf mt tcb _ba _jvbr Ubttdbnbit. Qcjs wms tcb Nbtjs‚ eustfnmry nfab fh cuitjil, wcbrbms tcb sbttdbrs cuitba fi hfft Qcb Nbtjs hbdt tcmt tcby wbrb tcb trub fwibrs fh tcb Ifrtcwbst mia ibba ift foby tcbsb dmws. Qcb Ifr‚ \bstbrs wbrb, mhtbr mdd tcb —Ibw Imtjfi.„

Eutcobrt Lrmit, Wbtbr Wmilnmi, \jddjmn Ucmw mia Ijecfdms Nfitfur wbrb mppfjitba Emptmjis fh tcb Nbtjs. Ji Nmrec =3=8, tcb Nbtjs mppfjitba Eutcobrt Lrmit ms Emptmji-Lbibrmd fh mdd tcb CmdhOrbbas (Nbtjs). Ji Nmy, Eutcobrt mia cjs nbi sbt fut tf Ormiafi Cfusb wjtc tcb jitbitjfi fh abstrfyjil jt. Wbtbr Hjadbr fh Ormiafi Cfusb rbefraba tcb hjrst sjlctjil fh tcb Nbtjs Hdml. Mt cmdh pmst iffi mofut 13 Cmdh-Orbbas, Cmdh-Orbbas, Emimajbis, Emimajbis, Hrbbnbi Hrbbnbi mia Jiajmis emnb rjajil fi cfrsbome` wjtc tcbjr hdml hdyjil. Jt wms odub, mofut hfur hbbt squmrb mia cma m wcjtb hjlurb bjlct pdmeba cfrjzfitmddy ji tcb njaadb. Lbfrlb Ujnpsfi wms efiebriba mofut tcb efihdjet obtwbbi tcb Ujfux mia tcb Nbtjs djvjil mt Wbnojim mia, ìfwjil tcmt Wbnojim wfuda ob sfutc fh tcb 1:tc pmrmddbd mia tcus ji tcb R.U.M., cb ms`ba Lrmit hfr cjs cbdp tf bstmodjsc m ibw efnnuijty ?: `jdfnbtbrs wbst fh Hfrt Lmrry. Ji =3?1, cb lmvb Eutcobrt m dmrlb lrmit fh COE dmia hfr tcjs purpfsb. Qcjs wms ji tcb ajstrjet fh \cjtb Cfrsb Wdmjis. Qcby hfrnba tcb efnnuijty fh Lrmitfwi wjtc 37 Nbtjs hmnjdjbs wcf wbrb ajspdmeba hrfn Wbnojim. Qcb pbfpdb fh Lrmitfwi (ifw Ut. Hrmiìfjs Smvjbr) suppdjba hur trmabrs wjtc pbnnjemi, mia objil sfnb fh tcb obst hjlctbrs, tcby metba ms m ouhhbr obtwbbi tcb Ujfux mia tcb _ba _jvbr Ubttdbnbit. Ji =3?5, =3?5, Eutcobrt Eutcobrt nmrrjba nmrrjba Nmrjb NeLjddj NeLjddjss mia bstmodjscba bstmodjscba m pbrnmibi pbrnmibitt cfnb cfnb ji Lrmitfwi Lrmitfwi.. Eutcobrt oujdt m hdfur njdd mdfil tcb omi`s fh Uturlbfi Erbb`, ifw ìfwi ms —Lrmit‚s Fda Njdd.„ Cb wms mdsf m prjvmtb hrbjlctbr. Ji =3?1, Lrmit trmispfrtba lffas oy Zfr` Ofmts tf mia hrfn Ifrwmy Cfusb mia tcb _ba _jvbr Ubttdbnbit Ubttdbnbit mdfil wjtc tcb vfymlburs vfymlburs fh Lrmitfwi. Qcb Mnbrjemi Hur Qrmab Efnpmijbs bitbrjil tcb Ifrtcwbst wbrb mi bvbr-jierbmsjil prfodbn. Ji Kudy =3?3, tcb COE pmssba m rbsfdutjfi mppfjitjil Eutcobrt Lrmit —\mrabi fh tcb Wdmjis,„ tf stfp tcb jddjejt trmab fh hurs ji tcb Ifrtcwbst. Qcjs pfsjtjfi mdsf jieduaba frlmijzjil ouhhmdf cuits mia prftbetjil tcb sbttdbnbit. Ji =352, cb wms mppfjitba tf tcb Efuiejd fh Mssjijofjm ms tcb Nbtjs rbprbsbitmtjvb. Lrmit wms mdsf rbspfisjodb hfr iblftjmtjil trbmtjbs wjtc tcb Am`ftm pbfpdb. Ji =35<, Lbibrmd Kmnbs Aje`sfi, m sbdh-stydba djobrmtfr fh tcb Jiajmi imtjfis, prfpfsba tf rmjsb mi mrny fh tcb Nbtjs tf nmrec sfutc tf hrbb tcb Mnbrjemi Jiajmi mia bstmodjsc mi Jiajmi `jilafn ji Emdjhfrijm. Lrmit prfvjaba cjn wjtc lujabs tf dbma cjn jitf tcb R.U. mia tcb Lbibrmd lmvb cjn cjs bpmudbts mia swfra. Lrmitfwi‚s rbdjljfus ebrbnfijbs wbrb cbda ji Lrmit‚s cfnb uitjd tcb hjrst ecurec wms oujdt ji =3?:. M dmrlbr ecurec wms oujdt ji =355, rjlct obsjab tcb cunodb fib. Hmtcbr Cmrpbr mdsf usba Lrmit‚s cfnb ms m secffd, wcbi jistruetjil tcb ecjdarbi. \cjdb ji Ueftdmia, Eutcobrt wms smja tf cmvb rbebjvba trmjijil ji Burfpbmi nbajejib. Cb wms emddba upfi tf cbdp tcb sje` mia wfuiaba. Lrmit trmvbddba hmr mia wjab tf cbdp hmnjdjbs abmd wjtc bpjabnjes fh snmdd pfx mia nbmsdbs. Cb trmvbddba wjtc cjs nbajejib ecbst strmppba obcjia cjn ms cb rbseuba pbfpdb emulct fi tcb pdmjis wjtcfut hffa fr nbajemd cbdp. Cjs nbajejib ecbst mdfil wjtc cjs swfra emi ifw ob sbbi mt tcb Nmijtfom Nusbun. Ji cjs dmttbr ybmrs, Eutcobrt Lrmit sbrvba ms efuisbdfr mia nmljstrmtb. Mt mlb 2:, cb sbrvba fieb nfrb ms Lfvbrifr fh tcb ouhhmdf cuit. Ji =321, Lrmit wms jikurba ji m hmdd hrfn cjs cfrsb. Fi Kudy =2, =321, cb ajba nuec tf tcb sfrrfw fh tcb Nbtjs fh Lrmitfwi. Qcb pbfpdb fh Lrmitfwi cfifurba cjn oy ouryjil cjn uiabr tcb mdtmr fh tcb ecurec. Dmtbr tcb ecurec ourit afwi mia jt js smja tcmt Cjlcwmy #?8 ifw efvbrs Eutcobrt Lrmit, tcb hjrst dbmabr fh tcb Nbtjs Imtjfi.

Lrmit‚s Emptmjis Njecbd Hrmiìfjs Ofurmssm. (a. Ofurmssm. (a. =318) Njecbd nmrrjba Nmrlubrjtb Obmudjbu sfnbtjnb obhfrb =378. Njecbd wms m I\E jitbrprbtbr. Njecbd wms fib fh tcb prjiejpmd Nbtjs tf tm`b pmrt ji tcb Ubvbi Fm`s omttdb. Wru‚cfnnb rbhbrs tf cjn ms —Emptmji Ofurrmsm.„ Fi tcb ijlct fh Nmrec =<, =3=8, tcb I\E Hfrt Ljormdtbr wms mttme`ba mia sbjzba oy Efdji _fobrtsfi fh tcb COE. Fi Nmrec 57, Ubd`jr` cma wrjttbi tf _fobrtsfi jistruetjil cjn tf bxpbd tcb rjvmd efnpmiy hrfn tcb COE afnmji‑jh ibebssmry rbsfrtjil tf hfreb tf af tcjs. Fi Kuib =7, =3=8, tcb I\E Hfrt Ljormdtbr wms abstrfyba, sfnb fh tcb dfls wbrb sbit tf Hfrt Afuldms mia tcb rbst ouriba. Jt wms ji tcjs efitbxt tcmt Njecbd Ofurmssm mia Mitfjib Cfudb wbrb dbmajil m pmrty fh mrnba nbi tf trmispfrt ?7 omls fh pbnnjemi obdfw Hfrt Afuldms tf tcb I\E orjlmab efnjil hrfn Nfitrbmd. Qcb lrfup efisjstba fh 8 Emimajbis, 8 Jiajmis mia 2? Nbtjs. Qcbjr frabrs wbrb tf mvfja tcb hfrt. Qcjs tcby aja oy rjajil ms hmr wbst ms tcby efuda lbt wjtcfut objil ji tcb swmnp. Bvbi tcbi tcby rbpfrtba tcbjr cfrsbs wbrb up tf tcbjr obddjbs ji wmtbr. Qcby wbrb frabrba oy Eutcobrt Lrmit ift tf mttme` Hfrt Afuldms, out tf abhbia tcbnsbdvbs jh mttme`ba. Lfvbrifr Ubnpdb spfttba tcbn mia wbit fut wjtc ?< fh cjs nbi. Mhtbr m efihrfitmtjfi wjtc Ofuecbr fvbr Ubnpdb‚s abstruetjfi fh Hfrt Ljormdtbr tcb COE nbi hjrba fi tcb Nbtjs, mhtbr wcjec Cfdt mia Ubnpdb wbrb scft ji rbturi. Mi Jiajmi imnba Nmecjemomfu hjijscba fhh Ubnpdb. Qwbity COE wbrb `jddba ms fppfsba tf fib Nbtjs mia fib Jiajmi hrfn Lrmit‚s pmrty. Qcb wfuiaba COE nbi wbrb mppmrbitdy hjijscba fhh oy m Emimajbi, Hrmiìfjs Absecmnps mia cjs Nbtjs sfis. Mitfjib Cfudb. (ofri Cfudb. (ofri ejrem =<3=-=<3<) Mitfjib wms fib fh tcb prjiejpmd Nbtjs wcf tff` pmrt ji tcb omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s. Cb mia Njecbd Ofurmssm wbrb tcb twf Emptmjis fh Lrmit‚s pmrty. Mitfjib wms ofri obtwbbi =<3= mia =<3<, tcb sfi fh Mitfjib Cfudb Ur. mia Bdjsb mi Jiajmi. Mitfjib wms m I\E jitbrprbtbr. Mitfjib nmrrjba Kfsbpctb Dmuzfi, tcby djvba mt Lrmitfwi. Cb ajba fi Nmrec ?<, =38< mt Ut. Hrmiìfjs Smvjbr. Cb js rbputba tf cmvb `jddba Nr. Kmnbs Nffrb aurjil tcb omttdb. Efdtnmi rbpfrtba; Mitfjib Cfudb cma smja nfrb pfsjtjvbdy, tcmt jh tcb efdfijsts aja ift jnnbajmtbdy surrbiabr tcbjr mrns, tcby nust hjrb upfi tcbn0 mia tcmt cb wfuda ljvb m scfut, ms m sjlimd, wcbi tf oblji0 hfr tcby nust ift ob mddfwba tf bsempb. ?8

Lrmit‚s ftcbr Nbi; Mddmra; Mddmra wms mddblba tf cmvb dfftba tcb ofajbs fh tcb abma; Wjbrrb Ut. Lbrnmji wcf ljvbs tcb huddbst bvjabieb fi tcjs pfjit (pduiabr), stmtbs tcmt cb smw Dmebrtb wbmrjil m wmtec mia sjd` smsc, wcjec cb obdjbvba tf cmvb obbi tcb Lfvbrifr‚s0 tcmt fib Mddmra cma fi Nr. NeDbmi‚s swfra mia emp0 tcmt fib Eftfifcmyb cma tcb lfvbrifr‚s afuodb-omrrbdba lui0 tcmt miftcbr, wcfsb imnb cb afbs ift rbefddbet, cma cjs pjstfds0 mia tcmt cb rbeflijzba sbvbrmd mrtjedbs fh tcb edftcbs fh tcb lbitdbnbi `jddba, wfri oy ftcbr Cmdh-Orbbas. ?< Omttfsc, Kfsbpc Dbtbiarb Dbtbiarb ajt Omtfecb. Omtfecb. (e.=377-=3=8) (e.=377-=3=8) ?8 ?<

Efdtnmi, =3=:; =31. Fp. Ejt. =:5.

Kfsbpc Dbtbiarb, m Nbtjs, wms tcb fidy nbnobr fh Eutcobrt Lrmit‚s pmrty tf cmvb obbi `jddba mt tcb Omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s fi Kuib =:, =3=8. Kfsbpc wms tcb yfuilbst sfi fh Kbmi Omptjstb Dbtbiarb mdsf ìfwi ms F`jnmwms`mwj`jimn mia —Omtfecb„ mia Kfsbpctb (Erbb). Qcb I\E mlrbba tf pmy Nnb. Kfsbpctb Dbtbiarb efnpbismtjfi efnpbismtjfi hfr tcb uihfrtuimtb meejabit tcmt dba tf cbr sfi‚s abmtc obemusb fh tcb —lffa ecmrmetbr cbr cusomia mdwmys ofrb.„ Kmnbs Ojra wms fi cjs wmy tf Emrdtfi Cfusb wcbi cb stfppba mt "Rppbr Ijppfb" ifw ìfwi ms Ijpmwji fi tcb Ums`mtecbwmi Ums`mtecbwmi _jvbr, mia vjsjtba tcb Kbmi Omptjstb Dbtbiarb ajt Omtfecb, tcb hmtcbr fh tcb I\E nmi tcmt wms `jddba mt tcb Omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s. Cb rbefras ji cjs kfurimd; Abe.=1 =3=8; "Qcb Emimajmi Nmstbr fh tcjs pdmeb, Omttfecb, js hmtcbr fh tcb yfuil Cmdhorbba wcf wms `jddba ji _ba _jvbr. ?3 Cmvjil cbmra tcmt tcb fda Lbitdbnmi mdwmys ajsmpprfvba fh cjs Ufis' kfjijil ji tcmt mhhmjr mia tcmt cb cma rbprfvba Nr. Culcbs, bvbi ji tcb cbmrjil fh fur pbfpdb wjtc mdd tcb ojttbribss fh pmrbitmd lrjbh, hfr cmvjil feemsjfiba tcb abmtc fh cjs Ufi, J sbit hfr cjn wjtc m vjbw fh msebrtmjijil cjs rbmd sbitjnbits rblmrajil tcmt bvbit mia fh tcb emusb ji wcjec cjs sfi cma hmddbi. Cb aja ift sjt dfil obhfrb cb mavbrtba tf tcb suokbet ji ]ubstjfi dfmajil Nmsbrs Culcbs mia Cmdabi wjtc tcb sbvbrbst rbprfmecbs. Jt wms QCBN smja tcb fda Nmi wjtc lrbmt wmrntc wcf abprjvba nb fh ny Ufi0 Oy hdmttbrjil prfnjsbs mia mrthud jisjiumtjfis tcby jiaueba cjn hfr tcb hjrst tjnb ji cjs djhb tf ajsrblmra ny mavjeb mia tf met ji ajrbet fppfsjtjfi tf ny wjscbs0 J ibvbr, efitjiuba cb, wfuda efisbit tf cjs lfjil tf _ba _jvbr obemusb J obdjbvb tcb ousjibss cb wms tf ob bilmlba ji tf ob oftc erubd mia uikust, m suhhjejbit suhhjejbit prffh fh wcjec wms, tcb Ifrtcwbst Wrfprjbtfrs tcbnsbdvbs tcbnsbdvbs rbhrmjijil hrfn tm`jil m pmrt ji jt. \cf wms jt, cb bxedmjnba, bxedmjnba, tcmt sbit hfr ny Ufi6 Nr. Mdbxmiabr NeAfiibdd mia Nr. Auiemi Emnbrfi J miswbrba. Jt js fi fib fh tcfsb jh J bvbr sbb tcbn, smja cb, tcmt J wjdd ob rbvbilba. J prmjsba tcb fda Lbitdbnmi‚s ajsebrinbit mia djobrmdjty mia mssurba cjn tcmt tcb amy js ift hmr ajstmit wcbi cb wjdd cmvb rbmsfi tf efilrmtudmtb cjnsbdh hfr cmvjil metba wjtc suec rblmra tf tcb autjbs fh m ejvjdjzba objil mia hfr cmvjil sefriba tf ob nmab m wrbtecba tffd fh tcb Ifrtcwbst ?: Efnpmiy.„ Hrmiìfjs Hjrnji Ofuecbr (o. Ofuecbr (o. =<::); =<::);

?3

Kbmi Omptjstb Dbtbiarb (mdsf ìfwi ms F`jnmwms`mwj`jimn mia —Omtfecb„), ofri Mulust 57, =<8? ji Ufrbd (]ub.), (]ub.), cb nmrrjba nmrrjba ejrem ejrem.. =<32 ç =<32 ç dm hmìfi au pmys Kfsbpctb —Erjsb,„ m nbnobr fh tcb Erbb imtjfi, ji tcb Ifrtcwbst. Ifrtcwbst. Cb ajba ji fr mhtbr =3?<, prfomody ji Ut Ofijhmeb. Ofijhmeb. Kbmi-Omptjstb Dbtbiarb, ajt aj t Omtfecb, Omtfecb, emnb tf tcb ifrtcwbst ji tcb =<37s. Ji =<32 ― =<32 ― 38 38 cb wms bnpdfyba oy tcb Ifrtc \bst Efnpmiy ji tcb Mtcmomsem abpmrtnbit ms m —abvmit„ fr ofwsnmi. Cb js djstba ms mi jitbr prbtbr ji tcb rbljfi fh Hfrt abs Wrmjrjbs (Hfrt-ç-dm-Efrib, Ums`.) ji =371. Nmrjb-Miib Lmofury mia KbmiOmptjstb Dmljnfajbrb, wcf spbit sfnb tjnb ji tcb mrbm ji =373, mrb rbpfrtba tf cmvb nbt tcb Emimajmi Omtfecb mia cjs Erbb hmnjdy. Ji =3=7 Dbtbiarb fr cjs sfi, wcf wms mdsf emddba Kbmi-Omptjstb, wms wjtc tcb bxpdfrbr Amvja Qcfnpsfi. Ji cjs ajmry Qcfnpsfi nbitjfis tcmt Dbtbiarb mia cjs hmnjdy mrrjvba hrfn tcb rbljfi ibmr Obmvbrcjdd Dm`b (Mdobrtm), orjiljil m cuiarba fr sf obmvbr pbdts. Qcmt ybmr Dbtbiarb fr cjs sfi wbit wjtc Qcfnpsfi tf bxpdfrb tcb Mtcmomsem _jvbr ms hmr ms tcb _fe`jbs out qujt tcb bxpbajtjfi ji Kmiumry =3== mt tcb emnp fi tcb Emifb _jvbr (O.E.), m trjoutmry fh tcb Efdunojm. Ji tcb =3=7s mia =3?7s Dbtbiarb bilmlba ji tcb hur trmab fi cjs fwi meefuit ms m —hrbbnmi.„ Mdfil wjtc cjs hmnjdy cb fwiba m trmajil pfst emddba Omtfecb mt Nus`fftmf Wfjit, wbst fh Hfrt-ç-dm-Efrib Hfrt-ç-dm-Efrib fi tcb ifrtc omi` fh tcb Ums`mtecbwmi. Qcb Dbtbiarbs mdsf stmyba hfr m tjnb ji tcb _ba _jvbr Ubttdbnbit aurjil tcjs pbrjfa. Fi =: Kuib =3=8 fib fh tcbjr sfis wms `jddba Pdj`bdy Kfsbpc Dbtbiarb ajt Omtfecb ofri em. =377^ ji tcb bilmlbn bilmlbnbit bit mt Ubvbi Ubvbi Fm`s, ìfwi ìfwi ji cjstfrj cjstfrjemd emd wrjtjils wrjtjils oy tcb Nêtjs mia Hrbiec Hrbiec fh tcb wbst ms Dm Lrbifujddãrb. Qcb I\E mlrbba tf pmy Nnb Dbtbiarb efnpbismtjfi hfr tcjs uihfrtuimtb meejabit obemusb fh tcb —lffa ecmrmetbr cbr cusomia mdwmys ofrb.„ ?: =N=: O.?
Hrbiec Emimajmi Hrmiefjs Ofuecbr wcf wms wjtc Lrmit mt Ubvbi Fm`s cma obbi mi Bisjli ji tcb Ldbilmrry Ldbilmrry _bljnbit, _bljnbit, sbrvjil uiabr Lrmit‚s Lrmit‚s uiedb uiedb Mdbxmia Mdbxmiabr br Lrmit, Lrmit, aurjil aurjil tcb \mr fh =3=?. =3=?. Ofuecbr wms m Hrbiec Emimajmi wcf wms bnpdfyba ms m I\E edbr`. Wbddbtjbr smys tcmt cb cbmra Eutcobrt Lrmit, fi sbiajil Ofuecbr tf tcb lfvbrinbit pmrty, smy tf cjn0 —Lf tf tcbn, mia tbdd tcbn tf lrfuia tcbjr mrns, mia tf surrbiabr, fr wb wjdd hjrb upfi tcbn.„ 57 Ofuecbr wcf efuda spbm` Bildjsc tcbi nfvba hfrwmra tf iblftjmtb wjtc Ubnpdb. —\cmt af yfu wmit6„ —\cmt wmit6„ cb ms`ba ms`ba Ubnpd Ubnpdb. b. —\ —\cmt cmt af yfu wmit yfurs yfursbdh bdh6„ 6„ Ubnpdb Ubnpdb mi swbrba. —\b wmit fur Hfrt (Ljormdtbr),„ smja Ofuecbr. —\bdd tcbi! Lf tf yfur y fur hfrt,„ rb pdjba tcb lfvbrifr. —Zfu amniba rmsemd, yfu abstrfyba jt!„ eursba Ofuecbr. Ubnpdb tcbi obrmtba cjn hfr spbm`jil tf cjn ji tcmt wmy sbjzba tcb orjadb fh Ofuecbr‚s cfrsb mia rbmecba hfr cjs rjhdb tf ajsmrn cjn. Cb emddba hfr cjs nbi tf tm`b Ofuecbr prjsfibr. Ofuecbr kunpba tf tcb lrfuia tf bsempb mia m scft jnnbajmtbdy rmil fut, `jddjil fib fh tcb lfvbrifr‚s djbutbimits.

Ji tcb I\E rbpfrt jt js smja tcmt tcb ouddbt lrmzba Ofuecbr‚s bmr. Ofuecbr wms tm`bi ms m prjsfibr tf Nfitrbmd mia wcjdb tcbrb lmvb m abedmrmtjfi tf m kustjeb fh tcb pbmeb fi Mulust ?:, =3=8. Cb stmtba tcmt; —Cb mavmieba mdfib tf tcb Cuasfi‚s Omy pmrty tf spbm` tf tcbn, mia emnb sf ibmr Lfvbrifr Ubnpdb, tcmt tcb dmttbr tff` cfda fh tcb outt bia fh tcb abpfibit‚s lui, mia frabrba cjs pbfpdb tf mavmieb0 tcmt tcby, ift fobyjil cjn, mia tcb abpfibit smyjil tcmt jh tcby hjrba tcby wbrb mdd abma nbi. Lfvbrifr Ubnpdb smja tcmt tcby nust ift ob mhrmja, tcmt tcjs wms ift tcb tjnb hfr jt, mia tcmt tcby nust hjrb. Jnnbajmtbdy tcb abpfibit cbmra tcb rbpfrts fh twf nus`bts hjrba oy tcb Cuasfi‚s Omy pbfpdb. Qcmt mt tcjs nfnbit tcb abpfibit tcrbw cjnsbdh hrfn cjs cfrsb, stjdd cfdajil tcb nmib, mia tcmt tcb cfrsb objil mhrmja, armllba cjn ji tcjs nmiibr mofut tcb ajstmieb fh m lui scft, wcbrb cb rbnmjiba. Qcmt, hrfn tcb nfnbit cb wms tcus emrrjba mwmy oy cjs cfrsb, tcb hjrjil obemnb lbibrmd obtwbbi tcb pbfpdb fh tcb Ifrtcwbst mia tcb Cuasfi‚s Omy. Qcmt tcb hjrb wms oblui oy tcfsb fh Cuasfi‚s Omy. 5= Ms m rbsudt fh cjs pmrtjejpmtjfi Ofuecbr mia Ifr‚\bstbr Wmud Orfwi wbrb put fi trjmd mt tcb bia fh Fetfobr =3=3 hfr Ubnpdb‚s nurabr mt Zfr` (Qfrfitf). Qcby wbrb oftc mequjttba. Wbtbr K. Lmliê ji cjs off` Hrbiec Emimajmis fh tcb \bst, omsba fi m trmisdmtjfi fh Ajetjfi Ajetjfi-

imjrb Cjstfrjqub abs Emimajbis bt abs Nêtjs Hrmiìmjs ab D‚]ubst Oy D‚]ubst Oy _bvbrbia M.L. Nfrjeb, F.N.J., stmtbs; Hrmiefjs Hbrnji Ofuecbr; ;

Qcb Nbnobr fh Wmrdjmnbit wcf wms mt tcb Omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s. Cb wms m purbodffa Hrbiec-Emimajmi wcf wms bnpdfyba ms m edbr` oy tcb Ifrtc \bst Efnpmiy. Fi =: Kuib =3=8, Ofuecbr wms pmrt fh m lrfup fh Nêtjs tcmt wms trmis pfrtjil WBNNJEMI tf tcb Nfitrêmd emifb orjlmab uiabr tcb efnnmia fh Njecbd Ofurmsssm mia Mitfjib Cfudb. \cbi tcb lrfup mrrjvba mt tcb hfr` fh tcb _ba 57 5=

Efdtnmi, =3=:; =3<. Ecmrdbs Impjbr Obdd,. Qcb Obdd,. Qcb Ubd`jr` Ubttdbnbit mia Ubttdbrs.„ Ubttdbrs.„ \jiijpbl; Qcb \jiijpbl; Qcb Efnnbrejmd , =33<; =3.

mia Mssjijofjib _jvbrs ibmr Hfrt Afuldms, tcby iftjeba Lfvbrifr Ubnpdb fh tcb Cuasfi‚s Omy Efnpmiy mia cjs bitfurmlb nfvjil tfwmras tcbn, tcfulc tcby wbrb tryjil tf pmss uiiftjeba. Ofuecbr‚s lrfup nmab mi mofut-hmeb, hfrnba tcbjr rmi`s jitf m erbsebit sf ms tf `bbp tcb Bildjsc obtwbbi oftc pfjits mia wbit tf nbbt tcbn. Ofuecbr, wcf efuda spbm` Bildjsc, tcbi abtmecba cjnsbdh hrfn tcb Nêtjs mia sbt fhh tfwmras tcb lfvbrifr, jiajemtjil tcmt cb wmitba tf spbm`. —\cmt af yfu wmit6„ cb ms`ba Ubnpdb. —\cmt af yfu wmit, yfursbdh6„ Ubnpdb miswbrba. —\b wmit fur hfrt,„ PLjormdtmr^ smja Ofuecbr. —\bdd tcbi! Lf tf yfur hfrt,„ rbpdjba tcb lfvbrifr. —Zfu amniba rmsemd, yfu abstrfyba jt!„ eursba tcb Hrbiec-Emimajmi. Hrbiec-Emimajmi. Mt tcmt, Ubnpdb obrmtba tcb Hrbiec-Emimaj Hrbiec-Emimajmi mi hfr spbm`jil tf cjn dj`b tcmt, sbjzba tcb orjadb fh Ofuecbr‚s Ofuecbr‚s cfrsb mia rbmecba hfr cjs rjhdb tf ajsmrn ajsmrn cjn, emddjil hfr cjs nbi tf tm`b Ofuecbr prjsfibr. Ofuecbr tcbi kunpba tf tcb lrfuia tf bsempb mia m scft rmil fut mdnfst mdnfst jnnbajmtbdy, jnnbajmtbdy, `jddjil fib fh tcb lfvbrifr‚s lfvbrifr‚s djbutbimits. Ji tcb fhhjejmd Ifrtc \bst Efnpmiy rbpfrt, jt js smja tcmt m ouddbt lrmzba Ofuecbr‚s bmr. Ms m rbsudt fh tcb pmrt tcmt cb pdmyba ji tcjs —omttdb„ mia Ubnpdb‚s abmtc, Ofuecbr wms put fi trjmd ji Zfr` (Qfrfitf) mt tcb bia fh Fetfobr =3=3. Cb mia hbddfw Ifr‚wbstbr Wmud Orfwi wbrb ecmrlba wjtc tcb nurabr fh Lfvbrifr Ubn pdb. Qcb twf wbrb abhbiaba oy Dbvjus Wbtbrs W btbrs Ucbrwffa, wcf emddba ifib i fib ftcbr tcmi \jddjmn NELjddjvrmy Ljddjvrmy,, fib fh tcb pmrtibrs fh tcb Ifrtc Ifrtc \bst Efnpmiy, Efnpmiy, tf sbrvb ms m ecmrmetbr wjtibss hfr oftc nbi. Ofuecbr mia Orfwi wbrb mequjttba fh tcb ecmrlbs. Mt tcmt tjnb, Ofuecbr wms yfuil mia cjs hmtcbr wms m rbspbetba dmiafwibr ji Nfitrêmd. Wmud Orfwi; Orfwi wms trjba hfr Ubnpdb‚s nurabr mt Zfr` (Qfrfitf) Fetfobr =3=3 mia mequjttba. Ijecfdms Auecmrnb ji cjs abpfsjtjfi stmtbs cmvjil sbbi Orfwi mt tcb Lrbifujddjbrb mt m pbrjfa, wcjec rbiabrs jt, ji cjs fpjijfi, jnpfssjodb tcmt cb scfuda cmvb obbi ji tcb omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s. Ecm-ib-ems-tmi; Ecmibemstmi mppbmrs fi djsts fh pmrtjejpmits out iftcjil hurtcbr js ìfwi. Efutfimcmjs; Efutfimcmjs fr Efutfimcm, abserjoba ms m —Cmdh Orbba„, wms fib fh tcb I\E nbi prbvjfusdy empturba oy tcb COE Ucbrjhh mt Wbnojim mia jnprjsfiba mt Hfrt Afuldms. Wjbrrb Ut. Lbrnmji dmtbr tbstjh tbstjhjbs jbs tcmt tcmt mt tcb Omttd Omttdbb fh Ubvb Ubvbi i Fm`s Fm`s tcmt tcmt —fib —fib Eftfi Eftfifcm fcmyb yb cma cma tcb lfvbri lfvbrifr‚ fr‚ss afuod afuodbb omrrbdba lui0 tcmt miftcbr, wcfsb imnb cb afbs ift rbefddbet, rbefddbet, cma cjs pjstfds0 mia tcmt cb rbeflijzba sbvbrmd mrtjedbs fh tcb edftcbs fh tcb lbitdbnbi `jddba, wfri oy ftcbr Cmdh-Orbbas„. 5?

Eftfi-imc-cmjs wms tcb Ecjppbwm imnb hfr Dmilê fr Dmilbr. Qcjs nmi js dj`bdy Hrmiefjs Dmilbr ofri ji =<:1. Cb wms nmrrjba tf Nmrlubrjtb Lbfrlb (Ujfux) ofri ji =<:8. Ecmrdbs Absecmnps; Ecmrdbs Absecmnps wms tcb tcjra sfi fh Hrmiìfjs Absecmnps Ur. Hrmiìfjs Absecmnps Kr.; 5?

Joja.

Hrmiìfjs, mdtcfulc omrbdy jitf cjs tbbis, wms wjtc cjs hmtcbr mia Eutcobrt Lrmit mt tcb Omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s ji =3=8 fi Hrfl Wdmji. Qcb hmnjdy nfvba tf tcb uppbr Njssfurj _jvbr ji =3?<. Ji =35?, cb wms bnpdfyba wjtc Wrjieb Nmxjnjdjmi fh \bja‚s bxpbajtjfi tf tcb Fda Ifrtcwbst. Qcb Wrjieb iftba tcmt Hrmiìfjs wms ormvb ji efnomt mia mi bxebddbit nmr`snmi. Ji =355, Absecmnps wms mi jitbrprbtbr mt Hfrt \jddjmn fi tcb uppbr Njssfurj mia ji =352 wms wfr`jil ji tcb smnb empmejty mt Hfrt Rijfi. Oy mdd rbpfrts tcb hmnjdy wms jivfdvba ji rfoobrjbs mia ftcbr vjfdbit metjvjtjbs. Qcb Absecmnps hmnjdy cma mi filfjil hbua wjtc Kbmi-Omptjstb Lmrajbpy, cjs hmtcbr‚s `jddbr. Ji rbvbilb hfr tcjs, tcby `jddba Kme` _bn wcfsb sfi tcby cma `jddba bmrdjbr ji m arui`bi ormwd. Ms m rbsudt ji =358, tcb rbsjabits fh Hfrt Rijfi rbsfdvba tf rja tcbnsbdvbs fh tcjs prfodbn hmnjdy. Qcb Absecmnps wbrb cfdba up ji tcb Hfrt, Nrs. Absecmnps emnb fut wjtc m pbmeb pjpb tf iblftjmtb mia wms jnnbajmtbdy scft tcrfulc tcb cbmrt. Qcb pfpudmeb tcbi `jddba cbr bjlct ecjdarbi, fib fh 55 wcfn wms fidy tbi ybmrs fda. Hrmiìfjs Bif ajt Abdfrnb51 (Mibbo) stmtba tcmt Ofurmssm mia Wrjnbmu, twf fh tcb Cmdh-orbbas prbsbit mt tcb omttdb, tfda cjn tcmt jt wms Fda Absecmnps Absecmnps mia yfuilbr sfi wcf ajspmtecba tcb wfuiaba, cmvjil, ms Ofurmssm smja, rbnmjiba obcjia oy tcb mavjeb fh tcb twf Cfudbs mia ftcbrs0 tcmt cb uiabrstffa jt wms tcby mdsf wcf cma tcb dmrlbst scmrb fh tcb pjddmlb, mia tcmt nmiy fh tcb Cmdh-Orbbas cma tfda cjn, tcmt fda Absecmnps cma bvbi tm`bi fhh tcb odffay scjrts, mia wms wmscjil tcbn tjdd tcby tcbnsbdvbs erjba fut scmnb fi cjn0 tcmt cb cma mdsf sbbi tcb cmts fh Lfvbrifr Ubnpdb mia Nr. \jd`jisfi ji tcb pfssbssjfi fh tcb twf bdabr sfis fh fda Absecmnps, fh wcfn Hrmiìfjs stmtba ji cjs prbsbieb tcmt cb cma cjnsbdh `jddba sjx, mia cjs yfuilbr orftcbr hfur 52 pbrsfis. Ufuejssb stmtba ji cjs tbstjnfiy tf Efdtnmi tcmt jt wms uijvbrsmddy rbpfrtba tcmt tcb erubdtjbs efnnjttba mhtbr tcb omttdb wbrb tcb mets fh Absecmnps mia cjs sfis0 mia tcmt tcb rbpfrts wbrb mp pmrbitdy sf wbdd hfuiaba tcmt cb cms if afuot fh tcb trutc tcbrbfh, mia ji efisbqubieb efisbqubieb wcbi cb nbt tcb smja Absecmnps, cb rbhusba cjn cjs cmia obhfrb m dmrlb pmrty, mia puodjedy mssjliba tcb rbmsfi0 mia tcmt if fib bdsb cms bvbr obbi imnba tf cjn ms cmvjil tm`bi pmrt ji tcb smja erubdtjbs.58 Hrmiìfjs Absecmnps Ur.; Hrmiìfjs wms m wbdd-ìfwi I\E bihfrebr aurjil tcb Wbnnjemi \mrs. Cb wms jivfdvba ji tcb empturb fh Kfci NeDbfa mia cjs jitbrprbtbr Kme` _bn @jpdjil mt Qurtdb _jvbr (ji wcmt js ifw Ifrtc Am`ftm) fi Hborumry : mia =7, =3=2. Ji Nmrec =3=2 Hrmiìfjs mia cjs sfi Kfsbpc rfooba COE bnpdfybb Wmt ]ujii fh cjs nus`bt mia mnnuijtjfi. Fi Nmy =1, =3=2, Absecmnps mia ftcbrs empturba mia rfooba Kmnbs Ojra mia Kmnbs Uutcbrdmia ji tcb ]u‚Mppbddb Xmddby. Ji tcb sunnbr fh =3=2 fi Kuib ?3, Absecmnps wms wjtc tcb lrfup fh 87 Ifrwbstbr‚s wcf ouriba tcb _ba _jvbr Efdfiy. Cjs sfis, Kfsbpc mia Hrmiìfjs Kr. wbrb mdsf tcbrb. Hrmiìfjs Ur. js hjrst djstba oy tcb I\E wfr`jil mt _fe`y Nfuitmji Cfusb mia Hfrt abs Wrmjrjbs ji =<::. Cjs orftcbr ]ufibt Absecmnps wms mdsf wbdd ìfwi ji tcb hur trmab. Ji =371, cb js djstba 55

_fobrt \. Qcfnsfi. —Qcjs \je`ba Hmnjdy.„ Nfitmim; Hmnjdy.„ Nfitmim; Qcb Nmlmzjib fh \bstbri Cjstfry, Cjstfry, \jitbr ?771; ?-=2. 51 Hrmiefjs Abdfrnb ajt Cbimudt wms ofri =<8< ji Obrtcjbr, ]ubobe. Bnpdfyba oy tcb I\E cb wms stmtjfiba fi tcb Dfwbr _ba _jvbr wcbrb cb nmrrjba Nmabdbjib Umudtbmux. Abdfrnb js hfuia fi tcb =3?: Ut. Hrmiefjs Smvjbr Ebisus. 52 Efdtnmi, p. =:?-5. 58 Joja.

ms mi jitbrprbtbr mt Hfrt abs Wrmjrjbs. Mnfilst tcb pbrsfis pmrtjeudmrdy nbitjfiba ji tcb abpfsjtjfis, ms cmvjil pmrtjejpmtba ji tcb nfrb durja abmtcs, js Hrmiìfjs Absecmnps, m Emimajbi, wcf cma tcrbb sfis, (Cmdh-Orbbas) prbsbit wjtc cjn ji tcb omttdb, Hrmiìfjs, Kfsbpc efnnfidy emddba Lrfssbtëtb, mia tcb yfuilbst wcfsb imnb js ift nbitjfiba0 out js dj`bdy Ecmrdbs Absecmnps. Cb wms meeusba fh hjijscjil fhh Ubnpdb. Ecmrdbs Obddblrmab stmtba tcmt cb smw sfnb fh Lfvbrifr Ubnpdb‚s edftcbs ji tcb pfssbssjfi fh Hrmiìfjs Absecmnps, tcb sfi. 5< M Emimajbi bnpdfyba ibmr tcb _fe`y Nfuitmjis ji tcb dmtb =377s0 oy =371 cb cma tm`bi mi Jiajmi wjhb mia wms tcb jitbr prbtbr mt Hfrt abs Wrmjrjbs. Qcb hmnjdy hjimddy nfvba tf Wbnojim tcbi tf tcb Rppbr Njssfurj _jvbr mt Hfrt Rijfi. Kfsbpc Wbddbtjbr ajt Mssjijofjib stmtba pfsjtjvbdy, tcmt aurjil tcb Omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s cb smw tcb hmtcbr `jdd fib fh tcb wfuiaba, mia pduiabr tcb ofay fh Lfvbrifr Ubnpdb0 cb 53 mdsf nbitjfis cmvjil sbbi tcb edftcbs fh tcb ftcbrs ji tcb pfssbssjfi fh tcb sfis.

Ji =351 mt Hfrt Rijfi, Absecmnps sfis lft arui` mia snmscba ji tcb cbma fh Kme` _bn‚s =: ybmr-fda sfi, `jddjil cjn. Ji rbvbilb _bn‚s hmnjdy mia Kbmi Omptjstb Lmrajbpy abejaba tf `jdd Hrmiefjs mia cjs sfi fh tcb smnb imnb. Qcby `jddba tcb hmtcbr mia lrmvbdy wfuiaba cjs sfi fi 5: Kudy ?5, =352. Kfsbpc —Dm Lrfssbtëtb„ Absecmnps; Qcjs wms tcb sfi fh Hrmiìfjs Absecmnps Ur. mia orftcbr fh Hrmiìfjs Absecmnps Kr. Nmrsbddfjs nbitjfis tcb ejreunstmieb fh Nr. _flbrs objil `jddba wcbi ms`jil qumrtbr0 out smys jt wms afib oy fib fh tcb Absecmnps, Absecmnps, emddba —Lrfssbtëtb„, —Lrfssbtëtb„, m hmet wcjec Absnmrmjs Absnmrmjs mdsf mttbsts tf cmvb obbi tcb lbibrmd rbpfrt0 mia cb wms urlba fi oy cjs hmtcbr, m Emimajbi, wcf erjba fut —If pmrafi!„ 17

Kbmi-Omptjstb Absnmrmjs; Absnmrmjs wms m dfil-tjnb rbsjabit fh tcb mrbm cmvjil sbrvba uiabr I\E dbmabr Mdbxmiabr Cbiry tcb Zfuilbr. Kbmi-Omptjstb wms mt Wbnojim ji =<:5, mt tcb I\E Ufurjs _jvbr Wfst ji =<:8 mia wms pmrt fh tcb _ba _jvbr Orjlmab fh =377-=37= ms mi jitbrprbtbr trmvbdjil wjtc cjs wjhb, Kfsbpctb —Umutbusb„ mia twf ecjdarbi. Qcbjr sfi Hrmiefjs wms ofri mofut =371. Kbmi-Omptjstb js djstba ms m Xfymlbur Hfrbnmi ji =371 wjtc tcb I\E. Ji Nmrec fh =3=1, ji tcb Am`ftm Qbrrjtfry, cb wms rfooba fh cjs prfvjsjfis mt luipfjit oy =2 nbi sbit oy Njdbs NeAfiibdd tcb lfvbrifr fh Ubd`jr`‚s efdfiy. Cb sbrvba uitjd =3?7 mt Dfwbr _ba _jvbr, Hfrt Abs Wrmjrjbs, _ba _jvbr, Hfrt \jddjmn, Nfitrbmd mia _ba _jvbr. Cjs I\E sbrvjeb rbefra js scfwi obdfw.

5<

Joja. Joja. 5: _fobrt \. Qcfnsfi. Qcfnsfi. —Qcjs \je`ba Hmnjdy.„ Hmnjdy.„ Nfitmim; Qcb Nmlmzjib Nmlmzjib fh \bstbri \bstbri Cjstfry, Cjstfry, \jitbr ?771; ?-=2. 17 Efdtnmi, =:=:; =3<. 53

Ijecfdms Auecmrnb ajt Ecmrfi; Ijecfdms-Mitfjib Ijecfdms-Mitfjib Auecmrnb Auecmrnb wms tcb sfi fh Ecmrdbs Auecmrnb hrfn Obrtcjbr, ]ubobe. Ji =371 cb wms bnpdfyba oy tcb I\E ms m lujab mt Hfrt Amupcji. Ufnbtjnb obhfrb =3=?, cb nmrrjba Lbibvjbvb Erbb. Qcby cma m sfi emddba Ecmrdbs. Obhfrb =3=3 cb tff` miftcbr efuitry wjhb, Ecmrdfttb dfttb Umudt Umudtbm bmux ux Mojife Mojifecb cb,, tcby tcby cma cma sjx ecjda ecjdarbi rbi obtwb obtwbbi bi =3=3 =3=3 mia =351. =351. Oy cjs abpfsj abpfsjtjf tjfi i Auecmrnb stmtbs tcmt cb cma sbbi Orfwi mt tcb Lrbifujddjãrb pdmji aurjil m pbrjfa wcjec rbiabrba jt jnpfssjodb tcmt cb scfuda cmvb obbi ji tcb omttdb. Aupdjejs; Aupdjejs mppbmrs fi djsts fh pmrtjejpmits out iftcjil hurtcbr js ìfwi. Wjbrrb Hmdefi; (=<35-=3<8) Hmdefi; (=<35-=3<8) Wjbrrb Hmdefi wms ofri fi Kuib 1, =<35 mt Bdofw Hfrt ji tcb Uwmi _jvbr Xmddby. Cjs hmtcbr, KbmiOmptjstb wms m hur trmabr mia edbr` wjtc tcb Ifrtc \bst Efnpmiy ji tcb _ba _jvbr ajstrjet mia cjs nftcbr wms m Erbb Jiajmi, tcb amulctbr fh Wms mu Qrmvbrsb. Ji =<::, Hmdefi trmvbdba bmst wjtc cjs hmtcbr mia rbebjvba cjs bauemtjfi ji Dm Wrmjrjb, Dfwbr Emimam. Cb rbturiba tf tcb wbst mt mofut hjhtbbi ybmrs fh mlb mia cb obemnb m edbr` wjtc tcb Ifrtc \bst Efnpmiy. Wjbrrb js ìfwi tf cmvb wfr`ba ji m vmrjbty fh mrbms; tcb Hfrt \jddjmn-_mjiy Dm`b ajstrjet, tcb ifrtcbri rbljfis fh Dm`b fh tcb \ffas mia Nfitmlib dm Ofssb jitf tcb ]u' Mppbddb Xmddby, wcbrb cb rbsjaba mt Hfrt Wbddy hfr sfnb tjnb. Qcb autjbs cb pbrhfrnba rmilba hrfn m edbr` tf trmvbdjil hur ouybr. Ji =3=?, Hmdefi nmrrjba Eutcobrt Lrmit‚s sjstbr Nmrjb, mia ji =3?2 tcby sbttdba wbst fh \jiijpbl ji tcb ibwdy bstmodjscba Lrmitfwi (Ut. Hrmiìfjs Smvjbr). Qcby cma tcrbb sfis mia hfur amulctbrs wcfn Hmdefi suppfrtba ms m sueebsshud rmiecbr. Ji Kudy fh =3=8, Hmdefi wms bi rfutb hrfn Hfrt ]u' Mppbddb, wcbrb cb mia cjs nbi cma sbjzba COE prfvjsjfis, Cb nbt up wjtc Eutcobrt Lrmit ji tcb Ufurjs _jvbr mrbm. Lrmit rbqubstba tcmt Hmdefi dbmvb cjs emifb orjlmab tf cbdp bsefrt tcb I\E pbnnjemi pmst tcb COE's Hfrt Afuldms. Qcrbb `jdfnbtbrs ifrtc fh tcb hfr`s fh tcb _ba mia Mssjijofjib rjvbrs, Lrmit dba twf lrfups fh cjs nbi merfss Hrfl Wdmji. Hmdefi mppmrbitdy mrrjvba ji tcb njaadb fh tcb omttdb mia tfda ftcbrs tcmt cb aja wjtibss tcb abmtc fh Lfvbrifr Ubnpdb. Aurjil tcb vjetfry ebdbormtjfis fi tcb bvbijil fh

tcb omttdb, Wjbrrb Hmdefi js smja tf cmvb efnpfsba —Dm Ecmisfi ab dm Lrbifujddãrb„ fr tcb —Omddma fh Hrfl Wdmji„, m sfil tcmt jnnfrtmdjzba tcb Omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s mia maaba tf cjs fwi iftfrjbty. Mdbxmiabr Hrmsbr; Hrmsbr, cma rbebjvba cjs bauemtjfi ji Emimam mia wms fieb m edbr` ji tcb eustfn cfusb mt ]ubobe. Mhtbrwmras cb wms mppfjitba ms m I\E edbr` oy Mdbxmiabr Nmeafiibdd. Hrmsbr wms ecmrlba out prfvba tf ob ift prbsbit mt tcb omttdb. Hrmiìfjs Lmrjbpy Ur.; (=<:<-=32=) Ur.; (=<:<-=32=) Hrmiìfjs wms nmrrjba ji =3?1 tf Dfujsb Ldmau mt Wbnojim (o. =377, tcb amulctbr fh Ecmrdbs Ldmau Ur. mia Nmrlubrjtb _fss. Fib fh tcbjr sfis, Wjbrrb, wms nmrrjba tf Eutcobrt Lrmit‚s amulctbr Nmrjb _fsb Lrmit. Qcjs hmnjdy djvba mt oftc Wbnojim mia Ut. Hrmiìfjs Smvjbr. Kfsbpc Cbss(b); Fi Nmrec =:, =3=8, Mdbxmiabr NeAfiibdd (COE Ucbrjhh), Kfci Wrjtecmra, Kfci NeDbfa mia ftcbrs tm`b pfssbssjfi fh tcb I\E hfrt mt Wbnojim. Ofstfimjs Wmilnmi, Hrmsbr, Cbssb mia Eftfimcm wbrb mdd nmab prjsfibrs. Mhtbr objil cbda mt Hfrt Ambr, tcby wbrb mdd sbit tf _ba rjvbr mia cbda mt Hfrt Afuldms. Cb wms mt Hfrt Ljormdtbr wjtc m iunobr fh nbi wcf mttme`ba Hfrt Afuldms fi Kuib ==, =3=2. Cb mia ftcbrs tcbi ourit afwi tcb momiafiba cfusbs fh tcb Ubd`jr` Ubttdbrs. Mhtbr tcb omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s, cb wms jihfrnba tcmt wjda mijnmds wbrb ajsturojil tcb pffrdy ourjba ofajbs fh tcb COE nbi mia cb sbit twf nbi tf prfpbrdy oury tcb rbnmjis. Qcbi ji Fetfobr =3=2, Mdbxmiabr NmeDbmi, Njecmbd Cmyabi, mia Kfci Ofur`b mrrbstba I\E nbi, Auiemi Emnbrfi, Ubrmpcjn Dmnmr mia Ecmrdbs Cbss mia jnprjsfiba tcbn mt Hfrt Afuldms. NeDbmi mia Ofur`b tcbi dba mi mrnba lrfup wjtc hjxba omyfibts tf empturb Hfrt Ljormdtbr wcbrb tcby dfftba tcb hfrt. Qcby wbrb ji tcb prfebss fh sbiajil Emnbrfi, Dmnmr mia Cbss tf Cuasfi‚s Omy hfr trmispfrt tf Bildmia wcbi Efdji _fobrtsfi jitbrvbiba mia rbdbmsba tcbn. 1= Kfsbpc Cuppê; Kfsbpc Cuppê , ofri Nmrec 8, =<33, mt Ecmrdbsofurl, ]ubobe, tcb sfi fh Qcfnms Dm Erfjx ajt Cuppê mia Nmrjb Kfsbpctb Kfoji. Cuppê wms bnpdfyba wjtc tcb I\E ms m —Ofutb„ (bia pfsjtjfi ji emifb) hrfn =3==-=3?= fi tcb Dfwbr _ba _jvbr. Cb nmrrjba Nmrlubrjtb Nmrebddmjs ji =3=2 mt Ut. Ofijhmeb. Mhtbr =3?= cb js djstba ms m Hrbbnmi djvjil mt tcb _ba _jvbr Ubttdbnbit wjtc cjs wjhb Nmrlubrjtb Nmrebddmjs (o. =<:5) mia tcbjr ecjdarbi Kfsbpc mia Jsjafrb. Cjs I\E sbrvjeb rbefra js scfwi obdfw.

1=

Mdbxmiabr NeAfibdd, =3=:; 18-1<.

@m-tbb-tbm-lffsb; @mtbbtbmlffsb wms meeusba fh hjrjil tcb hjrst scft, out tcb bvjabieb aja ift suppfrt tcjs. Dfujs Dmebrtb Kr.; Dfujs Dmebrtb Kr. wms ofri Abe. ?<, =<3?, tcb sfi fh Dfujs Dmebrtb mia Hrmiìfjsb mi Jiajmi. Dfujs Dfujs Dmebrtb Dmebrtb nmrrjba nmrrjba Nmrjb Nmrjb Kfsbpctb Kfsbpctb Nmrtji (o. =<:<) =<:<) fh tcb Mtcmomsem Mtcmomsem Ajstrjet Ajstrjet ji =3?< mt Arunnfia Jsdmia. Oftc cb mia cjs hmtcbr wbrb vfymlburs. Cb js scfwi ji tcb I\E rbefras ji =3==-=3=8 mt Dm`b \jiijpbl/Eunobrdmia Cfusb, =3=<-=3=3 mt _ba _jvbr, =3=3-=3?= mt Hfrt abs Wrmjrjbs, cb tcbi trmishbrrba tf tcb COE mt tcb tjnb fh uijfi. Cb mia cjs hmnjdy dmtbr djvba mt Ut. Hrmiìfjs Smvjbr. Qcby wbrb biunbrmtba ji tcb _ba _jvbr Ebisus ji =352 mt Lrmitfwi, mt tcb tjnb tcb efupdb cma tcrbb sfis mia tcrbb amulctbrs, mia wbrb hmrnjil fib merb. Dmebrtb wms meeusba fh tcbhts hrfn tcb abma mt Ubvbi Fm`s. Wjbrrb Ut. Lbrnmji, stmtbs tcmt cb smw Dmebr Dmebrtb tb wbmrji wbmrjil l m wmtec wmtec mia mia sjd` sjd` smsc, smsc, wcjec wcjec cb obdjbv obdjbvba ba tf cmvb cmvb obbi obbi tcb Lfvbrif Lfvbrifr‚s r‚s.. 1? Dmebrtb‚s I\E sbrvjeb rbefra js scfwi obdfw.

1?

Efdtnmi, Efdtnmi, p. =:5.

Omptjstb Dmhfitmjib; Dmhfitmjib; Omptjstb Dmhfitmjib wms ofri ji =<:: ji tcb I\Q, tcb sfi fh Kbmi Omptjstb Dmhfitmjib mia m Ujfux wfnmi. Cb nmrrjba Nmrjb Dmrfequb ajt _fecbodmvb fi Kuib 8, =3?2 mt Ut. Ofijhmeb, scb ajba ji Mulust fh tcb smnb ybmr. Cb tcbi nmrrjba Nmabdbjib Nfrji. Qcby wbrb biunbrmtba ji tcb _ba _jvbr Ebisus fh =3?3 mt wcjec pfjit tcby mia tcbjr tcrbb sfis wbrb djvjil wjtc Eutcobrt Lrmit mt Lrmitfwi. Qcby mrb scfwi ms djvjil fi tcbjr fwi, hmrnjil sjx merbs ji tcb =3?: ebisus. Ecjdarbi; 

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Hrmiefj Hrmiefjss Ucmnimj Ucmnimjss ajt Hfitmjib Hfitmjib ajt Dmhfit Dmhfitmji mjib, b, ofri ofri obhfrb obhfrb =3?2. Cb nmrrjb nmrrjba a Nmabdbjib Wmrjsjbi. Kbmi —Omptjstb„ —Omptjstb„ Dmhfitmjib Dmhfitmjib Kr., ofri mofut =3?80 nmrrjba nmrrjba Hrmiefjsb Hrmiefjsb Nmrtji tcbi Nmtjdab Lmrjbpy. Emdjxtb Dmhfitmjib ofri ji tcb —sprjil„ —sprjil„ =3?8.

Ms m tbbimlbr Omptjstb wms pmrt fh Eutcobrt Lrmit‚s lrfup mt tcb Omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s fi Kuib =:, =3=8. Omptjstb Dmhfitmjib mia Hrmiìfjs Ofif wbrb pmrt fh Lrmit‚s lrfup tcmt wbrb ji mavmieb fh tcb nmji pmrty mia rbturiba tf tcb omttdb sebib hrfn Hrfl Wdmji. Mt trjmd m efpy fh tcbjr frmd bvjabieb wms pdmeba fi rbefra. Dmhfitmjib tbstjhjba tcmt tcb emusbs fh tcb lrbmtbr iunobr fh tcb Bildjsc efdfijsts `jddba, wbrb, tcmt tcby `bpt tflbtcbr ji m ofay, wcjdst tcb Cmdh-Orbbas `bpt kunpjil mofut, tcrfwjil tcbnsbdvbs afwi wcjdst dfmajil, fr tcb bibny mjnjil mt tcbn mia wbrb semttbrba fvbr tcb lrfuia tf m lrbmtbr bxtbit tcbi Ubnpdb‚s nbi. Hrmiìfjs Ofif stmtba tcmt cb cma hmddbi hrfn cjs cfrsb mia wms ift prbsbit aurjil tcb omttdb. 15 Dmtbr cb wms m rbifwiba ouhhmdf cuitbr. \cjdb mt Hfrt Rijfi fi tcb Njssfurj _jvbr _uafdh @urz wrjtbs;

Omptjstb Dmhfitmjib, tcb hmtcbr fh fur ibw trmabr wms tcb obst ouhhmdf cuitbr bvbr ìfwi ji tcb rbljfi. —Cb efvbrba fib Bildjsc njdb ji 8 njiutbs mia scft, ji hdjlct, 15

—_bpfrt fh tcb Wrfebbajils Efiibetba wjtc tcb Ajsputbs obtwbbi tcb Bmrd fh Ubd`jr` mia tcb Ifrtc-\bst Efnpmiy mt tcb Mssjzbs Cbda mt Zfr` ji Rppbr Emimam, Fetfobr =3=3.„ Orfwi mia Ofuecbr trjmd trmiserjpt mt pp. ?1:-?27. ?1:-?27.

=? efws‑tcmt js, twf bvbry njiutb‑ iftwjtcstmiajil tcmt efws rui nuec hmstbr tcmi oudds. Dmhfitmjib wbjlcba ?57 pfuias, out smt cjs cfrsb sf djlctdy mia efn11 hfrtmody hfrtmody tcmt tcb obmst wms ift sbisjodb sbisjodb fh cjs wbjlct.„ Ubrmpcji Dmnmrrb; Ubrmpcji Dmnmrrb wms m I\E edbr` mia jitbrprbtbr. Cb wms hjrst stmtjfiba mt Audutc tcbi wms mi bisjli ji tcb rbljnbit fh vfymlburs aurjil tcb \mr fh =3=?, tcbi wms imnba Nmkfr fh tcb Jiajmi trjobs mia efiqubrba dmias, mhtbr tcb surrbiabr fh Njecjdjnmecjime. Hrfn tcbrb cb wms mssjliba tf _ba _jvbr. Cb wms mt Hfrt Ljormdtbr wjtc m iunobr fh nbi wcf mttme`ba Hfrt Afuldms fi Kuib ==, =3=2. Cb mia ftcbrs tcbi ourit afwi tcb momiafiba cfusbs fh tcb Ubd`jr` Ubttdbrs. Mhtbr tcb omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s, cb wms jihfrnba tcmt wjda mijnmds wbrb ajsturojil tcb pffrdy ourjba ofajbs fh tcb COE nbi mia cb sbit twf nbi tf prfpbrdy oury tcb rbnmjis. Fi Fetfobr =3=3 cb wms orfulct tf Zfr` tf stmia trjmd hfr mjajil tcb Nbtjs mhtbr tcb omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s. Cb ajba obhfrb tcb trjmd tff` pdmeb. Kbmi-Omptjstb Dmtfur ajt Dmtfurbddb; Dmtfur mppbmrs fi djsts fh pmrtjejpmits. Qcjs efuda ob fib fh tcb Kbrfnb ajt Dmtfur Dmtfur hmnjdy mia m rbdmtjvb fh Wjbrrb Kbrfnb ajt Dmtfur Dmtfur wcf wms mi bnpdfybb fh tcb I\E ibmr tcb _fe`y Nfuitmjis ji =<:: mia dmtbr mi jitbrprbtbr mt Hfrt abs Wrmjrjbs (Banfitfi). Kbmi Omptjstb wms ofri ji =<:<. Cb mppbmrs fi tcb _ba _jvbr Ebisus mt Lrmitfwi obtwbbi =3?< mia =355. Ji =3?< cb js scfwi ms nmrrjba wjtc m sfi uiabr =8 mia fib amulctbr uiabr =2. Fi tcb =352 ebisus tcb efupdb js scfwi wjtc tcrbb sfis uiabr =8, mia tcrbb amulctbrs uiabr =2. Mulustji Dmvjlib; Mulustji wms hrfn Dmecjib ibmr Nfitrbmd. Cb wms erbajtba wjtc smvjil tcb djhb fh Kfci Wrjtecmra aurjil tcb Omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s. Mulustji cmiaba Wrjtecmra fvbr tf Nfrji ìfwi ms Wbrrmudt, mia Nmlub wcf tff` cjn tf Lrmit‚s emnp. Nmecjemofu metumddy —Nmul-b-lmw-ofw„; —Nmul-b-lmw-ofw„; Nmul-b-lmw-ofw (—Utbppjil Mcbma„ fr —Utmrts tf Utmia„) wms m sjlimtfry tf tcb Hfia au Dme Qrbmty fh =3?8.12 Cb cms obbi abserjoba ms m Ecjbh dfil mssfejmtba wjtc tcb Ifrtcwbst Efnpmiy mia rbsjabit mt Dbbec Dm`b. Cb js mdsf abserjoba ms m Njabwbwji Nbajejib nmi. Nmul-b-lmw ofw wms meeusba meeusba fh hjijscjil fhh Ubnpdb. Mrecjomda NeDbfa rbpfrtba tf Efdbnmi; —Qcb lfvbrifr obllba hfr cjs djhb mhtbr cb wms wfuiaba sbvbrbdy, wcjec tcb cmdh orbbas lrmitba mia fib fh tcbn stffa oy tf prftbet cjn, out mi Jiajmi wcfsb ecjda cma ajba ji tcb wjitbr mia tf wcfn tcb lfvbrifr tfda fi tcb pdbijtuab fh cjs efihjabieb tcmt cb dfst cjs ecjda hfr cjs mttmecnbit tf tcb I\E, tfda tcb lfvbrifr tfamy –yfu nust hfddfw ny ecjda ms yfu ofmstba jt wms nbajejib `jddba cjn,‚ sf smyjil cb scft cjn.

11

_uafdpc Hrbjabrjec @urz. Kfurimd; Mi Meefuit fh Cjs Bxpbrjbiebs Mnfil hur Qrmabrs mia Mnbrjemi Jiajmis =318-=32?. =318-=32?. \mscjiltfi; Unjtcsfijmi Jistjtutjfi, Ourbmu fh Mnbrjemi Btcifdfly Ouddbtji ==2, =:5<; =:1. 12 Utbppjil Mcbma wms m abdblmtb fh fi fh tcb Wjddmlbr Omias mt Erfw \jil _jvbr. Qcb hjrst trbmty fh Hfia au Dme ji =3?8 wms sjliba oy Dbwjs Emss mia Qcfnms D. Ne@biiy hfr tcb Rijtba Utmtbs mia rbprbsbitmtjvbs fh tcb Fkjowb fh Dm`b Uupbrjfr mia tcb Njssjssjppj fi Mulust 2, =3?8 mia prfedmjnba fi Hborumry <, =3?<.

Dfujs Xmssbur smja —mi Jiajmi wcf rbeflijzba Ubnpdb mia odmnba cjn hfr tcb abmtc fh cjs ecjda, scft Ubnpdb ji tcb ecbst mia `jddba cjn.„ Efdtnmi smys; —Ifw tcb Jiajmis ji tcbjr efuiejd stmtba tf nb, tcmt fh tcb tcrbb prbsbit fi tcb feemsjfi, fib rmi mwmy ms sffi ms tcb omttdb oblmi0 mia Nmecjemomfu smja, tcmt cb cja cjnsbdh ji m cfdb ji tcb lrfuia jnnbajmtbdy mhtbr tcb hjrst scfts, mia efitjiuba tcbrb tjdd tcb omttdb wms ibmrdy fvbr.„ Mt trjmd Njecmbd Nmrtji smja tcmt cb smw mi Jiajmi oy tcb imnb fh —Hjds ab dm Efribjddb„ (sfi fh tcb Erfw) `jdd Lfvbrifr Ubnpdb. 18 Dfujs Nmlbmu fr Nmkbmu; Dfujs bidjstba wjtc tcb I\E Mtcmomsem ajstrjet ji =3== cb wms mt _mjiby Dm`b ji =3=5. Hrfn =3=1 tf =3=<, cb wms mssjliba tf Eunobrdmia Cfusb. Hrfn =3=3 tf =3?=, cb wms mt Bildjsc _jvbr. Cb js tcb Nmlbmu wcf tff` pmrt ji tcb omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s mia tff` Kfci Wrjtecmra ms m prjsfibr tf tcb Nbtjs emnp mhtbr Mulustji Dmvjlib smvba Wrjtecmra‚s Wrjtecmra‚s djhb. Cb wms stjdd m I\E bnpdfybb wcbi cb mia Wjbrrb Ofuecbr wbrb tm`bi prjsfibr oy tcb COE ji =3=: mdfil wjtc Kfci Auiemi Emnpobdd mia Obikmnji Hrfojscbr mia ecmrlba ms m —Wrjiejpmd ji tcb Nurabr fh tcb dmtb Lfvbrifr Ubnpdb.„ Cb wms mequjttba mia wbit fi tf cmvb m dfil emrbbr wjtc tcb COE. Hrfn =3?= tf =3?1 cb wms m sbrvmit wjtc tcb COE mia =3?1 tf =3?8 cb js djstba ms mi COE Jitbrprbtbr. Nmkbmu‚s sbrvjeb rbefra js scfwi obdfw.

Kbmi-Omptjstb Nmrsbjddmjs; Nmrsbjddmjs; Omptjst Omptjstbb wms ofri ejrem ejrem =<8<. Cb js djstba djstba ji tcb _ba _jvbr _jvbr Ebisus hfr ybmrs, =3?<, =3?<, =357, =35=55, =352, =353, =317 mia =315. Ji =3?< cb js djvjil wjtc cjs wjhb, twf sfis fvbr =8 mia twf amulctbrs uiabr =2. Qcby cmvb m cfusb mia mrb hmrnjil tcrbb merbs. Oy =:55 tcby mrb hmrnjil =5 merbs. Efdtnmi‚s rbpfrt stmtbs;

18

Fp. ejt., mt p. ?28.

Qcb abpfsjtjfis fh Kfsbpc Wbddbtjbr ajt Mssjijofjib mia Kbmi Omptjstb Nmrsbjddmjs Cmdh Orbbas, wcf wbrb prbsbit mt tcb omttdb, out wcf cmvb sjieb nmab tcbjr suonjssjfi tf tcb Bmrd fh Ubd`jr`, mia mrb bjtcbr ji tcb sbrvjeb fr djvjil uiabr tcb prftbetjfi fh tcb efdfiy, mia wbrb bxmnjiba mt cjs Dfrascjp‚s jistmieb, mlrbb lbibrmddy ji tcb hfrblfjil (Cmyafi‚s) meefuit fh tcb mhhrmy, bxebpt fidy ms tf Cmyabi‚s stmtbnbit fh tcb hjrst scft objil hjrba fi tcb sjab fh tcb Cmdh-Orbbas, wcjec tcby pfsjtjvbdy abiy0 mia oftc stmtb, tcmt ob hfrb miy scft wms hjrba fi tcb sjab fh tcb Cmdh-Orbbas, fib cma obbi hjrba mt Ofuecbr, wcjec pmssba cjn sf edfsb ms tf stui, mia emusb cjn tf hmdd fhh cjs cfrsb0 mia Wbddbtjbr tcmt m sbefia wms hjrba mt mi Jiajmi, mhtbr wcjec tcb metjfi obemnb lbibrmd fi bmec sjab0 tcmt mhtbr mofut tcrbb ajsecmrlbs tcb efdfijsts oblmi tf ljvb wmy, out tcb omttdb efitjiuba obtwbbi jiajvjaumds. 1<

Njecbd Nmrtji; Njecbd tff` pmrt ji tcb Omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s mia wms m wjtibss hfr tcb I\E mt tcb =3=3 trjmd fh Ofuecbr mia Orfwi. Mt trjmd cb stmtba; —J wms ji tcb omttdb fh tcb =: tc Kuib wjtc tcb Cuasfi‚s Omy pbfpdb. Qcb Q cb Cuasfi‚s Omy pbfpdb hjrba hjrst0 tcby hjrba twf scfts obhfrb wb hjrba miy, hfr J smw tcbn… J cbmra mia smw m lui hjrba, mia J ìfw jt wms oy tcb Cuasfi‚s Omy pmrty, obemusb J smw 13 tcb snf`b.„ If fib wms efivjetba mt tcbsb trjmds. Mrecjomda Ifrnmi NeDbfa; NeDbf NeDbfa a wms wms ofri ofri fi Nmrec Nmrec =<, =<
Jlimeb Ne@my; Ne@my Ne@my mppbmrs mppbmrs fi djsts djsts fh pmrtjejp pmrtjejpmits mits.. Cb wms mppmrbitdy mppmrbitdy nmrrjba nmrrjba tf Emtcbrji Emtcbrjibb (Umudtbm (Umudtbmux). ux). Qcbjr sfi Mdbxjs ofri =<3= mt Ut. Hrmiefjs Smvjbr nmrrjba Nmrlubrjtb (Umudtbmux). Mdbxjs‚ sfi, Jlimeb Kr. wms ofri ji =373 mt Ut. Hrmiefjs Smvjbr. Cb nmrrjba Kfsbpctb Obrejbr. Qcby mrb hfuia fi tcb =352 _ba _jvbr Ebisus djvjil mt wcjtb Cfrsb Wdmji (Lrmitfwi).

1<

Efdtnmi, Efdtnmi, p. =3< —_bpfrt fh tcb Wrfebbajils Efiibetba wjtc tcb Ajsputbs obtwbbi tcb Bmrd fh Ubd`jr` mia tcb Ifrtc-\bst Efnpmiy Efnpmiy mt tcb Mssjzbs Cbda mt Zfr` ji Rppbr Emimam, Emimam, Fetfobr =3=3.„ Qrjmd fh Kfci Ubvbrjlct Ubvbrjlct bt md, Wrfvjieb fh Rppbr Emimam; Ubssjfi fh Fybr mia Qbrnjibr mia Lbibrmd Lmfd Abdjvbry cbda mt Zfr` Fetfobr =:, =3=3 tf Fetfobr 57, =3=3; pp. =<7-=<=. 1: COEM; H.5/?, M.I. NeDbfa, Hfrt \jddjmn tf Kustjeb _bba, Kudy ?:, =3=8. 13

Qcfnms Ne@my (o. =<:3); Qcfnms Ne@my wms tcb Cmdh Orbba sfi fh Mdbxmiabr Ne@my m I\E pmrtibr wcf cma meefnpmijba Ne@bizjb tf tcb Wmejhje ji =<:5 mia wms pfstba mt Wfrtmlb dm Wrmjrjb =<:1-:2 mia wms ji ecmrlb fh Dm`b \jiijpbl ji =378-73, wcbi cb rbtjrba. Qcfnms wms omptjzba mt mlb 8 ji tcb Ueftec Wrbsoytbrjmi Ecurec mt \jddjmnstfwi, Ldbilmrry (Rppbr Emimam) mia bitbrba tcb sbrvjeb fh tcb Wmejhje hur Ef. ji =3=7. Cb bitbrba I\E sbrvjeb ji =3=5 mhtbr tcb empturb fh Mstfrjm. Qcfnms Ne@my dba m pmrty fh ijib nbi sbit hrfn Eunobrdmia Cfusb oy I\E pmrtibr Kfci Auiemi Emnpobdd, ji ecmrlb fh Eunobrdmia Cfusb. Emnpobdd cma sbit Ne@my mia cjs nbi tf rbjihfreb tcb Nbtjs hfreb tcmt wms lmtcbrjil mt Hfrt ]u‚Mppbddb uiabr tcb dbmabrscjp fh Eutcobrt Lrmit. Ne@my wms fib fh tcb dbmabrs wcbi tcb Nbtjs sme`ba Wbtbr Hjadbr‚s Ormiafi Cfusb. Ne@my wms fhtbi abserjoba ms fib fh tcb obst scfts ji tcb efuitry mia vbry effd mia rbsfdutb mnfil tcb Jiajmis. Kfci Wrjtecmra rbpfrtba tf Efdtnmi tcmt; Emptmji _flbrs, wcf cma hmddbi, rfsb up mia emnb tfwmras Wrjtecmra wcf mavjsba cjn tf ljvb cjnsbdh up0 hfr wcjec purpfsb cb rmi tfwmras tcb bibny, rmjsjil up cjs cmias, mia emddjil fut ji Bildjsc mia orf`bi Hrbiec hfr nbrey, wcbi m Cmdh-Orbba oy tcb imnb fh Qcfnms Ne@my m edbr` fh tcb I\E, scft cjn tcrfulc tcb cbma. 27

Mhtbr =3?=, Qcfnms wfr`ba hfr tcb COE hfr ?2 ybmrs. Cb sbttdba fi m hmrn ji Frblfi mia mppmrbitdy tff` pmrt ji tcb Emyusb \mr fh =313. Dfujs Nfrji aj t Wbrrmudt; Wbrrmudt; Dfujs wms m Hrbiec-Emimajmi wcf wms fib fh tcb nbi wcf sbjzba Hfrt Afuldms hrfn tcb COE fi Kuib ?=, =3=8 mhtbr pmrtjejpmtjil ji tcb Omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s. Cb wms tcb fib wcf frjljimddy tff` Kfci Wrjtecmra prjsfibr aurjil tcb omttdb. Cjs surimnb wms sfnbtjnbs spbddba —Nfrmji.„ Omptjstb Nfrrmddb; Nfrmddb mppbmrs fi djsts fh pmrtjejpmits out iftcjil hurtcbr js ìfwi. Ib-ab-lffsb-fkbo-wmi; Mppbmrs fi djsts fh pmrtjejpmits out iftcjil hurtcbr js ìfwi. F`b-nm-tmi; Mppbmrs fi djsts fh pmrtjejpmits out iftcjil hurtcbr js ìfwi. Kbmi-Omptjstb Wmrjsjbi; Kbmi-Omptjstb wms ofri Mprjd =1, =<31 mt Xmuarujbd, ]ubobe, tcb sfi fh Kbmi Omptjstb Dêlbr ajt Wmrjsjbi mia Nmrjb Miib Wrbkbmi. Ji =3?2 cb nmrrjba Djsbttb Obrejbr m Nbtjssb. Qcjs hmnjdy wjtc tcrbb sfis mia sjx amulctbrs wms biunbrmtba ji tcb _ba rjvbr Ebisus fh =352 djvjil fi hjvb merbs. Kbmi Omptjstb wms fib fh tcb pmrtjejpmits ji tcb omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s. Cb ajba dmtbr, scft oy mi uiìfwi nmi wcjdb cuitjil ouhhmdf ibmr Wbnojim. Kfsbpc Wjbrrb Wbddbtjbr aj t Mssjijofjib, (=<:=-=32=) Mssjijofjib, (=<:=-=32=) Kfsbpc wms ofri ji _upbrt‚s Dmia ji =<:=. Cb wms tcb sfi fh Mitfjib Wbddbtjbr mia m Umudtbmux Jiajmi wfnmi imnba Nmrlubrjtb. Cb wms mdsf tcb cmdh-orftcbr fh Wbtbr —Ofstfimjs„ Wmilnmi, Nmrlubrjtb‚s sfi wjtc Wbtbr Wmilnmi Ubijfr. Kfsbpc nmrrjba Lbibvjbvb Cmddbtt (ofri =<:2) mt 27

Efdtnmi, =3=:; =3<.

Hfrt Wbddy. Qcby cma bdbvbi ecjdarbi tflbtcbr. Obtwbbi =3?: mia =315 tcb hmnjdy wms biunbrmtba mt Lrmitfwi hfr tcb _ba _jvbr Ebisus. Kfsbpc wms jivfdvba ji tcb omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s ji =3=8. Kfsbpc hfulct fi obcmdh fh tcb Ifrtc \bst Efnpmiy, ji mi bhhfrt tf arjvb tcb Ubd`jr` Ubttdbrs fut fh tcb Emimajmi wbst. Kfsbpc js iftba ms fib fh tcb dbmajil Ofjs-Orudbs, tcbrbhfrb jt js dj`bdy tcmt cb wms pmrt fh tcb snmdd hfreb dba oy Eutcobrt Lrmit tcmt mttme`ba tcb hfreb fh Ubttdbrs mia tff` fvbr Mssjijofjm. Djbutbrimit Efdtnmi‚s jivbstjlmtjvb rbpfrt fi tcb Omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s stmtbs; Qcb abpfsjtjfis fh Kfsbpc Wbddbtjbr ajt Mssjijofjib mia Kbmi Omptjstb Nmrsbjddmjs Cmdh Orbbas, wcf wbrb prbsbit mt tcb omttdb, out wcf cmvb sjieb nmab tcbjr suonjssjfi tf tcb Bmrd fh Ubd`jr`, mia mrb bjtcbr ji tcb sbrvjeb fr djvjil uiabr tcb prftbetjfi fh tcb efdfiy, mia wbrb bxmnjiba mt cjs Dfrascjp‚s jistmieb, mlrbb lbibrmddy ji tcb hfrblfjil (Cmyafi‚s) meefuit fh tcb mhhrmy, bxebpt fidy ms tf Cmyabi‚s stmtbnbit fh tcb hjrst scft objil hjrba fi tcb sjab fh tcb Cmdh-Orbbas, wcjec tcby pfsjtjvbdy abiy0 mia oftc stmtb, tcmt ob hfrb miy scft wms hjrba fi tcb sjab fh tcb Cmdh-Orbbas, fib cma obbi hjrba mt Ofuecbr, wcjec pmssba cjn sf edfsb ms tf stui, mia emusb cjn tf hmdd fhh cjs cfrsb0 mia Wbddbtjbr tcmt m sbefia wms hjrba mt mi Jiajmi, mhtbr wcjec tcb metjfi obemnb lbibrmd fi bmec sjab0 tcmt mhtbr mofut tcrbb ajsecmrlbs tcb efdfijsts oblmi tf ljvb wmy, out tcb omttdb efitjiuba obtwbbi jiajvjaumds. 2=

Kfsbpc mia Lbibvjbvb djvba ji Ut. Ofijhmeb hfr m iunobr fh ybmrs, mia mrb iftba ji tcb _ba _jvbr Ebisus stmrtjil ji =3?:. Qcby cma sbttdba ji Lrmitfwi oy =352, mia wbrb biunbrmtba mlmji ji tcb _ba _jvbr Ebisus ji =317. Kfsbpc mia Lbibvjbvb dmtbr nfvba tf Wbnojim, Am`ftm Qbrrjtfry wcbrb cb ajba ji =32=. Wb-nb-emi-tfss; Mppbmrs fi djsts fh pmrtjejpmits out iftcjil hurtcbr js ìfwi. Smvjbr Wrjnbmu; Smvjbr wms mi bnpdfybb fh tcb I\E wcf hbmturba prfnjibitdy ji tcb Omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s. Umemstmi; Mt tcb Jiajmi Efuiejd jt wms stmtba, tcmt fib Umemstmi, m Cmdh-Orbba hrfn Hfrt abs Wrmjrjbs (Banfitfi), fi tcb Ums`mtecbwmi _jvbr, wfrb tcb efmt fh Ar. \cjtb, fib fh tcfsb `jddba0 mia jt sbbnba tf ob tcb lbibrmd fpjijfi fh tcb Jiajmis, tcmt jt wms tcb Cmdh-Orbbas hrfn m ajstmieb wcf emrrjba mwmy nfst fh tcb mrtjedbs sf pduiabrba. Wrjtecmra mdsf stmtba tcmt tcbsb wbrb tcb pmrtjbs 2? wcf lbibrmddy mppbmrba tf cjn tcb nfst vjfdbit. Miarê Qrfttjbr; Miarê Qrfttjbr wms ofri ji =<31 ji tcb I\Q, tcb sfi fh Miarê Qrfttjbr mia Dfujsb (Ecjppbwm). Cb nmrrjba Nmrlubrjtb Wmqubttb, tcb amulctbr fh Miarê Wmqubttb mia Djzbttb (Erbb) ji =3== mt _ba _jvbr. Qcjs hmnjdy wms biunbrmtba ji tcb Wbnojim Ebisus fh =327 ms Hmnjdy # 31. Qcby djst Miarb mlb 88, m cuitbr, Nmrlubrjtb mlb 27, Kfsbpc mlb ??, m cuitbr, Njecbd mlb =:, m cuitbr, Mi-

2=

Efdtnmi, \. O. —_bpfrt fh tcb Upbejmd Efnnjssjfibr _bdmtjvb tf tcb Ajsturomiebs ji Jiajmi Qbrrjtfrjbs fh Orjtjsc Ifrtc Mnbrjem.„ ]ubobe; Kuib 57, =3=3; =2?-?27. Ji Wmpbrs _bdmtjil tf tcb _ba _jvbr Ubttdbnbit . Fttmwm; Cfusb fh Efnnfis, Efnnfis, Kudy =?, =3=:; =3<. 2? Fp Ejt. =:5.

tfjib mlb =1, mia Ecmrdbs mlb =7. Miarb mia cjs orftcbr Kfsbpc wbrb pmrtjejpmits ji tcb Omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s ms pmrt fh Eutcobrt Lrmit‚s pmrty. Hrfn tcb Efdtnmi _bpfrt; Miarê Qrfttjbr, —Cmdh-Orbba,„ stmtba tcb hfddfwjil tf Efnnjssjfibr \jddjmn Efdtnmi ms abspftjfi (sje) jitf tcb jivbstjlmtjfi fh tcb hur trmab wmr; Qcmt fi cjs mrrjvmd ibmr tcb biemnpnbit cb wms nbt oy Nr. Mdbxmiabr NmeAfiibdd, wcf cma wjtc cjn Ubrmpcjn Dmnmr mia Ofstfi Ofstfimj mjss Wmilnm Wmilnmi, i, mia ms`ba ms`ba cjn, cjn, —\ —\cmt cmt ibws6„ ibws6„ tf wcjec wcjec cb miswbr miswbrba, ba, —wb hfulct ybstbramy„0 mia objil hurtcbr qubstjfiba, cb miswbrba, —tcmt tcbrb wbrb ?? fh tcb Bildjsc `jddba, ` jddba, tcmt fi tcbjr sjab, cjs orftcbr PKfsbpc Qrfttjbr^ wms wfuiaba, mia m cmdhorbba fh tcb imnb Omtfecb, `jddba.„ Ofstfimjs Wmilnmi wms quftba ms smyjil tcmt Omtfecb wms cjs efusji mia cb nust ob rbvbilba. 25

Miarê Qrfttjbr Qrfttjbr ajba fi Mprjd ?1, =3<1 mt Dborbt ji tcb ]u‚Mppbddb ]u‚Mppbddb Xmddby. Kfsbpc Qrfttjbr; Kfsbpc Qrfttjbr wms wfuiaba wjtc m orf`bi dbl aurjil tcb Omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s. Cjs orftcbr Miarê rbpfrtba tf Mdbxmiarb Lrbbihjbda Nmeafibdd tcmt cb wms lfjil hrfn tcb hfr`s tf lbt cjs pmrbits hrfn tcb Ufurjs _jvbr tf efnb mia emrb hfr cjs orftcbr.21 Kfsbpc wms ofri ejrem =<:7, tcb sfi fh Miarê Qrfttjbr mia Dfujsb (Ecjppbwm)0 cjs orftcbr Miarê (mofvb) wms mdsf ji tcb omttdb. Cb nmrrjba Nmrjb (Umudtbmux) obhfrb =3?1 oy eustfn nmrrjmlb mia tcby wbrb hfrnmddy nmrrjba fi Kuib =1, =31= mt Ut. Hrmiefjs Smvjbr. Qcb hmnjdy wms biunbrmtba mt Lrmitfwi ji tcb _ba _jvbr Ebisus fh =317. Qcb hmnjdy wms biunbrmtba ji tcb =327 Wbnojim Ebisus ms Hmnjdy # ?7. Qcby djst Kfsbpc ms mlb 87, m cuitbr, Nmrjb mdsf mlb 87, Omptjstb mlb ?8, m cuitbr, Nmrlubrjtb mlb ??, mia Emtcbrjib mlb ?7. Kfsbpc ajba ji Kmiumry fh =32? mia wms ourjba mt Wbnojim Dfujsfi Xmddêb; Ji =371, Dfujsfi bitbrba tcb sbrvjeb fh tcb I\E ms m lujab mia wms rbsjabit mt _ba Dm`b. Ji =3=8, cb tff` pmrt ji tcb Omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s. Ubvbrmd ybmrs dmtbr cb wms `jddba oy m Ujfux wmr pmrty ibmr Wbnojim.

25

Utmtb Cjstfrjemd Cjstfrjemd Ufejbty fh Ifrtc Am`ftm, Xfd. 1, p. 251 Nmeafibdd, Mdbxmiabr Lrbbihjbda, —M imrrmtjvb fh trmismetjfis ji tcb _ba _jvbr efuitry; Hrfn tcb efnnbie nbiebn bnbi bitt fh tcb tcb fpbrmt fpbrmtjfi jfiss fh tcb tcb Bmrd Bmrd fh Ubd` Ubd`jr` jr`,, tjdd tjdd tcb tcb sunnb sunnbrr fh tcb tcb ybmr ybmr =3=8 =3=8.„ .„ Dfia Dfiafi fi;; O. NeNjddmi, =3?7; <3. 21

Dfujs Xmssbur; Dfujs Xmssbur wms ofri ejrem =<:5, cb wms nmrrjba tf Nmrlubrjtb Wbddbtjbr, tcb sjstbr fh —Ofstfimjsb„ Wbddbtjbr. Ji tcb _ba _jvbr Ebisus fh =355 tcby mrb djstba ms djvjil mt Lrmitfwi. Dfujs wms fib fh tcb nbi hrfn Hfrt Eunobrdmia wcf wbit sfutc tf kfji Eutcobrt Lrmit ji nja-Mprjd fh =3=8. Hrmiìfjs Ofuecbr ji cjs bxmnjimtjfi stmtbs, tcmt Xmssbur, ji wcfsb emrb Lfvbrifr Ubnpdb wms, mhtbr tcb omttdb orfulct mwmy cjs smsc, wmtec mia pjstfds. Kfsbpc Cuppê stmtbs, tcmt cb smw Njecbd Ofurmssm strjp tcb orbbecbs fhh fib ofay, mia biabmvfurba ji vmji tf prbvbit jt. \cjdb lumrajil Ubnpdb mi Jiajmi wcf rbeflijzba Ubnpdb mia odmnba cjn hfr tcb abmtc fh cjs ecjda, scft Ubnpdb ji tcb ecbst mia `jddba cjn. Qfussmjit Xmuary; Xmuary wms m Hrbiec Emimajmi wcf wms ji ecmrlb fh tcb I\E pfst mt _jvjãrb mux Nfrts ji =375, tcbi Qurtdb _jvbr. Xmuary meefnpmijba Qcfnpsfi wcbi cb wbit tf sbb tcb Nmiamis ji =<:<-:3 mia cb mlmji vjsjtba tcb Nmiamis wjtc Mdbxmiabr Cbiry ji =378. Qfussmjit wms m wjtibss hfr tcb I\E aurjil tcb =3=3 trjmd mt Zfr`. Mt tcb trjmd cb tbstjhjba tcmt cb cma djvba mt _ba _jvbr hfr fvbr tcjrty ybmrs mia cma wjtibssba tcb ruji fh tcb hfrnbr Hrbiec-Emimajbi hfrts ji tcb rbljfi oy tcb COE. Xmuary‚s sfi, Qfussmjit Kr. wms ofri em. =<::, cb nmrrjba Nmrjb Miib Erb omssm tcb amulctbr fh Kfci Erbomssm mia Uuzmiib Umudtbmux. Qcbjr fdabst amulctbr Nmrjb wms nmrrjba tf _fnmji Dmljnfajbrb tcb sfi fh Kbmi Omptjstb Dmljnfajbrb mia Nmrjb Miib Lmofury. Qcby mrb scfwi ji tcb _ba _jvbr ebisus fh =3?:. \m-lb-tmi-ib; Mppbmrs fi djsts fh pmrtjejpmits out iftcjil hurtcbr js ìfwi.

COE Ufdajbrs, Utmhh mia Efdfijsts `jddba ;22 Wrbduab; Efitrmry tf wcmt js lbibrmddy obdjbvba, fidy tcrbb Ubd`jr` Ubttdbrs wbrb `jddba mt tcb Omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s. Qcb vmst nmkfrjty fh tcb nbi wcf pmrtjejpmtba wbrb COE hur trmab bnpdfybbs fr Jrjsc mia Uefttjsc dmofurbrs wcf cma obbi cjrba oy Ubd`jr` tf fppfsb tcb I\E trmabrs mia tf oujda tcb efdfiy. Ji hmet, mdd fh tcb nmdb Ubd`jr` Ubttdbrs cma obbi birfddba ms COE bnpdfybbs bnpdfybbs sf tcmt Ubd`jr` efuda bxbrejsb lrbmtbr efitrfd fvbr tcbn tcrfulc tcb COE Lfvbrifr. Fh tcb nbi `jddba ji omttdb, sbvbi wbrb dmofurbrs hrfn Jrbdmia, tcrbb hrfn tcb Frìbys, mia hjvb wbrb hrfn tcb ifrtc fh Ueftdmia. Cjstfrjmi Kfci E. Kme`sfi cms pfjitba fut tcmt tcb Bmrd fh Ubd`jr` wms jitbrajetjil tcb I\E trmab rfutb hrfn Nfitrbmd pdus pdmejil jnpfrtba stmhh mlmjist tcb I\E pfsts ji tcb ]u‚Mppbddb Xmddby; Qcbsb prbtbisjfis cma tm`bi m hfrebhud obit ji =3=? wcbi tcb bmrd mia cjs mssfejmtbs rberujtba mia sbit fut wcmt mnfuitba tf m lmil fh jnpfrtba Jrjsc tfulcs. Qcfsb ormwdbrs wbrb huddy empmodb fh miswbrjil tcb ouddy tmetjes fh tcb Ifr‚wbstbrs ji `jia. Efnpbtjtjfi wms bsemdmtjil tfwmra futrjlct vjfdbieb. 28

22

WMN, U.W. Mdbxmiabr Nmeafibdd Nmeafibdd (Ucbrjhh) Kfurimd, v. 8<; p. =378< Kfci E. Kme`sfi, ?775; ??. Qcb nbi hrfn Ldmslfw emnb wjtc Ubd`jr`‚s hjrst pmrty fh =3==. Qcb sbefia lrfup hrfn Udjlf, Jrbdmia mrrjvba fi Kuib ?1, =3=?, wjtc Jrjsc sbrvmits cjrba hrfn wbstbri Jrbdmia mia dba oy Fwbi F wbi @bvbiy. Ubd`jr` cma obbi ji Udjlf ji Nmy fh f h tcmt t cmt ybmr tf sbb tcbn abpmrt. 28

Qcb =3=? pmrty wms uiabr tcb efitrfd fh Fwbi @bvbiy. Qcb trjp fvbr cma obbi nbnfrmodb, tcb frjljimd dbmabr cma m ibrvfus orbmàfwi, tcb Jrjsc mia Uefttjsc wbrb hjlctjil fi scjpofmra mia tcb stbbrmlb pmssbilbrs mttbnptba m nutjiy mt sbm. @bvbiy js pfrtrmyba ms pmrtjeudmrdy erubd; (Fwbi @mvbiby) cms obbi rbprbsbitba ms uiefnnfidy sbvbrb mia erubd ji cjs trbmtnbit fh tcfsb uiabr cjs mutcfrjty. Jt cms obbi eurrbitdy rbpfrtba, mia ift afuotba, tcmt hfr tcb nfst trjvjmd fhhbieb cb wfuda frabr tcb fhhbiajil pmrty tf ob put ji mrns0 ji ftcbr emsbs tcb uihfrtuimtb eudprjt wms nmab tf rui obtwbbi twf djibs fh nbi armwi up hrfitjil bmec ftcbr, mia bmec nmi prbpmrba wjtc m eualbd tf efnnbieb tcb strmilb, mia tf fib pmrty efiebriba, uipdbmsmit fpbrmtjfi fh obdmofrjil tcb fokbet fh tcbjr ecjbh‚s rbsbitnbit ms sffi ms cb bitbrba obtwbbi tcbjr rmi`s .2<

If wfiabr nfst fh @bvbiy‚s pmrmnjdjtmry pmrmnjdjtmry stmhh mia tcb sbttdbrs ms`ba tcb Ifrtc \bst Efnpmiy hfr pmssmlb fut fh _ba _jvbr mhtbr Eutcobrt Lrmit hfreba tcb COE bnpdfybbs mia sbttdbrs fut fh tcb hfr`s ji =3=2. Ms prffh tcmt tcb Nbtjs aja ift jitbia tf cmrn tcb Ubd`jr` Ubttdbrs, Djbutbimit Efdtnmi iftbs tcmt tcby tff` sfnb sbttdbrs prjsfibr sf tcmt tcby wfuda ift wmri Ubnpdb tcmt tcby wbrb tryjil tf sibm` pmst Hfrt Afuldms uifosbrvba; \jtc rblmra tf tcb prjsfibrs tm`bi obhfrb tcb metjfi, jt mppbmrs oy tcb abpfsjtjfis fh tcrbb fh tcbn, \jddjmn Omiibrnmi (If. =:3), Mdbxmiabr Nurrmy (If. =::) mia Mdbxmiabr Uutcbrdmia (If. ?77) tcmt tcby wbrb mdd mt wfr` upfi tcbjr dmias tcb bvbijil tcb Cmdh-Orbbas mrrjvba0 Mdbxmiabr mia \jddjmn Omiibrnmi fi tcbjr hmtcbr‚s dft, If. ?=, mia Mdbxmiabr Nurrmy fi cjs dft If. ?5, mia tcmt tcbsb tcrbb, wjtc Nurrmy‚s wjhb, wbrb nmab prjsfibrs oy tcb Cmdh-Orbbas ms tcby wbit tfwmras tcb Hrfl Wdmji, mia Mdbxmiabr Uutcbrdmia ms tcby pmssba cjs dft, If. =?, fi rbturijil tf nbbt tcb Lfvbrifr‚s pmrty0 …mia smja tcmt tcby aja ift jitbia tf `jdd tcb sbttdbrs, out wmitba tf lbt cfda fh tcb fhhj23 ebrs fh tcb efdfiy.„

Nfst fh tcb efnomtmits cma prbvjfus mdtbremtjfis. Fi Nmrec =:, =3=8, tcb COE dba oy NeAfiibdd, Wrjtecmra, \cjtb mia NeDbfa cma mttme`ba tcb I\E pfst mt Wbnojim mia tm`bi Ofstfimjs Wmilnmi prjsfibr mia trmispfrtba cjn tf Hfrt Afuldms. Wmilnmi, Nffstffsb mia Ofuarmjs wbrb rbdbmsba fi Nmy 1, mia cbmaba wbst fi cfrsbome`. Qcby tcbi lmtcbrba m lrfup fh 27 nbi mia prfebbaba tf mttme` Kmnbs Uutcbrdmia‚s COE orjlmab nfvjil stfdbi I\E pbnnjemi pbnnjemi hrfn ]u‚Mppbddb tf Hfrt Afuldms. Hrfn tcb kuietjfi fh tcb Mssjijofjib mia ]u‚Mppbddb rjvbrs Kmnbs Uutcbrdmia wrftb; . 3 f‚edfe` MN, wcbi wb wbrb mttme`ba oy mofut 27 Emimajmis mia Cmdh Orbbas0 tcjs js tcb imrrfwbst pmrt fh tcb rjvbr… twf ofmts tcmt wms mcbma fh njib wms ajsmrnba & tcb nbi nmab prjsfibrs… wcbi J dmiaba tcbrb wms upwmras fh 57 luis pfjitba mt nb… tcjs cms sfdbdy feeurrba tcrfulc Nr _fobrtsfi cmvjil djobrmtba Ofstfimjs, wcf mrrjvba tcb ijlct prbvjfus tf tcb mttme`, wjtc cfrrja meefuits hrfn tcb Hfr`s0 cma cb ift mrrjvba wb scfuda 2: cmvb pmssba afwi tcb rjvbr wjtcfut nfdbstmtjfi .

2<

Afimda Luii ejtba ji K. Ounstbma, ?773; ?=<-?=3. Efdtnmi, fp. ejt., p. =3<. \jddjmn Omiibrnmi wms =3 wcbi cb mrrjvba ji Emimam, Mdbxmiabr Uutcbrdmia hrfn Wmrjsc fh @jdafimi wms ?1 mia Mdbxmiabr Nurrmy hrfn Ujrmljdd wms =:. Qcby mdd smjdba hfr Ecurecjdd Ecurecjdd ji =3=5 mia wbit tf _ba _jvbr ji tcb sprjil fh =3=1. 2: COEM, O.??/=/=:, dbttbr hrfn Kmnbs Uutcbrdmia, _jvjãrb ]u‚Mppbddb (i.a.). 23

\jddjmn Efdtnmi rbefras tcmt; Fi Nmy 3, =3=8, Kmnbs Uutcbrdmia, W.E. Wmnorui, mia twbity-twf nbi, ji tcb sbrvjeb fh tcb Cuasfi‚s Omy efnpmiy, ji ecmrlb fh hjvb ofmts, efitmjijil twbity-twf pme`s fh hurs mia mofut sjx cuiarba omls fh pbnnjemi, wcjdst bnomrrmssba ji tcb rmpjas fh tcb rjvbr ]uj Mppbddb, wbrb mttme`ba oy m pmrty fh mofut hfrty-ijib pbrsfis uiabr tcb efnnmia fh Eutcobrt Lrmit, Qcfnms Ne@my, _fabrje` Ne@bizjb, mia Ofstfifjs, edbr`s fr jitbrprbtbrs, mia Orjsbofjs, m lujab ji tcb sbrvjeb fh tcb Ifrtc-\bst efnpmiy0 tcb prfpbrty sbjzba, mia tcbnsbdvbs tcbnsbdvbs nmab prjsfibrs, prjsfibrs, mia tm`bi tf tcb Ifrtc-\bst Ifrtc-\bst efnpmiy‚s efnpmiy‚s pfst, pfst, wcbrb wcbrb 87 Mdbxmiabr NeAfibdd mvfwba wcmt cma obbi afib tf ob oy cjs frabrs.

Qcb COE nbi tm`bi tm`bi prjsfibr prjsfibr wbrb Orymi Ljddjlm Ljddjlmi*, i*, Qcfnms Qcfnms NeAbrnja NeAbrnja,, Wmtrje` Wmtrje` Nmrfiby*, Nmrfiby*, Nje`mbd @jd`biiy*, Afimda NeEfy*, Lbfrlb Ne@bizjb*, Kfci Hfrobs, Culc Hrmsbr, Afimda Ne@my*, Ne@my*, Kmnbs Kmnbs Oruji*, Oruji*, Qcfnms Qcfnms @jrìbss, @jrìbss, \jddjmn Auiemi, Kfci Hdbtt, Hdbtt, Auiemi Auiemi NeAfimda NeAfimda*, *, Milus NeJvbr, Ami Afifvmi*, Ije` @jdorjab, Miarbw Ujiedmjr, Kmnbs Umiajsfi, Nmrtji Kfurami, Mdbxmiabr NeAfibdd mia Kmnbs Uutcbrdmia. Fi Nmy ?=, =3=8, tcby ms`ba tf ob rbdbmsba tf lf afwi tf tcb Hfr`s. Qcby wbrb tfda tcmt mdd fh tcb ]u‚Mppbddb orjlmab njlct lf out wbrb ift tf 8= tm`b miy prfpbrty obdfiljil tf tcb I\E pfst. Nmiy fh tcbsb nbi hrfn tcb ]u‚Mppbddb orjlmab wbrb tf ajb dmtbr mt Ubvbi Fm`s. Hrmiìfjs Bif ajt Abdfrnb, Abdfrnb, mi jitbrprbtbr ji tcb sbrvjeb fh tcb efdfiy stmtba tcmt prbvjfus tf tcb mrrjvmd fh tcb Cmdh-Orbbas —cb cma obbi efisudtba oy tcb Lfvbrifr ms tf tcb efiauet cb fulct tf pursub, mia cma wmriba cjn cb wfuda cmvb djttdb ecmieb fi tcb pdmjis, mdtcfulc cb wms strfil wcjdst cb rbnmjiba mt cfnb, mia ji fppfsjtjfi tf Nr. Wrjtecmra, wcf mssbrtba tcmt hjhty Bildjsc wbrb bqumd tf twf cuiarba cmdh-orbbas, cma smja, tcmt fi tcb efitrmry, hjhty cmdh-orbbas ji tcb pdmjis wfuda `jdd twf cuiarba Bildjsc.„ 8? Qwf Umudtbmux Ecjbhs, wjtc mofut tbi ftcbr Jiajmis, emnb tf fhhbr tcbjr sbrvjebs tf Lfvbrifr Ubnpdb ji emsb tcb efdfijsts scfuda ob mttme`ba0 maajil, tcmt tcby obdjbvba mdd tcb ftcbr Jiajmis bitbrtmjiba sjnjdmr sbitjnbits0 tf tcjs fhhbr Ifdji stmtba, tcb Lfvbrifr Ubnpdb cma rbpdjba wjtc tcmi`s, out bxprbssba cjs cfpbs tcmt tcjils wfuda ift efnb tf suec mi bxtrbnjty0 mia abedmrba tcmt ji miy bvbit cb efuda ift meebpt tcbjr sbrvjebs. 85 Lfvbrifr Ubnpdb‚s pmrty efisjstjil fh twbity-bjlct pbrsfis, wms efnpdbtbdy surrfuiaba, mia fh tcmt iunobr twbity-fib wbrb `jddba 81; imnbdy, Nr. Ubnpdb, tcb Lfvbrifr0 Emptmji _flbrs, njibrmdfljs brmdfljst0 t0 Nr. \cjtb, \cjtb, tcb surlbfi0 surlbfi0 Nr. NeDbmi, tcb prjiejpm prjiejpmdd sbttdbr0 sbttdbr0 Djbutbimi Djbutbimitt Cfdt, Cfdt, fh tcb Uwbajsc imvy0 Nr. \jd`jisfi, tcb Lfvbrifr‚s sberbtmry, mia hjhtbbi nbi0 obsjabs wcjec, Nr. K.W. Ofur`b, tcb COE stfrb`bbpbr wms wfuiaba. Mdtcfulc tcbsb nbi mrb fhtbi rbhbrrba tf ms Ubd`jr`

87

Efdtnmi, Efdtnmi, p. =3=. * Mdd fh tcbsb nbi dmtbr hfulct mt Ubvbi Fm`s mia mdd out NeEfy, @jd`biiy mia Ne@my wbrb `jddba. Njecmbd @jd`biiy (o. =<:= ji Jrbdmia), cjs wjhb mia twf amulctbrs wbrb biunbrmtba ji tcb _ba _jvbr Ebisus fh =3?<. 8= \cbi tcby emnb tf _ba _jvbr, Ljddjlmi wms 57, @jd`biiy ?5, Oruji 57 mia Nmrtji Kfurami wms =8. Kfurami emnb ji =3== hrfn @jddmddm fi m tcrbb ybmr COE efitrmet. 8? Efdtnmi, Efdtnmi, p. =3?. 85 Fp ejt. p. =35. 81 Nmrtji Kframi, fib fh tcb sbttdbrs tfda Efdtnmi (Abpfsjtjfi If. =1<) tcmt cb wms jihfrnba mia obdjbvba tcb iunobr `jddba wms twbity, bxedusjvb fh fib nmi, wcf cmvjil obbi arfwiba tcb amy obhfrb, cms obbi lbibrmddy rbe`fiba mnfilst tcfsb sdmji. Qcjs efrrbspfias tf tcb tbstjnfiy fh tcb Jiajmi —Hjds @bijs„ tcmt cb smw twbity ofajbs tcb ibxt amy. (Efdtnmi, (Efdtnmi, p. =:?.)

Ubttdbrs mia efdfijsts, ji hmet, nfst fh tcbn wbrb COE hur trmab bnpdfybbs mia fhhjebrs fh tcb COE.

COE Fhhjebrs; Lfvbrifr _fobrt Ubnpdb (o. Ubnpdb (o. =3<<); =3<<); _fobrt Ubnpdb wms m Uefttjsc Dfymdjst ofri ji Ibw Bildmia. Ubnpdb wfr`ba ms m nbrecmit mia trmvbdba bxtbisjvbdy tf Burfpb, Mhrjem, tcb Msjm, mia Ufutc Mnbrjem. Uuosbqubitdy cb wrftb m iunobr fh trmvbd off`s omsba fi cjs kfuribys (=375-=3=1). Cb sbbnba tf cmvb djttdb rbdbvmit bx pbrjbieb wcbi Ubd`jr` cjrba cjn tf tcb pfst fh Lfvbrifr fi Mprjd =?, =3=2 mt m smdmry fh £=,277 pbr ybmr. Ubnpdb Ubnpdb mrrjvba mt Zfr` Hmetfry ji Mulust fh =3=2 wjtc m pmrty fh sbttdbrs, nfstdy hrfn Uutcbrdmia. Mhtbr tcb omttdb, Eutcobrt Lrmit jihfrnba Wrjtecmra tcmt Lfvbrifr Ubnpdb wms wfuiaba oy m scft hrfn cjnsbdh, mia tcmt dyjil fi tcb lrfuia, cjs tcjlc ofib objil orf`bi, cb ms`ba cjn jh cb wms Nr. Lrmit, mia objil miswbrba ybs, cb smja, —J mn ift nfrtmddy wfuiaba, mia jh yfu efuda lbt nb efivbyba tf tcb hfrt, J tcji` J scfuda djvb.„ Lrmit prfnjsba tf af sf, mia dbht cjn ji tcb emrb fh m Emimajbi, out tcmt tcb lfvbrifr wms mhtbrwmras scft tcrfulc tcb orbmst oy mi Jiajmi. 82 Mrecjomda Ifrnmi NeDbfa, ji m dbttbr tf Kustjeb _bba mt Hfrt \jddjmn fi Kudy ?:, =3=8 smys; —Qcb lfvbrifr obllba hfr cjs djhb mhtbr cb wms wfuiaba sbvbrbdy, wcjec tcb cmdh orbbas lrmitba mia fib fh tcbn stffa oy tf prftbet cjn, out mi Jiajmi wcfsb ecjda cma ajba ji tcb wjitbr mia tf wcfn tcb lfvbrifr tfda fi tcb pdbijtuab fh cjs efihjabieb tcmt cb dfst cjs ecjda hfr cjs mttmecnbit tf tcb I\E, tfda tcb lfvbrifr tfamy –yfu nust hfddfw ny ecjda ms yfu ofmstba jt wms nbajejib `jddba cjn,‚ sf smyjil cb scft cjn. Dfra Ubd`jr` cms dfst m lrbmt nmiy nbi ji tcb efursb fh dmst wjitbr mia sprjil, if hbwbr tcmi 23 cmvb pmja m lrbmt abot, 57 fh wcfn stmrvba tf abmtc, =: fh tcmt iunobr ji m abpmrtnbit wcbrb tcb I\E ibvbr bxpbrjbieba cuilbr…„ (COEM H.5/?) Qcbsb pmrtjeudmrs mlrbb ibmrdy wjtc wcmt Lrmit stmtba ji cjs abpfsjtjfi mia cb hurtcbr maaba tcmt tcb imnb fh tcb Jiajmi wms Nmecjemomfu, mia tcmt Nmecjemomfu cma tfda Lrmit tcmt cb cma `jddba tcb Lfvbrifr. Ifdji, ji cjs abpfsjtjfi stmtbs tcmt cb wms tfda mt tcb tjnb tcmt jt wms Absecmnps, m Emimajbi wcf `jddba cjn0 out tcjs rbpfrt prfomody mrfsb hrfn pbfpdb cmvjil sbbi Absecmnps pduiabrjil tcb Lfvbrifr‚s ofay.88 Emptmji Kfci _flbrs; Wrjtecmra stmtba tf Efdtnmi tcmt cb efuda ift abtbrnjib wcjec sjab efnnbieba hjrjil, out ji m hbw njiutbs mdnfst mdd tcb Lfvbrifr‚s pmrty wbrb bjtcbr `jddba fr wfuiaba0 tcmt Emptmji _flbrs, wcf cma hmddbi, rfsb up mia emnb tfwmras cjn, wcbi cb mavjsba cjn tf ljvb cjnsbdh up0 hfr wcjec purpfsb cb rmi tfwmras tcb bibny, rmjsjil up cjs cmias, mia emddjil fut ji Bildjsc mia orf`bi Hrbiec hfr nbrey, wcbi m Cmdh-Orbba oy tcb imnb fh Qcfnms Ne@my, m I\E edbr`, scft cjn tcrfulc tcb cbma, mia miftcbr eut fpbi cjs ofay wjtc m ìjhb0 tcmt cjs fwi djhb wms smvba wjtc tcb lrbmtbst ajhhjeudty oy Djvjlib0 tcmt cb wms tcbi sbit uiabr lumra fh twf Emimajbis, Nfrrji ajt Wbrrmudt Wbrrmudt mia Nmlbmu, tf tcb cbmaqumrtbrs fh tcb Cmdh-Orbbas mt Hrfl Wdmji. 8< Wrjtecm Wrjtecmra ra js njstm`b njstm`bi i ms tf wcf `jddba `jddba _flbrs; _flbrs; Nmrsbjddmjs Nmrsbjddmjs nbitjfis nbitjfis tcb ejreun ejreunstmie stmiebb fh Nr. _flbrs objil `jddba wcbi ms`jil qumrtbr0 out smys jt wms afib oy fib fh tcb Absecmnps, emddba

82

Fp. Ejt p. =38 Joja. 8< Efdtnmi, pp. =32-=38. 88

—Lrfssbtëtb„, m hmet wcjec Absnmrmjs mdsf mttbsts tf cmvb obbi tcb lbibrmd rbpfrt0 mia cb wms urlba fi oy cjs hmtcbr, m Emimajbi, wcf erjba fut —If pmrafi!„ 83 Ar. \jd`bisfi; \jd`bisfi; Lfvbrifr Ubnpdb, dba tcb hjhtc pmrty fh Ubd`jr` Ubttdbrs wcf rbmecba tcb Hfr`s ji Ifvbnobr, =3=2. \jtc Ubnpdb wms m Ar. \jd`jisfi, mppmrbitdy metjil fidy ms surlbfi fi tcb vfymlb, ms cb js nbitjfiba ms prjvmtb sberbtmry tf Ubnpdb ji tcb efdfiy. Oftc Ar. \cjtb mia Ar. \jd`jisfi hbdd wjtc Emptmji _flbrs, tcbi Lfvbrifr Ubnpdb, mia bjlctbbi ftcbrs ji tcb edmsc mt Ubvbi Fm`s fi Kuib =:, =3=8. Ar. Kmnbs \cjtb (surlbfi); \cjtb (surlbfi); Ar. Kmnbs \cjtb, mi Bajiourlc lrmaumtb wcf cma obbi Mssjstmit Uurlbfi fi C.N.U. Obmldb , =37:-=3==, emnb wjtc tcb hfurtc Ubd`jr` pmrty ji =3=1. Cb wms tcbi ?2 ybmrs fh mlb. Cjs rbnuibrmtjfi wms hjxba mt £27 pbr miiun, wjtc dfaljil mia suosjstbieb hfr tcb hjrst twf ybmrs, mia mt tcb bia fh cjs tbrn cb wms tf rbebjvb hjvb cuiarba merbs fh dmia ji tcb efdfiy. Cb wms mppfjitba m nbnobr fh Njdbs Nmeafibdd's Efuiejd ji Kudy, =3=1, mia, wcbi Nmeafibdd surrbiabrba cjnsbdh ms prjsfibr tf tcb I\E ji =3=2, Ar. \cjtb obemnb tcb dbmabr. Qcb efnjil fh tcb sbttdbrs hmiiba tcb strjhb obtwbbi tcb COE mia tcb I\E tf hbvbr cbjlct, mia fi Kuib ==, =3=2, ms Ar. \cjtb wms pmejil ji tcb lfvbrifr's lfvbrifr's cfusb, m scft wcjzzba wcjzzba oy cjn. Cb cbmaba tcb sbttdbrs wcf rbnfvba tf Kme` _jvbr (Ifrwmy Cfusb) ji tcb smnb nfitc. Cb rbturiba ji tjnb tf oujda m ibw Hfrt Afuldms obhfrb Emptmji Ubnpdb, wcf dba tcb hjhtc pmrty, rbmecba tcb Hfr`s ji Ifvbnobr, Ifvbnobr, =3=2. Ji tcb Ubvbi Fm`s Omttdb, hjrst Cfdtb wms `jddba tcbi oftc Ar. \cjtb mia Ar. \jd`jisfi hbdd ji tcb bmrdy hjlctjil, tcbi Lfvbrifr Ubnpdb, mia bjlctbbi ftcbrs wbrb `jddba ji tcb edmsc mt Ubvbi Fm`s fi Kuib =:, =3=8. Djbutbimit Bjibr Cfdtb; Cfdtb wms mppmrbitdy m Djbutbimit ji tcb Uwbajsc Imvy wcbi rberujtba tf efnb tf _ba _jvbr. Cb bnomr`ba mt Lrmvbsbia Nmy ?:, =3=1 mia ajsbnomr`ba mt Zfr` Hmetfry Ubptbnobr 5, =3=1. Cb wms tcb dbmabr fh m snmdd omia fh Ifrwbljmis mia fvbrsbbr hfr tcb bjlct Ifrwbljmis wcf oujdt Ifrwmy Cfusb ji =3=1. Wrjfr tf tcb Omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s Cfdtb tfda \jijhrba NeIfdty tcmt tcby jitbiaba tf tm`b tcb I\E pbnnjemi fr `jdd mdd tcb Cmdh-Orbbas. J cma feemsjfi tf spbm` wjtc Cfdtb obhfrb tcby emnb mia mhtbr wjtc Cbyafi. Nr. Cfdtb smja jh tcb Cmdh-Orbbas e mnb, wcf wbrb cfurdy bxpbetba, tcmt tcby wfuda cmvb tcbjr pbnnjemi fr tcbjr djvbs. Cb smja tcmt jh tcby aja ift ljvb up tcbjr pbnnjemi tcby wfuda tm`b 8: tcbjr djvbs.

Cfdtb wms tcb hjrst nmi `jddba fi tcb hmtbhud Kuib =:, =3=8, mia cb wms ourjba ji mi uinmr`ba lrmvb sfnbwcbrb mt tcb hfr`s fh tcb _ba _jvbr. If ftcbr Ifrwbljmi js nbitjfiba ji efiibetjfi wjtc tcb Ubvbi Fm`s bpjsfab. Amcd, Jsmmesfi, mia Nuddbr nmy cmvb obbi mt Hfrt Afuldms fr tcby njlct cmvb obbi mt miftcbr pfst. Nfst fh tcb nbi wcf cma erfssba tcb Mtdmitje wjtc Cfdtb twf ybmrs bmrdjbr ajsmppbmr hrfn vjbw. Qwf nbnobrs fh tcb omia, cfwbvbr, Wbtbr Amcd mia Wbtbr 83

Efdtnmi, Efdtnmi, p. =3<. —_bpfrt fh tcb Wrfebbajils Efiibetba wjtc tcb Ajsputbs obtwbbi tcb Bmrd fh Ubd`jr` mia tcb Ifrtc-\bst Efnpmiy Efnpmiy mt tcb Mssjzbs Cbda mt Zfr` ji Rppbr Emimam, Emimam, Fetfobr =3=3.„ Qrjmd fh Kfci Ubvbrjlct Ubvbrjlct bt md, Wrfvjieb fh Rppbr Emimam; Ubssjfi fh Fybr mia Qbrnjibr mia Lbibrmd Lmfd Abdjvbry cbda mt Zfr` Fetfobr =:, =3=3 tf Fetfobr 57, =3=3; pp. ?87-?8=. 8:

Jsmme Jsmmesfi sfi,, rbnmji rbnmjiba ba mt tcb tcb _ba _ba _jvbr, _jvbr, mia mia hrmln hrmlnbit bitss fh tcb cjstf cjstfry ry fh tcbjr tcbjr dmtbr dmtbr djhb djhb nmy nmy ob ldbmiba hrfn tcb ebisus rbpfrts fh tcb efdfiy.

COE stmhh, efitrmet dmofurbrs mia sbttdbrs `jddba; 

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Kmnbs Oruji. Oruji. Mt twbity twbity ybmrs fh mlb, mlb, Kmnbs Kmnbs Oruji Oruji,, mi Jrjsc Jrjsc dmofu dmofurbr rbr,, emnb emnb wjtc Fwbi Fwbi @bvbiy‚s pmrty fh sbttdbrs tcmt mrrjvba ji _ba _jvbr ji =3=?. Cb wms fib fh tcb COE nbi uiabr Kmnbs Uutcbrdmia tm`bi prjsfibr mt tcb kuietjfi fh tcb ]u‚Mppbddb mia Mssjijofjib rjvbrs oy Ofstfimjs Wmilnmi Wmilnmi mia cjs nbi fi Nmy 2, =3=8. Qcby wbrb rbdbmsba rbdbmsba fi Nmy ?= mia mdd tcb COE nbi trmvbdba tf tcb hfr`s. Cb wms tcbi `jddba mt tcb Omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s. Amijbd Afifvmi. Amijbd Afifvmi. Amijbd wms fib fh tcb COE nbi uiabr Kmnbs Uutcbrdmia tm`bi prjsfibr mt tcb kuietjfi fh tcb ]u‚Mppbddb mia Mssjijofjib rjvbrs oy Ofstfimjs Wmilnmi mia cjs nbi fi Nmy 2, =3=8. Qcby wbrb rbdbmsba fi Nmy ?= mia mdd tcb COE nbi trmvbdba tf tcb hfr`s. Cb mppbmrs fi tcb COEf. "\jiijpbl Abpmrtnbit Ubrvmit Djst =3=2 & =3=8"; Amijbd Afifvmi Jrbdmia - Dmofurbr - Mlb 6 - "@jddba mt _ba _jvbr Ubttdbnbit =:tc Kuib =3=8.„ Kmnbs Lmrajibr. Lmrajibr Lmrajibr wms ift m Ubd`jr` Ubd`jr` Ubttdbr. Ubttdbr. Cb emnb tf _ba _jvbr ms m Cuasfi‚s Cuasfi‚s Omy Efnpmiy wfr`br wjtc Fwbi @bvbiy‚s pmrty ji =3=?0 cb wms =< ybmrs fh mlb mt tcmt tjnb. Cb mppbmrs fi tcb COEf. "\jiijpbl Abpmrtnbit Ubrvmit Djst =3=2 & =3=8"; Kmnbs Lmraibr - Jrbdmia - Dmofurbr ― \jitbr _bsjabieb; Hfrt \jddjmn - "@jddba mt _ba _jvbr Ubttdbnbit =:tc Kuib =3=8.„ Orymi Ljddjlmi. Ljddjlmi Ljddjlmi. Ljddjlmi fr Ljdlmi wms ift m Ubd`jr` Ubttdbr. Cb emnb tf _ba _jvbr ms m Cuasfi‚s Omy Efnpmiy wfr`br wjtc Fwbi @bvbiy‚s pmrty ji =3=?0 cb wms 57 ybmrs fh mlb mt tcmt tjnb. Ljddjlmi wms fib fh tcb COE nbi uiabr Kmnbs Kmnbs Uutcbrdmia tm`bi prjsfibr prjsfibr mt tcb kuietjfi fh tcb ]u‚Mppbddb ]u‚Mppbddb mia Mssjijofjib rjvbrs oy Ofstfimjs Wmilnmi Wmilnmi mia cjs nbi fi Nmy 2, =3=8. Qcby wbrb rbdbmsba fi Nmy ?= mia mdd tcb COE nbi trmvbdba tf tcb hfr`s. Cb wms tcbi `jddba mt tcb Omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s. _bljimda Lrbbi. Mt Lrbbi. Mt ?= ybmrs fh mlb, Lrbbi emnb tf _ba _jvbr ji tcb pmrty fh sbttdbrs tcmt mrrjvba ji =3=2. Cb wms m sbrlbmit fh pmssbilbrs fi tcb scjp fvbr. Mdbxmiabr NmeDbmi fh @bilcmrmjr; @bilcmrmjr; NmeDbmi wms m hfrnbr tme`snmi efitrmetba ms m ecjbh sbttdbr wcbi cb mrrjvba mt _ba _jvbr wjtc tcb hjrst pmrty fh sbttdbrs ji =3=?. Cb wms ?1 ybmrs fda mt tcmt tjnb. Cjs hmnjdy wms meefnpmijba oy m iunobr fh jiabiturba sbrvmits. Uuosbqubitdy, cb obemnb m sueebsshud hmrnbr djvjil kust ifrtc fh Hfrt Afuldms. Ji Fetfobr =3=2, tcb COE dba oy Mdbxmiabr NmeDbmi, Njecmbd Cmyabi, mia Kfci Ofur`b mia mrrbstba Auiemi Emnbrfi, Ubrmpcjn Dmnmr mia Ecmrdbs Cbss fh tcb I\E mia jnprjsfiba tcbn mt Hfrt Afuldms. NeDbmi mia Ofur`b tcbi dba mi mrnba lrfup wjtc hjxba omyfibts tf empturb Hfrt Ljormdtbr wcbrb tcby dfftba tcb hfrt. Qcby wbrb ji tcb prfebss fh sbiajil Emnbrfi, Dmnmr mia Cbss tf Cuasfi‚s Omy hfr trmispfrt tf Bildmia hfr trjmd wcbi Efdji _fobrtsfi jitbrvbiba mia rbdbmsba tcbn. <7 Mdbxmiabr NmeDbmi kfjiba Ubnpdb wcbi Ubnpdb‚s lrfup trmvbdba tcrfulc cjs hmrn tfwmra Ubvbi Fm`s. NmeDbmi wms `jddba ji tcb bisujil omttdb.

<7

Mdbxmiabr NeAfibdd, =3=:; 18-1<.

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Auiemi Nmeafibdd. Auiemi wms fib fh tcb COE nbi uiabr Kmnbs Uutcbrdmia tm`bi prjsfibr mt tcb kuietjfi fh tcb ]u‚Mppbddb mia Mssjijofjib rjvbrs oy Ofstfimjs Wmilnmi mia cjs nbi fi Nmy 2, =3=8. Qcby wbrb rbdbmsba fi Nmy ?= mia mdd tcb COE nbi trmvbdba tf tcb hfr`s. Cb wms tcbi `jddba mt tcb Omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s. Lbfrlb Nme@bizjb. Nme@bizjb wms fib fh tcb COE nbi uiabr Kmnbs Uutcbrdmia tm`bi prjsfibr mt tcb kuietjfi fh tcb ]u‚Mppbddb mia Mssjijofjib rjvbrs oy Ofstfimjs Wmilnmi mia cjs nbi fi Nmy 2, =3=8. Qcby wbrb rbdbmsba fi Nmy ?= mia mdd tcb COE nbi trmvbdba tf tcb hfr`s. Cb wms tcbi `jddba mt tcb Omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s. Auiemi NmeImulctfi. NmeImulctfi. NmeImulctfi wms m Cuasfi‚s Omy Efnpmiy wfr`br, ift mt sbttdbr. Wmtrje` Nmrffiby. Nje Nmrffiby. Nje _ffiby (=: ybmrs) mia Wcjdjp _ffiby (?? ybmrs) emnb tf _ba _jvbr ms Cuasfi‚s Omy Efnpmiy wfr`brs wjtc Fwbi @bvbiy‚s pmrty ji =3=?. Wmtrje` wms fib fh tcb COE nbi uiabr Kmnbs Uutcbrdmia tm`bi prjsfibr mt tcb kuietjfi fh tcb ]u‚Mppbddb mia Mssjijofjib rjvbrs oy Ofstfimjs Wmilnmi mia cjs nbi fi Nmy 2, =3=8. Qcby wbrb rbdbmsba fi Nmy ?= mia mdd tcb COE nbi trmvbdba tf tcb hfr`s. Cb wms tcbi `jddba mt tcb Omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s. Kfci Nbci. Nbci Nbci. Nbci wms m Cuasfi‚s Omy Efnpmiy bnpdfybb, ift m Ubd`jr` Ubttdbr. Kmnbs fr Kfci Kfci Nffrb Nffrb Ur. Ur. Nffrb wms m Cuasfi‚s Cuasfi‚s Omy Efnpmiy Efnpmiy bnpdfybb, bnpdfybb, ift m Ubd`jr` Ubd`jr` Ubttdbr. Eutcobrt Lrmit spbejhjba tcmt jt wms Kfci Nffrb wcf hjrba tcb hjrst scft fh tcb omttdb. Mitfjib Cfudb efihbssba tf tcb `jddjil fh m Nr. Nffrb. Cb mppbmrs fi tcb COEf. "\jiijpbl Abpmrtnbit Ubrvmit Djst =3=2 & =3=8"; Kmnbs Nffrb =st - Frìby - Utbbrsnmi ― wjitbr _bsjabieb; Ormiafi Cfusb - "@jddba mt _ba _jvbr Ubttdbnbit =:tc Kuib =3=8.„ Kmnbs Nffrb Kr. Nffrb Kr. Nffrb wms m Cuasfi‚s Omy Efnpmiy bnpdfybb, ift m Ubd`jr` Ubttdbr. Cb mppbmrs fi tcb COEf. "\jiijpbl Abpmrtnbit Ubrvmit Djst =3=2 & =3=8"; Kmnbs Nffrb ?ia - Hjrtc - Dmofurbr ― wjitbr wjitbr _bsjabieb; _bsjabieb; Hfrt \jddjmn \jddjmn - "@jddba "@jddba mt _ba _jvbr Ubttdbn Ubttdbnbit bit =:tc Kuib =3=8." Cbiry Ujiedmjr. Mdsf Ujiedmjr. Mdsf m Cuasfi‚s Omy Efnpmiy bnpdfybb. Cb mppbmrs fi tcb COEf. "\jiijpbl Abpmrtnbit Ubrvmit Djst =3=2 & =3=8"; Cbiry Ujiedmjr - Ojrsmy - Dmofurbr ― \jitbr _bsjabieb; ]u'Mppbddb - "@jddba mt _ba _jvbr Ubttdbnbit =:tc Kuib =3=8." Afimda Uutcbrdmia. Uutcbrdmia. Mdsf m Cuasfi‚s Omy Efnpmiy bnpdfybb. Cb mppbmrs fi tcb COEf. "\jiijpbl Abpmrtnbit Ubrvmit Djst =3=2 & =3=8"; Afimda Uutcbrdmia - Eduib6 - Dmofurbr ― \jitbr _bsjabieb0 Hfrt Cjobrijm - "@jddba mt _ba _jvbr Ubttdbnbit =:tc Kuib =3=8." Mamn Uutcbrdmia. Uutcbrdmia. Mt mlb =8, Mamn emnb tf _ba _jvbr wjtc tcb sbefia pmrty fh sbttdbrs hrfn @jdafimi ji =3=5. Cjs orftcbr Lbfrlb Uutcbrdmia, wms wjtc tcb smnb lrfup. Qcb orftcbrs wbrb pmrt fh tcb lrfup wcf hdba tf Kme`cbma mhtbr tcb COE trbmty wjtc tcb Nbtjs ji =3=2 ji wcjec tcby mlrbba tf nfvb hrfn tcb hfr`s. Mamn wms `jddba ji tcb Omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s.

Uurvjvba tcb omttdb;

Kfci Ofur`b. Ofur`b wms wfuiaba ji tcb omttdb. Ofur`b (o. em =<:=) emnb tf Zfr` Hmetfry hrfn Udjlf Jrbdmia ji =3=?. Mhtbr wjitbrjil mt Zfr` Hmetfry tcby emnb sfutc tf _ba _jvbr. Mhtbr tcb Omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s cb wms tm`bi ms m prjsfibr tf Nfitrbmd mia ji =3=3 stffa trjmd wjtc Efdji _fobrtsfi mia wms mequjttba. Cb rbturiba tf _ba _jvbr ji =3=<. Cb wms mi COE bnpdfybb (edbr`) hrfn =3=? tf =318. Cb sbrvba mt Dm`b Qrmvbrsb mia Wbnojim, rbtjrba orjbhdy tcbi obemnb Wrjiejpmd Edbr` tf tcb Lfvbrifr fh Mssjijofjm. Ji =35?-=355, cb dba mi bxpbajtjfi tf @bitue`y tf ouy scbbp hfr h fr tcb efdfiy‚s bxpbrjnbitmd hmrn ji Ut. Kmnbs. Ofur`b‚s sbrvjeb rbefra js scfwi obdfw.

Njecmbd Cmyafi (Cbyabi); (Cbyabi) ; Cmyafi wms m COE rberujt wcf emnb fvbr wjtc Fwbi @bvbiy‚s pmrty. Qcby mrrjvba mt _ba _jvbr ji =3=?. Cb wms m odme`snjtc. odme`snjtc. Njecmbd Cmyafi wms jivfdvba ji mi mttbnpt tf `jdd Auiemi Emnbrfi fi tcb rfma tf Hfrt Ljormdtbr. <= Ji Fetfobr =3=2, Cmyabi, Ofur`b mia Mdbxmiabr NeDbmi mrrbstba I\E stmhh nbnobrs Auiemi Emnbrfi, Ubrmpcjn Dmnmr mia Ecmrdbs Cbss mia jnprjsfiba tcbn mt Hfrt Afuldms. Njecmbd @jd`biiy; @jd`biiy, @jd`biiy; @jd`biiy, ?5 ybmrs, wms mi Jrjsc dmofurbr wcf emnb tf _ba _jvbr ms m Cuasfi‚s Omy bnpdfybb wjtc tcb @bvbiby pmrty fh =3=?. @jd`biiy wms fib fh tcb COE nbi uiabr Kmnbs Uutcbrdmia tm`bi prjsfibr mt tcb kuietjfi fh tcb ]u‚Mppbddb mia Mssjijofjib rjvbrs oy Ofstfimjs Wmilnmi mia cjs nbi fi Nmy 2, =3=8. Qcby wbrb rbdbmsba fi Nmy ?= mia mdd tcb COE nbi tcbi trmvbddba tf tcb hfr`s. Cb mppbmrs fi tcb COEf. "\jiijpbl Abpmrtnbit Ubrvmit Djst =3=2 & =3=8"; Njecbmd @jd`biiy - Udjlf - Njaadbnmi ― wjitbr _bsjabieb; _jvbr ]u'Mppbddb - ?2 - "Ufobr Cfibst & fh suec abnbmifur ms wfuda tf met ms m suofrajimtb Fhhjebr.„ <=

Mdbxmiabr NeAfibdd, =3=:; 55.

Afimda Afimda NeEfy. NeEfy. NeEf NeEfy y wms wms pmrt pmrt fh tcb tcb COE COE lrfu lrfup p empt emptur urba ba oy Eutc Eutcob obrt rt Lrmi Lrmitt fi tcb tcb ]u‚Mppbddb _jvbr ji Nmy fh =3=8. Cb wms cbda mt Hfrt ]u‚Mppbddb hfr hfur amys tcbi rbdbmsba. Cb wms prbsbit mt Ubvbi Fm`s out nmimlba tf bsempb. Cb rmi ms sffi ms Lfvbrifr Ubnpdb wms scft.

Qbstjnfiy Qbstjnfiy mt tcb trjmd fh Wmud Orfwi mia H.H. Ofuecbr, Ofuecbr, trmiserjpt pp. ==1-=?7. ==1-=?7.

Lbfrlb Uutcbrdmia; Mt Uutcbrdmia; Mt mlb =3, Lbfrlb Uutcbrdmia emnb tf _ba _jvbr wjtc tcb sbefia pmrty fh sbttdbrs ji =3=5. Cjs orftcbr Mamn wms wjtc tcb smnb lrfup. Mamn wms `jddba aurjil tcb Omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s.

Ecrfifdfly fh bvbits dbmajil tf tcb Ubvbi Fm`s Omttdb Qcb Ubd`jr` Ubttdbrs mrrjvba mt tcb hfr`s ji =3=?. Qcb hjrst wjitbr, cfwbvbr, wms spbit mt Wbnojim, aub tf tcb mvmjdmojdjty fh suppdjbs mt tcmt dfemtjfi. Mdtcfulc tcby wbrb jitbiajil tf sbttdb ji mi mrbm dfil feeupjba oy tcb Nbtjs tcby wbrb mssjstba oy tcb Nbtjs ji lbttjil bstmodjscba. Qcjs Nbtjs efnnuijty wms bilmlba ji hjscjil, mlrjeudturb, hrbjlctjil, lmtcbrjil pdmjis prfvjsjfis (pbnnjemi, obrrjbs mia nmpdb sulmr) tf suppdy tcb hur trmabrs. Jt js jnpfrtmit tf iftb tcmt mt tcjs tjnb, tcb Nbtjs wbrb wbdd bstmodjscba ji tcb mrbm. Ujieb =<8:, tcb Nbtjs, Erbb mia Mssjijofjibs wbrb efisjabrba tf ob ji ecmrlb fh tcb _ba _jvbr mrbm. Qcb Umudtbmux fidy nfvba tf tcmt mrbm ji =<:7 wjtc tcb pbrnjssjfi fh tcb Erbbs. Amvja Qcfnpsfi rbpfrtba tcmt wcbi cb pmssba tcrfulc tcb hfr`s ji =<:3 sbvbrmd Emimajbi-Nbtjs hmnjdjbs wbrb djvjil tcbrb mia cma obbi kfjiba oy COE (Cmdh-Orbba) hmnjdjbs. Kfci \jdds (Eutcobrt Lrmit‚s orftcbr-ji-dmw) rbpfrtbady oujdt tcb hjrst I\E Hfrt Ljormdtbr mt tcb hfr`s ji =3=7, obemusb fh tcb amilbr fh Ujfux mttme`s mt Wbnojim. Qcb Nbtjs wcf djvba mt tcb hfr`s wbrb lrfwjil vblbtmodbs mia sbddjil tcbjr surpdus tf tcb hur trmabrs. Culc Cbiby fh tcb COE rbpfrtba fi Mulust ?1, =3=?; —Fi ny mrrjvmd cbrb (Hfr`s), J ofulct m qumitjty fh pftmtfbs, smy =27 ouscbds hrfn tcb hfddfwjil hrbbnbi; (Ecmrdbs) Ofttjibmu, (Mitfjib) Wbdtjbr mia Omptjstb _fj (_fy).„ Mt tcb Ubvbi Fm`s trjmds ji =3=3 _fy tbstjhjba tcmt hfr tcb prbvjfus =? ybmrs cb cma obbi eudtjvmtjil vblbtmodbs fi dmia merfss hrfn tcb I\E hfrt mia cma obbi sbddjil prfaueb tf oftc tcb COE mia I\E. _bv. Ecmrdbs Ofur`b wcf cma efnb fvbr wjtc tcb hjrst efitjilbit fh Jrjsc dmofurbrs tcmt Ubd`jr` cjrba tf oujda tcb efdfiy ji =3==-=3=?, jiajemtba tcmt tcb Nbtjs cb qubstjfiba mofut tcb mlrjeudturmd pftbitjmd fh tcb Hfr`s cma obbi djvjil tcbrb mia mt Wbnojim hfr tcb prbvjfus hjvb tf =2 ybmrs. Omptjstb Nmrebjddmjs cma obbi djvjil mt _ba _jvbr sjieb =<35 mia Kmequbs Cmnbdji sjieb =<:<. Omptjstb Nmrebjddmjs wms nmrrjba tf Milbdjqub Mssjijofjib mia tcbjr sfi Dfujs wms ofri mt _ba _jvbr ji =372. Kmiumry 3, =3=1; Njdbs =3=1; Njdbs Nmeafibdd, COE Lfvbrifr nm`bs tcb hjrst Wbnnjemi Wrfedmnmtjfi; if pbnnjemi pbnnjemi tf ob bxpfrtba oy tcb Nbtjs fr tcb I\E, tcb bia fh hrbb trmab. Qcb COE Wbnnjemi Wbnnjemi Wrfedmnmtjfi stmtba; Mia wcbrbms, tcb wbdhmrb fh tcb hmnjdjbs, mt prbsbit hfrnjil Ubttdbnbits fi tcb _ba _jvbr, wjtcji tcb smja Qbrrjtfry, wjtc tcfsb fi tcb wmy tf jt, pmssjil tcb wjitbr mt Zfr` mia Ecurecjdd Hfrts ji Cuasfi's Omy0 ms mdsf tcfsb wcf mrb bxpbetba tf mrrjvb ibxt mutuni0 rbiabrs jt m ibebssmry mia jiajspbismodb pmrt fh ny auty tf prfvjab hfr tcbjr sup pfrt0 ji tcb ybt uieudtjvm uieudtjvmtba tba stmtb fh tcb efuitry, tcb frajimry rbsfurebs abrjvba hrfn tcb ouhhmdf mia ftcbr wjda mijnmds cuitba wjtcji tcb Qbrrjtfry, mrb ift abbnba nfrb tcmi mabqumtb hfr tcb rbqujsjtb suppdy. \cbrbhfrb, jt js cbrboy frabrba, tcmt if pbrsfis trmajil ji hurs fr prfvjsjfis wjtcji tcb Qbrrjtfry, hfr tcb Cfifurmodb Cuasfi‚s Omy Efnpmiy, fr

tcb Ifrtc-\bst Efnpmiy, fr miy jiajvjaumd, fr uiefiibetba trmabrs fr pbrsfis wcmtbvbr, scmdd tm`b fut miy prfvjsjfis, bjtcbr fh hdbsc, hjsc, lrmji, fr vblbtmodb, prfeurba fr rmjsba wjtcji tcb Qbrrjtfry, oy wmtbr fr dmia emrrjmlb, hfr fib twbdvbnfitc hrfn tcb amtb cbrbfh0 smvb mia bxebpt wcmt nmy ob kualba ibebssmry hfr tcb trmajil pmrtjbs mt tcjs prbsbit tjnb wjtcji tcb Qbrrjtfry, tf emrry tcbn tf tcbjr rbspbetjvb abstjimtjfis0 mia wcf nmy, fi aub mppdjemtjfi tf nb, fotmji m djebisb hfr tcb smnb. Qcb prfvjsjfis prfeurba mia rmjsba ms mofvb scmdd ob tm`bi hfr tcb usb fh tcb efdfiy0 mia tcmt if dfss nmy meerub tf tcb pmrtjbs efiebriba, tcby wjdd ob pmja hfr oy Orjtjsc ojdds mt tcb eustfnmry rmtbs. Mia ob jt cbrboy hurtcbr nmab ìfwi, tcmt wcfsfbvbr scmdd ob abtbetba ji mttbnptjil tf efivby fut, fr scmdd mja mia mssjst ji emrryjil fut, fr mttbnptjil tf emrry fut, miy prfvjsjfis prfcjojtba ms mofvb, bjtcbr oy wmtbr fr dmia, scmdd ob tm`bi jitf eustfay, mia prfsbeutba ms tcb dmws ji suec emsbs ajrbet0 mia tcb prfvjsjfis sf tm`bi, ms wbdd ms miy lffas mia ecmttbds, fh wcmt imturb sfbvbr, wcjec nmy ob tm`bi mdfil wjtc tcbn, mia mdsf tcb ermht, emrrjmlbs mia emttdb jistrunbitmd ji efivbyjil mwmy tcb smnb tf miy pmrt, out tf tcb Ubttdbnbit fi _ba _jvbr, scmdd ob hfrhbjtba. Ljvbi uiabr ny cmia mt Hfrt Ambr, (Wbnojim,) tcb 3tc amy fh Kmiumry, =3=1. (Ujliba) Njdbs NMEAFIBD NMEAFIBDD, D, Lfvbrifr Oy frabr fh tcb Lfvbrifr, (Ujliba) Kfci Upbiebr, Uberbtmry. Nmrec =3=1; COE =3=1; COE uiabr Kfci \mrrbi lf tf tcb pdmjis mt Qurtdb _jvbr (ibmr Lrmia Hfr`s) mia efihjsemtb tcrbb sdbas fh nbmt hrfn Kbmi Omptjstb Absnmrmjs mia cjs lrfup fh Jiajmis mia Nbtjs. Nmy =3=1; Nmeafibdd =3=1; Nmeafibdd sbias \mrrbi mia 27 nbi afwi tcb Mssjijofjib tf efihjsemtb I\E prfvjsjfis. Qcb I\E ruis tcb odfe`mab mia stmscbs tcb suppdjbs. Fi Nmy ?2, =3=1, COE Ucbrjhh Kfci Upbiebr wbit tf \cjtb Cfrsb Wdmji mia empturba Wfjtrms mia Umuejssb mia hfreba tcbn tf rbvbmd wcbrb tcb emecb js. Upbiebr sbjzbs :8 omls fh I\E pbnnjemi. Qcb COE odfe`mabs _ba _jvbr mia sbjzbs ? I\E emifbs mia ajsmrns tcbjr nbi. Kuib =7, =3=1; Kfci =3=1; Kfci Upbiebr mia mi mrnba COE hfreb sbjzb tcb I\E pfst mt tcb Ufurjs mia Mssjijofjib. Qcby sbjzb 1<: omls fh pbnnjemi, :1 `bls fh hmt, mia 382 pfuias fh ouiadba arjba nbmt. Qcby tm`b tcb empturba suppdjbs tf Ormiafi Cfusb mia tcbi tf tcb hfr`s. Ucfrtdy tcbrbmhtbr, Auiemi Emnbrfi empturbs Nr. Cfusb fh COE. Kfci Nmeafibdd (I\E) tcbi iblftjmtbs m sbttdbnbit mia ?77 omls fh pbnnjemi mrb rbturiba tf I\E mia cb rbdbmsbs Nr. Cfusb. Kudy ?=, =3=1; Lfvbrifr Njdbs Nmeafibdd puodjscbs tcb sbefia Wbnnjemi Wrfedmnmtjfi prfcjojtjil tcb Nbtjs hrfn cuitjil fi cfrsbome`. Ubptbnobr =2, =3=1; Auiemi =3=1; Auiemi Emnbrfi (I\E) mrrbsts Kfci Upbiebr (COE) hfr pbnnjemi tcbhts hrfn tcb I\E. Nmrec ?5, =3=2; _fobrtsfi sbjzbs tcb I\E pfst mt Wbnojim tf efnpdbtb tcbjr odfe`mab fh tcb rjvbrs. Nbtjs dbmabrs Hrmsbr, Cbss mia Ofstfimjs Wmilnmi mrb empturba. Euecjddfi wjtc emiifi mia jt js sbit tf tcb nfutc fh tcb _ba _jvbr Qcb COE hjts fut tcb secffibr Euecjddfi tf odfe`mab tcb I\E emifbs hrfn Hfrt \jddjmn wcf mrb efnjil wjtc suppdjbs hfr tcb Mtcmomsem rbljfi. Djbutbimit Cfdtb efnnmias tcb Euecjddfi .

Mprjd =3, =3=2; Qcb sbttdbrs, uicmppy wjtc tcbjr efiajtjfis orf`b jitf tcb COE stfrbs mia tff` tcb emiifis fvbr tf tcb I\E pfst mt Hfrt Ljdormdtbr, dmtbr wcbi Njdbs Nmeafibdd mppbmdba tf tcb sbttdbrs hfr cbdp ji hbiajil fhh tcb Nbtjs fh tcb I\E cb wms jlifrba. Kuib <, =3=2; Eutcobrt =3=2; Eutcobrt Lrmit bstmodjscba m Nbtjs emnp fi tcb wbst omi` fh tcb _ba _jvbr, hfur njdbs afwistrbmn hrfn Wfjit Afuldms, tcb efdfiy‚s cbmaqumrtbrs, tf efvbr tcb abpmrturb ji I\E emifb emifbss hfr Emim Emimam am fh ajsmhh ajsmhhbe betba tba efdfi efdfijst jstss (mofu (mofutt 1? nbi). nbi). Lrmit‚ Lrmit‚ss nbi nbi oblm oblmi i tf cmrry cmrry tcb sbttdbnbit, stbmdjil cfrsbs mia pdfulcs, mia tcbrb wbrb bxecmilbs fh hjrb obtwbbi tcb Nêtjs mia tcb rbnmjijil sbttdbrs. Ji suec mi biefuitbr mt COE‚s Hfrt Afuldms fi =7 Kuib, fib fh Lfvbrifr Nmeafibdd‚s nbi wms `jddba wcbi m emiifi bxpdfaba. Nmiy fh Ubd`jr`‚s pbfpdb wbit fvbr tf tcb Nbtjs sjab. Dmtb ji =3=1 tcb ajslruitdba sbttdbrs mia Jrjsc pmrmnjdjtmry wbrb wrjtjil tf Auiemi Emnbrfi (I\E) ms`jil hfr trmispfrt tf Nfitrbmd. Qcb Jrjsc cjrba tf prbpmrb tcb wmy hfr tcb sbttdbnbit cma efitrmets tcmt cma bxpjrba fi Kuib =, =3=2, tcbsb nbi mdfil wjtc nmiy hrfn tcb @jdafimi pmrty wbit fvbr tf tcb Nbtjs sjab mia tff` tcb I\E fhhbr fh trmispfrtmtjfi tf Nfitrbmd. Kuib =2, =3=2; Qcb Nbtjs bsemdmtba tcbjr abnmias tcmt tcb sbttdbrs dbmvb tcb hfr`s, uiabr frabr hrfn Lrmit, Ucmw, Nfitfur mia Wmilnmi, tcb hfur ecjbhs fh tcb Nbtjs. Wbtbr Hjadbr, iblftjmtba wjtc tcb Nbtjs ecjbhs mt tcbjr emnp mt Hrfl Wdmji. Fi Kuib ?7, =3=2 Wbtbr Wmilnmi jistruetba Hjadbr tcmt if efdfijsts wbrb tf rbnmji, out tcmt m djnjtba iunobr fh COE sbrvmits njlct stmy, ms jt wms tf tcb mavmitmlb fh tcb Nbtjs tf cmvb efnpbtjil trmajil efnpmijbs ji tcb mrbm. Wmilnmi mdsf rbqubstba tcb pmynbit fh mi miiumd trjoutb tf tcb Nbtjs. Hjadbr nmab m wrjttbi efuitbr prfpfsmd fi Kuib K uib ?2, =3=2. Mnfil tcb fhhbrs cb nmab wbrb; ia

? . Jt js hurtcbrnfrb mlrbba tcmt tcb Cmdh Orbbas scmdd bvbr bikfy tcb hudd djobrty fh ruiijil tcb Ouhhmdf mia djvjil meefrajil tf tcb eustfn ji wcjec tcby cmvb obbi orfulct up. 5ra. Mia jt js mdsf mlrbba tcmt tcby scfuda ift ob suokbet tf miy Dfemd Dmws tcmt nmy ob cbrbmhtbr bstmodjscba uidbss tcby hjiajil tcb lffa bhhbets fh djvjil m ejvjdjzba djhb scmdd efnb hfrwmra mia ms` tf ob manjttba tf fur sfejbty, tcbi tcby scfuda ob efisjabrba ms fib fh us mia scmdd bikfy mdd tcb Wrjvjdblbs wb nmy pfssbss. 1tc. Mia jt js hurtcbr prfnjsba tcmt wcmtbvbr prbsbits nmy ob ljvbi miiumddy tf tcb Jiajmis, tcmt tcb Cmdh Orbbas scmdd cmvb mi bqumd scmrb ji tcbn. (NmeDbfa =:<1; ?:) Eutcobrt Lrmit mia tcb ftcbr Emptmjis fh tcb Nbtjs, Ofstfimjs Wmilnmi, \jddjmn Ucmw mia Ijecfdms —Oficfnnb„ —Oficfnnb„ Nfitfur (sbb sbrvjeb rbefra obdfw), rbkbetba tcjs prfpfsmd mia rbspfiaba wjtc fib fh tcbjr fwi. Qcjs efuitbr-prfpfsmd rbstmtba tcb rbqubst tcmt mdd efdfijsts ob rbnfvba mia tcmt tcb COE bstmodjsc tcbnsbdvbs mt sfnb ftcbr trmajil spft. Qcby wjtcarbw tcbjr rbqubst hfr mi miiumd trjoutb. Qcjs ibw prfpfsmd wms tcbi meebptba fi Kuib ?2, =3=2 oy Kmnbs Uutcbrdmia mia Kmnbs \cjtb <5 fi obcmdh fh tcb efdfijsts. Qcb sbttdbrs (=5 nbi mia tcbjr hmnjdjbs), 17 pbrsfis ji mdd, wbit ifrtc tf Kme` _jvbr. Qcb Nbtjs abstrfyba tcb erfps mia ourit mdd tcb sbttdbnbit oujdajils<1 bxebpt tcb odme`snjtc‚s scfp. Cfwbvbr, uiabr bitrbmty fh COE, tcb sbttdbrs rbturiba ji tcb hmdd fh tcb ybmr.

<5

Ar. \cjtb wms dmtbr `jddba mt tcb Omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s. Qcb COE bstmodjscnbit bstmodjscnbit fh hfur cfusbs, cfusbs, hfrnjil wcmt wms emddba tcb hfrt, hjvb hmrn cfusbs, m omri, m stm odb, mia m njdd. Bjlctbbi sbttdb rs cfusbs wbrb mdsf abstrfyba. <1

Nmrec =<, =3=8; Efdji _fobrtsfi fh COE sbjzbs I\E Hfrt Ljormdtbr fi frabrs hrfn Ubnpdb. Cb bitbrba mt tcb cbma fh mi mrnba pmrty efisjstjil fh Mdbxmiabr NmeDbmi, Kfci W. Ofur`b, Njecmbd ecmbd Cmyafi, Cmyafi, Nmrtji Nmrtji Kframi Kframi mia sbvbrmd sbvbrmd ftcbrs. ftcbrs. Qcby jnprjsfiba jnprjsfiba I\E bnpdfybbs bnpdfybbs Auiemi Auiemi Emnbrfi, Ubrmpcjn Dmnmr, Kfci Ubvbrbjlct mia Kfsbpc Dmurbit. Nmrec =:, =3=8; Mdbxmiabr =3=8; Mdbxmiabr NeAfiibdd (COE Ucbrjhh), Kfci Wrjtecmra, Kfci NeDbfa mia ftcbrs tm`b pfssbssjfi fh tcb I\E hfrt mt Wbnojim. Ofstfimjs Wmilnmi, Hrmsbr, Cbssb mia Eftfimcm mrb mdd nmab prjsfibrs. Mhtbr objil cbda mt Hfrt Ambr, tcby mrb mdd sbit tf _ba rjvbr mia cbda mt Hfrt Afuldms. Bmrdy Mprjd, =3=8; Hfrt =3=8; Hfrt Ljormdtbr js rmzba tf tcb lrfuia oy COE stmhh. Qcb tjnobrs wbrb emrrjba wmy tf Hfrt Afuldms tf strbiltcbi tcmt bstmodjscnbit mia hjrb wms sbt tf tcb rbnmjis. Ji Mprjd tcb Ubd`jr` efdfijsts rbturiba tf tcb sbttdbnbit hrfn Wbnojim mia oblmi eudtjvmtjfi fh tcbjr pmtecbs fh edbmrba dmia. Jt js iftbwfrtcy tcmt wcjdb Dfra Ubd`jr` cma ift suppdjba tcb efdfijsts wjtc pdfws (tcby usba cfbs) cb cma sbit emiifis mia nus`bts ji mouiamieb. Nja Mprjd, =3=8; Ubnpdb sbias Wmnorui up tcb Mssjijofjib tf ]u‚Mppbddb tf sbeurb tcb COE pbnnjemi pbnnjemi suppdjbs. Mprjd, =3=8; Nmeafibdd =3=8; Nmeafibdd fh tcb I\E trjbs tf iblftjmtb wjtc Ubnpdb. Nmy =3, =3=8; Eutcobrt Lrmit mia 1: nbi sbjzb Uutcbrdmia, Wmnorui mia ?? COE nbi ji hjvb ofmts mt tcb ]u‚Mppbddb rmpjas. Qcby sbjzb ?? pme`s fh hurs mia 877 omls fh pbnnjemi. pbnnjemi. Qcby sbia Wmnorui mia Uutcbrdmia ome` tf Hfrt ]u‚Mppbddb mia rbdbmsb fib ofmt tf efitjiub tf Hfrt

Afuldms wjtc COE prfvjsjfis. Kmnbs Uutcbrdmia rbefras tcb Nbtjs hdyjil tcb jihjijty hdml wjtc m rba ome`lrfuia aurjil tcjs mttme`; Hrbbnmi mia Cmdh Orbbas hfrnjil twf ajstjiet efnpmijbs. PMdbxmiabr^ Nmeafibdd dba fib fh tcbsb efisjstjil fh Emimajmis wjtc efdfurs hdyjil, tcb ftcbr Efnpmiy wbrb Cmdh Orbbas cbmaba oy Eutcobrt Lrmit, m Cmdh Orbba wcf cms obbi rbludmrdy bauemtba mt Emimam mia cms metba hfr sbvbrmd ybmrs ms edbr`, mia stjdd efitjiubs tf met ms suec, tf tcb I\E. Qcjs trjob cma miftcbr Hdml cfjstba fh wcmt Imtjfi J ìfw ift. Jt js rba wjtc m hjlurb 3 pdmeba cfrjzfitmddy ji tcb njaadb fh jt mia js smja tf ob m prbsbit hrfn tcb I\E mdfil wjtc sfnb Uwfras mia m hbw pmjrs fh Wjstfds tf tcbsb abduaba yfuil nbi, tcb Cmdh Orbbas ms m rbefnpbisb hfr tcbjr bxbrtjfis mlmjist tcb efdfiy, Pji tcb^ Uprjil fh =3=2. <2

Nmy 5=, =3=8; Qcb =3=8; Qcb COE mttme`s tcrbb I\E emifbs dbmvjil Hfrt Ljormdtbr mia sbjzb 17 pme`s fh hurs. Kuib =, =3=8; Eutcobrt Lrmit lfbs tf Ormiafi Cfusb mia empturbs jt. Wbtbr Hjadbr surrbiabrs wjtcfut m hjlct. Mhtbr tcb Nmy =3 tc efihrfitmtjfi Lrmit wms kfjiba oy Nmeafibdd‚s pmrty mia tcby prfebbaba afwi rjvbr wjtc 57 nbi rjajil fi tcb ifrtc omi` mia Lrmit wjtc 17 nbi rjajil fi tcb sfutc omi` dba oy m lujab rjajil wjtc m odub Nbtjs jihjijty hdml. Mt tcb hfr`s fh tcb Ufurjs, Nmeafibdd lfbs tf I\E Hfrt dm Ufurjs. Lrmit mia cjs nbi sbjzb tcb ibmroy COE Ormiafi Cfusb mia jts suppdjbs. Wbtbr Hjadbr (COE) abserjobs tcjs bvbit; Mt cmdh pmst iffi mofut 13 Cmdhorbbas, Emimajmis, Hrbbnbi mia Jiajmis emnb mdd rjajil fi Cfrsbome`, wjtc tcbjr hdml hdyjil odub mofut 1 hbbt squmrb mia m hjlurb fh 3 cfrjzfitmddy ji tcb njaadb, njaadb, fib obmtjil obmtjil mi Jiajmi Jiajmi arun, mia nmiy fh tcbn sjiljil sjiljil Jiajmi sfils, tcby mdd rfab ajrbetdy tf tcb usumd erfssjil pdmeb fvbr tcb rjvbr wcbrb tcby mdd stfppba mofut twf njiutbs, mia jistbma fh lfjil afwi tcb omi` mia rjajil merfss tcb rjvbr tcby mdd turiba suaabidy mia rfab hudd spbba jitf fur ymra-sfnb fh tcbn tjba tcbjr cfrsbs, ftcbrs dffsb mia hjxba tcbjr hdml mt fur affr, wcjec tcby sffi mhtbrwmras cfjstba fvbr fur Bmst Lmtb ibxt tcb Emimajmi cfusb‑Eutcobrt Lrmit tcbi emnb up tf nb ji tcb ymra mia abnmiaba fh nb tf abdjvbr tf cjn mdd tcb `bys fh fur stfrbs wmrbcfusbs mia J fh efursb wfuda ift abdjvbr tcbn up‑tcby tcbi ruscba jitf tcb cfusb mia orf`b fpbi tcb wmrbcfusb affr hjrst, pduiabrba tcb wmrbcfusb fh bvbry mrtjedb jt efitmjiba, tfrb up pmrt fh tcb ebddmr hdffr mia eut fut tcb pmrecnbit wjiafws wjtcfut smyjil wcmt tcjs wms afib hfr fr oy wcfsb mutcfrjty - Mdbx. NeAfibdd, Ubrbpcjn, Ofstfimjs, mia Mddmi NeAfibdd wbrb mt tcbjr cfusb dff`jil fi tcb wcfdb tjnb. <8

Kuib =7, =3=8; _fobrtsfi mia Ubnpdb tfrb afwi Hfrt Ljormdtbr mia usba tcb dfls tf rbjihfreb Hfrt Afuldms, tcby ourit mdd tcb rbnmjijil oujdajils. Ubnpdb tcbi odfe`maba mdd tcb rjvbr rfutbs mia sbit tcb Ubd`jr` Ubttdbrs fut twf njdbs afwistrbmn tf wfr` fi tcb erfps mia lmrabis. Kuib =8, =3=8; Lrmit‚s Lrmit‚s pmrty pmrty rbmecbs rbmecbs Wfrtmlb dm Wrmjrjb. Wrmjrjb. Lrmit prfpfsbs prfpfsbs tf oypmss oypmss Ubnpdb‚s Ubnpdb‚s odfe`mab oy lfjil fvbrdmia tf tcb wbst fh Hfrt Afuldms mia nbbt tcb I\E orjlmab afwistrbmn mt Hrfl Wdmji mia prfvjab tcbn wjtc nuec ibbaba hffa suppdjbs. Cb wfuda tcbi ji turi odfe`mab Hfrt Afuldms mia stmrvb Ubnpdb fut. Kuib =:, =3=8; Qcb =3=8; Qcb Omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s.

<2 <8

W.M.N., Ubd`jr` Wmpbrs, Kmnbs Uutcbrdmia‚s Imrrmtjvb, pp. =:18-=:1<. C.O.E.M. C.O.E.M. O/??/M/=:, O/??/M/=:, p. 58.

_bhbrbiebs; Obdd, Ecmrdbs Impjbr. Qcb Ubd`jr` Ubttdbnbit mia Ubttdbrs.„ Ubttdbrs.„ \jiijpbl; Qcb \jiijpbl; Qcb Efnnbrejmd , =33<. Ofuecbr, Hrmiejfs Hjrnji. _bdmtjfi afiiêb pmr duj-nënb abs êvêibnbis Psje^ quj fit bu djbu sur db tbrrjtfjrb abs smuvmlbs abpujs db nfjs a‚fetforb, =3=2, kusqu‚mu : kuji =3=8 ; êpfqub ab dm nfrt ab Nr. Ubnpdb mvbe dbs aêtmjds ab sfi dfil bnprjsfiinbit, kusqu‚ç sfi kulbnbit. Nfitrbmd ; s.i, =3=:. Ounstbma, K. N. Dfra Ubd`jr` M Djhb . \jiijpbl; Rijvbrsjty fh Nmijtfom Wrbss, ?773. Emnpby, Duejddb C. Qcb Ujdvbr Ecjbh; Dfra Ubd`jr` mia tcb Uefttjsc Wjfibbrs fh Obdhmst, Omdaffi mia _ba _jvbr. Qfrfitf; Imturmd Cbrjtmlb Off`s, ?775. Efdtnmi, \. O. —_bpfrt fh tcb Upbejmd Efnnjssjfibr _bdmtjvb tf tcb Ajsturomiebs ji Jiajmi Qbrrjtfrjbs fh Orjtjsc Ifrtc Mnbrjem.„ ]ubobe; Kuib 57, =3=3; =2?-?27. Ji Wmpbrs _bdmtjil tf tcb _ba _jvbr Ubttdbnbit . Fttmwm; Cfusb fh Efnnfis, Kudy =?, =3=:. Efutts, _fobrt mia _. Utumrt. Qcb Hfr`s mia tcb Omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s ji Nmijtfom Cjstfry . \jiijpbl; Nmijtfom Cjstfrjemd Ufejbty, =::1. Aje`, Aje`, Dydb. Dydb. —Qcb Ubvbi Fm`s Jiejabit Jiejabit mia tcb Efistruetjfi Efistruetjfi fh m Cjstfrjem Cjstfrjemdd Qrmajtjf Qrmajtjfi. i. =3=8=:<7.„ Kfurimd fh tcb Emimajmi Cjstfrjemd Mssfejmtjfi , Xfd. ?, =::=; :=-==5. Aje`, Dydb; —Cjstfrjemd \rjtjil fi Ubvbi Fm`s; Qcb Mssbrtjfi fh Mildf-Emimajmi Afnjimieb ji tcb \bst.„ Ji _fobrt Efutts mia _. Utumrt. Qcb Hfr`s mia tcb Omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s ji Nmijtfom Cjstfry . \jiijpbl; Nmijtfom Cjstfrjemd Ufejbty, =::1; 82-<7. Kme`sfi, Kfci E. Kbnny Kfe` Ojra; Nmrljimd Nmi fi tcb Odme`hfft Hrfitjbr. Emdlmry; Rijvbrsjty fh Emdlmry Wrbss, ?775. Dfra Ubd`jr` Mssfejmtjfi fh _upbrt‚s Dmia. Qcb Ubd`jr` Ubttdbrs fh _ba _jvbr mia Qcbjr Absebiamits =3=?-=::? . \jiijpbl; Mutcfr, =::?. Nmrtji, Ecbstbr. _ba _jvbr Ubttdbnbit; Wmpbrs ji tcb Emimajmi Mrecjvbs _bdmtjil tf tcb Wjfibbrs . Fttmwm; Mrecjvbs Ormiec, =:=7. Nmrtji, Kfb. —Odffascba mt Ubvbi Fm`s.„ Qcb Obmvbr , Futhjt ?:<, =:88; 58-17. Nmrtji, Kfb. —Efihdjet mt _ba _jvbr; Efddjsjfi mt Ubvbi Fm`s.„ Ji _fobrt Efutts mia _. Utumrt. Qcb Hfr`s mia tcb Omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s ji Nmijtfom Cjstfry . \jiijpbl; Nmijtfom Cjstfrjemd Ufejbty, =::1; 23-81. NmeDbfa, Nmrlmrbt mia \.D. Nfrtfi. Eutcobrt Lrmit fh Lrmitfwi . Qfrfitf; NeEdbddmia mia Utbwmrt Dta., =:<1. NeAfibdd, Mdbxmiabr. M Imrrmtjvb fh Qrmismetjfis ji tcb _ba _jvbr Efuitry0 hrfn tcb efnnbiebnbit fh tcb Fpbrmtjfis fh tcb Bmrd fh Ubd`jr` Qjdd tcb Uunnbr fh tcb Zbmr =3=8 . Dfiafi; O. NeNjddmi, =3=:.

Wbddbtjbr, Wbddbtjbr, Kfmiib. Qcb U`jrnjsc mt Ubvbi Fm`s . _bljim; Lmorjbd Aunfit Jistjtutb, =:32. _bpfrt fh tcb Wrfebbajils Efiibetba wjtc tcb Ajsputbs obtwbbi tcb Bmrd fh Ubd`jr` mia tcb Ifrtc-\bst Efnpmiy mt tcb Mssjzbs Cbda mt Zfr` ji Rppbr Emimam, Fetfobr =3=3. Nfitrbmd; Kmnbs Dmib mia Imcun Nfwbr, =3=:. Jieduabs tcb Qrjmd fh Kfci Ubvbrjlct bt md, Wrfvjieb fh Rppbr Emimam; Ubssjfi fh Fybr mia Qbrnjibr mia Lbibrmd Lmfd Abdjvbry cbda mt Zfr` Fetfobr =:, =3=3 tf Fetfobr 57, =3=3. Jieduabs tcb Wmud Orfwi mia H. H. Ofuecbr trjmd trmiserjpt. tr miserjpt. Utmtbnbit Utmtbnbit _bspbetjil _bspbetjil tcb Bmrd fh Ubd`jr`‚s Ubd`jr`‚s Ubttdbnbit Ubttdbnbit Rpfi tcb _ba _jvbr, _jvbr, ji Ifrtc Mnbrjem0 Mnbrjem0 Jts Abstruetjfi ji =3=2 mia =3=80 mia tcb Nmssmerb fh Lfvbrifr Ubnpdb mia cjs Wmrty . Dfiafi; Kfci Nurrmy, =3=<.

Ucfrb, Hrba K. —Qcb Frjljis fh Nbtjs Imtjfimdjsn mia tcb Wbnnjemi \mrs.„ Ji _fobrt Efutts mia _. Utumrt. Qcb Hfr`s mia tcb Omttdb fh Ubvbi Fm`s ji Nmijtfom Cjstfry . \jiijpbl; Nmijtfom Cjstfrjemd Ufejbty, =::1; <3-3=. Utbwmrt, \mddmeb \. Afeunbits _bdmtjil tf tcb Ifrtc \bst Efnpmiy . Qfrfitf; Ecmnpdmji Ufejbty, =:51. Qcfnsfi, _fobrt \. —Qcjs \je`ba Hmnjdy.„ Nfitmim; Qcb Nmlmzjib fh \bstbri Cjstfry , \jitbr ?771; ?-=2.

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