CONTENTS Objectives Scope and Limitations
Overview
Single Line Diagram First Private Pole
What’s inside the Substation What’s Operation Maintenance Questions
OBJECTIVES At the end of the lecture, the participants should be able to: Identify the basic parts of First Private Pole Visualize the typical substation installation that SM has. Identify the major elements of a substation. Know the basic monitoring and operation procedures. Know the standard maintenance program and procedures.
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS This presentation is limited to: First Private Pole SM’s Typical Indoor Substation What’s inside a Substation
OVERVIEW
Substation A. Classification According to Requirement:
Transformer Substation
Switching Substation
Power Factor Correction Substation
Frequency Changer Substation
Converting Substation
Industrial Substation
Substation B. Classification According to Construction Features:
Outdoor Substation
Indoor Substation
Underground Substation
SMCL’S 5MVA INDOOR SUBSTATION
Aerial view
Definition Electrical Substation: a subsidiary station of an electricity generation,
transmission and distribution system where voltage is transformed from high to low or the reverse using transformers Performs switching, which is the connecting and
disconnecting of transmission lines or other components to and from the system Used to switch generators, equipment, and circuits or lines
in and out of a system SM Calamba Electrical SLD-feb2012-SHORT-B.pdf
Typical Single Line Diagram SM Calamba Electrical SLD-feb2012-SHORT-B.pdf
SLD of LBS 11 | SM Indoor Substation | 17 Oct 2012 | CPDelosReyes
Actual Photo of LBS on FPP
Closer Look of the FPP Incoming 34.5kV lines from Meralco a
Suspension Insulators
Termination Kit
XLPE (to substation)
b
c
Closer Look of the FPP LBS
Power Fuse: 150E, Cat# 134250R4 , 34.5kV, S&C Electric Co.
What’s inside the Substation?
MVSG2
T2
LVSG2 T1 LVSG1
MVSG1
Switchgear A switching and interrupting device combined with
associated control, regulating, metering, and protective devices, used primarily in connection with the generation, transmission, distribution, and conversion of electric power.
MVSG Medium Voltage Switchgear, rated 34.5kV Used to connect
or disconnect a part of a medium-voltage
power system. directly linked to the quality of the electricity supply
MVSG
280cm T1
250cm
173cm
17 | SM Indoor Substation | 17 Oct 2012 | CPDelosReyes
MVSG: inner view
VCB
PT
Current Transformer
VCB
VCB SLD
Representation of vaccum interrupter Chamber in VCB with rated current
up to 3000 A, interrupts the current by creating and extinguishing the arc in a vacuum container For 34.5kV have longer life
expectancies between overhaul than do air circuit breakers.
MVSG Metering Devices PQMII PQ Meter
provides metering for current, voltage, real power, reactive power, apparent power, energy use, cost of power, power factor, and frequency.
True RMS monitoring of Ia, Ib, Ic, In, Van, Vbn, Vcn, Vab, Vbc, Vca, voltage/current unbalance, power factor, line frequency, watts, vars, VA, Wh, varh, VAh, and demand readings for A, W, vars, and VA.
MVSG Metering Devices Feeder Protection Relay: Features
Time delay overcurrent either phase or ground fault
Instantaneous overcurrent
Thermal Image Protection
Transformer Oil Immersed Power Transformer
transforms voltage from high to low or the reverse with the windings immersed in a highlyrefined transformer oil that remains stable at transformer operating temperature Instantaneous overcurrent
Transformer Oil Immersed Power Transformer
indoor or outdoor, normally for temperature no lower than -5 C.
Ambient temperature must not exceed 40 C and minimum -5 C
Cut-away view:
three-phase oil-cooled transformer with oil reservoir visible at the top; radiative fins aid the dissipation of heat.
Transformer
The operation of the transformer is based on electromagnetic theory proposed by Lenz and further developed by Maxwell.
When a current flows through a conductor, a magnetic field is produced.
By placing another conductor within that magnetic field, a voltage is induced in that conductor. This principle provides the basis for transformer action. The transformer transfers power by electromagnetic induction between circuits at the same frequency, but at different voltage and current.
Heinrich Lenz
The induced current in the copper ring
creates its own magnetic field that opposes the magnetic field that created it
Any change in the magnetic environment of a coil of wire will cause a voltage (emf) to be "induced" in the coil. No matter how the change is produced, the voltage will be generated. The change could be produced by changing the magnetic field strength, moving a magnet toward or away from the Michael Faraday coil, moving the coil into or out of the magnetic field, rotating the coil faradays-law_en.jar relative to the magnet, etc
Static
magnetic fields lines ALWAYS form closed loops. They encircle moving charges according to the right hand rule.
James Clerk Maxwell
There is another source of electric and magnetic fields, when either of those fields changes with time: Changing
magnetic fields is a source of electric fields
Changing
electric fields are a source of magnetic fields
James Clerk Maxwell
The fields produced by this change
are called dynamic or induced fields
Vs/Vp = Ns/Np Ip/Is = Ns/Np Where: Vp = primary voltage Vs = sec. voltage Ns/Np = turns ratio AC in one circuit induces an
AC in a second circuit Transfers power between
the two circuits Doesn’t transfer charge
between the two circuits
Ip/Is = current ratio
Step down transformer: Ns < Np
Others: Step-down transformer Autotransformer
8 7
6
1 Filling & pressure relief cap
1 2
4
2 oil level 3 air breather 4 thermometer 5 drain valve 6 gas relay 7 mv bushings 8 lv bushings 9 tap changer
5
7
8
9
7
8
9
Gas Relay or Buccholz relay mounted on the pipe connecting the
highest part of the transformer tank and the conservator first stage detects the slow
accumulation of gas generated from an incipient or minor fault, such as damaged winding or core insulation, loose connections, etc. second stage operates on the sudden rise
in oil pressure in the main tank caused by faults of a major nature, such as internal flash overs, short circuited turns, etc.
The first stage is used
used for trip. 36 | SM Indoor Substation | 17 Oct 2012 | CPDelosReyes
for alarm, and the second stage is
LVSG
Inner view of LVSG
38 | SM Indoor Substation | 17 Oct 2012 | CPDelosReyes
39 | SM Indoor Substation | 17 Oct 2012 | CPDelosReyes
LVSG Used to connect
or disconnect a part of a low-voltage power system.
tie breaker ATS Normal CB Emergency CB Feeder CBs Capbank CB Metering devices
ATS and Tie CB
ATS and Tie CB
ATS SLD
Air Circuit Breakers rated current up to
10,000 A
trip characteristics are often fully adjustable
including
configurable trip thresholds and delays. Usually electronically controlled, though some models are
microprocessor controlled via an integral electronic trip unit. Common Brand installed: GE (Powerbreak II and
Entelliguard)
Air Circuit Breakers for LVSG
Entelliguard: Tie, Normal & Emergency
Power Break II: Feeder CBs
Power Break II: Manual Operation The circuit breaker closing spring is energized by the size operation of the retractable pump handle Depress the “PUSH ON”
button – to close the breaker contact The circuit breaker opening spring are automatically charged when the breaker is closed Depress the
“PUSH OFF” button – to open the breaker contact
Power Break II: Manual Operation ON/OFF INDICAT OR
CHARGING SPRING INDICATOR
CONDITION OF CHARGING SPRING
MAIN BREAKER CONTACTS
OFF
OPEN
DISCHARGED
DISCHARGED
CLOSING SPRINGS MAY BE CHARGED
OFF
OPEN
CHARGED
FULLY CHARGED
CONTACTS MAY BE CLOSED
ON
CLOSED
DISCHARGED
DISCHARGED
CONTACTS MAY BE OPENED, OR CLOSING COIL MAY BE CHARGED
ON
CLOSED
CHARGED
FULLY CHARGED
CONTACTS MAY BE OPENED
FULLY CHARGED
CLOSING SPRING MAY BE DISCHARGED WITHOUT CLOSING CONTACTS BY DEPRESSING OFF BUTTON WHILE PUSHING ON BUTTON
OFF
OPEN
CHARGED
NEXT PERMISSIBLE OPERATING FUNCTION
G.E. Substation Monitoring Communication Wire (Twisted Pair)
Feeder (MVT) Meter & Relay
Multinet Concentrator
Multilink
PMCS/CIMPLICITY Enervista Viewpoint Monitoring
What data do we get from the substation monitoring? Phase and
Line Voltages, Currents
kVA, kW, kWH (with min, ave and max values) Trending reports (graph of the parameters) Per minute, hourly, daily Trip unit set points/settings
Sample data
Substation Monitoring Though there is Enervista, Substation electricians shall log / monitor the following: MVSG and LVSG readings – phase and line currents,
kW, kWH, kVA, pf Daily kwH reading of Main Meter and feeder meters
inside substation CB tripping Fluctuations Interruptions Abnormalities: oil leak,
burnt bus bars/wires, high temp, water leak, busted pilot lamps
Housekeeping
How to start the Genset in Auto using MVSG Toggle selector to
“TRIP”; toggle to “CLOSE” to normalize Used during Genset load
test Used only when there is
a need to isolate the normal supply Note: no synchronizing
panel for gensets
How to start the Genset in Auto using LVSG Select Emergency to
“AUTO” Toggle
Normal to “Test”
Used only during no
load test Note: no synchronizing
panel for gensets
When to use the tie CB at Normal Power When one Bank is down (no power supply
to one
MVSG; one transformer is down)
When to use the tie CB at Emergency Power At night, when load is too low to be supplied by all
two gensets (e.g. for a substation with two banks) When one genset is down
How to use the tie CB (Emergency Power) Select the flow of the power on the tie CB (e.g. from LVSG
1 to LVSG 2) Unlock the LOTO of the tie CB Open Normal CB of
LVSG 2
Select “Manual” for the
Emergency Selector
Charge the tie CB Depress button “CLOSE” of tie CB Note: you may also
turn-off all CBs of bank 2 before energizing the tie CB, then select which among the feeders you desire to energize
How to return to Select the flow of the power on the tie CB (e.g. from LVSG
1 to LVSG 2) Unlock the LOTO of the tie CB Open Normal CB of
LVSG 2
Select “Manual” for the
Emergency Selector
Charge the tie CB Depress button “CLOSE” of tie CB Note: you may also
turn-off all CBs of bank 2 before energizing the tie CB, then select which among the feeders you desire to energize
Substation Preventive Maintenance MVSG, Transformer, LVSG, Cap Banks Semi-annual Thermal Scanning Retightening /
correction to be done only when critical hotspot is detected
Cleaning to be done only when dirty along with
retightening
the
