Basic Elevator Components - Part Two In the previous topic " Basic Elevator E levator Componen Components ts - Part One" One " , I indicate that the basic elevator components are as follows:
1. Car. 2. Hois oistway tway.. 3. ach achin ine! e!dr driv ive e sys syste tem. m. . Cont Contro roll syst system em.. #. $afet afety y sys system. tem. I e%plained the e levator car components in this prevouis topic, and today I will continue e%plainin& the second item from basic el evator components which is Hoistway as follows. 'ou 'ou can review the followin& prevouis topics for more information and &ood followin&. •
Elevators Types and Classifications – Part One
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Elevators Types and Classification - Part Two
Second: Seco nd: Hoistw Ho istway ay Hoistway is the space enclosed by fireproof walls and elevator doors for the travel of one or more elevators, dumbwaiters or material lifts. It includes the pit and terminates at the underside of the overhead machinery space floor or &ratin& or at the underside of the roof where the hoistway does not penetrate the roof. (Hoistway is sometimes called "hatchway" or "hatch".)
Hoistway
A simple definition for te oistway is the shaft that encompasses the elevator car. !ote: *enerally the Hoistway servin& all floors of the buildin& but in hi&h+rise buildin&s hoistways may be baned with specific hoistways servin& only the lower floors and others servin& only middle or upper floors while travelin& in a blind hoistway until reachin& the floors that it serves. - blind hoistway has no doors on the floors that it does not serve.
Hoistway components: Hoistway is euipped with the followin& components:
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*uide rails for both the car and counterwei&ht.
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Counterwei&ht.
3.
$uspension (Hoistin&) /opes (Cables).
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0andin& (Hoistway) doors.
5.
uffers in the pit.
- #$ide %ails
Guide Rails
#$ide %ails are $teel racs in the form of a 4 that run the len&th of the hoistway, round, or formed sections with &uidin& surfaces to &uide and direct the course of travel of an elevator car and elevator counterwei&hts and 5sually mounted to the sides of the hoistway. Car #$ide rails are fi%ed to the hoistway by means of steel &rac'ets which consists as shown in the below ima&e
Car steel &rac'ets 6hile co$nterwei(t ($ide rails are fi%ed to the hoistway by means of side steel &rac'ets which consists as shown in the below ima&e.
co$nterwei(t side steel &rac'ets -nd the &uide rails are fi%ed to these bracets by means of clips which usually have (3) types as follows:
#$ide %ails Brac 'ets Clips
1. ( Clips) Hot 7orhed Clips. 2. ($0 Clips) $lidin& Clips. 3. ($H Clips) Combined Clips.
Some special &rac'ets are used in special cases as follows: A- Com&ined Brac'et:
Com&ined Brac'et Combined bracet is used only when the arran&ement of the lift euipments (Car and Counterwei&ht) are too closed and perpendicular to e ach other in a specific point.
B- Com&ination Brac'et:
Com&ination Brac'et
Combination bracet is used to mount both rails of counterwei&ht with one rail of the car as shown in the below ima&e.
)- Co$nterwei(t
Counterweight
Co$nterwei(t is - traced wei&ht that is suspended from cables and moves within its own set of &uide rails alon& the hoistway walls. Counterwei&ht is used for the followin&: •
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alancin& the mass of the complete car and a portion of rated load, and it will be eual to the dead wei&ht of the car plus about 89 of the rated load. /educin& the necessary consumed power for movin& the elevator.
Co$nterwei(t components:
Counterweight components
he counterwei&ht composed of a steel frames that can be filled with cast iron fillers above one another to &et the reuired and it is usually composed of the followin& parts:
A- Top Part Assem&ly: op part consists of main bent sheet metal mm and hitch plate mm thicness for ropes attachment drilled with holes pattern to ropes si;e and uantity. B- Bottom Part Assem&ly: ottom part consists of two halves made of steel mm, the two halves are screw connected usin& vertical profile with buffer plate welded to one of the two halves, the buffer plate made of sheet metal mm thicness to buffer the buffer loads. C- *ertical Profile: he vertical profile consists of 5+shaped, be nt sheet metal components. he vertical profiles are screw+connected to the upper and bottom parts. $tandard vertical profiles are available for <8 filler wei&hts above one another, variable vertical
profile len&ths are possible for special versions. he fillers can be inserted throu&h the side cut in the vertical profile.
+- ,iller ei(ts: 7iller wei&hts are made of cast iron, there are standard len&ths for fillers depend on the counterwei&ht si;e and &au&e. =nds of filler wei&hts prepared to be &uided in the vertical profile. E-#$ide Soes: he counterwei&ht has a separate &uide rails (as indicated above in the &uide rails para&raphs) , which will eep counterwei&ht runnin& without twistin& and avoid collidin& with car or other lift components.
Sliding Guide Shoes
he counterwei&ht euipped with slidin& &uides to e nsure smooth runnin& alon& the travel hei&ht >ariable &au&es between counterwei&ht rails are possible.
.- S$spension /Hoistin(0 %opes /Ca&les0
S$spension %opes S$spension %opes are $uspension means for car and counterwei&ht, which are represented by steel wire ropes. hey are 5sed on traction type elevators, usually attached to the crosshead and e%tendin& up into the machine room loopin& over the sheave on the motor and then down to the counter wei&hts. Hoistin& cable are &enerally 3 to < in number. hese ropes are usually 1!24or #!4 in diameter.
Te term %opin( system can be defined as the arran&ement of cables supportin& the elevator and which has many types or arran&ements as follows:
Roping system
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Sin(le wrap: rope passes over sheave once and connected to counterwei&ht.
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+o$&le wrap: rope wound over sheave twice in hi&h speed elevators for additional traction.
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: ropin(: when rope connected to counterwei&ht where cable travels as far as car in opposite direction. ): ropin(: rope wraps sheave on counterwei&ht and connects to top of the shaft, rope moves twice as far as cab.
!ote: - variety of ropin& systems can be employed dependant on the particular conditions of each and which are summari;ed in the below ima&e.
1- 2andin( /Hoistway0 +oors he door that is seen from each floor of a buildin& is referred to as the outer or hoistway door. his hoistway door is a part of the buildin& (each landin&). It is important to reali;e that the car door does all the wor? the hoistway door is a dependent. hese doors can be opened or closed by electric motors, or manually for emer&ency incidents. $afety devices are located at each landin& to prevent inadvertent hoistway door openin&s and to prevent an elevator car from movin& unless a door is in a loced position. he difference between the car doors and the hoistway doors is that the elevator car door travels
throu&h the hoistway with the car but the hoistway doors are fi%ed doors in each landin& floor.
Hoistway +oor Types: here are four basic types of hoistway doors used on elevators as follows:
Hoistway +oor Types
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A$tomatic +oor: Center openin& doors consist of two power operated panels that part simultaneously with a bris, noiseless motion. Swin( +oor: $win& hall doors consists of a hoistway door that is manually opened and a sin&le slide car door that is power operated. Telescopic +oor: It consists of two power operated panels that are &eared toðer. @ne door moves twice as fast as the other door so that both doors will meet concurrently in the open position. Collapsi&le #ate: Constructed from double channel rolled picets 1
Hoistway +oor 3nterloc'
Hoistway +oor 3nterloc' he hoistway door locin& mechanism provides a means to mechanically loc each hoistway door. hey are also interconnected electrically to prevent operation of the elevator if any of the elevatorAs hoistway doors are open.
Hoistway Emer(ency +oor 4eys
Hoistway Emer(ency +oor 4eys Hoistway =mer&ency Boor eys permit the unlocin& of the hoistway door interloc.
Esc$tceon T$&e
Esc$tceon T$&e he eyhole on the upper portion of a hoistway door that accepts a hoistway emer&ency door ey and permits unlocin& of the hoistway door locin& mechanism. hese eyholes are usually located at the bottom and top floors, but may also be on other selected floors or all floors. 'ou may find a loc coverin& these eyholes on some new elevator installations. 0ocate these eys durin& pre+fires.
5- B$ffers in te pit A B$ffer is a device desi&ned to stop a descendin& car or counterwei&ht beyond its normal limit and to soften the force with which the e levator runs into the pit durin& an emer&ency. hey may be of polyurethane or oil type in respect of the rated speed. Tere are two principal types of &$ffers in e6istence: •
Ener(y acc$m$lation: accumulate the inetic ener&y of the car or counterwei&ht.
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Ener(y dissipation: dissipate the inetic ener&y of the car or counterwei&ht.
Dolyurethane buffers which are ener&y accumulation type with non+linear characteristics are used for our lifts that have rated speed not more than 1 m!sec. Dolyurethane buffers have three shapes as shown in the below ima&e.
Te main types of elevator &$ffers are:
types of elevator &$ffers
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A Sprin( B$ffer is one type of buffer most commonly found on hydraulic elevators or used for elevators with speeds less than 288 feet per minute. hese devices are used to cushion the elevator and are most always located in the elevator pit. An Oil B$ffer is another type of buffer more commonly found on traction elevators with speeds hi&her than 288 feet per minute. his type of buffer uses a combination of oil and sprin&s to cushion a descendin& car or counterwei&ht and are most commonly located in the elevator pit, because of their location in the pit buffers have a tendency to be e%posed to water and floodin&. hey reuire routine cleanin& and paintin& to assure they maintain their proper performance specifications. @il buffers also need there oil checed and chan&ed if e%posed to floodin&.
7ain Electro-mecanical re8$irements in Hoistway:
Hoistway Pit
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Eo li&ht is reuired at the top of the hoistway as the car top is euipped with a standard ca&ed li&ht fi%ture for use by the mechanic durin& his maintenance visits. *7I duple% receptacle is reuired in the pit for use by the mechanic durin& his maintenance visit. 0adder shall be provided and e%tend " above the pit access floor or as instructed by the consultant. 0i&ht must have an e%ternal &uard and be located at a point where illumination on the pit ladder base is no less than 18 foot candles. 0i&ht switch must be accessible from access floor and ladder. Dit must be clean and dry. - drain or sump pump is reuired. $ump pump recess must have a metal cover. $moe detectors are reuired in hoistways if sprinled. @nly machinery, euipment, electrical wirin&, raceways, cables, coa%ial wirin&, and antennas used directly in connection with the elevator, includin& wirin& for si&nals, for communication with the car, for li&htin&, heatin&, air conditionin&, and ventilatin& the car, for fire detectin& systems, for pit sump pumps, and for heatin& and l i&htin& the hoistway and!or the machinery space machine room, control space, or control room shall be permitted to be installed inside the hoistway, machinery space, machine room, control space, or control room.
In the ne%t opic, I will continue e%plainin& te Basic Elevator Components . $o, please eep followin&.
!ote: these topics about elevators in this course ==+1: e&innerFs electrical desi&n course is an introduction only for be&inners to now &eneral basic information about elevators as a type of Dower loads. ut in other levels of our electrical desi&n courses, we will show and e %plain in detail the =levator 0oads =stimation calculations.
