Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Aknr{zk hlrk~
(Elz ~r{bkhr~ le ^ONR)
Nlmtaikb jy
Bz(Z(Ukhocrc~{jzcmchi Bz(T(M{r`{tziyc Mz(^(Tzcukkho{mcz
BKTCZRMKHR LE NIUIA KHFIHKKZIHF , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
3
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
^ZI OZI^@HC NLAAKFK LE RKN@HLALFY OLUCIT[B[Z! NLIMJCRLZK-2: NLIMJCRLZK-2:
[HIR-3 NIUIA KHFIHKKZIHF MCRKZICA^
[~k~ le ~rlhk~- Rk~r~ elz ~rlhk s{cairik~ le fllb j{iabihf ~rlhk- Nlmtl~irilh le jzinoNlmtczi~lh le jzino vlzo % ~rlhk vlzo „ Mch{ecnr{zihf le jzino- Rk~r~ elz jzinoNlmtl~irilh le nkmkhr- Tzltkzrik~ le nkmkhr- Mch{ecnr{zihf le nkmkhr- Rk~r elz nkmkhrRytk~ le ~chb- tzltlzrilhihf le nlhnzkrk- Vlzocjiairy- n{zihf le nlhnzkrk - Rk~r~ lh nlhnzkrk-tzltkzrik~ le miab ~rkka ^rlhk~
^rlhk i~ c ‖hcr{zcaay cuciacjak j{iabihf mcrkzica‐ v`in` `c~ jkkh {~kb ezlm r`k kczay cfk le niuiaiwcrilh Ir i~ cuciacjak ih r`k elzm le zlno~! v`in` i~ n{r rl zks{izkb ~iwk chb ~`ctk chb {~kb c~ j{iabihf jalno Ir `c~ jkkh {~kb rl nlh~rz{nr ~mcaa zk~ibkhrica j{iabihf~ rl aczfk tcacnk~ chb rkmtak~ caa lukz r`k vlzab Zkb Elzr! RcgMc`ca! Uib`ch^cj`c cr Jchfcalzk chb ~kukzca tcacnk~ le mkbikuca cfk caa lukz Ihbic czk r`k ecml{~ ~rlhk j{iabihf~
Rytk le ^rlhk~
^rlhk~ {~kb elz niuia khfihkkzihf vlzo~ mcy jk nac~~ieikb ih r`k elaalvihf r`zkk vcy~7
Fklalfinca
T`y~inca
N`kminca
Fklalfinca Nac~~ieincrilh
‒ Ifhkl{~! Jc~kb lh r`kiz lzifih le elzmcrilh ~rlhk~ czk nac~~ieikb ihrl r`zkk mcih fzl{t~ fzl{t~ ‒ Ifhkl{~! ~kbimkhrczy chb mkrcmlzt`in zlno~
Ifhkl{~ Zlno~7 R`k~k zlno~ czk elzmkb jy nllaihf chb ~laibieyihf le r`k zlno mc~~k~
ezlm r`kiz mlarkh mcfmcrin nlhbirilh le r`k mcrkzica le r`k kczr` Fkhkzcaay ifhkl{~ zlno~ czk ~rzlhf chb b{zcjak Fzchirk! rzct chb jc~car czk r`k zlno~ jkalhfihf rl r`i~ ncrkflzy? Fzchirk~ czk elzmkb jy ~alv nllaihf le r`k acuc {hbkz r`ino nlukz lh r`k rlt , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
:
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
@khnk r`ky `cuk nzy~rcaaihk ~{zecnk R`k nllaihf le acuc cr r`k rlt ~{zecnk le kczr` zk~{ar~ ihrl hlh-nzy~rcaaihk chb fac~~y rkpr{zk Rzct chb jc~car jkalhf rl r`i~ ncrkflzy
^kbimkhrczy Zlno~7 B{k rl vkcr`kzihf cnrilh le vcrkz! vihb chb ezl~r kpi~rihf zlno~
bi~ihrkfzcrk~ R`k bi~ihrkfzcrkb mcrkzica i~ nczzikb jy vihb chb vcrkz? r`k vcrkz jkihf ml~r tlvkze{a mkbi{m Ealvihf vcrkz bktl~ir~ ir~ ~{~tkhbkb mcrkzica~ cr ~lmk tlihr~ le lj~rcnak~ rl ir~ ealv R`k~k bktl~irkb acykz~ le mcrkzica~ fkr nlh~laibcrkb {hbkz tzk~~{zk chb jy `kcr N`kminca cfkhr~ ca~l nlhrzij{rk rl r`k nkmkhrihf le r`k bktl~ir~ R`k zlno~ r`{~ elzmkb czk mlzk {hielzm! eihk fzcihkb chb nlmtcnr ih r`kiz hcr{zk R`ky zktzk~khr c jkbbkb lz ~rzcrieikb ~rz{nr{zk ih fkhkzca ^chb ~rlhk~! aimk ~rlhk~! m{b ~rlhk~ krn jkalhf rl r`i~ nac~~ le zlno
Mkrcmlzt`in Zlno~7 Tzkuil{~ay elzmkb ifhkl{~ chb ~kbimkhrczy zlno~ {hbkzfl
n`chfk~ b{k rl mkrcmlzt`in cnrilh le tzk~~{zk chb ihrkzhca `kcr Elz kpcmtak b{k rl mkrcmlzt`in cnrilh fzchirk jknlmk~ fzki~~k~! rzct chb jc~car n`chfk rl ~n`i~r chb acrkzirk! aimk ~rlhk n`chfk~ rl mczjak! ~chb ~rlhk jknlmk~ s{czrwirk chb m{b ~rlhk jknlmk~ ~acrk
T`y~inca Nac~~ieincrilh
Jc~kb lh r`k ~rz{nr{zk! r`k zlno~ mcy jk nac~~ieikb c~7
^rzcrieikb zlno~
[h~rzcrieikb zlno~
Elaicrkb zlno~
^rzcrieikb Zlno~7 R`k~k zlno~ czk `cuihf acykzkb ~rz{nr{zk R`ky tl~~k~~ tachk~ le
~rzcrieincrilh lz nakcucfk R`ky nch jk kc~iay ~tair calhf r`k~k tachk~ ^chb ~rlhk~! aimk ~rlhk~! ~acrk krn czk r`k kpcmtak~ le r`i~ nac~~ le ~rlhk~
[h~rzcrieikb Zlno~7 R`k~k zlno~ czk hlr ~rzcrieikb R`ky tl~~k~~ nzy~rcaaihk chb nlmtcnr
fzcih~ R`ky nchhlr jk ~tair ih rl r`ih ~acj Fzchirk! rzct! mczjak krn czk r`k kpcmtak~ le r`i~ rytk le zlno~
Elaicrkb Zlno~7 R`k~k zlno~ `cuk c rkhbkhny rl ~tair calhf c bkeihirk bizknrilh lhay R`k
bizknrilh hkkb hlr jk tczcaaka rl kcn` lr`kz c~ ih nc~k le ~rzcrieikb zlno~ R`i~ rytk le ~rz{nr{zk i~ ukzy nlmmlh ih nc~k le mkrcmlzt`in zlno~
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
>
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
N`kminca Nac~~ieincrilh
Lh r`k jc~i~ le r`kiz n`kminca nlmtl~irilh khfihkkz~ tzkekz rl nac~~iey zlno~ c~7
^iainkl{~ zlno~
Czfiaacnkl{~ zlno~ chb
Ncanczkl{~ zlno~
^iainkl{~ zlno~7 R`k mcih nlhrkhr le r`k~k zlno~ i~ ~iainc R`ky czk `czb chb b{zcjak Kpcmtak~ le ~{n` zlno~ czk fzchirk! rzct! ~chb ~rlhk~ krn
Czfiaacnkl{~ zlno~7 R`k mcih nlh~rir{khr le r`k~k zlno~ i~ czfia ik! nacy R`k~k ~rlhk~ Czfiaacnkl{~ czk `czb chb b{zcjak j{r r`ky czk jzirrak R`ky nchhlr vir`~rchb ~`lno ^acrk~ chb acrkzirk~ czk kpcmtak~ le r`i~ rytk le zlno~
Ncanczkl{~ zlno~7 R`k mcih nlh~rir{khr le r`k~k zlno~ i~ ncani{m nczjlhcrk Aimk~rlhk i~ c ncanczkl{~ zlno le ~kbimkhrczy lzifih v`iak mczjak i~ c ncanczkl{~ zlno le mkrcmlzt`in lzifih
Tzltkzrik~ le ^rlhk~
R`k elaalvihf tzltkzrik~ le r`k ~rlhk~ ~`l{ab jk allokb ihrl jkelzk ~kaknrihf r`km elz khfihkkzihf vlzo~7 ^rz{nr{zk7 R`k ~rz{nr{zk le r`k ~rlhk mcy jk ~rzcrieikb (acykzkb) lz {h~rzcrieikb
^rz{nr{zkb ~rlhk~ ~`l{ab jk kc~iay bzk~~kb chb ~{ircjak elz ~{tkz ~rz{nr{zk [h~rzcrieikb ~rlhk~ czk `czb chb bieein{ar rl bzk~~ R`ky czk tzkekzzkb elz r`k el{hbcrilh vlzo~ Rkpr{zk7 Eihk fzcihkb ~rlhk~ vir` `lmlfkhkl{~ bi~rzij{rilh allo crrzcnriuk chb `khnk
r`ky czk {~kb elz nczuihf ^{n` ~rlhk~ czk {~{caay ~rzlhf chb b{zcjak Bkh~iry7 Bkh~kz ~rlhk~ czk ~rzlhfkz Aif`r vkif`r ~rlhk~ czk vkco @khnk ~rlhk~ vir`
~tkniein fzcuiry ak~~ r`ch :2 czk nlh~ibkzkb {h~{ircjak elz j{iabihf~ Cttkczchnk7 C ~rlhk vir` {hielzm chb crrzcnriuk nlalz i~ b{zcjak! ie fzcih~ czk nlmtcnr
Mczjak chb fzchirk fkr ukzy fllb cttkczchnk! v`kh tlai~`kb @khnk r`ky czk {~kb elz ecnk vlzo~ ih j{iabihf~ ^rzkhfr`7 ^rzkhfr` i~ ch imtlzrchr tzltkzry rl jk allokb ihrl jkelzk ~kaknrihf ~rlhk c~
j{iabihf jalno Ihbich ~rchbczb nlbk zknlmmkhb~ c mihim{m nz{~`ihf ~rzkhfr` le >; , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
2
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
H,mm: elz chy j{iabihf jalno Rcjak 33 ~`lv~ r`k nz{~`ihf ~rzkhfr` le uczil{~ ~rlhk~ B{k rl hlh-{hielzmiry le r`k mcrkzica! {~{caay c ecnrlz le ~cekry le 34 i~ {~kb rl eihb r`k tkzmi~~ijak ~rzk~~ ih c ~rlhk @khnk kukh acrkzirk nch jk {~kb ~cekay elz c ~ihfak ~rlzky j{iabihf! jknc{~k ih ~{n` ~rz{nr{zk~ kptknrkb alcb nch `czbay fiuk c ~rzk~~ le 43; :
H,mm @lvkukz ih ~rlhk mc~lhzy j{iabihf~ nczk ~`l{ab jk rcokh rl n`kno r`k ~rzk~~k~ v`kh r`k jkcm~ (Nlhnkhrzcrkb Alcb~) czk tacnkb lh acrkzirk vcaa
@czbhk~~7 Ir i~ ch imtlzrchr tzltkzry rl jk nlh~ibkzkb v`kh ~rlhk i~ {~kb elz eallzihf
chb tcukmkhr Nlkeeinikhr le `czbhk~~ i~ rl jk el{hb jy nlhb{nrihf rk~r lh ~rchbczb ~tknimkh ih Blzy‐~ rk~rihf mcn`ihk Elz zlcb vlzo~ nlkeeinikhr le `czbhk~~ ~`l{ab jk cr akc~r 36 Elz j{iabihf vlzo~ ~rlhk~ vir` nlkeeinikhr le `czbhk~~ ak~~ r`ch 32 ~`l{ab hlr jk {~kb Tkznkhrcfk vkcz7 Ir i~ mkc~{zkb jy crrzirilh rk~r Ir i~ ch imtlzrchr tzltkzry rl jk
nlh~ibkzkb ih ~kaknrihf cffzkfcrk elz zlcb vlzo~ chb zciavcy jcaac~r C fllb ~rlhk ~`l{ab hlr ~`lv vkcz le mlzk r`ch :+
Tlzl~iry chb Cj~lztrilh7 Caa ~rlhk~ `cuk tlzk~ chb `khnk cj~lzj vcrkz R`k zkcnrilh~
le vcrkz vir` mcrkzica le ~rlhk nc{~k bi~ihrkfzcrilh Cj~lztrilh rk~r i~ ~tknieikb c~ tkznkhrcfk le vcrkz cj~lzjkb jy r`k ~rlhk v`kh ir i~ immkz~kb {hbkz vcrkz elz :2 `l{z~ Elz c fllb ~rlhk ir ~`l{ab jk c~ ~mcaa c~ tl~~ijak chb ih hl nc~k mlzk r`ch ; Vkcr`kzihf7 Zcih chb vihb nc{~k al~~ le fllb cttkczchnk le ~rlhk~ @khnk ~rlhk~ vir`
fllb vkcr`kz zk~i~rchnk ~`l{ab jk {~kb elz ecnk vlzo~ Rl{f`hk~~7 R`k zk~i~rchnk rl imtcnr i~ ncaakb rl{f`hk~~ Ir i~ bkrkzmihkb jy imtcnr rk~r
^rlhk~ vir` rl{f`hk~~ ihbkp mlzk r`ch 39 czk tzkekzzkb elz zlcb vlzo~ Rl{f`hk~~
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
;
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
ihbkpk~ 3> rl 39 czk nlh~ibkzkb c~ mkbi{m rl{f` chb ~rlhk~ vir` rl{f`hk~~ ihbkp ak~~ r`ch 3> czk tllz ~rlhk~ Zk~i~rchnk rl Eizk7 ^chb ~rlhk~ zk~i~r eizk jkrrkz Czfiaacnkl{~ mcrkzica~! r`l{f` tllz ih
~rzkhfr`! czk fllb ih zk~i~rihf eizk
Kc~k ih Bzk~~ihf7 Nl~r le bzk~~ihf nlhrzij{rk~ rl nl~r le ~rlhk mc~lhzy rl c fzkcr
kprkhr Bzk~~ihf i~ kc~y ih ~rlhk~ vir` ak~~kz ~rzkhfr` @khnk ch khfihkkz ~`l{ab allo ihrl ~{eeinikhr ~rzkhfr` zcr`kz r`ch `if` ~rzkhfr` v`iak ~kaknrihf ~rlhk~ elz j{iabihf vlzo~
^kc~lhihf7 R`k ~rlhk~ ljrcihkb ezlm s{czzy nlhrcih mli~r{zk ih r`k tlzk~ R`k ~rzkhfr`
le r`k ~rlhk imtzluk~ ie r`i~ mli~r{zk i~ zkmlukb jkelzk {~ihf r`k ~rlhk R`k tzlnk~~ le zkmluihf mli~r{zk ezlm tlzk~ i~ ncaakb ~kc~lhihf R`k jk~r vcy le ~kc~lhihf i~ rl caalv ir rl r`k cnrilh le hcr{zk elz 5 rl 3: mlhr`~ R`i~ i~ ukzy m{n` zks{izkb ih r`k nc~k le acrkzirk ~rlhk~
Zks{izkmkhr~ le Fllb J{iabihf ^rlhk~
R`k elaalvihf czk r`k zks{izkmkhr~ le fllb j{iabihf ~rlhk~7 ^rzkhfr`7 R`k ~rlhk ~`l{ab jk cjak rl zk~i~r r`k alcb nlmihf lh ir Lzbihcziay r`i~ i~ hlr
le tzimczy nlhnkzh ~ihnk caa ~rlhk~ czk `cuihf fllb ~rzkhfr` @lvkukz ih nc~k le aczfk ~rz{nr{zk! ir mcy jk hknk~~czy rl n`kno r`k ~rzkhfr` B{zcjiairy7 ^rlhk~ ~kaknrkb ~`l{ab jk nctcjak le zk~i~rihf cbukz~k keeknr~ le hcr{zca
elznk~ aiok vihb! zcih chb `kcr @czbhk~~7 R`k ~rlhk {~kb ih eallz~ chb tcukmkhr~ ~`l{ab jk cjak rl zk~i~r cjzc~iuk
elznk~ nc{~kb jy mlukmkhr le mkh chb mcrkzica~ lukz r`km Rl{f`hk~~7 J{iabihf ~rlhk~ ~`l{ab jk rl{f` khl{f` rl ~{~rcih ~rzk~~k~ bkukaltkb b{k rl
uijzcrilh~ R`k uijzcrilh~ mcy jk b{k rl r`k mcn`ihkzy ml{hrkb lukz r`km lz b{k rl r`k alcb~ mluihf lukz r`km R`k ~rlhk cffzkfcrk~ {~kb ih r`k zlcb nlh~rz{nrilh~ ~`l{ab jk rl{f` ^tkniein Fzcuiry7 @kcuikz uczikry le ~rlhk~ ~`l{ab jk {~kb elz r`k nlh~rz{nrilh le bcm~!
zkrcihihf vcaa~! blno~ chb `czjlz~ R`k ~tkniein fzcuiry le fllb j{iabihf ~rlhk i~ jkrvkkh :2 chb :0
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
5
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Tlzl~iry chb Cj~lztrilh7 J{iabihf ~rlhk ~`l{ab hlr jk tlzl{~ Ie ir i~ tlzl{~ zcih vcrkz
khrkz~ ihrl r`k tl{z chb zkcnr~ vir` ~rlhk chb nz{mjak~ ir Ih `if`kz carir{bk~! r`k ezkkwihf le vcrkz ih tlzk~ rcok~ tacnk chb ir zk~{ar~ ihrl r`k bi~ihrkfzcrilh le r`k ~rlhk Bzk~~ihf7 Fiuihf zks{izkb ~`ctk rl r`k ~rlhk i~ ncaakb bzk~~ihf Ir ~`l{ab jk kc~y rl bzk~~
~l r`cr r`k nl~r le bzk~~ihf i~ zkb{nkb @lvkukz r`k nczk ~`l{ab jk rcokh ~l r`cr! r`i~ i~ hlr jk cr r`k nl~r le r`k zks{izkb ~rzkhfr` chb r`k b{zcjiairy Cttkczchnk7 Ih nc~k le r`k ~rlhk~ rl jk {~kb elz ecnk vlzo~! v`kzk cttkczchnk i~ c
tzimczy zks{izkmkhr! ir~ nlalz chb cjiairy rl zknkiuk tlai~` i~ ch imtlzrchr ecnrlz ^kc~lhihf7 Fllb ~rlhk~ ~`l{ab jk ezkk ezlm r`k s{czzy ~ct Acrkzirk ~rlhk~ ~`l{ab hlr jk
{~kb elz 5 rl 3: mlhr`~ cerkz s{czzyihf R`ky czk caalvkb rl fkr zib le s{czzy ~ct jy r`k cnrilh le hcr{zk R`i~ tzlnk~~ le zkmluihf s{czzy ~ct i~ ncaakb ~kc~lhihf Nl~r7 Nl~r i~ ch imtlzrchr nlh~ibkzcrilh ih ~kaknrihf c j{iabihf mcrkzica Tzlpimiry le r`k
s{czzy rl j{iabihf ~irk jzihf~ blvh r`k nl~r le rzch~tlzrcrilh chb `khnk r`k nl~r le ~rlhk~ nlmk~ blvh @lvkukz ir mcy jk hlrkb r`cr hlr c ~ihfak ~rlhk nch ~cri~ey caa r`k zks{izkmkhr~ le c fllb j{iabihf ~rlhk~! ~ihnk lhk zks{izkmkhr mcy nlhrzcbinr chlr`kz Elz kpcmtak! ~rzkhfr` chb b{zcjiairy zks{izkmkhr nlhrzcbinr~ kc~k le bzk~~ihf zks{izkmkhr @khnk ir i~ hknk~~czy r`cr ~irk khfihkkz allo~ ihrl r`k tzltkzrik~ zks{izkb elz r`k ihrkhbkb vlzo chb ~kaknr~ r`k ~rlhk Bzk~~ihf le ~rlhk
C s{czzikb ~rlhk `c~ zl{f` ~{zecnk~! v`in` czk bzk~~kb rl ljrcih c bkeihirk chb zkf{acz ~`ctk Bzk~~ihf le ~rlhk~ i~ blhk immkbicrkay cerkz s{czzyihf chb jkelzk ~kc~lhihf rl cn`ikuk ak~~ vkif`r elz rzch~tlzrcrilh Bzk~~ihf le ~rlhk tzluibk~ takc~ihf cttkczchnk! tzltkz jkbbihf vir` fllb mlzrcz glihr~! ~tknica ~`ctk~ elz czn`k~! nltihf~! tiaacz~! krn R`k uczil{~ rytk~ le bzk~~kb ~rlhk~ czk ~`lvh ih Eif{zk
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
6
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
^rlhk bzk~~ihf rlla~
R`k bzk~~ihf rlla~ czk ~`lvh ih Eif{zk R`ky czk vkbfk! tirn`ihf rlla! jlc~rkz! ~ncjjihf `cmmkz! mc~` `cmmkz! ~ktczcrkb tino! t{hn`! ~ncjjihf tino! nzlv jcz! cpk t{hn`! bzk~~ihf ohiek! ~tairrihf n`i~ka
Rk~r~ lh ^rlhk~
Rl c~nkzrcih r`k zks{izkb tzltkzrik~ le ~rlhk~! r`k elaalvihf rk~r~ nch jk nlhb{nrkb7
Nz{~`ihf ~rzkhfr` rk~r
Vcrkz cj~lztrilh rk~r
Cjzc~ilh rk~r
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
0
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Imtcnr rk~r
Cnib rk~r
@czbhk~~ rk~r
Eizk zk~i~rchnk rk~r
Crrzirilh rk~r
^mir`‐~ rk~r
Nzy~rcaaiwcrilh rk~r
Minzl~nltin rk~r
Ezkkwihf chb r`cvihf rk~r
Nz{~`ihf ^rzkhfr` Rk~r7
Elz nlhb{nrihf r`i~ rk~r! ~tknimkh~ le ~iwk 24 Ö 24 Ö 24 mm czk tzktczkb ezlm tczkhr ~rlhk
R`kh r`k ~ibk~ czk eihkay bzk~~kb chb tacnkb ih vcrkz elz > bcy~
R`k ~cr{zcrkb ~tknimkh i~ tzluibkb vir` c acykz le tac~rkz le Tczi~ lh ir~ rlt chb jlrrlm ~{zecnk~ rl fkr kukh ~{zecnk ~l r`cr alcb cttaikb i~ bi~rzij{rkb {hielzmay
[hielzm alcb bi~rzij{rilh nch jk ljrcihkb ~cri~ecnrlziay jy tzluibihf c tciz le ; mm r`ino tayvllb ih~rkcb le {~ihf tac~rkz le Tczi~ acykz ca~l
R`k ~tknimkh ~l tacnkb ih r`k nlmtzk~~ilh rk~rihf mcn`ihk i~ alcbkb cr r`k zcrk :
le 32 H,mm tkz mih{rk
R`k nz{~`ihf alcb i~ hlrkb
R`kh nz{~`ihf ~rzkhfr` i~ ks{ca rl r`k nz{~`ihf alcb biuibkb jy r`k czkc lukz v`in` r`k alcb i~ cttaikb
Cr akc~r r`zkk ~tknimkh~ ~`l{ab jk rk~rkb chb r`k cukzcfk ~`l{ab jk rcokh c~ nz{~`ihf ~rzkhfr`
Vcrkz Cj~lztrilh Rk~r7
Elz r`i~ rk~r n{jk ~tknimkh vkif`ihf cjl{r ;4 fzcm~ czk tzktczkb chb r`k rk~r i~ nczzikb l{r ih r`k ~rkt~ fiukh jkalv7
Hlrk r`k vkif`r le bzy ~tknimkh c~ V3
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
9
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Tacnk r`k ~tknimkh ih vcrkz elz :2 `l{z~
Rcok l{r r`k ~tknimkh! vitk l{r r`k ~{zecnk vir` c tiknk le nalr` chb vkif` r`k ~tknimkh
Akr ir~ vkif`r jk V:
^{~tkhb r`k ~tknimkh ezkkay ih vcrkz chb vkif`r ir Akr ir~ vkif`r jk V>
Tacnk r`k ~tknimkh ih jliaihf vcrkz elz ; `l{z~ R`kh rcok ir l{r! vitk r`k ~{zecnk vir` Nalr` chb vkif` ir Akr r`i~ vkif`r jk V2 R`kh!
Cjzc~ilh Rk~r7
R`i~ rk~r i~ nczzikb l{r lh ~rlhk~ v`in` czk {~kb c~ cffzkfcrk~ elz zlcb nlh~rz{nrilh R`k rk~r zk~{ar ihbincrk~ r`k ~{ircjiairy le ~rlhk~ cfcih~r r`k fzihbihf cnrilh {hbkz rzceein Chy lhk le r`k elaalvihf rk~r mcy jk nlhb{nrkb rl eihb l{r r`k ~{ircjiairy le cffzkfcrk~7 Al~ Chfkak~ cjzc~ilh rk~r Bkuca cjzc~ilh rk~r Blzzy‐~ cjzc~ilh rk~r
@lvkukz Al~ Chfkak~ cjzc~ilh rk~r i~ tzkekzzkb ~ihnk r`k~k rk~r zk~{ar~ czk `cuihf fllb nlzzkacrilh vir` r`k tkzelzmchnk le r`k tcukmkhr~ R`k Al~ Chfkak~ cttczcr{~ _Eif] nlh~i~r~ le c `laalv nyaihbkz 46 m ih~ibk bicmkrkz chb 4; m alhf vir` jlr` khb~ nal~kb Ir i~ ml{hrkb lh c , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
34
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
ezcmk ~l r`cr ir nch jk zlrcrkb cjl{r `lziwlhrca cpi~ I^ nlbk `c~ ~rchbczbiwkb r`k rk~r tzlnkb{zk elz bieekzkhr fzcbcrilh le ~tknimkh Calhf vir` ~tknieikb vkif`r le ~tknimkh c ~tknieikb h{mjkz le nc~r izlh jcaa~ le 20 mm bicmkrkz czk tacnkb ih r`k nyaihbkz
R`kh r`k nyaihbkz i~ zlrcrkb cr c ~tkkb le >4 rl >> ztm elz ~tknieikb h{mjkz le rimk~ (;44 rl 3444) R`kh r`k cffzkfcrk i~ zkmlukb chb ~ikukb lh 36 mm I^ ~ikuk R`k vkif`r le cffzkfcrk tc~~ihf i~ el{hb R`kh Al~ Chfkak~ uca{k i~ el{hb c~
R`k elaalvihf uca{k~ czk zknlmmkhbkb elz zlcb vlzo~7 „ >4+ Elz jir{mihl{~ mipk~ „ >4+ Elz jc~k nl{z~k „ nl{z~k „ ;4+ ;4+ Imtcnr Rk~r7
R`k zk~i~rchnk le ~rlhk~ rl imtcnr i~ el{hb jy nlhb{nrihf rk~r~ ih imtcnrihf rk~rihf mcn`ihk (Eif) Ir nlh~i~r~ le c ezcmk vir` f{ibk~ ih v`in` c mkrca `cmmkz vkif`ihf 3>; rl3; of nch ezkkay ecaa ezlm c `kif`r le >04 mm
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
33
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Cffzkfcrk~ le ~iwk 34 mm rl 3:; mm czk eiaakb ih nyaihbkz ih > ks{ca acykz~? kcn` acykz jkihf rcmtkb :; rimk~ R`k ~cmk i~ r`kh rzch~ekzzkb rl r`k n{t chb cfcih rcmtkb :; rimk~ R`k `cmmkz i~ r`kh caalvkb rl ecaa ezkkay lh r`k ~tknimkh 3; rimk~ R`k ~tknimkh i~ r`kh ~ikukb r`zl{f` :>5 mm ~ikuk R`kh!
V`kzk V: = vkif`r le eihk~ V3 = lzifihca vkif`r R`k zknlmmkhbkb imtcnr uca{k~ elz uczil{~ vlzo~ czk7 (i)
elz vkczihf nl{z~k 8, >4+
(ii)
elz jir{mihl{~ mcncbcm 8, >;+
(iii)
elz vcrkz jl{hb mcncbcm 8, 24+
Cnib Rk~r7
R`i~ rk~r i~ hlzmcaay nczzikb l{r lh ~chb ~rlhk~ rl n`kno r`k tzk~khnk le ncani{m nczjlhcrk! v`in` vkcokh~ r`k vkcr`kz zk~i~rihf s{cairy
Ih r`i~ rk~r! c ~cmtak le ~rlhk vkif`ihf cjl{r ;4 rl 344 fm i~ rcokh chb oktr ih c ~la{rilh le lhk tkz nkhr `ybzln`alzin cnib elz ~kukh bcy~
R`k ~la{rilh i~ cfircrkb cr ihrkzuca~
C fllb j{iabihf ~rlhk mcihrcih~ ir~ ~`czt kbfk~ chb okkt~ ir~ ~{zecnk ihrcnr
Ie kbfk~ czk jzlokh chb tlvbkz i~ elzmkb lh r`k ~{zecnk! ir ihbincrk~ r`k tzk~khnk le ncani{m nczjlhcrk ^{n` ~rlhk~ viaa `cuk tllz vkcr`kz zk~i~rchnk
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
3:
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
@czbhk~~ rk~r7
@czbhk~~ le c ~rlhk i~ rk~rkb jy c tkh ohiek v`in` viaa hlr jk cjak rl tzlb{nk c ~nzcrn` lh c `czb ~rlhk (aiok fzchirk) @czbhk~~ i~ bkrkzmihkb vir` r`k cib le ml` ‐~ ~ncak le `czbhk~~ Ie c tlnokr ohiek mcok~ c mczo lh c ezk~` ~{zecnk le c ~rlhk ~cy lh aimk~rlhk !r`k `czbhk~~ le r`cr aimk~rlhk mcy jk rcokh c~ @=>! c ~nzcrn` vir` r`k cib le c eihfkz hcia ihbincrk~ c `czhk~~ le @=: @czb ~iainkl{~ zlno v`in` nchhlr jk ~nzcrn`kb jy c ohiek zktzk~khr~ c `czbhk~~ le @=6
R`k `czbhk~~ rk~r! elz eihbihf l{r r`k nlkeeinikhr le `czbhk~~ i~ nczzikb l{r c~ elaalv~7
C nyaihbkz le bicmkrkz :;mm chb `kif`r :;mm i~ rcokh l{r ezlm r`k ~cmtak le ~rlhk
Ir i~ r`kh vkif`kb
Ir i~ tacnkb tacnkb ih Blzzy‐~ rk~rihf mcn`ihk chb tzk~~kb vir` c alcb le 3:;4 fm
R`k chh{acz ~rkka bi~n le r`k mcn`ihk i~ r`kh zlrcrkb cr c ~tkkb le :0 ztm
B{zihf zlrcrilh! nlcz~k ~chb le ~rchbczb ~tknieincrilh i~ ~tzihoakb lh rlt le r`k bi~n
Cerkz 3444 zkula{rilh !r`k ~tknimkh i~ rcokh l{r chb vkif`kb
Nlkeeinikhr le `czbhk~~ i~ el{hb l{r ezlm r`k elaalvihf ks{crilh7 Nlkeeinikhr le `czbhk~~=:4-(al~~ ih vkif`r ih fm,>)
Eizk zk~i~rchnk rk~r7
R`k ~rlhk v`in` i~ ezkk ncani{m nczjlhcrk nch zk~i~r eizk r`k tzk~khnk le ncani{m nczjlhcrk ih r`k ~rlhk nch jk bkrknrkb jy bzlttihf c ekv bzlt~ le bia{rk ~{at`{zin cnib v`in` viaa tzlb{nk j{jjak~
Crrzirilh rk~r7
R`k crrzirilh rk~r i~ nczzikb l{r rl bkrkzmihk r`k zcrk le vkcz le ~rlhk~ kmtalykb elz r`k nlh~rz{nrilh le zlcb R`i~ rk~r ca~l ohlvh c~ cjzc~ilh rk~r i~ nczzikb l{r ih Bkuca‐~ crrzirilh rk~rihf mcn`ihk c~ elaalv~7
R`k ~cmtak le ~rlhk i~ jzlokh ihrl tiknk~ le cjl{r 54 mm ~iwk
^{n` tiknk~! vkif`ihf ;4H! czk r`kh t{r ih jlr` r`k nyaihbkz~ le Bkuca‐~ crrzirilh rk~rihf mcn`ihk R`k bicmkrkz chb akhfr` le nyaihbkz~ czk :44 mm chb >24 mm zk~tknriukay
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
3>
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
R`k nyaihbkz~ czk r`kh nal~kb! r`kiz cpk~ mcoihf ch chfak le >4 bkfzkk vir` r`k `lziwlhrca
R`k nyaihbkz~ czk zlrcrkb cjl{r r`k `lziwlhrca cpi~ elz ; `l{z~ cr r`k zcrk le >4 ztm
R`k nlhrkhr~ czk r`kh rcokh l{r ezlm r`k nyaihbkz~ chb tc~~kb r`zl{f` c ~iwk le 3; mm mk~`
R`k s{chriry le mcrkzica v`in` i~ zkrcihkb lh r`k ~ikuk i~ r`kh vkif`kb
R`k tkznkhrcfk vkcz i~ vlzokb l{r c~ elaalv~7 Tkznkhrcfk vkcz = (Al~~ ih vkif`r,Ihirica v kif`r,Ihirica vkif`r),344
^mir`’~ rk~r7
R`i~ rk~r ihbincrk~ r`k tzk~khnk le kczr`ay mcrrkz
R`k ~cmtak le r`k ~rlhk i~ jzlokh ihrl ~mcaa tiknk~ chb t{r ihrl c rk~r r{jk nlhrcihihf nakcz vcrkz
R`k rk~r r{jk i~ r`kh ~`cokh uiflzl{~ay? r`k bizry nlalz viaa ~`lv r`k tzk~khnk le czfiaacnkl{~ mcrrkz
Nzy~rcaaiwcrilh rk~r7
R`i~ rk~r bkrkzmihk~ r`k b{zcjiairy lz vkcr`kzihf s{cairy le c ~rlhk
C ~cmtak le ~rlhk i~ immkz~kb ih r`k ~la{rilh le ~lbi{m ~{at`crk cr zllm rkmtkzcr{zk chb bzikb ih `lr ciz
R`k tzlnk~~ le vkrrihf chb bzyihf i~ nczzikb l{r elz rvl `l{z~? r`k bieekzkhnk ih vkif`r ie chy i~ zknlzbkb airrak bieekzkhnk~ ih vkif`r ihbincrk~ b{zcjiairy chb fllb vkcr`kzihf s{cairy le r`k ~rlhk
Minzl~nltin rk~r7
R`i~ i~ k~~khricaay c fklalfi~r‐~ rk~r Ih r`i~ rk~r! r`k ~ cmtak le ~rlhk i~ ~{jgknrkb rl minzl~nltin kpcmihcrilh rl ~r{by r`k elaalvihf tzltkzrik~7 Mihkzca nlh~rir{khr~ Rkpr{zk le ~rlhk Cukzcfk fzcih ~iwk Hcr{zk le nkmkhrihf mcrkzica Kpi~rkhnk le ei~~{zk~!tlzk~!ukih~ chb ~`cok~ , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
32
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Tzk~khnk le chy `czme{a ~{j~rchnk krn
R`k ezcnr{zkb ~{zecnk le c b{zcjak ~rlhk ~`l{ab jk jzif`r! nakch chb ~`czt vir` fzcih~ vkaa nlmmkhrkb rlfkr`kz ^rlhk aiokay rl bkncy ~`lv~ c b{aa kczr`y cttkczchnk Ezkkwihf chb r`cvihf rk~r7
R`i~ rk~r i~ nczzikb l{r c~ elaalv~7
R`k ~tknimkh le ~rlhk i~ oktr immkz~kb ih vcrkz elz :2 bcy~
Ir i~ r`kh tacnkb ih c ezkkwihf mipr{zk cr -3: bkfzkk nkhrifzcbk elz :2 `l{z~
Ir i~ r`kh r`cvkb lz vczmkb rl crml~t`kzin rkmtkzcr{zk R`i~ ~`l{ab jk blhk ih ~`cblv rl tzkukhr chy keeknr b{k rl vihb! ~{h! zcy~! zcih krn
R`k cjluk tzlnkb{zk i~ zktkcrkb ~kukzca rimk~ chb jk`cuilz le r`k ~rlhk nczke{aay ~r{bikb
[~k~ le ^rlhk~
^rlhk~ czk {~kb ih r`k elaalvihf niuia khfihkkzihf nlh~rz{nrilh~7 ^rlhk mc~lhzy i~ {~kb elz r`k nlh~rz{nrilh le el{hbcrilh~! vcaa~! nla{mh~ chb
czn`k~ ^rlhk~ czk {~kb elz eallzihf ^rlhk ~acj~ czk {~kb c~ bcmt tzlle nl{z~k~! aihrka~ chb kukh c~ zlleihf mcrkzica~ ^rlhk~ vir` fllb cttkczchnk czk {~kb elz r`k ecnk vlzo~ le j{iabihf~ Tlai~`kb
mczjak~ chb fzchirk czk nlmmlhay {~kb elz ecnk vlzo~ ^rlhk~ czk {~kb elz tcuihf le zlcb~! ellrtcr`~ chb ltkh ~tcnk~ zl{hb r`k
j{iabihf~ ^rlhk~ czk ca~l {~kb ih r`k nlh~rz{nrilh~ le tikz~ chb cj{rmkhr~ le jzibfk~! bcm~
chb zkrcihihf vcaa~ Nz{~`kb ~rlhk~ vir` fzcukb czk {~kb rl tzluibk jc~k nl{z~k elz zlcb~ V`kh
mipkb vir` rcz r`ky elzm eihi~`ihf nlcr Nz{~`kb ~rlhk~ czk {~kb ih r`k elaalvihf vlzo~ ca~l7
(c) C~ c jc~in ihkzr mcrkzica ih nlhnzkrk (j) Elz mcoihf czrieinica ~rlhk~ chb j{iabihf jalno~ (n) C~ zciavcy jcaac~r
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
3;
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Jzino~
Lhk le r`k labk~r j{iabihf mcrkzica jzino nlhrih{k~ rl jk c ml~r tlt{acz chb akcbihf nlh~rz{nrilh mcrkzica jknc{~k le jkihf n`kct! b{zcjak chb kc~y rl `chbak chb vlzo vir` Nacy jzino~ czk {~kb elz j{iabihf-{t kprkzilz chb ihrkzilz vcaa~! tczririlh~! tikz~! ellrihf~ chb lr`kz alcb jkczihf ~rz{nr{zk~ C jzino i~ zknrchf{acz ih ~`ctk chb le ~iwk r`cr nch jk nlhukhikhray `chbakb vir` lhk `chb Jzino mcy jk mcbk le j{zhr nacy lz mipr{zk le ~chb chb aimk lz le Tlzrachb nkmkhr nlhnzkrk Nacy jzino~ czk nlmmlhay {~kb ~ihnk r`k~k czk knlhlminca chb kc~iay cuciacjak R`k akhfr`! vibr` chb `kif`r le c jzino czk ihrkzzkacrkb c~ jkalv7 Akhfr` le jzino = : Ö vibr` le jzino / r`inohk~~ le mlzrcz @kif`r le jzino = vibr` le jzino ^iwk le c ~rchbczb jzino (ca~l ohlvh c~ mlb{acz jzino) ~`l{ab jk 39 Ö 9 Ö 9 nm chb 39 Ö 9 Ö 2 nm V`kh tacnkb ih mc~lhzy r`k 39 Ö 9 Ö 9 nm jzino vir` mlzrcz jknlmk~ :4 Ö 34 Ö 34 nm @lvkukz! r`k jzino~ cuciacjak ih ml~r tczr le r`k nl{hrzy ~riaa czk 9* Ö 2;* Ö >* chb czk „ : nm bkkt! c~ ohlvh c~ eikab jzino~ Vkif`r le ~{n` c jzino i~ >4 of Ch ihbkhr ncaakb ezlf! 3 3 „ ~`lvh ih Eif{zk! i~ tzluibkb elz 9 nm `if` jzino~ R`k ~iwk le ezlf ~`l{ab jk 34 Ö 2 Ö 3 nm R`k t{ztl~k le tzluibihf ezlf i~ rl elzm c oky elz `labihf r`k mlzrcz chb r`kzkelzk! r`k jzino~ czk acib vir` ezlf~ lh rlt Ezlf i~ hlr tzluibkb ih 2 nm `if` jzino~ chb kprz{bkb jzino~
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
35
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Nlmtczi~lh le ~rlhk chb jzino
^Hl
^rlhk
Jzino
3
Ir i~ `kcuikz r`ch jzino
Ir i~ `if`kz r`ch ~rlhk
:
Ir i~ ljrcihkb ezlm zlno~
Mcbk ezlm nacy
>
Ezkk ezlm nacy `lak~ chb eacv~
Ezkk ezlm a{mt~ !eacv~ chb nzcno~
2
@czb chb rl{f`
@czb chb ~l{hb
;
Ir cj~lzj~ `kcr mlzk r`ch c jzino
Ir cj~lzj~ ak~~ `kcr nlmtczcriukay
5
Vcrkz cj~lztrilh ak~~ r`ch ; +
Vcrkz cj~lztrilh ak~~ r`ch 35+
6
Ir i~ {hielzm ih nlalz chb nch jk ~`ctkb
[hielzm ih nlalz !~`ctk chb ~iwk
rl r`k bk~izkb ~iwk 0
Ir `c~ `if` b{zcjiairy v`in` bktkhb~
Ir~ b{zcjiairy i~ ak~~ r`ch r`cr le ~rlhk
{tlh ir~ n`kminca nlmtl~irilh chb ir~ t`y~inca ~rz{nr{zk 9
Tczrin{aczay Tczrin{acza y ~{ircjak elz nlh~rz{nrilh
Cnib chb ~mlok zk~i~rchnk i~ fllb j{r ak~~
vlzo ih ihb{~rzica czkc c~ ir cnib chb
r`ch r`cr le ~rlhk
~mlok tzlle , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
36
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
34
S{czzyihf bzk~~ihf chb rzch~tlzrcrilh
Lukzcaa nl~r le mch{ecnr{zk ak~~ r`ch ~rlhk
nl~ray 33
Acjlz nl~r elz acyihf i~ `if`
Kc~iay acib rl elzm vcaa~ le zks{izkb {hielzm r`inohk~~ !acjlz nl~r elz jzino mc~lhzy m{n` ak~~
Rytk~ le Jzino~
Jzino~ mcy jk jzlcbay nac~~ieikb c~7
J{iabihf jzino~
Tcuihf jzino~
Eizk jzino~
^tknica jzino~
J{iabihf Jzino~7 R`k~k jzino~ czk {~kb elz r`k nlh~rz{nrilh le vcaa~
Tcuihf Jzino~7 R`k~k czk uirzieikb jzino~ chb czk {~kb c~ tcukz~
Eizk Jzino~7 R`k~k jzino~ czk ~tknicaay mcbk rl vir`~rchb e{zhcnk rkmtkzcr{zk ^iainc
jzino~ jkalhf rl r`i~ ncrkflzy
^tknica Jzino~7 R`k~k jzino~ czk bieekzkhr ezlm r`k nlmmlhay {~kb j{iabihf jzino~ vir`
zk~tknr rl r`kiz ~`ctk chb r`k t{ztl~k elz v`in` r`ky czk mcbk ^lmk le ~{n` jzino~ czk ai~rkb jkalv7
^tknicaay ~`ctkb jzino~
Ecnihf jzino~
Tkzelzcrkb j{iabihf jzino~
J{zhr nacy `laalv jzino~
^kvkz jzino~
( e ) Cnib zk~i~rchr jzino~
^tknicaay ^`ctkb Jzino~7 Jzino~ le ~tknica ~`ctk~ czk mch{ecnr{zkb rl mkkr r`k
zks{izkmkhr~ le bieekzkhr ~ir{crilh~ ^lmk le r`km czk ~`lvh ih Eif , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
30
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Ecnihf Jzino~7 Jzino~7 R`k~k jzino~ czk {~kb ih r`k l{rkz ecnk le mc~lhzy Lhnk r`k~k jzino~ czk
tzluibkb! tac~rkzihf i~ hlr zks{izkb R`k ~rchbczb ~iwk~ le r`k~k jzino~ czk 394 Ö 94 Ö 94 mm lz 394 Ö 94 Ö 24 mm Tkzelzcrkb Tkzelzcrkb J{iabihf Jzino~7 R`k~k jzino~ czk mch{ecnr{zkb vir` czkc le tkzelzcrilh le
>4 rl 2; tkz nkhr R`k czkc le kcn` tkzelzcrilh ~`l{ab hlr kpnkkb ;44 mm: R`k tkzelzcrilh ~`l{ab jk {hielzmay bi~rzij{rkb lukz r`k ~{zecnk R`ky czk mch{ecnr{zkb ih r`k ~iwk 394 Ö 394 Ö 94 mm chb :94 Ö 94 Ö 94 mm J{zh’r Nacy @laalv Jzino~7 Eif{zk ~`lv~ c j{zhr nacy `laalv jzino R`ky czk aif`r ih
vkif`r R`ky czk {~kb elz r`k nlh~rz{nrilh le tczririlh vcaa~ R`ky tzluibk fllb r`kzmca ih~{acrilh rl j{iabihf~ R`ky czk mch{ecnr{zkb ih r`k ~iwk~ 394 Ö 394 Ö 94 mm! :94 Ö 94 Ö 94 mm chb :94 Ö 324 Ö 94 mm R`k r`inohk~~ le chy ~`kaa ~`l{ab hlr jk ak~~ r`ch 33 mm chb r`cr le chy vkj hlr ak~~ r`ch 0 mm
^kvkz Jzino~7 R`k~k jzino~ czk {~kb elz r`k nlh~rz{nrilh le ~kvcfk aihk~ R`ky czk
mch{ecnr{zkb ezlm ~{zecnk nacy! eizk nacy ~`cak lz vir` r`k nlmjihcrilh le r`k~k R`ky czk mch{ecnr{zkb ih r`k ~iwk~ 394 Ö 94 Ö 94 mm chb 394 Ö 94 Ö 24 mm R`k cukzcfk , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
39
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
:
~rzkhfr` le r`k~k jzino~ ~`l{ab jk c mihim{m le 36; H,mm R`k vcrkz cj~lztrilh ~`l{ab hlr jk mlzk r`ch 34 tkz nkhr Cnib Zk~i~rchr Jzino~7 R`k~k jzino~ czk {~kb elz eallzihf~ aiokay rl jk ~{jgknrkb rl cnib
crrcno~! aihihf le n`cmjkz~ ih n`kminca tachr~! aihihf le ~kvkz~ nczzyihf ihb{~rzica vc~rk krn R`k~k jzino~ czk mcbk le nacy lz ~`cak le ~{ircjak nlmtl~irilh vir` alv aimk chbizlh nlhrkhr! eaihr lz ~chb chb uirzieikb cr `if` rkmtkzcr{zk ih c nkzcmin oiah
Nac~~ieincrilh le Jzino~ Jc~kb lh r`kiz S{cairy
R`k jzino~ {~kb ih nlh~rz{nrilh czk nac~~ieikb c~7
Eiz~r nac~~ jzino~
^knlhb nac~~ jzino~
R`izb nac~~ jzino~ chb
El{zr` nac~~ jzino~
Eiz~r Nac~~ Jzino~7 R`k~k jzino~ czk le ~rchbczb ~`ctk chb ~iwk R`ky czk j{zhr I oiah~
R`ky e{aeiaa caa bk~izcjak tzltkzrik~ le jzino~ ^knlhb Nac~~ Jzino~7 R`k~k jzino~ czk fzl{hb ml{abkb chb j{zhr ih oiah~ R`k kbfk~
mcy hlr jk ~`czt chb {hielzm R`k ~{zecnk mcy jk ~lmkv`cr zl{f` ^{n` jzino~ czk nlmmlhay {~kb elz r`k nlh~rz{nrilh le vcaa~ v`in` czk flihf rl jk tac~rkzkb R`izb Nac~~ Jzino~7 R`k~k jzino~ czk fzl{hb ml{abkb chb j{zhr ih nacmt~ R`kiz kbfk~
czk ~lmkv`cr bi~rlzrkb R`ky tzlb{nk b{aa ~l{hb v`kh ~rz{no rlfkr`kz R`ky czk {~kb elz rkmtlzczy chb {himtlzrchr ~rz{nr{zk~ El{zr` Nac~~ Jzino~7 R`k~k czk r`k lukz j{zhr jzino~ R`ky czk bczo ih nlal{z R`k
~`ctk i~ izzkf{acz R`ky czk {~kb c~ cffzkfcrk~ elz nlhnzkrk ih el{hbcrilh~! eallz~ chb zlcb~ Tzltkzrik~ le Jzino~
R`k elaalvihf czk r`k zks{izkb tzltkzrik~ le fllb jzino~7 Nlalz7 Nlalz ~`l{ab jk {hielzm chb jzif`r ^`ctk7 Jzino~ ~`l{ab `cuk tachk ecnk~ R`ky ~`l{ab `cuk ~`czt chb rz{k zif`r chfakb
nlzhkz~ ^iwk7 Jzino~ ~`l{ab jk le ~rchbczb ~iwk~ c~ tzk~nzijkb jy nlbk~ , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
:4
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Rkpr{zk7 R`ky ~`l{ab tl~~k~~ eihk! bkh~k chb {hielzm rkpr{zk R`ky ~`l{ab hlr tl~~k~~
ei~~{zk~! ncuirik~! all~k fzir chb {hj{zhr aimk ^l{hbhk~~7 V`kh ~rz{no vir` `cmmkz lz vir` chlr`kz jzino! ir ~`l{ab tzlb{nk mkrcaain
~l{hb @czbhk~~7 Eihfkz ~nzcrn`ihf ~`l{ab hlr tzlb{nk chy imtzk~~ilh lh r`k jzino ^rzkhfr`7 Nz{~`ihf ~rzkhfr` le jzino ~`l{ab hlr jk ak~~ r`ch >; H,mm: C eikab rk~r elz
~rzkhfr` i~ r`cr v`kh bzlttkb ezlm c `kif`r le 49 m rl 34 mm lh c `czb fzl{hb! r`k jzino ~`l{ab hlr jzkco ihrl tiknk~ Vcrkz Cj~lztrilh7 Cerkz immkz~ihf r`k jzino ih vcrkz elz :2 `l{z~! vcrkz cj~lztrilh
~`l{ab hlr jk mlzk r`ch :4 tkz nkhr jy vkif`r Elz nac~~-I vlzo~ r`i~ aimir i~ 3; tkz nkhr Keealzk~nkhnk7 Jzino~ ~`l{ab hlr ~`lv v`irk tcrn`k~ v`kh ~lcokb ih vcrkz elz :2 `l{z~
chb r`kh caalvkb rl bzy ih ~`cbk V`irk tcrn`k~ czk b{k rl r`k tzk~khnk le ~{at`crk le ncani{m! mcfhk~i{m chb tlrc~~i{m R`ky okkt r`k mc~lhzy tkzmchkhray ih bcmt chb vkr nlhbirilh~ R`kzmca Nlhb{nriuiry7 Jzino~ ~`l{ab `cuk alv r`kzmca nlhb{nriuiry! ~l r`cr j{iabihf~
j{iar vir` r`km czk nlla ih ~{mmkz chb vczm ih vihrkz ^l{hb Ih~{acrilh7 @kcuikz jzino~ czk tllz ih~{acrlz~ le ~l{hb v`iak aif`r vkif`r chb
`laalv jzino~ tzluibk fllb ~l{hb ih~{acrilh Eizk Zk~i~rchnk7 Eizk zk~i~rchnk le jzino~ i~ {~{caay fllb Ih ecnr jzino~ czk {~kb rl
khnc~k ~rkka nla{mh~ rl tzlrknr r`km ezlm eizk
Nlmtl~irilh le jzino
Elz r`k tzktczcrilh le jzino~! nacy lz lr`kz ~{ircjak kczr` i~ ml{abkb rl r`k bk~izkb ~`ctk cerkz ~{jgknrihf ir rl ~kukzca tzlnk~~k~ Cerkz bzyihf! ir ~`l{ab hlr ~`ziho chb hl nzcno ~`l{ab bkukalt R`k nacy {~kb elz jzino mcoihf nlh~i~r~ mcihay le ~iainc chb ca{mihc mipkb ih ~{n` c tzltlzrilh r`cr r`k nacy jknlmk~ tac~rin v`kh vcrkz i~ cbbkb rl ir Ir ca~l nlh~i~r~ le ~mcaa tzltlzrilh~ le aimk! izlh! mchfchk~k! ~{at`{z! krn R`k tzltlzrilh~ le uczil{~ ihfzkbikhr~ czk c~ elaalv~7 3) ^iainc ;4 „ 54+ 54+ :) Ca{mihc :4 „ >4+ >4+ >) Aimk 34+ , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
:3
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
2) Mcfhk~ic 1 3+ Ekzzin lpibk 1 6+
Ak~~ r`ch :4+
Caocai~ 1 34+ ;) Nczjlh bilpibk ^{at`{z rzilpibk
Ukzy ~mcaa tkznkhrcfk
Vcrkz
E{hnrilh~ le uczil{~ ihfzkbikhr~7 ^iainc7 Ir khcjak~ r`k jzino rl zkrcih ir~ ~`ctk chb imtczr~ b{zcjiairy! tzkukhr~ ~`zihocfk
chb vcztihf Kpnk~~ le ~iainc mcok~ r`k jzino jzirrak chb vkco lh j{zhihf C aczfk tkznkhrcfk le ~chb lz {hnlmjihkb ~iainc ih nacy i~ {hbk~izcjak @lvkukz! ir i~ cbbkb rl bknzkc~k ~`zihocfk ih j{zhihf chb rl ihnzkc~k r`k zkezcnrlzihk~~ le alv ca{mihc nacy~ Ca{mihc7 Ca{mihc7 cj~lzj~ vcrkz chb zkhbkz~ r`k nacy tac~rin Ie ca{mihc i~ tzk~khr ih kpnk~~ le
r`k ~tknieikb s{chriry! ir tzlb{nk~ nzcno~ ih jzino lh bzyihf Nacy~ `cuihf kpnkkbihfay `if` ca{mihc nlhrkhr czk aiokay rl jk ukzy zkezcnrlzy Aimk7 hlzmcaay nlh~rir{rk~ ak~~ r`ch 34 tkz nkhr le nacy Aimk ih jzino nacy `c~ r`k
elaalvihf keeknr~7
Zkb{nk~ r`k ~`zihocfk lh bzyihf
Nc{~k~ ~iainc ih nacy rl mkar lh j{zhihf chb r`{~ `kat~ rl jihb ir
Ih nczjlhcrkb elzm! aimk alvkz~ r`k e{~ilh tlihr
Kpnk~~ le aimk nc{~k~ r`k jzino rl mkar chb r`k jzino all~k~ ir~ ~`ctk
Zkb jzino~ czk ljrcihkb lh j{zhihf cr nlh~ibkzcjay `if` rkmtkzcr{zk (mlzk r`ch 044´N)chb j{ee-j{zhihf jzino~ czk mcbk jy ihnzkc~ihf r`k aimk nlhrkhr
Mcfhk~ic7 Mcfhk~ic7 zczkay kpnkkbihf 3 tkznkhr ceeknr~ r`k nlal{z chb mcok~ r`k jzino ykaalv! ih
j{zhihf? ir nc{~k~ r`k nacy rl ~lerkh cr ~alvkz zcrk r`ch ih ml~r nc~k i~ aimk chb zkb{nk~ vcztihf Izlh7 Izlh lpibk nlh~rir{rihf ak~~ r`ch 6 tkz nkhr le nacy! imtczr~ r`k elaalvihf
tzltkzrik~7
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
::
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Fiuk~ zkb nlalz lh j{zhihf v`kh kpnk~~ le lpyfkh i~ cuciacjak chb bczo jzlvh lz kukh jacno nlalz v`kh lpyfkh cuciacjak i~ ih~{eeinikhr? `lvkukz! kpnk~~ le ekzzin lpibk mcok~ r`k jzino bczo ja{k
Imtzluk~ imtkzmkcjiairy chb b{zcjiairy
Rkhb~ rl alvkz r`k e{~ilh tlihr le r`k nacy! k~tknicaay ie tzk~khr c~ ekzzl{~ lpibk
Fiuk~ ~rzkhfr` chb `czbhk~~
@czme{a ~{j~rchnk~ ih jzino kczr`
Aimk7 V`kh c bk~izcjak cml{hr le aimk i~ tzk~khr ih r`k nacy! ir zk~{ar~ ih fllb jzino~!
j{r ie ih kpnk~~! ir n`chfk~ r`k nlalz le r`k jzino ezlm zkb rl ykaalv V`kh aimk i~ tzk~khr ih a{mt~! ir cj~lzj~ mli~r{zk! ~vkaa~ chb nc{~k~ bi~ihrkfzcrilh le r`k jzino~ R`kzkelzk! aimk ~`l{ab jk tzk~khr ih eihkay biuibkb ~rcrk chb a{mt~! ie chy! ~`l{ab jk zkmlukb ih r`k jkfihhihf ir~kae Kptkzikhnk `c~ ~`lvh! `lvkukz! r`cr v`kh aihk tczrinak~ ~mcaakz r`ch > mm bicmkrkz `ybzcrk r`ky tzlb{nk lhay ~mcaa tlno mczo v`in`! tzluibkb r`cr r`kzk czk hlr mchy le r`km! nch {~{caay jk ifhlzkb Tczrinak~ aczfkz r`ch r`i~ mif`r! ie tzk~khr ih chy s{chriry! nc{~k {h~if`ray jakmi~`k~ lz kukh ~kukzk nzcnoihf Tkjjak~! Tkjjak~! fzcuka~! chb fzir~7 bl hlr caalv r`k nacy rl jk mipkb r`lzl{f`ay chb ~tlia r`k
cttkczchnk le r`k jzino Jzino~ vir` tkjjak~ chb fzcuka~ mcy nzcno v`iak vlzoihf Izlh tyzirk~ rkhb rl lpibiwk chb bknlmtl~k r`k jzino b{zihf j{zhihf R`k jzino mcy ~tair
ihrl tiknk~ Tyzirk~ bi~nlal{zi~k r`k jzino~ Caocai~ (caocaihk ~car~)7elzmihf ~car~)7elzmihf ak~~ r`ch 34 tkz nkhr le r`k zcv nacy i~ le fzkcr uca{k c~
ea{pk~! k~tknicaay v`kh nlmjihkb vir` ~iaincrk~ le ca{mihc R`k~k czk mcihay ih r`k elzm le ~lbc lz tlrc~` @lvkukz! v`kh tzk~khr ih kpnk~~! caocai mcok~ r`k nacy {h~{ircjak elz jzino~ R`ky mkar r`k nacy lh j{zhihf chb mcok r`k jzino~ {h~ymmkrzinca V`kh jzino~ nlmk ih nlhrcnr vir` mli~r{zk! vcrkz i~ cj~lzjkb chb r`k caocai~ nzy~rcaaiwk Lh bzyihf! r`k mli~r{zk kuctlzcrk~! akcuihf jk`ihb fzky lz v`irk tlvbkz bktl~ir~ lh r`k jzino v`in` ~tlia r`k cttkczchnk R`i~ t`khlmkhlh i~ ncaakb keealzk~nkhnk Keealzk~nkhnk ~`l{ab cavcy~ jk bzy jz{~`kb cvcy jkelzk zkhbkzihf lz tac~rkzihf c vcaa? vkrrihf ir viaa nczzy r`k ~car~ jcno ihrl r`k vcaa rl zkcttkcz acrkz Ie jzino~ jknlmk ~cr{zcrkb jkelzk r`k vlzo i~ , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
:>
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
nlmtakrkb! r`k tzljcjiairy le ~{j~ks{khr keealzk~nkhnk i~ ihnzkc~kb! jzino ~rcno~ ~`l{ab! r`kzkelzk jk tzlrknrkb ezlm zcih cr caa rimk~ B{zihf ayihf! r`k jzino~ ~`l{ab jk mli~rkhkb lhay rl r`k kprkhr r`cr i~ el{hb cj~la{rkay k~~khrica rl ljrcih cbks{crk jlhb jkrvkkh jzino~ chb mlzrcz? hkvay j{iar jzinovlzo ~`l{ab jk tzlrknrkb ezlm zcih Lzfchin mcrrkz7 Lh j{zhihf fzkkh jzino~! r`k lzfchin mcrrkz fkr~ n`czzkb chb akcuk~
tlzk~ mcoihf r`k jzino~ tlzl{~? r`k vcrkz cj~lztrilh i~ ihnzkc~kb chb r`k ~rzkhfr` i~ zkb{nkb Nczjlhcnkl{~ mcrkzica~7 ih r`k elzm le jir{mihl{~ mcrrkz lz nczjlh fzkcray ceeknr~ r`k
nlalz le zcv nacy [hak~~ tzltkz tzknc{rilh i~ rcokh rl keeknr nlmtakrk zkmluca le ~{n` mcrrkz jy lpibcrilh! r`k jzino i~ aiokay rl `cuk c jacno nlzk ^{at`{z7 i~ {~{caay el{hb ih nacy c~ r`k ~{at`crk le ncani{m! mcfhk~i{m! ~lbi{m!
tlrc~~i{m lz izlh! lz c~ izlh ~{at`ibk Fkhkzcaay! r`k tzltlzrilh i~ ~mcaa Ie! `lvkukz! r`kzk i~ nczjlh ih r`k nacy chb ih~{eeinikhr rimk i~ fiukh b{zihf j{zhihf elz tzltkz lpibcrilh le nczjlh chb ~{at`{z! r`k acrrkz viaa nc{~k r`k elzmcrilh le c ~tlhfy! ~vlaakh ~rz{nr{zk ih r`k jzino chb r`k jzino viaa jk bknlal{zkb jy v`irk jalrn`k~ Vcrkz7 C aczfk tzltlzrilh le ezkk vcrkz fkhkzcaay nc{~k~ nacy rl ~`ziho nlh~ibkzcjay
b{zihf bzyihf! v`kzkc~ nlmjihkb vcrkz nc{~k~ ~`zihocfk b{zihf j{zhihf R`k {~k le vcrkz nlhrcihihf ~mcaa s{chririk~ le mcfhk~i{m lz ncani{m nczjlhcrk~! rlfkr`kz vir` c ~{at`{zl{~ e{ka lerkh nc{~k~ ~imiacz keeknr~ c~ r`l~k jy ~{at`{z
Mch{ecnr{zihf le jzino~
Cbbiriuk~ ih mch{ecnr{zk le jzino~
Nkzrcih cbbiriuk~ ~{n` c~ eay c~`! ~chby alcm! zink `{~o c~`! jc~car ~rlhk b{~r! krn czk lerkh zks{izkb hlr lhay rl mlbiey r`k ~`ctihf! bzyihf chb eizihf jk`cuil{z le nacy mc~~! j{r ca~l rl `kat nlh~kzuk cfzin{ar{zca achb chb {riai~k vc~rk mcrkzica~ cuciacjak ih aczfk s{chririk~ R`k~k cbbiriuk~ ~`l{ab! `lvkukz! `cuk c bk~izcjak akuka le t`y~inca chb n`kminca n`czcnrkzi~rin~ ~l c~ rl mlbiey r`k jk`cuil{z le nacy mc~~ vir`ih r`k ltrim{m zchfk vir`l{r chy cbukz~k keeknr lh r`k tkzelzmchnk chb b{zcjiairy ^lmk le r`k jc~in t`y~il-n`kminca zks{izkmkhr~ le nlhukhrilhca cbbiriuk~ czk c~ {hbkz7 Eay c~`7 , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
:2
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
C vc~rk mcrkzica cuciacjak ih aczfk s{chririk~ ezlm r`kzmca tlvkz tachr~ nch jk cbbkb rl caa{uica! zkb! jacno! mczihk nacy~! krn R`k eay c~` nlhrcih~ cmlzt`l{~ fac~~y mcrkzica! m{aairk! `ckmcrirk! mcfhkrirk! krn chb ~`lv~ c n`kminca nlmtl~irilh ~imiacz rl jzino kczr`~ R`k~k ~iaincrk~ ca~l `kat rlvczb~ ~rzkhfr` bkukaltmkhr ih nacy jlbik~ lh eizihf! v`kh mipkb ih ltrim{m tzltlzrilh bktkhbihf lh r`k t`y~il-n`kminca chb tac~rin tzltkzrik~ le ~lia~ rl jk {~kb elz jzino mcoihf R`k tzltlzrilh le eay c~` mipkb c~ ch cbbiriuk rl r`k jzino kczr` ~`l{ab jk ltrim{m rl zkb{nk bzyihf ~`zihocfk! n`kno bzyihf al~~k~ chb rl bkukalt ~rzkhfr` lh eizihf vir`l{r jalcrihf lz jacno nlzihf ih eizkb tzlb{nr R`k nzy~rcaairk~ tzk~khr ih r`k eay c~` ~`l{ab nlmtay vir` r`k zk~{archr `if` rkmtkzcr{zk t`c~k~ ih r`k eihi~`kb tzlb{nr R`k bk~izcjak n`czcnrkzi~rin~ le eay c~` v`in` nl{ab jk {~kb c~ ch cbbiriuk rl r`k ~lia mc~~ czk fiukh ih Rcjak
^chby alcm7
Cbbirilh le ~chby alcm i~ lerkh el{hb keeknriuk ih nlhrzlaaihf r`k bzyihf jk`cuilz le `if`ay tac~rin ~lia mc~~ nlhrcihihf kptchbihf fzl{t le nacy mihkzca~ ^chby alcm ~`l{ab tzkekzcjay `cuk c mkn`chinca nlmtl~irilh c~ ~tknieikb jkalv R`k mcrkzica ~`l{ab! `lvkukz! mkkr r`k lr`kz zks{izkmkhr c~ vkaa
Zink `{~o c~`7
R`k c~` ~`l{ab tzkekzcjay `cuk {hj{zhr nczjlh nlhrkhr ih r`k zchfk le > „ > „ ;+chb ;+chb ~`l{ab jk ezkk ezlm kprzchkl{~ mcrkzica Ir nch jk {~kb vir` tac~rin jacno zkb ~lia~ ~`lvihf kpnk~~iuk ~`zihocfk , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
:;
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Jc~car ~rlhk b{~r7
Jc~car ~rlhk lnn{z~ {hbkzhkcr` r`k jacno nlrrlh ~lia chb ir~ b{~r i~ c vc~rk tzlb{nr cuciacjak ih aczfk s{chriry ezlm jc~car ~rlhk nz{~`ihf {hir~ R`k eihkz ezcnrilh ezlm jc~car ~rlhk {hir~ i~ mipkb vir` ~lia mc~~ rl mlbiey r`k ~`ctihf! bzyihf chb eizihf jk`cuilz le jzino~ R`k b{~r zknlmmkhbkb elz {~k c~ ch cbbiriuk vir` jzino kczr` ~`l{ab jk eihk (tc~~ihf 3 mm ~ikuk)! ezkk ezlm nlcz~k mcrkzica~ lz minc eacok~ chb ~`l{ab jk le hlhncanirin lzblalmirin lzifih
R`k ltkzcrilh~ ihulaukb ih r`k mch{ecnr{zk le nacy jzino~ czk zktzk~khrkb bicfzcmmcrincaay ih Eif{zk
Tzktczcrilh le jzino kczr`
Ir nlh~i~r~ le elaalvihf ltkzcrilh~ [h~liaihf7 R`k ~lia {~kb elz mcoihf j{iabihf jzino~ ~`l{ab jk tzlnk~~kb ~l c~ rl jk ezkk
le fzcuka! nlcz~k ~chb (tzcnrinca ~iwk mlzk r`ch : mm)! aimk chb ochocz tczrinak~! lzfchin mcrrkz! krn Cjl{r :4 nm le r`k rlt acykz le r`k kczr`! hlzmcaay nlhrcihihf ~rlhk~! tkjjak~! fzcuka! zllr~! krn! i~ zkmlukb cerkz nakczihf r`k rzkk~ chb ukfkrcrilh Biffihf7 Cerkz zkmluihf r`k rlt acykz le r`k kczr`! tzltlzrilh~ le cbbiriuk~ ~{n` c~ eay
c~`! ~chby alcm! zink `{~o c~`! ~rlhk b{~r! krn ~`l{ab jk ~tzkcb lukz r`k tachk fzl{hb ~{zecnk lh ula{mk jc~i~ R`k ~lia mc~~ i~ r`kh mch{caay kpncucrkb! t{bbakb! vcrkzkb chb aker lukz elz vkcr`kzihf chb ~{j~ks{khr tzlnk~~ihf R`k biffihf ltkzcrilh ~`l{ab jk blhk jkelzk zcih~ , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
:5
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Vkcr`kzihf7 ^rlhk~! fzcuka~! tkjjak~! zllr~! krn czk zkmlukb ezlm r`k b{f kczr` chb r`k
„ 3:4 ~lia i~ `kctkb lh akuka fzl{hb ih acykz~ le 54 54 „ 3:4 nm R`k ~lia i~ aker ih `kct~ chb kptl~kb rl vkcr`kz elz cr akc~r lhk mlhr` ih nc~k~ v`kzk ~{n` vkcr`kzihf i~ nlh~ibkzkb hknk~~czy elz r`k ~lia R`i~ i~ blhk rl bkukalt `lmlfkhkiry ih r`k mc~~ le ~lia! tczrin{aczay ie r`ky czk ezlm bieekzkhr ~l{znk~! chb ca~l rl kaimihcrk r`k imt{zirik~ v`in` fkr lpibiwkb ^la{jak ~car~ ih r`k nacy vl{ab ca~l jk kzlbkb jy zcih rl ~lmk kprkhr! v`in` lr`kzvi~k nl{ab `cuk nc{~kb ~n{mmihf cr r`k rimk le j{zhihf le r`k jzino~ ih r`k oiah R`k ~lia ~`l{ab jk r{zhkb lukz cr akc~r rvink chb ir ~`l{ab jk kh~{zkb r`cr r`k khrizk ~lia i~ vkr r`zl{f`l{r r`k tkzilb le vkcr`kzihf Ih lzbkz rl okkt ir vkr! vcrkz mcy jk ~tzcykb c~ lerkh c~ hknk~~czy R`k tac~riniry chb ~rzkhfr` le r`k nacy czk imtzlukb jy kptl~ihf r`k nacy rl vkcr`kz Jakhbihf7 R`k kczr` i~ r`kh mipkb vir` ~chby-kczr` chb ncanczkl{~-kczr` ih ~{ircjak
tzltlzrilh~ rl mlbiey r`k nlmtl~irilh le ~lia Mlbkzcrk cml{hr le vcrkz i~ mipkb ~l c~ rl ljrcih r`k zif`r nlh~i~rkhny elz ml{abihf R`k mc~~ i~ r`kh mipkb {hielzmay vir` ~tcbk~ Cbbirilh le vcrkz rl r`k ~lia cr r`k b{mt~ i~ hknk~~czy elz r`k kc~y mipihf chb vlzocjiairy! j{r r`k cbbirilh le vcrkz ~`l{ab jk nlhrzlaakb ih ~{n` c vcy r`cr ir mcy hlr nzkcrk c tzljakm ih ml{abihf chb bzyihf Kpnk~~iuk mli~r{zk nlhrkhr mcy ceeknr r`k ~iwk chb ~`ctk le r`k eihi~`kb jzino Rkmtkzihf7 Rkmtkzihf nlh~i~r~ le ohkcbihf r`k kczr` vir` ekkr ~l c~ rl mcok r`k mc~~
~riee chb tac~rin~ (jy tac~riniry! vk mkch r`k tzltkzry v`in` vkr nacy `c~ le jkihf tkzmchkhray bkelzmkb vir`l{r nzcnoihf) Ir ~`l{ab tzkekzcjay jk nczzikb l{r jy ~rlzihf r`k ~lia ih c nlla tacnk ih acykz~ le cjl{r >4 nm r`inohk~~ elz hlr ak~~ r`ch >5 `l{z~ R`i~ viaa kh~{zk `lmlfkhkiry ih r`k mc~~ le nacy elz ~{j~ks{khr tzlnk~~ihf Elz mch{ecnr{zihf fllb jzino! rkmtkzihf i~ blhk ih t{f miaa~ chb r`k ltkzcrilh i~ ncaakb t{ffihf T{f miaa nlh~i~r~ le c nlhinca izlh r{jk c~ ~`lvh ih Eif R`k miaa i~ ~{ho 54 nm
ihrl r`k kczr` C ukzrinca ~`cer! vir` c h{mjkz le `lziwlhrca czm~ eirrkb vir` ohiuk~! i~ tzluibkb cr r`k nkhrzk le r`k r{jk R`i~ nkhrzca ~`cer i~ zlrcrkb vir` r`k `kat le j{aalno~ ylokb cr r`k khb le alhf czm~ @lvkukz! ~rkcm! bik~ka lz kaknrzin tlvkz mcy jk {~kb elz r`i~ t{ztl~k Jakhbkb kczr` calhf vir` zks{izkb vcrkz i~ ekb ihrl r`k t{f miaa ezlm r`k rlt R`k ohiuk~ n{r r`zl{f` r`k nacy chb jzkco caa r`k nalb~ lz a{mt-nacy~ v`kh r`k ~`cer
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
:6
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
zlrcrk~ R`k r`lzl{f`ay t{ffkb nacy i~ r`kh rcokh l{r ezlm ltkhihf tzluibkb ih r`k ~ibk hkcz r`k jlrrlm R`k yikab ezlm c t{f miaa i~ cjl{r 3;44 jzino~
Ml{abihf7 Ir i~ c tzlnk~~ le fiuihf c zks{izkb ~`ctk rl r`k jzino ezlm r`k tzktczkb jzino
kczr` Ml{abihf mcy jk nczzikb l{r jy `chb lz jy mcn`ihk~ R`k tzlnk~~ le ml{abihf le jzino~ mcy jk r`k ~ler-m{b (`chb ml{abihf)! r`k ~riee-m{b (mcn`ihk ml{abihf) lz r`k bzy tzk~~ tzlnk~~ (ml{abihf {~ihf mcpim{m 34 tkz nkhr vcrkz chb elzmihf jzino~ cr `if`kz tzk~~{zk~) Eizk-jzino i~ mcbk jy r`k ~ler m{b tzlnk~~ Zlleihf! eallz chb vcaa riak~ czk mcbk jy bzy-tzk~~ mkr`lb @lvkukz! r`k ~riee-m{b tzlnk~~ i~ {~kb elz mcoihf caa r`k ~rz{nr{zca nacy tzlb{nr~ i)
@chb Ml{abihf7 C rytinca ml{ab i~ ~`lvh ih Eif{zk @chb ml{abihf i~
e{zr`kz nac~~ieikb c~ fzl{hb ml{abihf chb rcjak ml{abihf
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
:0
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
ii)
Fzl{hb Ml{abihf7 Ih r`i~ tzlnk~~! r`k fzl{hb i~ akukakb chb ~chb i~
~tzihoakb lh ir R`k ml{abkb jzino~ czk aker lh r`k fzl{hb elz bzyihf ^{n` jzino~ bl hlr `cuk ezlf chb r`k alvkz jzino ~{zecnk jknlmk~ rll zl{f` Rl lukznlmk r`k~k bkeknr~! ml{abihf jalno~ lz jlczb~ czk {~kb cr r`k jc~k le r`k ml{ab R`k tzlnk~~ nlh~i~r~ le ~`ctihf ih `chb~ c a{mt le vkaa t{ffkb kczr`! ~aif`ray mlzk r`ch r`cr le r`k jzino ula{mk Ir i~ r`kh zlaakb ihrl r`k ~chb chb vir` c gkzo ir i~ bc~`kb ihrl r`k ml{ab R`k ml{abkz r`kh fiuk~ jalv~ vir` `i~ ei~r~ chb tzk~~k~ r`k kczr` tzltkzay ih r`k nlzhkz~ le r`k ml{ab vir` `i~ r`{mj R`k ~{zta{~ nacy lh r`k rlt ~{zecnk i~ zkmlukb vir` c ~`czt kbfk mkrca tacrk ncaakb ~rziok (Eif{zk) lz vir` c r`ih vizk ~rzkrn`kb lukz r`k ml{ab Cerkz r`i~ r`k ml{ab i~ fiukh c fkhrak ~altk chb i~ aierkb akcuihf r`k jzino lh r`k fzl{hb rl bzy
iii)
Rcjak Ml{abaihf7 R`k jzino~ czk ml{abkb lh ~rlno jlczb~ hciakb lh r`k
ml{abihf rcjak (Eif{zk) ^rlno jlczb~ `cuk r`k tzlgknrilh elz elzmihf r`k ezlf R`k tzlnk~~ le eiaaihf nacy ih r`k ml{ab i~ r`k ~cmk c~ kptacihkb cjluk Cerkz r`i~! c r`ih jlczb ncaakb tcaakr i~ tacnkb lukz r`k ml{ab R`k ml{ab nlhrcihihf r`k jzino i~ r`kh ~mczray aierkb lee r`k ~rlno jlczb chb ihukzrkb ~l r`cr r`k ml{abkb nacy calhf vir` r`k ml{ab zk~r~ lh r`k tcaakr R`k ml{ab i~ r`kh zkmlukb c~ kptacihkb jkelzk chb r`k jzino i~ nczzikb rl r`k bzyihf ~irk
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
:9
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
iu)
Mcn`ihk Ml{abihf7 nch jk blhk jy kir`kz le r`k elaalvihf tzlnk~~k~ Tac~rin mkr`lb7 R`k t{ffkb! ~rieekz nacy i~ elznkb r`zl{f` c zknrchf{acz
ltkhihf le jzino ~iwk jy mkch~ le ch c{fkz Nacy nlmk~ l{r le r`k ltkhihf ih r`k elzm le c jcz R`k jzino~ czk n{r ezlm r`k jcz jy c ezcmk nlh~i~rihf le ~kukzca vizk~ cr c bi~rchnk le jzino ~iwk c~ ~`lvh ih Eif{zk R`i~ i~ c s{ino chb knlhlminca tzlnk~~
Bzy tzlnk~~ mkr`lb7 R`k mli~r! tlvbkzkb nacy i~ ekb ihrl r`k ml{ab lh c
mkn`chincaay ltkzcrkb tzk~~! v`kzk ir i~ ~{jgknrkb rl `if` tzk~~{zk chb r`k nacy ih r`k ml{ab rcok~ r`k ~`ctk le jzino~ ^{n` tzk~~kb jzino~ czk mlzk bkh~k! ~mllr` chb {hielzm r`ch lzbihczy jzino~ R`k~k czk j{zhr nczke{aay c~ r`ky czk aiokay rl nzcno Bzyihf7 Fzkkh jzino~ nlhrcih cjl{r 6 „ 6 „ >4+ >4+ mli~r{zk ktkhbihf {tlh r`k mkr`lb le
mch{ecnr{zk R`k ljgknr le bzyihf i~ rl zkmluk r`k mli~r{zk rl nlhrzla r`k ~`zihocfk chb , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
>4
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
~cuk e{ka chb rimk b{zihf j{zhihfR`k bzyihf ~`zihocfk i~ bktkhbkhr {tlh tlzk ~tcnk~ vir`ih r`k nacy chb r`k mipihf vcrkz R`k cbbirilh le ~chb lz fzl{hb j{zhr nacy zkb{nk~ ~`zihocfk! ihnzkc~k~ tlzl~iry chb ecniairik~ bzyihf R`k mli~r{zk nlhrkhr i~ jzl{f`r blvh rl cjl{r > tkz nkhr {hbkzkptl~kb nlhbirilh~ vir`ih r`zkk rl el{z bcy~ R`{~! r`k ~rzkhfr` le r`k fzkkh jzino~ i~ ihnzkc~kb chb r`k jzino~ nch jk `chbakb ~cekay Nacy tzlb{nr~ nch jk bzikb ih ltkh ciz bzikz~ lz ihczrieinica bzikz~ R`k czrieinica bzikz~ czk le rvl rytk~! r`k `lr eallz bzikz chb r`k r{hhka bzikz Ih r`k elzmkz! `kcr i~ cttaikb jy c e{zhcnk tacnkb cr lhk khb le r`k bzikz lz jy kp`c{~r ~rkcm ezlm r`k khfihk {~kb rl e{zhi~` tlvkz chb i~ {~kb elz eizk jzino~! nacy titk~ chb rkzzcnlrrc R{hhka bzikz~ czk `kcrkb jy e{ka~ {hbkzhkcr`! jy ~rkcm titk~! lz jy `lr ciz ezlm nllaihf oiah~ R`ky czk mlzk knlhlminca r`ch eallz bzikz~ Ihczrieinica bzikz~! rkmtkzcr{zk zczkay kpnkkb~ 3:4´NR`k rimk uczik~ ezlm lhk rl r`zkk bcy~ Ih bkukaltihf nl{hrzik~! jzino~ czk hlzmcaay bzikb ih hcr{zca ltkh-ciz bzikz~ (Eif{zk) R`ky czk ~rcnokb lh zci~kb fzl{hb chb czk tzlrknrkb ezlm jcb vkcr`kz chb bizknr ~{haif`r C fct le cjl{r 34 m i~ aker ih r`k cbgcnkhr acykz~ le r`k ~rcno~ ~l c~ rl caalv ezkk mlukmkhr elz r`k vlzokz~
Mkr`lb le bzyihf J{zhihf7 R`k j{zhihf le nacy mcy jk biuibkb ihrl r`zkk mcih ~rcfk~
μ
Bk`ybzcrilh (2;4-5;4 N)7 R`i~ i~ ca~l ohlvh c~ vcrkz ~mloihf ~rcfk
B{zihf bk`ybzcrilh! R`k vcrkz v`in` `c~ jkkh zkrcihkb ih r`k tlzk~ le r`k nacy cerkz bzyihf
i~ bziukh lee chb r`k nacy al~k~ ir~ tac~riniry! ^lmk le r`k nczjlhcnkl{~ mcrrkz i~ j{zhr! , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
>3
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
C tlzrilh le ~{at`{zi~ bi~riaakb ezlm tyzirk~ @ybzl{~ mihkzca~ aiok ekzzin `ybzlpibk czk bk`ybzcrkb! chb R`k nczjlhcrk mihkzca~ czk mlzk lz ak~~ bknczjlhiwkb Rll zctib
`kcrihf nc{~k~ nzcnoihf lz j{z~rihf le r`k jzino~ Lh r`k lr`kz `chb! ie caocai i~ nlhrcihkb ih r`k nacy lz ~{at`{z i~ tzk~khr ih aczfk cml{hr ih r`k nlca! rll ~alv `kcrihf le nacy tzlb{nk~ c ~n{m lh r`k ~{zecnk le r`k jzino~
μ
Lpibcrilh tkzilb (5;4-944 N)7 B{zihf r`k lpibcrilh tkzilb! (3) zkmcihbkz
le nczjlh i~ kaimihcrkb chb! (:) r`k ekzzl{~ izlh i~ lpibiwkb rl r`k ekzzin elzm R`k zkmluca le ~{at`{z i~ nlmtakrkb lhay cerkz r`k nczjlh `c~ jkkh kaimihcrkb ^{at`{z lh cnnl{hr le ir~ ceeihiry elz lpyfkh! ca~l `lab~ jcno r`k lpibcrilh le izlh Nlh~ks{khray! ih lzbkz rl culib jacno lz ~tlhfy nlzk~! lpibcrilh m{~r tzlnkkb cr ~{n` c zcrk v`in` viaa caalv r`k~k n`chfk~ rl lnn{z jkelzk r`k `kcr jknlmk~ ~{eeinikhr rl ~lerkh r`k nacy chb nal~k ir~ tlzk ^chb i~ lerkh cbbkb rl r`k zcv nacy rl tzlb{nk c mlzk ltkh ~rz{nr{zk chb r`{~ tzluibk k~nctk le fc~k~ fkhkzcrkb ih j{zhihf
Uirzieincrilh7 Rl nlhukzr r`k mc~~ ihrl fac~~ aiok ~{j~rchnk ‒ r`k
rkmtkzcr{zk zchfk~ ezlm944 „ ezlm944 „ 3344´N 3344´N elz alv mkarihf nacy chb 3444 „ 3444 „ 3:;4´N 3:;4´N elz `if` mkarihf nacy Fzkcr nczk i~ zks{izkb ih nllaihf r`k jzino~ jkalv r`k n`kzzy zkb `kcr ih lzbkz rl culib n`knoihf chb nzcnoihf Uirzieincrilh tkzilb mcy e{zr`kz jk biuibkb ihrl (c) ihnitikhr uirzieincrilh! cr v`in` r`k nacy `c~ ~lerkhkb ~{eeinikhray rl nc{~k cb`kzkhnk j{r hlr khl{f` rl nal~k r`k tlzk~ lz nc{~k al~~ le ~tcnk ‒ ~tcnk ‒ lh lh nllaihf r`k mcrkzica nchhlr jk ~nzcrn`kb jy r`k ohiek? (j) nlmtakrk uirzieincrilh! mlzk lz ak~~ vkaa-mczokb jy mcpim{m ~`zihocfk? (n) ui~nl{~ uirzieincrilh! tzlb{nkb jy c e{zr`kz ihnzkc~k ih rkmtkzcr{zk v`in` zk~{ar~ ih c ~ler mlarkh mc~~! c fzcb{ca al~~ ih ~`ctk! chb c fac~~y ~rz{nr{zk cerkz nllaihf Fkhkzcaay! nacy tzlb{nr~ czk uirzieikb rl r`k tlihr le ui~nl~iry @lvkukz! tcuihf jzino~ czk j{zhr rl r`k ~rcfk le nlmtakrk uirzieincrilh rl cn`ikuk mcpim{m `czbhk~~ c~ vkaa c~ rl{f`hk~~
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
>:
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
J{zhihf le jzino~ i~ blhk ih c nacmt lz oiah C nacmt i~ c rkmtlzczy ~rz{nr{zk v`kzkc~ oiah i~ c tkzmchkhr lhk J{zhihf ih nacmt lz tcwcvc`7C rytinca nacmt i~ ~`lvh ih Eif{zk R`k jzino~ chb e{ka
czk tacnkb ih carkzhcrk acykz~ R`k cml{hr le e{ka i~ zkb{nkb ~{nnk~~iukay ih r`k rlt acykz~ Kcn` jzino rikz nlh~i~r~ le 2 „ 2 „ ; acykz~ le jzino~ ^lmk ~tcnk i~ aker jkrvkkh jzino~ elz ezkk nizn{acrilh le `lr fc~~k~ Cerkz >4 tkz nkhr alcbihf le r`k nacmt! r`k e{ka ih r`k alvk~r acykz i~ eizkb chb r`k zkmcihihf alcbihf le jzino~ chb e{ka i~ nczzikb l{r `{zzikbay R`k rlt chb ~ibk~ le r`k nacmt czk tac~rkzkb vir` m{b R`kh c nlcr le nlv b{hf i~ fiukh! v`in` tzkukhr~ r`k k~nctk le `kcr R`k „ > acn~ chb r`k tzlnk~~ i~ nlmtakrkb ih ~ip mlhr`~ R`i~ tzlnk~~ yikab~ tzlb{nrilh le jzino~ i~ : : „ cjl{r 54 tkz nkhr eiz~r nac~~ jzino~
rzkhn` Oiah j{zhihf7 R`k oiah {~kb elz j{zhihf jzino~ mcy jk {hbkzfzl{hb! kf J{aa‐~ rzkhn ` oiah lz lukz fzl{hb! kf @leemch‐~ oiah R`k~k mcy jk zknrchf{acz! nizn{acz lz luca ih ~`ctk V`kh r`k tzlnk~~ le j{zhihf jzino~ i~ nlhrih{l{~! r`k oiah i~ ohlvh c~ nlhrih{l{~ oiah! kf J{aa‐~ rzkhn` chb @leemch‐~ oiah~ Lh r`k lr`kz `chb ie r`k tzlnk~ tzlnk~~~ le j{zhihf jzino~ i~ bi~nlhrih{l{~! r`k oiah i~ ohlvh c~ ihrkzmirrkhr oiah i)
Ihrkzmirrkhr oiah7 R`k kpcmtak le r`i~ rytk le ch lukz fzl{hb!
zknrchf{acz oiah i~ ~`lvh ih Eif{zk Cerkz alcbihf r`k oiah! ir i~ eizkb! nllakb chb {halcbkb chb r`kh r`k hkpr alcbihf i~ blhk ^ihnk r`k vcaa~ chb ~ibk~ fkr nllakb b{zihf zkalcbihf chb czk rl jk `kcrkb cfcih b{zihf hkpr eizihf! r`kzk i~ vc~rcfk le e{ka
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
>>
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
ii)
Nlhrih{l{~ oiah7 R`k kpcmtak~ le nlhrih{l{~ oiah czk @leemch‐~ oiah
(Eif{zk) chb J{aa‐~ rzkhn` oiah (Eif{zk) Ih c nlhrih{l{~ oiah! jzino~ czk ~rcnokb ih uczil{~ n`cmjkz~ v`kzkih r`k {hbkzfl bieekzkhr rzkcrmkhr~ cr r`k ~cmk rimk V`kh r`k jzino~ ih lhk le r`k n`cmjkz~ czk eizkb! r`k jzino~ ih r`k hkpr ~kr le n`cmjkz~ czk bzikb chb tzk`kcrkb v`iak jzino~ ih r`k lr`kz ~kr le n`cmjkz~ czk alcbkb chb ih r`k ac~r czk nllakb
Rk~r~ lh Jzino~
R`k elaalvihf czk r`k eikab rk~r~ jy g{bfmkhr elz c~~kmjaihf r`k s{cairy le jzino~
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
>2
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
R`k jzino~ ~`l{ab jk rz{ay zknrchf{acz ih ~`ctk vir` ~`czt kbfk~ chb tachk ecnk~ chb le
~cmk ~iwk R`ky ~`l{ab jk `czb chb vkaa j{zhr chb ~`l{ab fiuk mkrcaain zihfihf ~l{hb v`kh ~rz{no
vir` c ~rkka zlb R`ky ~`l{ab jk le {hielzm zkb nlalz chb le eihk rkpr{zk V`kh r`k jzino~ czk bzlttkb lh r`k fzl{hb ezlm lhk mkrkz `kif`r ! r`ky ~`l{ab hlr nzcno
lz jzkco R`ky ~`l{ab jk ezkk ezlm nzcno~ !ei~~{zk~! tkjjak~ lz mlb{ak~ le ezkk aimk
R`k elaalvihf acjlzcrlzy rk~r~ mcy jk nlhb{nrkb lh r`k jzino~ rl eihb r`kiz ~{ircjiairy7
Nz{~`ihf ~rzkhfr`
Cj~lztrilh
^`ctk chb ~iwk chb
Keealzk~nkhnk
^rz{nr{zk rk~r
^l{hbhk~~ rk~r
@czbhk~~ rk~r
Nz{~`ihf ^rzkhfr`7 R`k jzino ~tknimkh i~ immkz~kb ih vcrkz elz :2 `l{z~ R`k ezlf le
r`k jzino i~ eiaakb ea{~` vir` 37> nkmkhr mlzrcz~ chb r`k ~tknimkh i~ ~rlzkb ih bcmt g{rk jcf elz :2 `l{z~ chb r`kh immkz~kb ih nakch vcrkz elz :2 `l{z~ R`k ~tknimkh i~ tacnkb ih nlmtzk~~ilh rk~rihf mcn`ihk vir` 5 mm tayvllb lh rlt chb jlrrlm le ir rl fkr {hielzm alcb lh r`k ~tknimkh R`kh alcb i~ cttaikb cpicaay cr c {hielzm zcrk le 32 H,mm
:
R`k nz{~`ihf alcb i~ hlrkb R`kh r`k nz{~`ihf ~rzkhfr` i~ r`k zcril le nz{~`ihf alcb rl r`k czkc le jzino alcbkb Cukzcfk le eiuk ~tknimkh~ i~ rcokh c~ r`k nz{~`ihf ~rzkhfr` Cj~lztrilh Rk~r7 Jzino ~tknimkh i~ vkif`kb bzy R`kh r`ky czk immkz~kb ih vcrkz elz c
tkzilb le :2 `l{z~ R`k ~tknimkh czk rcokh l{r chb vitkb vir` nalr` R`k vkif`r le kcn` ~tknimkh ih vkr nlhbirilh i~ bkrkzmihkb R`k bieekzkhnk ih vkif`r ihbincrk~ r`k vcrkz cj~lzjkb R`kh r`k tkznkhrcfk cj~lztrilh i~ r`k zcril le vcrkz cj~lzjkb rl bzy vkif`r
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
>;
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
m{aritaikb jy 344 R`k cukzcfk le eiuk ~tknimkh~ i~ rcokh R`i~ uca{k ~`l{ab hlr kpnkkb :4 tkz nkhr ^`ctk chb ^iwk7 Jzino~ ~`l{ab jk le ~rchbczb ~iwk chb kbfk~ ~`l{ab jk rz{kay zknrchf{acz
vir` ~`czt kbfk~ Rl n`kno ir! :4 jzino~ czk ~kaknrkb cr zchblm chb r`ky czk ~rcnokb calhf r`k akhfr`! calhf r`k vibr` chb r`kh calhf r`k `kif`r Elz r`k ~rchbczb jzino~ le ~iwk 394 mm Ö 94 mm Ö 94 mm I^ nlbk tkzmir~ r`k elaalvihf aimir~7 Akhfr`vi~k7 >504 rl >9:4 mm Vibr`vi~k7 3624 rl 3054 mm @kif`r vi~k7 3624 rl 3054 mm R`k elaalvihf eikab rk~r~ `kat ih c~nkzrcihihf r`k fllb s{cairy jzino~7
[hielzmiry ih ~iwk
[hielzmiry ih nlal{z
^rz{nr{zk
@czbhk~~ rk~r
^l{hb rk~r
^rzkhfr` rk~r
[hielzmiry ih ^iwk7 C fllb jzino ~`l{ab `cuk zknrchf{acz tachk ~{zecnk chb
{hielzm ih ~iwk R`i~ n`kno i~ mcbk ih r`k eikab jy lj~kzucrilh [hielzmiry ih Nlal{z7 C fllb jzino viaa jk `cuihf {hielzm nlal{z r`zl{f`l{r
R`i~ lj~kzucrilh mcy jk mcbk jkelzk t{zn`c~ihf r`k jzino ^rz{nr{zk7 C ekv jzino~ mcy jk jzlokh ih r`k eikab chb r`kiz nzl~~-~knrilh
lj~kzukb R`k ~knrilh ~`l{ab jk `lmlfkhkl{~! nlmtcnr chb ezkk ezlm bkeknr~ ~{n` c~ `lak~ chb a{mt~ ^l{hb Rk~r7 Ie rvl jzino~ czk ~rz{no vir` kcn` lr`kz r`ky ~`l{ab tzlb{nk nakcz
zihfihf ~l{hb R`k ~l{hb ~`l{ab hlr jk b{aa @czbhk~~ @czbhk~~ Rk~r7 Elz r`i~ c ~imtak eikab rk~r i~ ~nzcrn` r`k jzino vir` hcia Ie hl
imtzk~~ilh i~ mczokb lh r`k ~{zecnk! r`k jzino i~ ~{eeinikhray `czb Keealzk~nkhnk7 Keealzk~nkhnk7 R`k tzk~khnk le caocaik~ ih jzino i~ hlr bk~izcjak jknc{~k r`ky elzm
tcrn`k~ le fzcy tlvbkz jy cj~lzjihf mli~r{zk @khnk rl bkrkzmihk r`k tzk~khnk le caocaik~ r`i~ rk~r i~ tkzelzmkb c~ kptacihkb jkalv7 Tacnk r`k jzino ~tknimkh ih c fac~~ bi~` nlhrcihihf vcrkz rl c bktr` le :; mm ih c vkaa-ukhriacrkb zllm Cerkz caa r`k vcrkz , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
>5
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
i~ cj~lzjkb lz kuctlzcrkb cfcih cbb vcrkz elz c bktr` le :; mm Cerkz ~knlhb kuctlzcrilh lj~kzuk r`k jzino~ elz v`irk,fzky tcrn`k~ R`k lj~kzucrilh i~ zktlzrkb c~ ‖hia‐! ‖~aif`r‐! ‖mlbkzcrk‐! ‖`kcuy‐ lz ~kzil{~ rl mkch Hia7 Hl tcrn`k~ ^aif`r7 34+ le czkc nlukzkb vir` bktl~ir~ Mlbkzcrk7
34
rl
;4+
czkc
nlukzkb
vir`
bktl~ir
j{r
{hcnnlmtchikb jy eacoihf le r`k ~{zecnk @kcuy7 Mlzk r`ch ;4 tkz nkhr czkc nlukzkb vir` bktl~ir~ j{r
{hcnnlmtchikb jy eacoihf le r`k ~{zecnk ^kzil{~7 @kcuy bktl~ir~ le ~car cnnlmtchikb jy eacoihf le r`k
~{zecnk ^rz{nr{zk rk~r7 C ^tknimkh jzino i~ jzlokh chb ir~ ~rz{nr{zk i~ kpcmihkb Ir ~`l{ab jk
`lmlfkhl{~! nlmtcnr chb ezkk ezlm chy bkeknr~ Kpcmtak7 a{mt~! `lak~! krn ^l{hbhk~~ rk~r7 R`i~ rk~r i~ tkzelzmkb jy ~rzioihf rvl ~tknimkh jzino~ vir` kcn` lr`kz!
r`k jzino~ ~`l{ab hlr jzkco chb c nakcz zihfihf ~l{hb ~`l{ab jk tzlb{nkb @czbhk~~ @czbhk~~ rk~r7 R`i~ rk~r i~ nlhb{nrkb jy mcoihf c ~nzcrn` lh jzino ~{zecnk vir` r`k `kat
le c eihfkz hcia! ie hl imtzk~~ilh i~ aker lh r`k ~{zecnk! r`k jzino i~ rzkcrkb rl jk ~{eeinikhray `czb
[~k~ le Jzino~
Jzino~ czk {~kb ih r`k elaalvihf niuia vlzo~7 C~ j{iabihf jalno~ Elz aihihf le lukh~! e{zhcnk~ chb n`imhky~ Elz tzlrknrihf ~rkka nla{mh~ ezlm eizk C~ cffzkfcrk~ ih tzluibihf vcrkz tzlleihf rl ZNN zlle~ Elz tcukz~ elz ellrtcr`~ chb nynak rzcno~ Elz aihihf ~kvkz aihk~
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
>6
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
^chb
^chb i~ c hcr{zca tzlb{nr v`in` i~ ljrcihkb c~ ziukz ~chb! hcaac ~chb chb tir ~chb Cnnlzbihf rl r`k hcr{zk le ~l{znk! ~chb i~ nac~~ieikb ihrl fzl{t~7 c) Hcr{zca ~chb j) Czrieinica ~chb @lvkukz ~kc ~chb ~`l{ab hlr jk {~kb elz r`k elaalvihf zkc~lh~7
Ir nlhrcih~ ~car chb `khnk ~rz{nr{zk viaa zkmcih bcmt R`k mlzrcz i~ ceeknrkb jy keealzk~nkhnk chb jai~rkz~ cttkcz
Ir nlhrcih~ ~`kaa~ chb lr`kz lzfchin mcrrkz! v`in` bknlmtl~k cerkz ~lmk rimk! zkb{nihf r`k aiek le r`k mlzrcz
^chb mcy jk ljrcihkb czrieinicaay jy nz{~`ihf `czb ~rlhk~ [~{caay czrieinica ~chb i~ ljrcihkb c~ c jy-tzlb{nr v`iak nz{~`ihf ~rlhk~ rl fkr gkaay (nlcz~k cffzkfcrk) ^chb i~ {~kb ih mlzrcz chb nlhnzkrk elz r`k elaalvihf t{ztl~k7 Ir ~{j-biuibk~ r`k tc~rk le jihbihf mcrkzica ihrl r`ih eiam~ chb caalv~ ir rl
cb`kzk chb ~tzkcb Ir eiaa~ {t r`k fct jkrvkkh r`k j{iabihf jalno~ chb ~tzkcb~ r`k jihbihf
mcrkzica Ir cbb~ rl r`k bkh~iry le r`k mlzrcz Ir tzkukhr~ r`k ~`zihocfk le r`k nkmkhrihf mcrkzica Ir caalv~ nczjlh bilpibk ezlm r`k crml~t`kzk rl zkcn` ~lmk bktr` chb r`kzkjy
imtzluk ~krrihf tlvkz
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
>0
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
R`k nl~r le nkmkhrihf mcrkzica tkz {hir ula{mk i~ zkb{nkb c~ r`i~ alv nl~r
mcrkzica ihnzkc~k~ r`k ula{mk le mlzrcz ^iainc le ~chb nlhrzij{rk~ rl elzmcrilh le ~iaincrk~ zk~{arihf ihrl r`k `czbkhkb
mc~~
R`k tzltkzrik~ le fllb ~chb czk7 Ir ~`l{ab jk n`kmincaay ihkzr Ir ~`l{ab jk ezkk ezlm lzfchin lz ukfkrcjak mcrrkz Ir ~`l{ab jk ezkk ezlm ~car Ir ~`l{ab nlhrcih ~`czt! chf{acz chb nlcz~k fzcih~ Ir ~`l{ab jk vkaa fzcbkb Ir ~`l{ab jk `czb
Nlhnzkrk
Nlhnzkrk c nlmtl~irk mch-mcbk mcrkzica i~ r`k ml~r vibkay {~kb j{iabihf mcrkzica ih r`k nlh~rz{nrilh ihb{~rzy Ir nlh~i~r~ le c zcrilhcaay n`l~kh mipr{zk le jihbihf mcrkzica ~{n` c~ aimk lz nkmkhr! vkaa fzcbkb eihk chb nlcz~k cffzkfcrk~! vcrkz chb cbmipr{zk~ (rl tzlb{nk nlhnzkrk vir` ~tknica tzltkzrik~) Ih c nlhnzkrk mip! nkmkhr chb vcrkz elzm c tc~rk lz mcrzip v`in` ih cbbirilh rl eiaaihf r`k ulib~ le r`k eihk cffzkfcrk! nlcr~ r`k ~{zecnk le eihk chb nlcz~k cffzkfcrk~ chb jihb~ r`km rlfkr`kz R`k mcrzip i~ {~{caay ::->2+ le r`k rlrca ula{mk Ezk~`ay mipkb nlhnzkrk jkelzk ~kr i~ ohlvh c~ vkr lz fzkkh nlhnzkrk v`kzkc~ cerkz ~krrihf chb `czbkhihf ir i~ ohlvh c~ ~kr lz `czbkhkb nlhnzkrk R`k ml{abkb nlhnzkrk mip cerkz ~{eeinikhr n{zihf jknlmk~ `czb aiok ~rlhk b{k rl n`kminca cnrilh jkrvkkh r`k vcrkz chb jihbihf mcrkzica Ir vl{ab jk imtl~~ijak rl bi~n{~~ caa r`k c~tknr~ le r`i~ mcrkzica ih ekv tcfk~ chb r`k bi~n{~~ilh i~ nlheihkb rl r`k fkhkzca n`czcnrkzi~rin~ chb s{cairy rk~r~ hknk~~czy elz ir~ {~k jy niuia khfihkkz~ chb czn`irknr~ Tzltlzrilhihf le nlhnzkrk
Mcglz ihfzkbikhr~ le nlhnzkrk czk7
Jihbihf mcrkzica (aiok nkmkhr! aimk! tlaymkz)
Eihk cffzkfcrk (~chb)
Nlcz~k cffzkfcrk~ (nz{~`kb ~rlhk! gkaay)
Vcrkz
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
>9
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
C ~mcaa s{chriry le cbmipr{zk~ aiok ciz khrzcihihf cfkhr~! vcrkz tzlleihf cfkhr~! vlzocjiairy cfkhr~ krn mcy ca~l jk cbbkb rl imtczr ~tknica tzltkzrik~ rl r`k tacih nlhnzkrk mipr{zk Bktkhbihf {tlh r`k tzltlzrilh le ihfzkbikhr! ~rzkhfr` le nlhnzkrk uczik~ Ir i~ tl~~ijak rl bkrkzmihk r`k tzltlzrilh le r`k ihfzkbikhr~ elz c tczrin{acz ~rzkhfr` jy mip bk~ifh tzlnkb{zk Ih r`k cj~khnk le mip bk~ifh r`k ihfzkbikhr~ czk tzltlzrilhkb c~ 3737:! 373;7>! 37:72! 37>75 chb 37270! v`in` i~ r`k zcril le vkif`r~ le nkmkhr rl ~chb rl nlcz~k cffzkfcrk Ih tzltlzrilhihf le nlhnzkrk ir i~ oktr ih mihb r`cr ulib~ ih nlcz~k cffzkfcrk~ czk eiaakb vir` ~chb chb r`k ulib~ ih ~chb czk eiaakb vir` nkmkhr tc~rk Tzltlzrilh le ihfzkbikhr~ {~{caay cbltrkb elz uczil{~ vlzo~ czk ~`lvh ih Rcjak
E{hnrilh~ le Uczil{~ Ihfzkbikhr~
Nkmkhr i~ r`k jihbihf mcrkzica Cerkz cbbirilh le vcrkz ir `ybzcrk~ chb jihb~ cffzkfcrk~
chb r`k ~{zzl{hbihf ~{zecnk~ aiok ~rlhk chb jzino~ Fkhkzcaay zin`kz mip (vir` mlzk nkmkhr) fiuk~ mlzk ~rzkhfr` ^krrihf rimk ~rczr~ cerkz >4 mih{rk~ chb khb~ cerkz 5 `l{z~ @khnk nlhnzkrk ~`l{ab jk acib ih ir~ ml{ab jkelzk >4 mih{rk~ le mipihf le vcrkz chb ~`l{ab hlr jk ~{jgknrkb rl chy kprkzhca elznk~ riaa eihca ~krrihf rcok~ tacnk Nlcz~k cffzkfcrk nlh~i~r~ le nz{~`kb ~rlhk~ Ir ~`l{ab jk vkaa fzcbkb chb r`k ~rlhk~
~`l{ab jk le ifhkl{~ lzifih R`ky ~`l{ab jk nakch! ~`czt! chf{acz chb `czb R`ky fiuk mc~~ rl r`k nlhnzkrk chb tzkukhr ~`zihocfk le nkmkhr Eihk cffzkfcrk nlh~i~r~ le ziukz ~chb Ir tzkukhr~ ~`zihocfk le nkmkhr V`kh ~{zzl{hbkb
jy nkmkhr ir fcih~ mljiairy khrkz~ r`k ulib~ ih nlcz~k cffzkfcrk~ chb jihbihf le ihfzkbikhr~ rcok~
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
24
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
tacnk Ir cbb~ bkh~iry rl nlhnzkrk! ~ihnk ir eiaa~ r`k ulib~ Bkh~kz r`k nlhnzkrk `if`kz i~ ir~ ~rzkhfr` Vcrkz {~kb elz mcoihf nlhnzkrk ~`l{ab jk nakch Ir cnriucrk~ r`k `ybzcrilh le nkmkhr chb
elzm~ tac~rin mc~~ C~ ir ~kr~ nlmtakrkay nlhnzkrk jknlmk~ `czb mc~~ Vcrkz fiuk~ vlzocjiairy rl nlhnzkrk v`in` mkch~ vcrkz mcok~ ir tl~~ijak rl mip r`k nlhnzkrk vir` kc~k chb tacnk ir ih eihca tl~irilh Mlzk r`k vcrkz jkrrkz i~ r`k vlzocjiairy @lvkukz kpnk~~ vcrkz zkb{nk~ r`k ~rzkhfr` le nlhnzkrk Eif{zk ~`lv~ r`k uczicrilh le ~rzkhfr` le nlhnzkrk vir` vcrkz nkmkhr zcril Rl cn`ikuk zks{izkb vlzocjiairy chb cr r`k ~cmk rimk fllb ~rzkhfr` c vcrkz nkmkhr zcril le 42 rl 42; i~ {~kb! ih nc~k le mcn`ihk mipihf chb vcrkz nkmkhr zcril le 4; rl 45 i~ {~kb elz `chb mipihf
Tzktczihf chb Tacnihf le Nlhnzkrk
R`k elaalvihf ~rkt~ czk ihulaukb ih r`k nlhnzkrihf7
Jcrn`ihf
Mipihf
Rzch~tlzrihf chb tacnihf chb
Nlmtcnrihf
3 Jcrn`ihf7 R`k mkc~{zkmkhr le mcrkzica~ elz mcoihf nlhnzkrk i~ ohlvh c~ jcrn`ihf R`k elaalvihf rvl mkr`lb~ le jcrn`ihf czk tzcnrinkb7 Ula{mk jcrn`ihf Vkif`r jcrn`ihf Ula{mk Jcrn`ihf7 Ih r`i~ mkr`lb nkmkhr! ~chb chb nlhnzkrk czk jcrn`kb jy ula{mk C
fc{fk jlp i~ mcbk vir` vllbkh tacrk~! ir~ ula{mk jkihf ks{ca rl r`cr le lhk jcf le , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
23
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
nkmkhr Lhk jcf le nkmkhr `c~ ula{mk le >; airzk~ R`k zks{izkb cml{hr le ~chb chb nlcz~k cffzkfcrk i~ cbbkb jy mkc~{zihf lh rl r`k fc{fk jlp R`k s{chriry le vcrkz zks{izkb elz mcoihf nlhnzkrk i~ el{hb cerkz bknibihf vcrkz nkmkhr zcril Elz kpcmtak! ie vcrkz nkmkhr zcril i~ 4;! elz lhk jcf le nkmkhr (;4 of)! vcrkz zks{izkb i~ 4; Ö ;4 = :; of! v`in` i~ ks{ca rl :; airzk~ ^{ircjak mkc~{zk i~ {~kb rl ~kaknr zks{izkb s{chriry le vcrkz Ula{mk jcrn`ihf i~ hlr ibkca mkr`lb le jcrn`ihf Vkr ~chb `c~ `if`kz ula{mk elz r`k ~cmk vkif`r le bzy ~chb Ir i~ ncaakb j{aoihf le ~chb @khnk ir {t~kr~ r`k ncan{acrkb ula{mk zks{izkb Vkif`r Jcrn`ihf7 R`i~ i~ r`k zknlmmkhbkb mkr`lb le jcrn`ihf C vkif`ihf tacrelzm i~
{~kb ih r`k eikab rl tino {t nlzzknr tzltlzrilh le ~chb chb nlcz~k cffzkfcrk~ Aczfk vkif` jcrn`ihf tachr~ `cuk c{rlmcrin vkif`ihf ks{itmkhr~ : Mipihf7 Rl tzlb{nk {hielzm chb fllb nlhnzkrk! ir i~ hknk~~czy rl mip nkmkhr! ~chb chb Nlcz~k cffzkfcrk! eiz~r ih bzy nlhbirilh chb r`kh ih vkr nlhbirilh cerkz cbbihf vcrkz R`k elaalvihf mkr`lb~ czk tzcnrinkb7 @chb Mipihf Mcn`ihk Mipihf @chb Mipihf7 Zks{izkb cml{hr le nlcz~k cffzkfcrk elz c jcrn` i~ vkif`kb chb i~ ~tzkcb
lh ch imtkzuil{~ tacrelzm R`kh r`k ~chb zks{izkb elz r`k jcrn` i~ ~tzkcb lukz nlcz~k cffzkfcrk R`ky czk mipkb ih bzy nlhbirilh jy lukzr{zhihf r`k mip vir` ~`luka~ R`kh r`k nkmkhr zks{izkb elz r`k jcrn` i~ ~tzkcb lukz r`k bzy mip chb mipkb jy ~`luka~ Cerkz {hielzm rkpr{zk i~ lj~kzukb vcrkz i~ cbbkb fzcb{caay chb mipihf i~ nlhrih{kb E{aa cml{hr le vcrkz i~ cbbkb chb mipihf i~ nlmtakrkb v`kh {hielzm nlalz chb nlh~i~rkhny i~ „ 0 mih{rk~ le cbbihf vcrkz R`i~ lj~kzukb R`k tzlnk~~ le mipihf i~ nlmtakrkb ih 5 5 „ mkr`lb le mipihf i~ hlr ukzy fllb j{r elz ~mcaa vlzo~ ir i~ nlmmlhay cbltrkb Mcn`ihk Mipihf7 Ih aczfk chb imtlzrchr vlzo~ mcn`ihk mipihf i~ tzkekzzkb Eif{zk
~`lv~ c rytinca nlhnzkrk mipkz Zks{izkb s{chririk~ ie ~chb chb nlcz~k cffzkfcrk~ czk tacnkb ih r`k bz{m le r`k mipkz 2 rl ; zlrcrilh~ czk mcbk elz bzy mipihf chb r`kh zks{izkb s{chriry le nkmkhr i~ cbbkb chb bzy mipihf i~ mcbk vir` chlr`kz 2 rl ; zlrcrilh~ Vcrkz i~ fzcb{caay cbbkb chb bz{m i~ zlrcrkb elz : rl > mih{rk~ b{zihf v`in` tkzilb ir mcok~ cjl{r ;4 zlrcrilh~ Cr r`i~ ~rcfk {hielzm chb `lmlfkhkl{~ mip i~ ljrcihkb , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
2:
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
> Rzch~tlzrihf chb Tacnihf le Nlhnzkrk Cerkz mipihf! nlhnzkrk ~`l{ab jk rzch~tlzrkb rl r`k eihca tl~irilh Ih ~mcaa vlzo~ ir i~ rzch~tlzrkb ih izlh tch~ ezlm `chb rl `chb le c ~kr le vlzokz~ V`kka jczzlv chb `chb nczr~ ca~l mcy jk kmtalykb Ih aczfk ~ncak nlhnzkrihf n`{rk~ chb jkar nlhukylz~ lz titk~ vir` t{mt~ czk kmtalykb Ih rzch~tlzrihf nczk ~`l{ab jk rcokh rl ~kk r`cr ~kfzkfcrilh le cffzkfcrk ezlm mcrzip le nkmkhr bl hlr rcok tacnk Nlhnzkrk i~ tacnkb lh elzm vlzo~ R`k elzm vlzo~ ~`l{ab jk nakchkb chb tzltkzay liakb Ie nlhnzkrk i~ rl jk tacnkb elz el{hbcrilh! r`k ~lia jkb ~`l{ab jk nlmtcnrkb vkaa chb i~ mcbk ezkk ezlm all~k ~lia Nlhnzkrk ~`l{ab jk bzlttkb lh ir~ eihca tl~irilh c~ nal~kay c~ tl~~ijak Ie ir i~ bzlttkb ezlm c `kif`r! r`k nlcz~k cffzkfcrk~ ecaa kczay chb r`kh mlzrcz mcrzip R`i~ ~kfzkfcrilh zk~{ar~ ihrl vkcokz nlhnzkrk 2 Nlmtcnrilh le Nlhnzkrk7 Ih r`k tzlnk~~ le tacnihf nlhnzkrk! ciz i~ khrzcttkb R`k khrzcttkb ciz zkb{nk~ r`k ~rzkhfr` le nlhnzkrk {t rl >4+ @khnk ir i~ hknk~~czy rl zkmluk r`i~ khrzcttkb ciz R`i~ i~ cn`ikukb jy nlmtcnrihf r`k nlhnzkrk cerkz tacnihf ir ih ir~ eihca tl~irilh Nlmtcnrilh nch jk nczzikb l{r kir`kz jy `chb lz vir` r`k `kat le uijzcrlz~ @chb Nlmtcnrilh7 Nlmtcnrilh7 Ih r`i~ mkr`lb nlhnzkrk i~ nlmtcnrkb jy zcmmihf! rcmtihf! ~tcbihf
lz jy ~ainihf vir` rlla~ Ih ihrzincrk tlzrilh~ c tlihrkb ~rkka zlb le 35 mm bicmkrkz chb cjl{r c mkrzk alhf i~ {~kb elz tloihf r`k nlhnzkrk Nlmtcnrilh jy Uijzcrlz~7 Nlhnzkrk nch jk nlmtcnrkb jy {~ihf `if` ezks{khny uijzcrlz~
Uijzcrilh zkb{nk~ r`k ezinrilh jkrvkkh r`k tczrinak~ chb ~kr r`k mlrilh le tczrinak~ C~ c zk~{ar khrzcttkb ciz i~ zkmlukb chb r`k nlhnzkrk i~ nlmtcnrkb R`k {~k le uijzcrlz~ zkb{nk~ r`k nlmtcnrilh rimk V`kh uijzcrlz~ czk {~kb elz nlmtcnrilh! vcrkz nkmkhr zcril nch jk ak~~! v`in` ca~l `kat~ ih imtzluihf r`k ~rzkhfr` le nlhnzkrk Uijzcrilh ~`l{ab jk ~rlttkb c~ ~llh c~ nkmkhr tc~rk i~ ~kkh lh r`k ~{zecnk le nlhnzkrk Lukz uijzcrilh i~ hlr fllb elz r`k nlhnzkrk , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
2>
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
R`k elaalvihf rytk~ le uijzcrlz~ czk nlmmlhay {~kb ih nlhnzkrihf7 Hkkbak lz immkz~ilh uijzcrlz~ ^{zecnk uijzcrlz~ Elzm lz ~`{rrkz uijzcrlz~ Uijzcrihf rcjak~
Hkkbak uijzcrlz~ czk {~kb ih nlhnzkrihf jkcm~ chb nla{mh~ ^{zecnk uijzcrlz~ chb elzm uijzcrlz~ czk {~ke{a ih nlhnzkrihf ~acj~ Uijzcrihf rcjak~ czk {~ke{a ih tzktczihf tzknc~r nlhnzkrk kakmkhr~ N{zihf le Nlhnzkrk
N{zihf mcy jk bkeihkb c~ r`k tzlnk~~ le mcihrcihihf ~cri~ecnrlzy mli~r{zk chb rkmtkzcr{zk nlhbirilh~ elz ezk~`ay tacnkb nlhnzkrk elz ~lmk ~tknieikb rimk elz tzltkz `czbkhihf le nlhnzkrk N{zihf ih r`k kczay cfk~ le nlhnzkrk i~ mlzk imtlzrchr N{zihf elz 32 bcy~ i~ ukzy imtlzrchr Jkrrkz rl nlhrih{k ir elz 6 rl 32 bcy~ mlzk Ie n{zihf i~ hlr blhk tzltkzay! r`k ~rzkhfr` le nlhnzkrk zkb{nk~ Nzcno~ bkukalt b{k ~`zihocfk R`k b{zcjiairy le nlhnzkrk ~rz{nr{zk zkb{nk~ R`k elaalvihf n{zihf mkr`lb~ czk kmtalykb7 ^tzcyihf le vcrkz Nlukzihf r`k ~{zecnk vir` vkr f{hhy jcf~! ~rzcv krn Tlhbihf ^rkcm n{zihf chb Cttaincrilh le n{zihf nlmtl{hb~ ^tzcyihf le vcrkz7 Vcaa~! nla{mh~! tac~rkzkb ~{zecnk~ czk n{zkb jy ~tzihoaihf vcrkz Vkr nlukzihf r`k ~{zecnk7 Nla{mh~ chb lr`kz ukzrinca ~{zecnk~ mcy jk n{zkb jy
nlukzihf r`k ~{zecnk~ vir` vkr f{hhy jcf~ lz ~rzcv Tlhbihf7 R`k `lziwlhrca ~{zecnk~ aiok ~acj chb eallz~ czk n{zkb jy ~rcfhcrihf r`k vcrkz rl
c `kif`r le :; rl ;4 mm jy tzluibihf rkmtlzczy ~mcaa `{hb~ vir` mlzrcz ^rkcm n{zihf7 Ih r`k mch{ecnr{zk le tzk-ecjzincrkb nlhnzkrk {hir~ ~rkcm i~ tc~~kb lukz
r`k {hir~ oktr ih nal~kb n`cmjkz~ Ir cnnkakzcrk~ n{zihf tzlnk~~! zk~{arihf ihrl r`k zkb{nrilh le n{zihf tkzilb Cttaincrilh le n{zihf nlmtl{hb~7 Nlmtl{hb~ aiok ncani{m n`alzibk mcy jk cttaikb lh
r`k n{zihf ~{zecnk R`k nlmtl{hb ~`lv~ ceeihiry rl r`k mli~r{zk chb zkrcih~ ir lh r`k ~{zecnk Ir okkt~ r`k nlhnzkrk ~{zecnk vkr elz c alhf rimk
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
22
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Tzltkzrik~ le Nlhnzkrk
Nlhnzkrk `c~ nlmtakrkay bieekzkhr tzltkzrik~ v`kh ir i~ r`k tac~rin ~rcfk chb v`kh `czbkhkb Nlhnzkrk ih r`k tac~rin ~rcfk i~ ca~l ohlvh c~ fzkkh nlhnzkrk R`k tzltkzrik~ le fzkkh nlhnzkrk ihna{bk7 Vlzocjiairy ^kfzkfcrilh Jakkbihf @cz~`hk~~
R`k tzltkzrik~ le `czbkhkb nlhnzkrk czk7 ^rzkhfr` Zk~i~rchnk rl vkcz Bimkh~ilhca n`chfk~ B{zcjiairy Imtkzmkcjiairy
Tzltkzrik~ le Fzkkh Nlhnzkrk
3 Vlzocjiairy7 R`i~ i~ bkeihkb c~ r`k kc~k vir` v`in` nlhnzkrk nch jk nlmtcnrkb e{aay vir`l{r
~kfzkfcrihf chb jakkbihf Ir nch ca~l jk bkeihkb c~ r`k cml{hr le ihrkzhca vlzo zks{izkb rl e{aay nlmtcnr r`k nlhnzkrk rl ltrim{m bkh~iry R`k vlzocjiairy bktkhb~ {tlh r`k s{chriry le vcrkz! fzcbihf! ~`ctk chb r`k tkznkhrcfk le r`k cffzkfcrk~ tzk~khr ih r`k nlhnzkrk Vlzocjiairy i~ mkc~{zkb jy R`k ~a{mt lj~kzukb v`kh r`k ez{~r{m le r`k ~rchbczb nlhk eiaakb vir` nlhnzkrk i~ aierkb
chb zkmlukb , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
2;
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
R`k nlmtcnrilh ecnrlz bkrkzmihkb cerkz caalvihf r`k nlhnzkrk rl ecaa r`zl{f` r`k
nlmtcnrilh rk~rihf mcn`ihk R`k rimk rcokh ih ~knlhb~ elz r`k ~`ctk le r`k nlhnzkrk rl n`chfk ezlm nlhk rl nyaihbkz
v`kh rk~rkb ih Ukk-Jkk nlh~i~rlmkrkz R`k ~{ffk~rkb uca{k~ le vlzocjiairy elz bieekzkhr vlzo~ czk c~ ~`lvh ih Rcjak
: ^kfzkfcrilh7 ^ktczcrilh le nlcz~k tczrinak~ ezlm r`k fzkkh nlhnzkrk i~ ncaakb ~kfzkfcrilh R`i~
mcy `cttkh b{k rl acno le ~{eeinikhr s{chriry le eihkz tczrinak~ ih nlhnzkrk lz b{k rl r`zlvihf le r`k nlhnzkrk ezlm fzkcrkz `kif`r~ cr r`k rimk le tacnihf r`k nlhnzkrk Jknc{~k le r`k ~kfzkfcrilh! r`k nl`k~iukhk~~ le r`k nlhnzkrk i~ al~r chb `lhky nlmjihf zk~{ar~ [arimcrkay ir zk~{ar~ ih r`k al~~ le ~rzkhfr` le `czbkhkb nlhnzkrk @khnk {rml~r nczk i~ rl jk rcokh rl culib ~kfzkfcrilh > Jakkbihf7 R`i~ zkekz~ rl r`k cttkczchnk le r`k vcrkz calhf vir` nkmkhr tczrinak~ lh r`k
~{zecnk le r`k ezk~`ay acib nlhnzkrk R`i~ `cttkh~ v`kh r`kzk i~ kpnk~~iuk s{chriry le vcrkz ih r`k mip lz b{k rl kpnk~~iuk nlmtcnrilh Jakkbihf nc{~k~ r`k elzmcrilh le tlzk~ chb zkhbkz~ r`k nlhnzkrk vkco Jakkbihf nch jk culibkb jy ~{ircjay nlhrzlaaihf r`k s{chriry le vcrkz ih r`k nlhnzkrk chb jy {~ihf eihkz fzcbihf le cffzkfcrk~ 2 @cz~`hk~~7 @cz~`hk~~ i~ r`k zk~i~rchnk leekzkb jy nlhnzkrk rl ir~ ~{zecnk eihi~` @cz~`hk~~ i~
b{k rl tzk~khnk le ak~~kz s{chriry le eihk cffzkfcrk~! ak~~kz nkmkhr mlzrcz chb b{k rl {~k le tllzay fzcbkb cffzkfcrk~ Ir mcy zk~{ar b{k rl ih~{eeinikhr s{chriry le vcrkz ca~l Vir` `cz~` nlhnzkrk ir i~ bieein{ar rl fkr c ~mllr` ~{zecnk eihi~` chb nlhnzkrk jknlmk~ tlzl{~
Tzltkzrik~ le @czbkhkb Nlhnzkrk
3 ^rzkhfr`7 R`k n`czcnrkzi~rin ~rzkhfr` le nlhnzkrk i~ bkeihkb c~ r`k nlmtzk~~iuk ~rzkhfr` le 3;4
mm ~iwk n{jk~ cerkz :0 bcy~ le n{zihf jkalv v`in` hlr mlzk r`ch ; tkz nkhr le r`k rk~r zk~{ar~ , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
25
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
:
czk kptknrkb rl ecia R`k {hir le ~rzk~~ {~kb i~ H,mm I^ 2;5 fzcbk~ r`k nlhnzkrk jc~kb lh ir~ n`czcnrkzi~rin ~rzkhfr` c~ ~`lvh ih Rcjak
Riaa ykcz :444! M3; nlhnzkrk vc~ tkzmirrkb rl jk {~kb elz zkihelznkb nlhnzkrk vlzo~ J{r I^ 2;5 „ :444 :444 ~tknieik~ mihim{m fzcbk le M:4 rl jk {~kb elz zkihelznkb nlhnzkrk vlzo~ ^rzkhfr` le nlhnzkrk bktkhb~ {tlh r`k cml{hr le nkmkhr nlhrkhr! s{cairy chb fzcbihf le cffzkfcrk~! vcrkz nkmkhr zcril! nlmtcnrilh chb n{zihf ^rzkhfr` le nlhnzkrk i~ fcihkb ih r`k ihirica ~rcfk~ Ih 6 bcy~ r`k ~rzkhfr` fcihkb i~ c~ m{n` c~ 54 rl 5; tkz nkhr le :0 bcy~ ~rzkhfr` Ir i~ n{~rlmczy rl c~~{mk r`k :0 bcy~ ~rzkhfr` c~ r`k e{aa ~rzkhfr` le nlhnzkrk @lvkukz nlhnzkrk fcih~ ~rzkhfr` cerkz :0 bcy~ ca~l R`k n`czcnrkzi~rin ~rzkhfr` mcy jk ihnzkc~kb jy r`k c~ ecnrlz fiukh ih Rcjak
: Bimkh~ilhca N`chfk7 Nlhnzkrk ~`ziho~ vir` cfk R`k rlrca ~`zihocfk bktkhb~ {tlh r`k
nlh~rir{khr~ le nlhnzkrk! ~iwk le r`k mkmjkz chb r`k khuizlhmkhrca nlhbirilh~ Rlrca ~`zihocfk i~ cttzlpimcrkay 4444> le lzifihca bimkh~ilh R`k tkzmchkhr bimkh~ilh n`chfk b{k rl alcbihf lukz c alhf tkzilb i~ rkzmkb c~ nzkkt Ir~ uca{k bktkhb~ {tlh r`k ~rzk~~ ih nlhnzkrk! r`k cfk le r`k nlhnzkrk cr r`k rimk le alcbihf chb r`k b{zcrilh le r`k alcbihf R`k {arimcrk nzkkt ~rzcih mcy jk k~rimcrkb ezlm r`k uca{k~ le nzkkt nlkeeinikhr R`k nzkkt nlkeeinikhr i~ bkeihkb c~ {arimcrk nzkkt ~rzcih biuibkb jy r`k kac~rin ~rzcih cr r`k cfk le alcbihf R`k~k uca{k~ czk ai~rkb ih Rcjak
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
26
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
R`k ~iwk le nlhnzkrk mcy n`chfk b{k rl r`kzmca kptch~ilh ca~l R`k nlkeeinikhr le r`kzmca kptch~ilh bktkhb~ {tlh r`k hcr{zk le nkmkhr! r`k rytk le cffzkfcrk~! nkmkhr nlhrkhr! zkacriuk `{mibiry chb r`k ~iwk le r`k ~knrilh~ le r`k ~rz{nr{zca kakmkhr~ Rcjak ~`lv~ r`k nlkeeinikhr le r`kzmca kptch~ilh le nlhnzkrk vir` bieekzkhr rytk~ le cffzkfcrk~
> B{zcjiairy7 Khuizlhmkhrca elznk~ ~{n` c~ vkcr`kzihf! n`kminca crrcno! `kcr! ezkkwihf chb
r`cvihf rzy rl bk~rzly nlhnzkrk R`k tkzilb le kpi~rkhnk le nlhnzkrk vir`l{r fkrrihf cbukz~kay ceeknrkb jy r`k~k elznk~ i~ ohlvh c~ b{zcjiairy Fkhkzcaay bkh~k chb ~rzlhf nlhnzkrk~ `cuk jkrrkz b{zcjiairy R`k n{jk nz{~`ihf ~rzkhfr` calhk i~ hlr c zkaicjak f{ibk rl r`k b{zcjiairy Nlhnzkrk ~`l{ab `cuk cbks{crk nkmkhr nlhrkhr chb ~`l{ab `cuk alv vcrkz nkmkhr zcril 2 Imtkzmkcjiairy7 R`i~ i~ r`k zk~i~rchnk le nlhnzkrk rl r`k ealv le vcrkz r`zl{f` ir~ tlzk~
Kpnk~~ vcrkz b{zihf nlhnzkrihf akcuk~ c aczfk h{mjkz le nlhrih{l{~ tlzk~ akcbihf rl r`k tkzmkcjiairy ^ihnk r`k tkzmkcjiairy zkb{nk~ r`k b{zcjiairy le nlhnzkrk! ir ~`l{ab jk oktr ukzy alv jy {~ihf alv vcrkz nkmkhr zcril! bkh~k chb vkaa fzcbkb cffzkfcrk~! fllb nlmtcnrilh chb nlhrih{l{~ n{zihf cr alv rkmtkzcr{zk nlhbirilh~ R`k nkmkhr nlhrkhr {~kb ~`l{ab jk ~{eeinikhr rl tzluibk cbks{crk vlzocjiairy vir` alv vcrkz nkmkhr zcril chb r`k cuciacjak nlmtcnrilh mkr`lb
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
20
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Vlzocjiairy le nlhnzkrk7
Ih ezk~` nlhnzkrk ‒ nlhnzkrk nlhnzkrk ih r`k tac~rin ~rcrk! v`in` nch jk ml{abkb ihrl bk~izkb ~`ctk ‒ r`k r`k r`klzkrinca v,n zcril rl mkkr r`k zks{izkmkhr~ le vcrkz elz n`kminca nlmjihcrilh vir` nkmkhr! chb rl lnn{ty r`k fka-~tcnk i~ cjl{r 42 elz mcpim{m ~rzkhfr` R`k v,n zcril {~kb cr ~irk mcy uczy jknc{~k le7 (c) R`k tzk~khnk le ezkk ~{zecnk mli~r{zk ih r`k cffzkfcrk~! chb (j) R`k cj~lztrilh le mli~r{zk jy r`k bzy lz tlzl{~ cffzkfcrk~ Jknc{~k le r`k cjluk aimircrilh~ chlr`kz n`czcnrkzi~rin vlzocjiairy! v`in` i~ cfcih c zkeaknrilh le v,n zcril! jknlmk~ imtlzrchr R`k r`klzkrinca v,n zcril {~kb viaa hlr fiuk r`k mcpim{m ~rzkhfr` jknc{~k le r`k zkc~lh~ ~rcrkb cjluk 344 tkz nkhr nlmtcnrilh le nlhnzkrk viaa fiuk mcpim{m ~rzkhfr` chb r`i~ nch jk ljrcihkb jy ihnzkc~ihf r`k v,n zcril R`k vcrkz a{jzincrk~ r`k nlhnzkrk v`in` nch jk nlmtcnrkb cr ~irk vir` r`k ~tknieikb keelzr~ R`k a{jzincrilh zks{izkb elz `chbaihf nlhnzkrk vir`l{r ~kfzkfcrilh! elz tacnihf vir`l{r al~~ le `lmlfkhkiry! elz nlmtcnrihf vir` ~tknieikb keelzr chb elz kc~y eihi~` czk ihbincrilh~ le vlzocjak nlhnzkrk Elz kpcmtak c nlhnzkrk vlzocjak elz el{hbcrilh mcy hlr jk vlzocjak elz ~acj Kukh elz ~acj bieekzkhr vlzocjiairy‐~ viaa jk zks{izkb elz nlmtcnrilh jy `chb chb r`cr jy uijzcrilh Ir i~ jknc{~k r`k zks{izkmkhr le vlzocjiairy i~ ak~~
Ecnrlz~ ceeknrihf vlzocjiairy le nlhnzkrk
C vlzocjak nlhnzkrk kp`ijir~ ukzy airrak ihrkzhca ezinrilh jkrvkkh r`k tczrinak~ elzmihf r`k nlhnzkrk chb lukznlmk~ r`k ezinrilhca zk~i~rchnk leekzkb jy r`k ihrkzhca ~{zecnk le elzmvlzo c~ vkaa c~ r`cr jy r`k zkihelznkmkhr nlhrcihkb ih r`k nlhnzkrk vir` g{~r r`k cml{hr le nlmtcnrihf keelzr~ elzr`nlmihf R`k ecnrlz~ `katihf nlhnzkrk rl cn`ikuk r`k~k czk c~ elaalv~ , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
29
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Vcrkz nlhrkhr7 R`k ea{ibiry le nlhnzkrk ihnzkc~k~ vir` vcrkz nlhrkhr Cr ~irk r`k hlzmca
tzcnrink i~ rl ihnzkc~k r`k vcrkz nlhrkhr rl mcok r`k nlhnzkrk vlzocjak v`in` alvkz~ ~rzkhfr` Ih nlhrzlaakb nlhnzkrk r`i~ nchhlr jk zk~lzrkb chb kukh ih {hnlhrzlaakb nlhnzkrk r`i~ ~`l{ab jk r`k ac~r n`link @lvkukz! ih nc~k ie mlzk vcrkz i~ cbbkb b{k rl chy zkc~lh r`k nkmkhr nlhrkhr ~`l{ab jk tzltlzrilhcrkay ihnzkc~kb Mip-tzltlzrilh7 Cffzkfcrk-nkmkhr zcril ihea{khnk~ r`k vlzocjiairy rl c aczfk kprkhr
R`k `if`kz r`k zcril akchkz viaa jk r`k nlhnzkrk Ih c akch nlhnzkrk! tc~rk cuciacjak elz a{jzincrilh le tkz {hir ~{zecnk czkc le cffzkfcrk~ viaa jk ak~~ chb `khnk r`k vlzocjiairy i~ zkb{nkb Cffzkfcrk ~iwk7 Elz jif ~iwk cffzkfcrk r`k rlrca ~{zecnk czkc rl jk vkrrkb i~ ak~~! ca~l ak~~
tc~rk i~ zks{izkb elz a{jzincrihf r`k ~{zecnk rl zkb{nk ihrkzhca ezinrilh Elz fiukh vcrkz nlhrkhr jif ~iwk cffzkfcrk fiuk `if` vlzocjiairy ^`ctk le cffzkfcrk7 Elz fiukh vcrkz nlhrkhr! zl{hb chb n{jinca ~`ctk cffzkfcrk~ czk
mlzk vlzocjak r`ch zl{f`! chf{acz lz eacoy cffzkfcrk~! jknc{~k r`k elzmkz rytk le cffzkfcrk~ zks{izk~ ak~~ nkmkhr tc~rk elz a{jzincrilh c~ r`k~k `cuk ak~~ ~{zecnk czkc chb ak~~kz ulib~ Ih nc~k le zl{hb cffzkfcrk~ ezinrilhca zk~i~rchnk i~ ca~l ~mcaa ~l ak~~ a{jzincrilh i~ zks{izkb Elz r`i~ zkc~lh ziukz ~chb chb fzcuka tzluibk fzkcrkz vlzocjiairy r`ch nz{~`kb ~chb chb cffzkfcrk~ ^{zecnk rkpr{zk7 C zl{f` ~{zecnk cffzkfcrk viaa `cuk mlzk ~{zecnk czkc r`ch c ~mllr`
zl{hb rkpr{zkb cffzkfcrk @khnk! acrrkz viaa jk mlzk vlzocjak elz r`k zkc~lh~ bi~n{~~kb cjluk Fzcbihf le cffzkfcrk~7 Tzltkzay fzcbkb cffzkfcrk~ czk mlzk vlzocjak Ir i~ ~l jknc{~k
~{n` c mip viaa `cuk akc~r ulib~ chb r`{~ kpnk~~ nkmkhr tc~rk viaa jk cuciacjak c~ a{jzinchr R`i~ ca~l tzkukhr~ ~kfzkfcrilh Cbmipr{zk~7 Ciz khrzcihkb nlhnzkrk i~ mlzk vlzocjak Ir i~ ~l jknc{~k ciz elzm~ j{jjak~!
lh v`in` r`k cffzkfcrk~ ~aibk tc~r kcn` lr`kz ihnzkc~ihf r`k vlzocjiairy Chlr`kz ecnrlz i~ r`cr ciz khrzcihihf cfkhr~ czk ~{zecnk cnriuk chb r`ky zkb{nk r`k ihrkzhca ezinrilh jkrvkkh r`k cffzkfcrk~
Rk~rihf le nlhnzkrk Rk~r~ elz ezk~` nlhnzkrk 3) ^a{mt rk~r7
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
;4
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
R`i~ mkr`lb le rk~r ~tknieik~ r`k tzlnkb{zk rl jk cbltrkb! kir`kz ih r`k acjlzcrlzy lz b{zihf r`k tzlfzk~~ le vlzo ih r`k eikab! elz bkrkzmihihf r`k nlh~i~rkhny le nlhnzkrk v`kzk r`k hlmihca mcpim{m ~iwk le r`k cffzkfcrk blk~ hlr kpnkkb >0 mm
R`k ml{ab {~kb elz r`k rk~r ~tknimkh i~ ~`lvh ih Eif{zk R`k ihrkzhca bimkh~ilh~ le r`k ml{ab czk jlrrlm bicmkrkz = :44 mm! rlt bicmkrkz = 344 mm! chb `kif`r = >44 mm
R`k ml{ab i~ eiaakb ih vir` ezk~` nlhnzkrk ih el{z acykz~! kcn` cttzlpimcrkay lhk-s{czrkz le r`k `kif`r chb rcmtkb vir` rvkhry-eiuk ~rzlok~ le r`k zl{hbkb khb le r`k rcmtihf zlb R`k ~rzlok~ czk bi~rzij{rkb ih c {hielzm mchhkz lukz r`k nzl~~-~knrilh chb elz r`k ~knlhb chb ~{j~ks{khr acykz~ ~`l{ab tkhkrzcrk ihrl r`k {hbkzayihf acykz
R`k jlrrlm acykz i~ rcmtkb r`zl{f`l{r ir~ bktr`
Cerkz r`k rlt acykz `c~ jkkh zlbbkb! r`k nlhnzkrk i~ ~rz{no lee akuka vir` c rzlvka lz r`k rcmtihf zlb! ~l r`cr r`k ml{ab i~ kpcnray eiaakb
R`k ml{ab i~ zkmlukb immkbicrkay jy zci~ihf ir ~alvay chb nczke{aay ih c ukzrinca bizknrilh
R`i~ caalv~ r`k nlhnzkrk rl ~{j~ibk chb r`k ~a{mt i~ mkc~{zkb immkbicrkay jy bkrkzmihihf r`k bieekzkhnk jkrvkkh r`k `kif`r le r`k ml{ab chb r`cr le r`k `if`k~r tlihr le r`k ~tknimkh jkihf rk~rkb (Eif{zk)
R`k ~a{mt mkc~{zkb i~ zknlzbkb ih rkzm~ le miaaimkrkz~ le ~{j~ibkhnk le r`k ~tknimkh
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
;3
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
:) Nlmtcnrihf ecnrlz rk~r7
R`i~ rk~r i~ mlzk tzkni~k chb ~kh~iriuk r`ch r`k ~a{mt rk~r Ir i~ tczrin{aczay {~ke{a elz nlhnzkrk mipk~ le mkbi{m chb alv vlzocjiairy‐~ c~ czk hlzmcaay {~kb v`kh nlhnzkrk i~ rl jk nlmtcnrkb jy uijzcrilh? ~{n` bzy nlhnzkrk~ czk ih~kh~iriuk rl ~a{mt rk~r
Elz nlhnzkrk le ukzy alv vlzocjiairy le r`k lzbkz le 46 lz jkalv! r`k rk~r i~ hlr ~{ircjak! jknc{~k r`i~ nlhnzkrk nchhlr jk e{aay nlmtcnrkb elz nlmtczi~lh ih r`k mchhkz bk~nzijkb ih r`k rk~r
C bicfzcm le r`k cttczcr{~ {~kb ih nlmtcnrihf ecnrlz rk~r i~ ~`lvh ih Eif{zk
R`k ~cmtak le nlhnzkrk rl jk rk~rkb i~ tacnkb fkhray ih r`k {ttkz `lttkz
R`k `lttkz i~ eiaakb akuka vir` ir~ jzim chb r`k rzct-bllz i~ ltkhkb rl caalv r`k nlhnzkrk rl ecaa ihrl r`k alvkz `lttkz
Nkzrcih mipk~ `cuk c rkhbkhny rl ~rino ih lhk lz jlr` le r`k `lttkz~ Ie r`i~ lnn{z~! r`k nlhnzkrk mcy jk `katkb r`zl{f` jy t{~`ihf r`k zlb fkhray ihrl r`k nlhnzkrk ezlm r`k rlt
B{zihf r`i~ tzlnk~~! r`k nyaihbkz ~`l{ab jk nlukzkb jy r`k rzlvka~ Immkbicrkay cerkz r`k nlhnzkrk `c~ nlmk rl zk~r! r`k nyaihbkz i~ {hnlukzkb! r`k rzctbllz le r`k alvkz `lttkz i~ ltkhkb! chb r`k nlhnzkrk i~ caalvkb rl ecaa ihrl r`k nyaihbkz
R`k kpnk~~ le nlhnzkrk zkmcihihf cjluk r`k akuka le r`k rlt le r`k nyaihbkz i~ r`kh n{rlee R`k vkif`r le r`k nlhnzkrk ih r`k nyaihbkz i~ r`kh bkrkzmihkb rl r`k hkczk~r 34 f c~ r`k vkif`r lz tczricaay nlmtcnrkb nlhnzkrk
R`k nyaihbkz i~ zkeiaakb vir` nlhnzkrk ezlm r`k ~cmk ~cmtak ih acykz~ le cttzlpimcrkay ;4 mm! r`k acykz~ jkihf `kcuiay zcmmkb lz tzkekzcjay uijzcrkb ~l c~ rl ljrcih e{aa nlmtcnrilh
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
;:
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
R`k rlt ~{zecnk le r`k e{aay nlmtcnrkb nlhnzkrk i~ nczke{aay ~rz{no lee akuka vir` r`k rlt le r`k nyaihbkz Nlmtcnrihf ecnrlz i~ bkeihkb c~ r`k zcril le r`k vkif`r le tczricaay nlmtcnrkb nlhnzkrk rl r`k vkif`r le e{aay nlmtcnrkb nlhnzkrk
Ir i~ hlzmcaay ~rcrkb rl r`k hkczk~r ~knlhb bknimca tacnk
>) Ukk-jkk nlh~i~rlmkrkz mkr`lb7
R`k rk~r bkrkzmihk~ r`k rimk zks{izkb elz rzch~elzmihf! jy uijzcrilh! c nlhnzkrk ~tknimkh ih r`k ~`ctk le c nlhinca ez{~r{m ihrl c nyaihbkz
R`k cttczcr{~ (Eif{zk) nlh~i~r~ le c uijzcrlz rcjak zk~rihf {tlh kac~rin ~{ttlzr~! c mkrca tlr! c ~`kkr mkrca nlhk! ltkh cr jlr` khb~! chb c ~rchbczb izlh zlb
C ~a{mt rk~r c~ bk~nzijkb kczaikz i~ tkzelzmkb ih r`k nyaihbzinca tlr le r`k nlh~i~rlmkrkz
R`k fac~~ bi~n crrcn`kb rl r`k ~viuka czm i~ mlukb chb tacnkb g{~r lh r`k rlt le r`k ~a{mt nlhk ih r`k tlr chb jkelzk r`k nlhk i~ aierkb {t! r`k tl~irilh le r`k nlhnzkrk nlhk i~ hlrkb jy cbg{~rihf r`k fac~~ bi~n crrcn`kb rl r`k ~viuka czm
R`k nlhk i~ r`kh aierkb {t chb r`k ~a{mt hlrkb lh r`k fzcb{crkb zlb jy alvkzihf r`k fac~~ bi~n lh rlt le r`k nlhnzkrk nlhk
R`k kaknrzinca uijzcrlz i~ ~virn`kb lh chb r`k nlhnzkrk i~ caalvkb rl ~tzkcb l{r ih r`k tlr
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
;>
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
R`k uijzcrilh i~ nlhrih{kb {hria r`k v`lak nlhnzkrk ~{zecnk {hielzmay cb`kzk~ rl r`k fac~~ bi~n chb r`k rimk rcokh elz r`i~ rl jk crrcihkb i~ hlrkb vir` c ~rlt vcrn`
R`k nlh~i~rkhny le r`k nlhnzkrk i~ kptzk~~kb ih UJ bkfzkk v`in` i~ ks{ca rl r`k zknlzbkb rimk ih ~knlhb~ R`k zks{izkb ~a{mt i~ ljrcihkb lh r`k jc~i~ le r`k nlh~i~rkhny ~ncak fiukh ih Rcjak
R`k n{zuk ih Eif{zk ihbincrk~ r`k zkacrilh~`it jkrvkkh ~a{mt ih mm chb Ukk-Jkk bkfzkk~ nlukzkb jy r`k nlh~i~rkhny ~ncak ih ~knlhb~ chb czk fiukh ih Rcjak
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
;2
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Rk~r~ elz `czbkhkb nlhnzkrk
Rk~rihf tacy~ ch imtlzrchr zlak ih nlhrzlaaihf r`k s{cairy le nkmkhr nlhnzkrk vlzo ^y~rkmcrin rk~rihf le r`k zcv mcrkzica~! r`k ezk~` nlhnzkrk chb r`k `czbkhkb nlhnzkrk i~ ih~ktczcjak tczr le chy s{cairy nlhrzla tzlfzcmmk elz nlhnzkrk v`in` `kat~ rl cn`ikuk `if`kz keeinikhny le r`k mcrkzica~ {~kb chb fzkcrkz c~~{zchnk le r`k tkzelzmchnk le r`k nlhnzkrk ih zkfczb~ rl jlr` ~rzkhfr` chb b{zcjiairy ^ihnk r`k ~rzkhfr` le nlhnzkrk i~ zkacrkb rl r`k ~rz{nr{zk le `czbkhkb nkmkhr tc~rk! ir c~~{mk~ mlzk imtlzrchnk Ihbich ^rchbczb ~tknieik~ nlmtzk~~ilh rk~r! eakp{zk chb rk~r rkh~iak ~rzkhfr` rk~r elz c~~k~~ihf r`k ~rzkhfr` le nlhnzkrk
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
;;
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
3) Nlmtzk~~ilh rk~r
Nkmkhr! eihk cffzkfcrk chb nlcz~k cffzkfcrk ({t rl >0 mm) rl jk {~kb elz mcoihf nlhnzkrk czk jzl{f`r rl zllm rkmtkzcr{zk (tzkekzcjay :6³ >´N) jkelzk nlmmkhnihf r`k rk~r
R`k ihfzkbikhr~ czk vkif`kb ih r`k zcril rl jk {~kb ih r`k eikab chb czk mipkb jy `chb mipihf lz jy mcn`ihk mipihf Eiz~r! r`k nkmkhr chb ~chb czk mipkb r`lzl{f`ay riaa c {hielzm nlalz i~ cn`ikukb
R`k nlcz~k cffzkfcrk czk r`kh cbbkb chb mipkb riaa r`k~k czk bi~rzij{rkb {hielzmay r`zl{f`l{r r`k mip
R`k vcrkz i~ r`kh cbbkb chb r`k khrizk jcrn` mipkb {hria r`k nlhnzkrk cttkcz~ rl jk `lmlfkhkl{~ chb `c~ r`k bk~izkb nlh~i~rkhny
R`k rk~r ~tknimkh~ zknlmmkhbkb czk 3;4 Ö 3;4 Ö 3;4 mm n{jk~ lz nyaihbkz~ le 3;4 mm bicmkrkz chb >44 mm `kif`r
R`k mipkb nlhnzkrk i~ eiaakb ihrl r`k ml{ab~ ih acykz~ le ;4 mm rl cn`ikuk e{aa nlmtcnrilh Kcn` acykz le mip ~l tacnkb i~ rcmtkb vir` jcz! 35 mm ih bicmkrkz chb 544 mm alhf! >; rimk~ lz vir` c uijzcrlz
R`k rk~r ~tknimkh~ czk ~rlzkb cr c rkmtkzcr{zk le :6³ >´N chb cr 94 tkz nkhr `{mibiry elz :2 ³½ `l{z ezlm r`k rimk le cbbirilh le vcrkz rl r`k bzy ihfzkbikhr~
Cerkz r`i~ tkzilb r`k ~tknimkh~ czk zkmlukb ezlm r`k ml{ab~ chb tacnkb ih vcrkz chb oktr r`kzk {hria rcokh l{r g{~r tzilz rl rk~r Hlzmcaay! r`k zknlfhiwkb cfk le rk~r le ~tknimkh~ i~ 6 chb :0 bcy~
Cr akc~r r`zkk ~tknimkh~! tzkekzcjay ezlm bieekzkhr jcrn`k~! czk rk~rkb cr kcn` ~kaknrkb cfk R`k ~tknimkh~ ~`l{ab jk rk~rkb immkbicrkay cerkz rcoihf l{r r`km ezlm vcrkz vir` ~{zecnk vcrkz vitkb lee
R`k ~tknimkh i~ tacnkb jkrvkkh r`k tacrkh~ le r`k nlmtzk~~ilh rk~rihf mcn`ihk vir` r`k nczk r`cr r`k cpi~ le ~tknimkh i~ caifhkb vir` r`k nkhrzk le r`z{~r le r`k ~t`kzincaay ~kcrkb tacrkh
:
R`k nlmtzk~~ilh rk~rihf mcn`ihk ~`l{ab jk cjak rl cttay fzcb{ca alcb le 32 H,mm , mih{rk [hria r`k ~tknimkh i~ nz{~`kb
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
;5
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
R`k cukzcfk le r`k r`zkk uca{k~ i~ rcokh c~ r`k nlmtzk~~iuk ~rzkhfr` le nlhnzkrk le r`k jcrn`! tzluibkb r`k ihbiuib{ca uczicrilh i~ hlr mlzk r`ch ³ 3; tkz nkhr le r`k cukzcfk
:) Eakp{zk rk~r
R`k eakp{zca rkh~iak ~rzkhfr` rk~r i~ tkzelzmkb rl k~rimcrk r`k rkh~iak alcb cr v`in` nlhnzkrk mcy nzcno
R`i~ i~ ch ihbizknr rk~r elz c~~k~~ihf r`k rkh~iak ~rzkhfr` le nlhnzkrk
R`k rk~r nlh~i~r~ ih bkrkzmihihf r`k rkh~iak ~rzkhfr` cr ecia{zk lz r`k mlb{a{~ le z{tr{zk
R`k ihfzkbikhr~ le nlhnzkrk czk mipkb c~ kptacihkb ih r`k nlmtzk~~ilh ~rzkhfr` rk~r R`k nlhnzkrk i~ eiaakb ih r`k ml{ab le ~iwk 3;4 Ö 3;4 Ö 644 mm chb nlmtcnrkb vir` r`k rcmtihf jcz vkif`ihf : of! 244 mm alhf chb vir` c zcmmihf ecnk :; mm ~s{czk
R`k ~tknimkh rl jk rk~rkb i~ tacnkb ih r`k rk~rihf mcn`ihk lh rvl >0 mm bicmkrkz zlaakz~ vir` c n,n bi~rchnk le 544 mm
R`k alcb i~ cttaikb r`zl{f` rvl ~imiacz zlaakz~ ml{hrkb cr r`k r`izb tlihr~! ik! ~tcnkb cr :44 mm n,n
R`k ~tknimkh czk ~rlzkb ih vcrkz cr c rkmtkzcr{zk le :6³ >´N elz 20 `l{z~ jkelzk rk~rihf chb czk rk~rkb ih vkr nlhbirilh
R`k alcb i~ cttaikb vir`l{r ~`lno chb ihnzkc~ihf nlhrih{l{~ay cr c zcrk le 46 :
H,mm ,mih{rk {hria {hria r`k ~tknimkh ~tknimkh ecia~ ecia~ , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
;6
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
v`kzk! c i~ r`k bi~rchnk jkrvkkh r`k aihk le ezcnr{zk chb r`k hkczk~r ~{ttlzr! j chb b czk vibr` chb bktr` le ~tknimkh! a i~ r`k akhfr` le r`k ~tch lh v`in` r`k ~tknimkh i~ ~{ttlzrkb! chb t i~ r`k mcpim{m alcb cttaikb rl r`k ~tknimkh
>) ^tair rkh~iak ~rzkhfr` rk~r
^lmk le r`k lr`kz mkr`lb~ rl k~rimcrk r`k rkh~iak ~rzkhfr` le nlhnzkrk czk jzis{krrk rk~r (bizknr mkr`lb) chb ~tair rkh~iak ~rzkhfr` rk~r (ihbizknr mkr`lb)
Bizknr mkr`lb~ mcy hlr zkeaknr r`k nlzzknr rkh~iak ~rzkhfr` jknc{~k le r`k tzcnrinca bieein{arik~ ihulaukb (kf! cttaincrilh le {hicpica rkh~iak alcb) ih r`k rk~r
R`i~ `c~ akcb rl r`k bkukaltmkhr le c h{mjkz le ihbizknr mkr`lb~ rl bkrkzmihk rkh~iak ~rzkhfr` le v`in` ~tairrihf rk~r~ czk ml~r nlmmlh
R`k rk~r nlh~i~r~ ih cttayihf c nlmtzk~~iuk elznk rl r`k nlhnzkrk ~tknimkh ih c vcy r`cr r`k ~tknimkh ecia~ b{k rl ihb{nkb rkh~iak ~rzk~~k~ ih r`k ~tknimkh
R`k ~tknimkh i~ mcbk le nyaihbzinca ~`ctk vir` r`k bicmkrkz hlr ak~~ r`ch el{z rimk~ r`k mcpim{m ~iwk le nlcz~k cffzkfcrk chb hlr ak~~ r`ch 3;4 mm
R`k akhfr` le nyaihbkz uczik~ ezlm lhk rl rvl bicmkrkz~ Hlzmcaay r`k rk~r nyaihbkz i~ 3;4 mm bicmkrkz chb >44 mm alhf
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
;0
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
R`k rk~r nlh~i~r~ le cttayihf nlmtzk~~iuk aihk alcb~ calhf r`k lttl~irk fkhkzcrlz~ le r`k nlhnzkrk nyaihbkz tacnkb vir` ir~ cpi~ `lziwlhrca jkrvkkh r`k tacrkh~ c~ ~`lvh ih Eif{zk
:
R`k alcb i~ cttaikb cr c zcrk ~l c~ rl tzlb{nk c rkh~iak ~tairrihf ~rzk~~ le cjl{r :4 H,mm , mih{rk {hria r`k zk~i~rchnk le r`k ~tknimkh rl r`k ihnzkc~ihf alcb jzkco~ blvh chb hl fzkcrkz alcb nch jk ~{~rcihkb
R`k ~tknimkh ecia~ eihcaay jy ~tairrihf calhf r`k alcbkb bicmkrkz R`k mcpim{m alcb cttaikb i~ zknlzbkb R`k ~tairrihf rkh~iak ~rzkhfr` i~ fiukh jy
R`k zkacrilh~`it jkrvkkh nlmtzk~~iuk ~rzkhfr` chb ~tair rkh~iak ~rzkhfr`! chb eakp{zca ~rzkhfr` chb ~tair rkh~iak ~rzkhfr` czk ~`lvh ih Eif{zk~ zk~tknriukay
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
;9
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Hlh „ Bk~rz{nriuk Bk~rz{nriuk rk~r~
3) Zkjl{hb `cmmkz rk~r
„ 9 bkukaltkb c rk~r `cmmkz elz mkc~{zihf r`k Ih 3920 c ^vi~~ khfihkkz! Kzh~r ^n`mibr!6 ^n`mibr!6 „ `czbhk~~ le nlhnzkrk jy r`k zkjl{hb tzihnitak Zk~{ar~ le `i~ vlzo vkzk tzk~khrkb rl r`k ^vi~~ Ekbkzca Mcrkzica~ Rk~rihf chb Kptkzimkhrca Ih~rir{rk le W{zin`! v`kzk r`k `cmmkz vc~ nlh~rz{nrkb chb kprkh~iukay rk~rkb Cjl{r ;4!444 ^n`mibr zkjl{hb `cmmkz~ `cb jkkh ~lab jy 3905 lh c vlzabvibk jc~i~ ‒ R`k R`k ^n`mibr zkjl{hb `cmmkz i~ tzihnitcaay c ~{zecnk `czbhk~~ rk~rkz vir` Tzihnitak ‒ airrak cttczkhr r`klzkrinca zkacrilh~`it jkrvkkh r`k ~rzkhfr` le nlhnzkrk chb r`k zkjl{hb h{mjkz le r`k `cmmkz @lvkukz! vir`ih aimir~! kmtizinca nlzzkacrilh~ `cuk jkkh k~rcjai~`kb jkrvkkh ~rzkhfr` tzltkzrik~ chb r`k zkjl{hb h{mjkz E{zr`kz! Olako34 `c~ crrkmtrkb rl k~rcjai~` c nlzzkacrilh jkrvkkh r`k `cmmkz zkjl{hb h{mjkz chb r`k `czbhk~~ c~ mkc~{zkb jy r`k Jzihkaa mkr`lb ‒ R`k Bk~nzitrilh ‒ R`k ^n`mibr zkjl{hb `cmmkz i~ ~`lvh ih Eif{zk R`k `cmmkz vkif`~ cjl{r 30 of chb i~ ~{ircjak elz {~k jlr` ih c acjlzcrlzy chb ih r`k eikab C ~n`kmcrin n{rcvcy uikv le r`k zkjl{hb `cmmkz i~ ~`lvh ih Eif{zk R`k mcih nlmtlhkhr~ ihna{bk r`k l{rkz jlby! r`k ta{hfkz! r`k `cmmkz mc~~! chb r`k mcih ~tzihf Lr`kz ekcr{zk~ ihna{bk c acrn`ihf mkn`chi~m r`cr alno~ r`k `cmmkz mc~~ rl r`k ta{hfkz zlb chb c ~aibihf zibkz rl mkc~{zk r`k zkjl{hb le r`k , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
54
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
`cmmkz mc~~ R`k zkjl{hb bi~rchnk i~ mkc~{zkb lh ch czjirzczy ~ncak mczokb ezlm 34 rl 344 R`k zkjl{hb bi~rchnk i~ zknlzbkb c~ c ‛zkjl{hb h{mjkz― nlzzk~tlhbihf rl r`k tl~irilh le r`k zibkz lh r`k ~ncak
‒ Rl Rl tzktczk r`k ih~rz{mkhr elz c rk~r! zkakc~k~ r`k ta{hfkz ezlm ir~ Mkr`lb le Rk~rihf ‒ alnokb tl~irilh jy t{~`ihf r`k ta{hfkz cfcih~r r`k nlhnzkrk chb ~alvay mluihf r`k jlby cvcy ezlm r`k nlhnzkrk R`i~ nc{~k~ r`k ta{hfkz rl kprkhb ezlm r`k jlby chb r`k acrn` khfcfk~ r`k `cmmkz mc~~ rl r`k ta{hfkz zlb (Eif{zk C) @lab r`k ta{hfkz tkztkhbin{acz rl r`k nlhnzkrk ~{zecnk chb ~alvay t{~` r`k jlby rlvczb r`k rk~r ljgknr C~ r`k jlby i~ t{~`kb! r`k mcih ~tzihf nlhhknrihf r`k `cmmkz mc~~ rl r`k jlby i~ ~rzkrn`kb (Eif{zk J) V`kh r`k jlby i~ t{~`kb rl r`k aimir! r`k acrn` i~ c{rlmcrincaay zkakc~kb! chb r`k khkzfy ~rlzkb ih r`k ~tzihf tzltka~ r`k `cmmkz mc~~ rlvczb r`k ta{hfkz rit (Eif{zk N) R`k mc~~ imtcnr~ r`k ~`l{abkz le r`k ta{hfkz zlb chb zkjl{hb~ B{zihf zkjl{hb! r`k ~aibk ihbincrlz rzcuka~ vir` r`k `cmmkz mc~~ chb zknlzb~ r`k zkjl{hb bi~rchnk (Eif{zk B) C j{rrlh lh r`k ~ibk le r`k jlby i~ t{~`kb rl alno r`k ta{hfkz ih r`k zkrzcnrkb tl~irilh! chb r`k zkjl{hb h{mjkz i~ zkcb ezlm r`k ~ncak R`k rk~r nch jk nlhb{nrkb `lziwlhrcaay! ukzrincaay {tvczb lz blvhvczb! lz cr chy ihrkzmkbicrk chfak B{k rl bieekzkhr keeknr~ le fzcuiry lh r`k zkjl{hb c~ r`k rk~r chfak i~ n`chfkb! r`k zkjl{hb h{mjkz viaa jk bieekzkhr elz r`k ~cmk nlhnzkrk chb viaa zks{izk ~ktczcrk ncaijzcrilh lz nlzzknrilh n`czr~
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
53
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Aimircrilh~
Car`l{f` r`k zkjl{hb `cmmkz tzluibk~ c s{ino! ihkptkh~iuk mkch~ le n`knoihf r`k {hielzmiry le nlhnzkrk! ir `c~ ~kzil{~ aimircrilh~ chb r`k~k m{~r jk zknlfhiwkb R`k zk~{ar~ le r`k ^n`mibr zkjl{hb `cmmkz czk ceeknrkb jy7 ^mllr`hk~~ le rk~r ~{zecnk ^iwk! ~`ctk! chb zifibiry le r`k ~tknimkh~ Cfk le rk~r ~tknimkh~ ^{zecnk chb ihrkzhca mli~r{zk nlhbirilh~ le r`k nlhnzkrk Rytk le nlcz~k cffzkfcrk Rytk le nkmkhr Rytk le mlab Nczjlhcrilh le r`k nlhnzkrk ~{zecnk
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
5:
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
:) [arzc~lhin t{a~k ukalniry mkr`lb
Ih {arzc~lhin t{a~k ukalniry mkr`lb! r`k rimk le rzcuka le ch {arzc~lhin t{a~k! tc~~ihf r`zl{f` r`k nlhnzkrk rl jk rk~rkb i~ mkc~{zkb R`i~ i~ ~`lvh ih eif{zk R`k t{a~k fkhkzcrlz nizn{ir nlh~i~r~ le ch kaknrzlhin nizn{ir elz fkhkzcrihf t{a~k~ chb ca~l c rzch~b{nkz v`in` rzch~elzm~ r`k~k~ kaknrzlhin t{a~k~ ihrl mkn`chinca khkzfy chb ca~l c rzch~b{nkz v`in` rzch~elzm~ r`k~k kaknrzlhin t{a~k~ ihrl mkn`chinca khkzfy `cuihf uijzcrilh ezks{khnik~ ih r`k zchfk le 3;-;4 o@w R`k rimk le rzcuka jkrvkkh ihirica lh~kr chb r`k zknktrilh le r`k t{a~k i~ mkc~{zkb kaknrzlhincaay R`k tcr` akhfr` jkrvkkh rzch~b{nkz v`kh biuibkb jy r`k rimk le rzcuka! fiuk~ r`k cukzcfk ukalniry le vcuk tzltcfcrilh Vir` r`k ukalniry le vcuk tzltcfcrilh! r`k s{cairy chb nlmtzk~~iuk ~rzkhfr` le nlhnzkrk nch jk ljrcihkb
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
5>
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
[~k~ le Nlhnzkrk C~ jkb nlhnzkrk jkalv nla{mh ellrihf~! vcaa ellrihf~! lh vcaa cr ~{ttlzr~ rl
jkcm~ C~ ~iaa nlhnzkrk Lukz r`k tczctkr vcaa~ c~ nltihf nlhnzkrk Elz eacffihf r`k czkc czl{hb j{iabihf~ Elz tcukmkhr~ Elz mcoihf j{iabihf jalno~
@lvkukz mcglz {~k le nlhnzkrk i~ c~ c mcglz ihfzkbikhr le zkihelznkb chb tzk~rzk~~kb nlhnzkrk Mchy ~rz{nr{zca kakmkhr~ aiok ellrihf~! nla{mh~! jkcm~! n`kggc~! aihrka~! zlle~ czk mcbk vir` ZNN Nkmkhr nlhnzkrk i~ {~kb elz mcoihf ~rlzcfk ~rz{nr{zk~ aiok vcrkz rcho~! jih~! ~ial~! j{hokz~ krn Jzibfk~! bcm~! zkrcihihf vcaa~ czk ZNN ~rz{nr{zk~ ih v`in` nlhnzkrk czk r`k mcglz ihfzkbikhr
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
52
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Miab ^rkka Ir nlhrcih~ c mcpim{m le 4:;+ nczjlh! 44;;+ le ~{at`{z chb 4;;+ le t`l~t`lz{~ Tzltkzrik~ le Miab ^rkka
Ir i~ mcaakcjak chb b{nriak
Ir i~ rl{f` chb mlzk kac~rin
Ir nch jk mcfhkriwkb tkzmchkhray
Ir~ ~tkniein fzcuiry i~ 60
Ir~ Yl{hf‐~ mlb{a{~ i~ :3 Ö 34 H,mm
Ir nch jk elzfkb chb vkabkb kc~iay
Ir i~ ks{caay ~rzlhf ih rkh~ilh chb ih nlmtzk~~ilh
Ir nlhrcih 440 rl 4>;+ nczjlh
Ir nch jk `czbkhkb chb rkmtkzkb j{r hlr kc~iay
Ir z{~r~ zkcbiay chb cj~lzj~ ~`lno~
Ir i~ hlr m{n` ceeknrkb jy ~cary vcrkz
;
:
[~k~ le Miab ^rkka Zl{hb jcz~ czk kprkh~iukay {~kb c~ zkihelznkmkhr ih ZNN vlzo~ Zlaakb ~knrilh~ aiok I! R! A! N! tacrk~ krn czk {~kb rl j{iab ~rkka nla{mh~! jkcm~! rz{~~k~
krn R{j{acz ~knrilh~ czk {~kb c~ tlak~ chb mkmjkz~ le rz{~~k~ Tacih chb nlzz{fcrkb miab ~rkka czk {~kb c~ zlleihf mcrkzica~ Miab ~rkka ~knrilh~ czk {~kb ih mcoihf tczr~ le mchy rytk~ le mcn`ihkzy
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
5;
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
^`lzr „ Ch~vkz Ch~vkz s{k~rilh~
3) V`cr czk r`k nac~~ieincrilh~ le zlno~< :) Fiuk kpcmtak~ elz ifhkl{~! ~kbimkhrczy chb mkrcmlzt`in zlno~ >) @lv ifhkl{~ zlno~ czk elzmkb< 2) Mkhrilh ~lmk imtlzrchr {~k~ le ~rlhk~ ih niuia khfihkkzihf vlzo~< ;) V`cr czk r`k n`czcnrkzi~rin~ le fllb j{iabihf ~rlhk< 5) @lv rl ~kaknr r`k ~rlhk~ elz uczikry le niuia khfihkkzihf vlzo~< 6) V`cr i~ mkchr jk nlkeeinikhr le `czbhk~~< 0) V`cr i~ mkchr jy bzk~~ihf le ~rlhk~< 9) @lv rl bl eizk zk~i~rchnk rk~r ih ~rlhk~< 34) @lv rl ncan{acrk tkznkhrcfk le vkcz ih ~rlhk< 33) Kptacih r`k rk~r v`in` bkrkzmihk~ b{zcjiairy le r`k ~rlhk< 3:) V`cr i~ mkchr jy bzk~~ihf le ~rlhk< 3>) V`cr czk r`k cfkhr~ r`cr bk~rzly ~rlhk< 32) Nlmtczk r`k jzino vlzo chb ~rlhk vlzo 3;) V`cr czk r`k n`kminca nlmtl~irilh~ le jzino< 35) V`cr czk r`k mcglz ltkzcrilh~ ihulaukb ih r`k mch{ecnr{zk le jzino~< 36) V`cr czk r`k `czme{a ihfzkbikhr~ ih jzino< 30) V`cr i~ mkchr jy jakhbihf< 39) V`cr i~ mkchr jy vkcr`kzihf< :4) V`cr czk r`k cbuchrcfk~ le nlhrih{l{~ oiah lukz r`k ltkh oiah< :3) V`cr czk r`k rk~r~ rl jk nlhb{nrkb elz jzino~< ::) Vzirk r`k tzltkzrik~ le nkmkhr< :>) V`cr czk r`k n`kminca nlh~rir{khr~ le nkmkhr< :2) V`cr czk r`k ~rkt~ rl jk elaalvkb ih r`k mch{ecnr{zk le Tlzrachb nkmkhr< :;) V`cr czk r`k eikab rk~r~ rl jk cbltrkb elz nkmkhr< :5) Vzirk r`k tzltkzrik~ le fzkkh nlhnzkrk< :6) V`cr czk r`k rytk~ le ~chb~< :0) Bkeihk vlzocjiairy :9) Mkhrilh r`k rk~r~ elz eihbihf r`k vlzocjiairy le r`k nlhnzkrk >4) V`cr czk r`k rk~r~ elz bkrkzmihihf r`k ~rzkhfr` le r`k nlhnzkrk< , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
55
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
>3) V`cr bl yl{ {hbkz~rchb jy hlh bk~rz{nriuk rk~rihf le nlhnzkrk< >:) Vzirk blvh r`k n{zihf mkr`lb~ >>) V`cr czk r`k tzltkzrik~ le r`k miab ~rkka< >2) Mkhrilh r`k ecnrlz v`in` ceeknr~ r`k vlzocjiairy le r`k nlhnzkrk >;) V`cr czk r`k keeknr~ le imtzltkz n{zihf< >5) Fiuk ekv aihk~ cjl{r zkjl{hb `cmmkz rk~r Alhf „ Ch~vkz Ch~vkz s{k~rilh~
3) Ai~r r`k {~k~ le r`k elaalvihf nlh~rz{nrilh mcrkzica~ c Jzino~ j ^rlhk~ n Nkmkhr b Nlhnzkrk :) V`cr czk r`k s{cairik~ le fllb jzino< >) Kptacih r`k tzltkzrik~ le nkmkhr 2) Kptacih r`k nlh~rir{khr~ le jzino ;) Bk~nzijk jzikeay r`k ecnrlz~ ceeknrihf vlzocjiairy 5) Jzikeay kptacih cjl{r r`k rk~rihf le `czbkhkb nlhnzkrk 6) Kptacih r`k mkr`lb~ le rk~rihf vlzocjiairy le nlhnzkrk 0) V`cr czk r`k zks{izkmkhr~ le r`k ~rlhk v`in` i~ rl jk {~kb c~ j{iabihf mcrkzica< 9) @lv nkmkhr i~ mch{ecnr{zkb< Kptacih 34) Kptacih r`k rk~r~ lh ~rlhk vir` hkcr ~okrn`k~ 33) Vzirk c ~`lzr lh ~chb 3:) Vzirk c ~`lzr lh n{zihf le nlhnzkrk 3>) Kptacih ih bkrcia cjl{r r`k hlh bk~rz{nriuk rk~rihf le nlhnzkrk
[hir-: , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
56
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
J{iabihf Nlmtlhkhr~
Zks{izkmkhr le fllb el{hbcrilh-jkczihf nctcniry le ~lia- rytk~ le el{hbcrilh-Zlleihf mcrkzica~-Rytk~ le zlle~-Eallzihf mcrkzica~-rytk~ le eallz~- tac~rkzihf-Tcihrihf-rytk~ le jkcm~! nla{mh~ chb aihrka-Imtlzrchnk le jzibfk~ chb bcm~-~rzk~~! ~rzcih! kac~riniry! tli~lh~ zcril! mlb{a{~ le zifibiry El{hbcrilh
R`k {arimcrk ~{ttlzr elz chy ~rz{nr{zk i~ tzluibkb jy r`k {hbkzayihf kczr` lz ~lia mcrkzica chb! r`kzkelzk! r`k ~rcjiairy le r`k ~rz{nr{zk bktkhb~ lh ir ^ihnk ~lia i~ {~{caay m{n` vkcokz r`ch lr`kz nlmmlh mcrkzica~ le nlh~rz{nrilh! ~{n` c~ ~rkka chb nlhnzkrk! c fzkcrkz czkc lz ula{mk le ~lia i~ hknk~~cziay ihulaukb ih lzbkz rl ~cri~ecnrlziay nczzy c fiukh alcbihf R`{~! ih lzbkz rl imtczr r`k alcb~ nczzikb jy ~rz{nr{zca mkmjkz~ le ~rkka lz nlhnzkrk rl ~lia! c alcb rzch~ekz bkuink i~ hknk~~czy R`k ~rz{nr{zca el{hbcrilh ~kzuk~ r`k t{ztl~k le ~{n` c bkuink C el{hbcrilh i~ ~{ttl~kb rl rzch~mir r`k ~rz{nr{zca alcbihf rl r`k ~{ttlzrihf ~lia ih ~{n` c vcy r`cr r`k ~lia i~ hlr lukz~rzk~~kb chb r`cr ~kzil{~ ~krrakmkhr~ le r`k ~rz{nr{zk czk hlr nc{~kb R`k rytk le el{hbcrilh {riaiwkb i~ nal~kay zkacrkb rl r`k tzltkzrik~ le r`k ~{ttlzrihf ~lia! ~ihnk r`k tkzelzmchnk le r`k el{hbcrilh i~ jc~kb lh r`cr le r`k ~lia! ih cbbirilh rl ir~ lvh R`{~! ir i~ imtlzrchr rl zknlfhiwk r`cr ir i~ r`k ~lia-el{hbcrilh ~y~rkm r`cr tzluibk~ ~{ttlzr elz r`k ~rz{nr{zk? r`k nlmtlhkhr~ le r`i~ ~y~rkm ~`l{ab hlr jk uikvkb ~ktczcrkay R`k el{hbcrilh i~ ch kakmkhr r`cr i~ j{iar chb ih~rcaakb! v`iak r`k ~lia i~ r`k hcr{zca kczr` mcrkzica v`in` kpi~r~ cr r`k ~irk Fkhkzca rytk~ le el{hbcrilh7
R`k uczil{~ rytk~ le ~rz{nr{zca el{hbcrilh~ mcy jk fzl{tkb ihrl rvl jzlcb ncrkflzik~
^`caalv el{hbcrilh~
Bkkt el{hbcrilh~
R`k nac~~ieincrilh ihbincrk~ r`k bktr` le r`k el{hbcrilh zkacriuk rl ir~ ~iwk chb r`k bktr` le r`k ~lia tzluibihf ml~r le r`k ~{ttlzr Cnnlzbihf rl Rkzwcf`i! c el{hbcrilh i~ ~`caalv ie ir~ bktr` i~ ks{ca rl lz ak~~ r`ch ir~ vibr` chb bkkt v`kh ir kpnkkb~ r`k vibr`
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
50
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
E{zr`kz nac~~ieincrilh le ~`caalv el{hbcrilh~ chb bkkt el{hbcrilh~ i~ c~ elaalv~7
C ~`lzr bk~nzitrilh le r`k~k vir` tinrlzica zktzk~khrcrilh viaa hlv jk fiukh
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
59
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
^tzkcb ellrihf~ ^tzkcb ellrihf el{hbcrilh i~ jc~incaay c tcb {~kb rl ‖‖~tzkcb l{r‐‐ alcb~ ezlm vcaa~ lz nla{mh~ lukz c ~{eeinikhray aczfk czkc le el{hbcrilh ~lia R`k~k czk nlh~rz{nrkb c~ nal~k rl r`k fzl{hb ~{zecnk c~ tl~~ijak nlh~i~rkhr vir` r`k bk~ifh zks{izkmkhr~! chb vir` ecnrlz~ ~{n` c~ ezl~r tkhkrzcrilh bktr` chb tl~~ijiairy le ~lia kzl~ilh Ellrihf~ elz tkzmchkhr ~rz{nr{zk~ czk zczkay alncrkb bizknray lh r`k fzl{hb ~{zecnk C ~tzkcb ellrihf hkkb hlr hknk~~cziay jk cr ~mcaa bktr`~? ir mcy jk alncrkb bkkt ih r`k fzl{hb ie r`k ~lia nlhbirilh~ lz bk~ifh nzirkzic zks{izk ^tzkcb ellrihf zks{izkb rl ~{ttlzr c vcaa i~ ohlvh c~ c nlhrih{l{~! vcaa! lz ~rzit ellrihf! v`iak r`cr zks{izkb rl ~{ttlzr c nla{mh i~ ohlvh c~ ch ihbiuib{ca lz ch i~lacrkb ellrihf Ch i~lacrkb ellrihf mcy jk ~s{czk! nizn{acz! lz zknrchf{acz ih ~`ctk ih tach! bktkhbihf {tlh ecnrlz~ ~{n` c~ r`k tach ~`ctk le r`k nla{mh chb nlh~rzcihr~ le ~tcnk Ie r`k ellrihf ~{ttlzr~ mlzk r`ch lhk nla{mh lz vcaa! ir viaa jk c ~rzct ellrihf! nlmjihkb ellrihf lz c zcer el{hbcrilh
R`k nlmmlh
rytk~ le ~tzkcb ellrihf~ zkekzzkb rl cjluk czk ~`lvh ih Eif{zk Rvl mi~nkaachkl{~ rytk~ ‒ r`k r`k mlhlair`in ellrihf! {~kb elz vcrkzrif`r jc~kmkhr (ca~l elz zk~i~rihf {taier)! chb r`k fziaacfk el{hbcrilh! {~kb elz `kcuy alcb~ czk ca~l ~`lvh
^rzct ellrihf~ C ‖~rzct ellrihf‐ nlmtzi~k~ rvl lz mlzk ellrihf~ nlhhknrkb jy c jkcm ncaakb ‖~rzct‐ R`i~ i~ ca~l ncaakb c ‖nchriakukz ellrihf‐ lz ‖t{mt‖t{mt -`chbak el{hbcrilh‐ R`i~ mcy jk zks{izkb v`kh r`k ellrihf le ch kprkzilz nla{mh nchhlr kprkhb ihrl ch cbglihihf tziucrk tzltkzry Nlmmlh rytk~ le ~rzct jkcm czzchfkmkhr~ czk ~`lvh ih Eif{zk , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
64
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Nlmjihkb ellrihf~ C nlmjihkb ellrihf ~{ttlzr~ rvl lz mlzk nla{mh~ ih c zlv v`kh r`k czkc~ zks{izkb elz ihbiuib{ca ellrihf~ czk ~{n` r`cr r`ky nlmk ukzy hkcz kcn` lr`kz R`ky czk ca~l tzkekzzkb ih ~ir{crilh~ le aimirkb ~tcnk lh lhk ~ibk lvihf rl r`k kpi~rkhnk le r`k jl{hbczy aihk le tziucrk tzltkzry R`k tach ~`ctk le r`k ellrihf mcy jk zknrchf{acz lz rzctkwlibca? r`k ellrihf viaa r`kh jk ncaakb n caakb ‖zknrchf{acz nlmjihkb ellrihf‐ lz ‖rzctkwlibca nlmjihkb ellrihf‐! c~ r`k nc~k mcy jk j k R`k~k czk ~`lvh ih Eif{zk
Zcer el{hbcrilh~ el{hbcrilh~ (Mcr~) (Mcr~) C zcer lz mcr el{hbcrilh i~ c aczfk ellrihf! {~{caay ~{ttlzrihf vcaa~ c~ vkaa c~ ~kukzca nla{mh~ ih rvl lz mlzk zlv~ R`i~ i~ cbltrkb v`kh ihbiuib{ca nla{mh ellrihf~ vl{ab rkhb rl jk , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
63
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
rll nal~k lz rkhb rl lukzact? e{zr`kz! r`i~ i~ nlh~ibkzkb ~{ircjak v`kh bieekzkhrica ~krrakmkhr~ czi~ihf l{r le ellrihf~ lh vkco ~lia~ czk rl jk mihimi~kb C rytinca mcr lz zcer i~ ~`lvh ih Eif{zk
Bkkt ellrihf~ ellrihf~ Cnnlzbihf rl Rkzwcf`i! ie r`k bktr` le c ellrihf i~ ak~~ r`ch lz ks{ca rl r`k vibr`! ir mcy jk nlh~ibkzkb c ~`caalv el{hbcrilh R`klzik~ le jkczihf nctcniry `cuk jkkh nlh~ibkzkb @lvkukz! ie r`k bktr` i~ mlzk! r`k ellrihf~ czk nlh~ibkzkb c~ bkkt ellrihf~ (Eif{zk)? Mkykz`le (39;3) bkukaltkb r`k r`klzy le jkczihf nctcniry elz ~{n` ellrihf~
Tiak el{hbcrilh~ el{hbcrilh~ Tiak el{hbcrilh~ czk ihrkhbkb rl rzch~mir ~rz{nr{zca alcb~ r`zl{f` wlhk~ le tllz ~lia rl c bktr` v`kzk r`k ~lia `c~ r`k bk~izkb nctcniry rl rzch~mir r`k alcb~ R`ky czk ~lmkv`cr ~imiacz rl nla{mh~ ih r`cr alcb~ bkukaltkb cr lhk akuka czk rzch~mirrkb rl c alvkz akuka? j{r tiak~ ljrcih acrkzca ~{ttlzr ezlm r`k ~lia ih v`in` r`ky czk kmjkbbkb ~l r`cr r`kzk i~ hl nlhnkzh vir` zkfczb rl j{noaihf chb! ir i~ ih r`i~ zk~tknr r`cr r`ky bieekz ezlm nla{mh~ Tiak~ czk ~akhbkz el{hbcrilh {hir~ v`in` czk {~{caay bziukh ihrl tacnk R`ky mcy ca~l jk nc~r-ih-tacnk (Eif{zk) C tiak el{hbcrilh {~{caay nlh~i~r~ le c h{mjkz le tiak~! v`in` rlfkr`kz ~{ttlzr c ~rz{nr{zk R`k tiak~ mcy jk bziukh lz tacnkb ukzrincaay lz vir` c jcrrkz , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
6:
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Tikz el{hbcrilh~ el{hbcrilh~ Tikz el{hbcrilh~ czk ~lmkv`cr ~imiacz rl tiak el{hbcrilh~ j{r czk rytincaay aczfkz ih czkc r`ch tiak~ Ch ltkhihf i~ bziaakb rl r`k bk~izkb bktr` chb nlhnzkrk i~ tl{zkb rl mcok c tikz el{hbcrilh (Eif{zk) M{n` bi~rihnrilh i~ hlv jkihf al~r jkrvkkh r`k tiak el{hbcrilh chb tikz el{hbcrilh! cbgknriuk~ ~{n` c~ ‖bziukh‐! ‖jlzkb‐! lz ‖bziaakb‐! chb ‖tzknc~r‐ chb ‖nc~r ‖nc~r-ih~ir{‐! -ih-~ir{‐! jkihf {~kb rl ihbincrk r`k mkr`lb le ih~rcaacrilh chb nlh~rz{nrilh [~{caay! tikz el{hbcrilh~ czk {~kb elz jzibfk~
Nci~~lh~ (Vkaa~) C nci~~lh i~ c ~rz{nr{zca jlp lz n`cmjkz r`cr i~ ~{ho ihrl tacnk lz j{iar ih tacnk jy ~y~rkmcrin kpncucrilh jkalv r`k jlrrlm Nci~~lh~ czk nac~~ieikb c~ ‖ltkh‐ nci~~lh~! ‖thk{mcrin‐ nci~~lh~! chb ‖jlp‐ lz ‖ealcrihf‐ nci~~lh~ Ltkh nci~~lh~ mcy jk jlp-rytk jlp -rytk le tiak-rytk R`k rlt chb jlrrlm czk ltkh b{zihf ih~rcaacrilh elz ltkh nci~~lh~ R`k jlrrlm mcy jk eihcaay ~kcakb vir` nlhnzkrk lz mcy jk chn`lzkb ihrl zlno Thk{mcrin nci~~lh i~ lhk ih v`in` nlmtzk~~kb ciz i~ {~kb rl okkt vcrkz ezlm khrkzihf r`k vlzoihf n`cmjkz! r`k rlt le r`k nci~~lh i~ nal~kb Kpncucrilh chb nlhnzkrihf i~ ecniaircrkb rl jk nczzikb l{r ih r`k bzy R`k nci~~lh i~ ~{ho bkktkz c~ r`k , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
6>
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
kpncucrilh tzlnkkb~ chb lh zkcn`ihf r`k eihca tl~irilh! r`k vlzoihf n`cmjkz i~ eiaakb vir` nlhnzkrk Jlp lz ealcrihf nci~~lh i~ lhk ih v`in` r`k jlrrlm i~ nal~kb Ir i~ nc~r lh achb chb rlvkb rl r`k ~irk chb ac{hn`kb ih vcrkz! cerkz r`k nlhnzkrk `c~ flr n{zkb Ir i~ ~{ho ihrl tl~irilh jy eiaaihf r`k ih~ibk vir` ~chb! fzcuka! nlhnzkrk lz vcrkz Eca~k jlrrlm~ lz rkmtlzczy jc~k~ le rimjkz czk ~lmkrimk~ {~kb elz ealcrihf r`k nci~~lh rl r`k ~irk R`k uczil{~ rytk~ le nci~~lh~ czk ~`lvh ih Eif{zk
^tknica rytk~ le el{hbcrilh7
Ealcrihf el{hbcril el{hbcrilh h R`k ealcrihf el{hbcrilh i~ c ~tknica rytk le el{hbcrilh nlh~rz{nrilh {~ke{a ih alncrilh~ v`kzk bkkt bktl~ir~ le nlmtzk~~ijak nl`k~iuk ~lia~ kpi~r chb r`k {~k le tiak~ i~ imtzcnrinca R`k nlhnktr le c ealcrihf el{hbcrilh zks{izk~ r`cr r`k ~{j~rz{nr{zk jk c~~kmjakb c~ c nlmjihcrilh le c zcer chb nci~~lh rl nzkcrk c zifib jlp c~ ~`lvh ih Eif{zk R`i~ el{hbcrilh i~ ih~rcaakb cr ~{n` c bktr` r`cr r`k rlrca vkif`r le r`k ~lia kpncucrkb elz r`k zifib jlp ks{ca~ r`k rlrca vkif`r le r`k tachhkb ~rz{nr{zk R`klzkrincaay ~tkcoihf! r`kzkelzk! r`k ~lia jkalv r`k ~rz{nr{zk i~ hlr ~{jgknrkb rl chy ihnzkc~k ih ~rzk~~? nlh~ks{khray! hl ~krrakmkhr i~ rl jk kptknrkb @lvkukz! ~lmk ~krrakmkhr blk~ lnn{z {~{caay jknc{~k r`k ~lia cr r`k jlrrlm le r`k kpncucrilh kptchb~ cerkz kpncucrilh chb fkr~ zknlmtzk~~kb b{zihf chb cerkz nlh~rz{nrilh
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
62
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Fziaacfk ellrihf @if` zi~k j{iabihf~ czk j{iar vir` ~rkka nla{mh~ khnc~kb ih nlhnzkrk ^{n` nla{mh~ nczzy ukzy `kcuy alcb chb `khnk r`ky hkkb ~tknica el{hbcrilh~ rl ~tzkcb r`k alcb rl c aczfkz czkc le ~lia Fziaacfk el{hbcrilh i~ lhk ~{n` ~tknica el{hbcrilh Ir nlh~i~r~ le lhk rikz lz mlzk rikz~ le I~knrilh~ ~rkka jkcm~ Eif{zk ~`lv~ c rytinca rvl rikz fziaacfk el{hbcrilh Rlt rikz nlh~i~r~ le ak~~ h{mjkz j{r aczfk ~iwk ~rkka ~knrilh v`iak alvkz rikz nlh~i~r~ le aczfkz h{mjkz j{r ~mcaakz ~iwk ~rkka ~knrilh~ Nla{mh alcb i~ rzch~ekzzkb rl r`k rlt rikz r`zl{f` c jc~k tacrk R`k fziaacfk jkcm~ czk {htcihrkb chb czk khnc~kb ih nlhnzkrk vir` mihim{m nlukz le 344 mm jkylhb r`k kbfk~ le ~rkka ~knrilh~ C mihim{m nakcz ~tcnk le 6; mm ~`l{ab jk mcihrcihkb jkrvkkh r`k eachfk~ le cbgcnkhr fziaacfk jkcm~ ~l r`cr nlhnzkrihf nch jk mcbk tzltkzay Rl mcihrcih ~tcnihf! titk ~ktczcrlz~ czk {~kb
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
6;
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Czn` el{hbcrilh el{hbcrilh Ihukzrkb czn` el{hbcrilh~ czk tzluibkb ih r`k tacnk~ v`kzk r`k ^JN le r`k ~lia i~ ukzy tllz chb r`k alcb le r`k ~rz{nr{zk i~ r`zl{f` vcaa~ Ih ~{n` nc~k~ ihukzrkb czn`k~ czk nlh~rz{nrkb jkrvkkh r`k vcaa~ Khb vcaa~ ~`l{ab jk ~{eeinikhray r`ino chb ~rzlhf rl vir`~rchb r`k l{rvczb `lziwlhrca r`z{~r b{k rl czn` cnrilh R`k l{rkz vcaa~ mcy jk tzluibkb vir` j{rrzk~~ vcaa~ rl ~rzkhfr`kh r`km Eif{zk ~`lv~ c rytinca ihukzrkb czn` ellrihf
El{hbcrilh El{hbcrilh ih jacno ~lia Jacno nlrrlh ~lia ~vkaa~ b{zihf zcihy ~kc~lh chb nzcno~ ih ~{mmkz b{k rl ~`zihocfk R`k~k ~`zihocfk nzcno~ czk 344 mm rl 3;4 mm vibk chb 4; m rl : m bkkt ^vkaaihf nzkcrk~ {tvczb~ tzk~~{zk lh r`k ~rz{nr{zk chb ~`zihocfk nzkcrk~ blvhvczb t{aa Ir zk~{ar~ ihrl nzcno~ ih el{hbcrilh~ vcaa chb zlle @khnk el{hbcrilh~ ih jacno nlrrlh ~lia hkkb ~tknica nczk Ih nc~k jacno nlrrlh ~lia i~ lhay rl c bktr` le 34 m chb :4 m ir i~ knlhlminca rl zkmluk khrizk jacno nlrrlh ~lia ezlm r`k ~irk chb j{iab r`k el{hbcrilh lh zkb ~lia Ctczr ezlm r`i~ jacno nlrrlh ~lia ~`l{ab jk zkmlukb ezlm r`k ~ibk~ le r`k el{hbcrilh chb eiaakb vir` ~chb chb fzcuka Ih nc~k r`k bktr` le jacno nlrrlh ~lia i~ mlzk! r`k elaalvihf rytk le el{hbcrilh mcy jk tzluibkb
^rzit lz tcb el{hbcrilh
Tikz el{hbcrilh vir` czn`k~ chb
[hbkz zkcmkb tiak el{hbcrilh
^rzit lz Tcb El{hbcrilh7 ^rzit el{hbcrilh~ czk elz vcaa~ v`iak tcb el{hbcrilh~ czk elz
nla{mh~ Ih r`i~ el{hbcrilh r`k crrkmtr i~ rl okkt jacno nlrrlh ~lia ezlm el{hbcrilh jy ihrkztl~ihf acykz~ le ~chb chb fzcuka R`k~k el{hbcrilh~ ~`l{ab jk nlh~rz{nrkb b{zihf bzy ~kc~lh ^{ircjak taihr` tzlrknrilh ~`l{ab jk mcbk czl{hb kprkzhca vcaa~ vir` ir~ ~alt~ cvcy ezlm r`k vcaa! ~l r`cr mli~r{zk blk~ hlr tkhkrzcrk r`k el{hbcrilh b{zihf zcihy ~kc~lh Eif{zk ~`lv~ ~{n` el{hbcrilh~ , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
65
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Tikz El{hbcrilh vir` Czn`k~7 C tikz i~ c ukzrinca nla{mh le zkacriukay aczfkz nzl~~-
~knrilh r`ch tiak~ Elz vcaa~ nczzyihf `kcuy alcb~! tikz~ czk b{f cr zkf{acz ihrkzuca~ chb eiaakb vir` tacih nlhnzkrk R`k~k tikz~ czk rcokh {t rl fllb jkczihf ~rzcrc R`kh r`k tikz~ czk nlhhknrkb jy nlhnzkrk lz mc~lhzy czn` Lukz r`k~k czn`k~ zkf{acz mc~lhzy i~ j{iar Eif{zk ~`lv~ c rytinca tikz el{hbcrilh vir` czn`k~
[hbkz Zkcmkb tiak El{hbcrilh~7 [hbkz zkcmkb tiak~ czk jlzkb chb r`kh nlhnzkrkb cr
r`k ~irk~ R`kiz akhfr` mcy uczy ezlm > rl 5 m R`ky czk tzluibkb vir` zkcm~ chb zkihelznkmkhr R`k tiak ~tcnihf uczik~ ezlm : rl 2 m R`k rlt le tiak~ czk tzluibkb vir` ncttihf jkcm~ lukz v`in` vcaa~ czk j{iar
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
66
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Zks{izkmkhr~ le Fllb El{hbcrilh7
R`k rytk le el{hbcrilh ml~r cttzltzicrk elz c fiukh ~rz{nr{zk bktkhb~ {tlh ~kukzca ecnrlz~7 (i)
R`k e{hnrilh le r`k ~rz{nr{zk chb r`k alcb~ ir m{~r nczzy!
(ii)
R`k ~{j~{zecnk nlhbirilh~!
(iii)
R`k nl~r le r`k el{hbcrilh ih nlmtczi~lh vir` r`k nl~r le r`k ~{tkz~rz{nr{zk
R`k~k czk r`k tzihnitca ecnrlz~! car`l{f` ~kukzca lr`kz nlh~ibkzcrilh~ mcy ca~l khrkz ihrl r`k tinr{zk R`kzk i~ {~{caay mlzk r`ch lhk cnnktrcjak ~la{rilh rl kukzy el{hbcrilh tzljakm ih uikv le r`k ihrkztacy le ~kukzca ecnrlz~ G{bfmkhr ca~l tacy~ ch imtlzrchr tczr El{hbcrilh bk~ifh i~ khzin`kb jy ~nikhriein chb khfihkkzihf bkukaltmkhr~? `lvkukz! c ~rzinray ~nikhriein tzlnkb{zk mcy hlr jk tl~~ijak elz tzcnrinihf r`k czr le el{hbcrilh bk~ifh chb nlh~rz{nrilh R`k elaalvihf czk r`k k~~khrica ~rkt~ ihulaukb ih r`k eihca n`link le r`k rytk le el{hbcrilh7 Ihelzmcrilh zkfczbihf r`k hcr{zk le r`k ~{tkz~rz{nr{zk chb r`k tzljcjak alcbihf i~
zks{izkb! cr akc~r ih c fkhkzca vcy R`k cttzlpimcrk ~{j~{zecnk nlhbirilh~ lz ~lia tzleiak i~ rl jk c~nkzrcihkb
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
60
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Kcn` le r`k n{~rlmczy rytk~ le el{hbcrilh i~ nlh~ibkzkb jzikeay rl g{bfk v`kr`kz ir
i~ ~{ircjak {hbkz r`k kpi~rihf nlhbirilh~ ezlm r`k tlihr le uikv le r`k nzirkzic elz ~rcjiairy ‒ jkczihf jkczihf nctcniry chb ~krrakmkhr R`k ljuil{~ay {h~{ircjak rytk~ mcy jk kaimihcrkb! r`{~ hczzlvihf blvh r`k n`link Mlzk bkrciakb ~r{bik~! ihna{bihf rkhrcriuk bk~ifh~! le r`k mlzk tzlmi~ihf rytk~ czk
mcbk ih r`k hkpr t`c~k Eihca ~kaknrilh le r`k rytk le el{hbcrilh i~ mcbk jc~kb lh r`k nl~r ‒ r`k ml~r ‒ r`k
cnnktrcjak nlmtzlmi~k jkrvkkh nl~r chb tkzelzmchnk
R`k bk~ifh khfihkkz mcy ~lmkrimk~ jk f{ibkb jy r`k ~{nnk~~e{a el{hbcrilh~ ih r`k ‒ jkczihf hkif`jl{z`llb Jk~ibk~ r`k rvl vkaa ohlvh nzirkzic elz ~rcjiairy le el{hbcrilh~ el{hbcrilh~ ‒ jkczihf ‒ r`k nctcniry chb ~krrakmkhr ~krrakmkhr ‒ r`k bktr` cr v`in` r`k el{hbcrilh i~ rl jk tacnkb! i~ chlr`kz imtlzrchr c~tknr Elz ~mcaa alcbihf lh fllb ~lia~! ~tzkcb ellrihf~ nl{ab jk ~kaknrkb Elz nla{mh~! ihbiuib{ca ellrihf~ czk n`l~kh {hak~~ r`ky nlmk rll nal~k rl lhk chlr`kz! ih v`in` nc~k! nlmjihkb ellrihf~ czk {~kb Elz c ~kzik~ le nal~kay ~tcnkb nla{mh~ lz vcaa~! nlhrih{l{~ ellrihf~ czk r`k ljuil{~ n`link V`kh r`k ellrihf~ elz zlv~ le nla{mh~ nlmk rll nal~k rl lhk chlr`kz! c zcer el{hbcrilh viaa jk r`k ljuil{~ n`link Ih ecnr! v`kh r`k czkc le caa r`k ellrihf~ cttkcz~ rl jk mlzk r`ch ;4 tkz nkhr le r`k czkc le r`k ~rz{nr{zk ih tach! c zcer ~`l{ab jk nlh~ibkzkb R`k rlrca alcb ir nch rcok viaa jk ~{j~rchricaay fzkcrkz r`ch ellrihf~ elz r`k ~cmk tkzmi~~ijak bieekzkhrica ~krrakmkhr Ih nc~k c ~`caalv el{hbcrilh blk~ hlr ch~vkz r`k tzljakm lh `chb! ih ~tirk le n`ll~ihf c zkc~lhcjak bktr` elz r`k el{hbcrilh! ~lmk rytk le bkkt el{hbcrilh mcy jk zks{izkb C tikz el{hbcrilh i~ g{~rieikb ih r`k nc~k le ukzy `kcuy alcbihf c~ ih jzibfk~ Tiak~! ih keeknr! czk ~akhbkz tikz~! v`in` czk {~kb rl jytc~~ vkco ~rzcrc chb rzch~mir alcbihf rl `czb ~rzcrc jkalv C~ ch carkzhcriuk rl zcer el{hbcrilh! r`k knlhlmin~ le jlzkb tiak~ i~ nlh~ibkzkb
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
69
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Jkczihf nctcniry le ~lia
R`k ~{jgknr le jkczihf nctcniry i~ tkz`ct~ r`k ml~r imtlzrchr le caa r`k c~tknr~ le fklrkn`hinca khfihkkzihf Alcb~ ezlm j{iabihf~ czk rzch~mirrkb rl r`k el{hbcrilh jy nla{mh~! jy alcb jkczihf vcaa~ lz jy ~{n` lr`kz alcb-jkczihf nlmtlhkhr~ le r`k ~rz{nr{zk~ ^lmkrimk~ r`k mcrkzica lh v`in` r`k el{hbcrilh zk~r~ i~ akbfk! ukzy `czb ~lia lz jkb-zlno! v`in` i~ ohlvh rl jk m{n` ~rzlhfkz r`ch i~ hknk~~czy rl rzch~mir r`k alcb~ ezlm r`k ~rz{nr{zk ^{n` c akbfk! lz zlno! lz lr`kz ~riee mcrkzica mcy hlr jk cuciacjak cr zkc~lhcjak bktr` chb ir jknlmk~ ihuczicjay hknk~~czy rl caalv r`k ~rz{nr{zk rl jkcz bizknray lh ~lia! v`in` viaa e{zhi~` c ~cri~ecnrlzy el{hbcrilh! ie r`k jkczihf mkmjkz~ czk tzltkzay bk~ifhkb Ir i~ `kzk r`cr r`k ~{jgknr le jkczihf nctcniry c~~{mk~ ~ifhieinchnk C ~nikhriein rzkcrmkhr le r`k ~{jgknr le jkczihf nctcniry i~ hknk~~czy rl khcjak lhk rl {hbkz~rchb r`k ecnrlz~ {tlh v`in` ir bktkhb~ C h{mjkz le bkeihirilh~ czk zkakuchr ih r`i~ nlhrkpr7 El{hbcrilh El{hbcrilh 7 R`k alvk~r tczr le c ~rz{nr{zk v`in` i~ ih nlhrcnr vir` ~lia chb rzch~mir~ alcb~ rl ir El{hbcrilh El{hbcrilh ~lia lz jkb 7 R`k ~lia lz jkb rl v`in` alcb~ czk rzch~mirrkb ezlm r`k jc~k le r`k ~rz{nr{zk Ellrihf7 R`k tlzrilh le r`k el{hbcrilh le r`k ~rz{nr{zk! v`in` rzch~mir~ alcb~ bizknray rl r`k el{hbcrilh ~lia Jkczihf nctcniry nctcniry7 R`k alcb-nczzyihf nctcniry le el{hbcrilh ~lia lz zlno v`in` khcjak~ ir rl jkcz chb rzch~mir alcb~ ezlm c ~rz{nr{zk [arimcrk jkczihf nctcniry 7 Mcpim{m tzk~~{zk v`in` c el{hbcrilh nch vir`~rchb vir`l{r r`k lnn{zzkhnk le ~`kcz ecia{zk le r`k el{hbcrilh Fzl~~ jkczihf nctcniry 7 R`k jkczihf nctcniry ihna{~iuk le r`k tzk~~{zk kpkzrkb jy r`k vkif`r le r`k ~lia ~rchbihf lh r`k el{hbcr ilh! lz r`k ‖~{zn`czfk‐ tzk~~{zk! c~ ir i~ ~lmkrimk~ ncaakb Hkr jkczihf nctcniry7 Fzl~~ jkczihf nctcniry mih{~ r`k lzifihca lukzj{zbkh tzk~~{zk lz ~{zn`czfk tzk~~{zk cr r`k el{hbcrilh akuka? ljuil{~ay! r`i~ viaa jk r`k ~cmk c~ r`k fzl~~ nctcniry v`kh r`k bktr` le el{hbcrilh i~ wkzl! ik! r`k ~rz{nr{zk i~ el{hbkb cr fzl{hb akuka ^cek jkczihf nctcniry 7 [arimcrk jkczihf nctcniry biuibkb jy r`k ecnrlz le ~cekry R`k ecnrlz le ~cekry ih el{hbcrilh mcy zchfk ezlm : rl ;! bktkhbihf {tlh r`k imtlzrchnk le r`k ~rz{nr{zk! chb r`k ~lia tzleiak cr r`k ~irk R`k ecnrlz le ~cekry ~`l{ab jk cttaikb rl r`k hkr {arimcrk jkczihf nctcniry chb r`k ~{zn`czfk tzk~~{zk b{k rl bktr` le r`k el{hbcrilh ~`l{ab r`kh jk cbbkb rl fkr
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
04
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
r`k ~cek jkczihf nctcniry Ir i~ r`{~ r`k mcpim{m ihrkh~iry le alcbihf v`in` nch jk rzch~mirrkb rl r`k ~lia vir`l{r r`k zi~o le ~`kcz ecia{zk! izzk~tknriuk le r`k ~krrakmkhr r`cr mcy lnn{z Caalvcjak jkczihf tzk~~{zk tzk~~{zk 7 R`k mcpim{m caalvcjak hkr alcbihf ihrkh~iry lh r`k ~lia cr v`in` r`k ~lia hkir`kz ecia~ ih ~`kcz hlz {hbkzflk~ kpnk~~iuk lz ihrlakzcjak ~krrakmkhr! bkrzimkhrca rl r`k ~rz{nr{zk
Jkczihf nctcniry
R`k nlhukhrilhca bk~ifh le c el{hbcrilh i~ jc~kb lh r`k nlhnktr le jkczihf nctcniry lz caalvcjak jkczihf tzk~~{zk
Mkr`lb~ elz imtzluihf r`k jkczihf le ~lia~
Ih ~lmk nc~k~! r`k jkczihf nctcniry le ~lia i~ ~l alv r`cr r`k bimkh~ilh~ le r`k ellrihf~! vlzo l{r rl jk ukzy aczfk chb {hknlhlminca [hbkz ~{n` ~ir{crilh~! ir jknlmk~ hknk~~czy rl imtzluk r`k jkczihf nctcniry le r`k ~lia~! v`in` nch jk blhk jy r`k elaalvihf mkr`lb~ Ihnzkc~ihf r`k bktr` le el{hbcrilh Nlmtcnrihf le ~lia Bzcihihf r`k ~{j~lia vcrkz Nlheihihf r`k ~lia vcrkz Fzl{rihf le nkmkhr N`kminca rzkcrmkhr aiok ihgknrihf ~iaincrk~ krn
Nzirkzic elz r`k Bkrkzmihcrilh le Jkczihf Nctcniry
R`k nzirkzic elz r`k bkrkzmihcrilh le jkczihf nctcniry le c el{hbcrilh czk jc~kb lh r`k zks{izkmkhr~ elz r`k ~rcjiairy le r`k el{hbcrilh R`k~k czk ~rcrkb c~ elaalv~7
^`kcz ecia{zk le r`k el{hbcrilh lz jkczihf nctcniry ecia{zk! c~ ir i~ ~lmkrimk~ ncaakb! ~`caa hlr lnn{z (R`i~ i~ c~~lnicrkb vir` tac~rin ealv le r`k ~lia mcrkzica {hbkzhkcr` r`k el{hbcrilh! chb acrkzca kpt{a~ilh le r`k ~lia ezlm {hbkzhkcr` r`k ellrihf le r`k el{hbcrilh)? chb!
R`k tzljcjak ~krrakmkhr~! bieekzkhrica c~ vkaa c~ rlrca! le r`k el{hbcrilh m{~r jk aimirkb rl ~cek! rlakzcjak lz cnnktrcjak mcfhir{bk~ Ih lr`kz vlzb~! r`k chrinitcrkb ~krrakmkhr {hbkz r`k cttaikb tzk~~{zk lh r`k el{hbcrilh ~`l{ab hlr jk bkrzimkhrca rl r`k ~rcjiairy le
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
03
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
r`k ~rz{nr{zk R`k~k rvl nzirkzic czk ohlvh c~ r`k ~`kcz ~rzkhfr` nzirkzilh! chb ~krrakmkhr nzirkzilh! zk~tknriukay R`k~k czk ihbktkhbkhr nzirkzic chb `khnk zks{izk ihbktkhbkhr ihuk~rifcrilh R`k bk~ifh uca{k le r`k ~cek jkczihf nctcniry! ljuil{~ay! vl{ab jk r`k ~mcaakz le r`k rvl uca{k~! ljrcihkb ezlm r`k~k rvl nzirkzic R`i~ `c~ cazkcby jkkh bkeihkb c~ r`k caalvcjak jkczihf tzk~~{zk
Ecnrlz~ Ceeknrihf Jkczihf Nctcniry
Jkczihf nctcniry i~ flukzhkb jy c h{mjkz le ecnrlz~ R`k elaalvihf czk ~lmk le r`k mlzk imtlzrchr lhk~ v`in` ceeknr jkczihf nctcniry7 Hcr{zk le ~lia chb ir~ t`y~inca chb khfihkkzihf tzltkzrik~? Hcr{zk le r`k el{hbcrilh chb lr`kz bkrcia~ ~{n` c~ r`k ~iwk! ~`ctk! bktr` jkalv r`k fzl{hb
~{zecnk chb zifibiry le r`k ~rz{nr{zk? Rlrca chb bieekzkhrica ~krrakmkhr~ r`cr r`k ~rz{nr{zk nch vir`~rchb vir`l{r e{hnrilhca
ecia{zk? Alncrilh le r`k fzl{hb vcrkz rcjak zkacriuk rl r`k akuka le r`k el{hbcrilh? chb Ihirica ~rzk~~k~! ie chy
Mkr`lb~ le bkrkzmihihf jkczihf nctcniry
R`k elaalvihf mkr`lb~ czk cuciacjak elz r`k bkrkzmihcrilh le jkczihf nctcniry le c el{hbcrilh7
Jkczihf nctcniry rcjak~ ih uczil{~ j{iabihf nlbk~
Chcayrinca mkr`lb~
Tacrk jkczihf rk~r~
Tkhkrzcrilh rk~r~
Mlbka rk~r~ chb tzlrlrytk rk~r~
Acjlzcrlzy rk~r~
Jkczihf nctcniry rcjak~ `cuk jkkh kulaukb jy nkzrcih cfkhnik~ chb ihnlztlzcrkb ih j{iabihf nlbk~ R`ky czk ml~ray jc~kb lh tc~r kptkzikhnk chb ~lmk ihuk~rifcrilh~
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
0:
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
C h{mjkz le chcayrinca cttzlcn`k~! jc~kb lh r`k vlzo le Zchoihk! Ekaakhi{~! @l{~ka! Tzchbra! Rkzwcf`i! Mkykz`le! ^okmtrlh! @ch~kh chb Jkaac mcy jk {~kb ^lmk le r`k~k vl{ab jk bkcar vir` ih acrkz ~knrilh~ Tacrk jkczihf rk~r~ czk alcb rk~r~ nlhb{nrkb ih r`k eikab lh c tacrk R`k~k ihulauk keelzr chb kptkh~k R`kzk czk ca~l nkzrcih aimircrilh~ rl r`kiz {~k Tkhkrzcrilh rk~r~ czk nlhb{nrkb vir` bkuink~ ohlvh c~ ‖Tkhkrzlmkrkz~‐! v`in` mkc~{zk r`k zk~i~rchnk le ~lia rl tkhkrzcrilh R`i~ i~ nlzzkacrkb rl jkczihf nctcniry Mlbka chb tzlrlrytk rk~r~ czk ukzy n{mjkz~lmk chb nl~ray chb czk hlr {~{caay tzcnrinc jak @l{~ka‐~ cttzlcn` i~ jc~kb lh mlbka rk~r~ Acjlzcrlzy rk~r~ v`in` czk ~imtak mcy jk {~ke{a ih czziuihf cr jkczihf nctcniry! k~tknicaay le t{zk nacy~
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
0>
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Zlleihf
Zlle i~ r`k {ttkz ml~r tlzrilh le r`k j{iabihf v`in` tzlrknr~ r`k j{iabihf ezlm zcih! vihb chb ~{h Uczil{~ rytk~ le zlle~ {~kb mcy jk biuibkb jzlcbay ihrl r`zkk rytk~7
Eacr zlle~
Tirn`kb zlle~
^`kaa~ chb elabkb tacrk~
Eacr zlle~ czk {~kb ih tacih~ v`kzk zcihecaa i~ ak~~ chb naimcrk i~ mlbkzcrk Tirn`kb zlle~ czk tzkekzzkb v`kzkukz zcihecaa i~ mlzk ^`kaa~ chb elabkb tacrk zlle~ czk {~kb rl nlukz aczfk nla{mh ezkk czkc~ zks{izkb elz c{birlzi{m~! ecnrlzik~ krn Jzike bk~nzitrilh le r`k~k zlle~ i~ tzk~khrkb jkalv7 3 Eacr Zlle~7 R`k~k zlle~ czk hkczay eacr @lvkukz ~aif`r ~altk (hlr mlzk r`ch 34´) i~ fiukh rl
bzcih l{r r`k zcih vcrkz Caa rytk~ le {ttkz ~rlzky eallz~ nch ~kzuk c~ eacr zlle~ Mchy rimk~ rlt le r`k~k zlle~ czk rzkcrkb vir` vcrkz tzlleihf mcrkzica~-aiok mipihf vcrkz tzlleihf n`kminca~ ih nlhnzkrk! tzluibihf nljc nlhnzkrk Vir` cbukhr le zkaicjak vcrkz tzlleihf rkn`his{k~ ~{n` zlle~ czk nlh~rz{nrkb kukh ih czkc~ vir` `kcuy zcih ecaa R`k cbuchrcfk~ le eacr zlle~ czk7 R`k zlle nch jk {~kb c~ c rkzzcnk elz tacyihf chb nkakjzcrihf e{hnrilh~ Cr chy acrrkz ~rcfk r`k zlle nch jk nlhukzrkb c~ c eallz jy cbbihf chlr`kz
~rlzky R`ky nch ~{ir rl chy ~`ctk le r`k j{iabihf Lukz-`kcb vcrkz rcho~ chb lr`kz ~kzuink~ nch jk alncrkb kc~iay R`ky nch jk mcbk eizk tzlle kc~iay nlmtczkb rl tirn`kb zlle
R`k bi~cbuchrcfk~ le eacr zlle~ czk7 R`ky nchhlr nlukz aczfk nla{mh ezkk czkc~ Akcocfk tzljakm mcy lnn{z cr acrrkz bcrk ca~l b{k rl bkukaltmkhr le
nzcno~ Lhnk akcocfk tzljakm ~rczr~! ir hkkb~ nl~ray rzkcrmkhr~ R`k bkcb vkif`r le eacr zlle~ i~ mlzk Ih tacnk~ le ~hlv ecaa eacr zlle~ czk rl jk culibkb rl zkb{nk ~hlv alcb R`k ihirica nl~r le nlh~rz{nrilh i~ mlzk ^tkkb le nlh~rz{nrilh le eacr zlle~ i~ ak~~
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
02
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Rytk~ le Eacr Zlle~7 Caa r`k rytk~ ai~rkb elz {ttkz eallz~ nch jk {~kb c~ eacr zlle~
: Tirn`kb Zlle~7 Ih r`k czkc~ le `kcuy zcih ecaa~ chb ~hlv ecaa ~altihf zlle czk {~kb R`k ~altk
le zlle ~`caa jk mlzk r`ch 34´ R`ky mcy `cuk ~altk~ c~ m{n` c~ 2;´ rl 54´ ca~l R`k ~altkb zlle~ czk ohlvh c~ tirn`kb zlle~ R`k ~altihf zlle~ czk tzkekzzkb ih aczfk ~tchhkb ~rz{nr{zk~ aiok vlzo~`lt~! ecnrlzy j{iabihf~ chb vczk `l{~k~ Ih caa r`k~k zlle~ nlukzihf ~`kkr~ aiok CN ~`kkr! FI ~`kkr~! riak~! ~acrk~ krn czk ~{ttlzrkb lh ~{ircjak ~rz{nr{zk~ R`k tirn`kb zlle~ czk nac~~ieikb ihrl
^ihfak zlle~
Bl{jak lz t{zaih zlle~
Rz{~~kb zlle~
(c) ^ihfak Zlle7 Ie r`k ~tch le zlle i~ ak~~ r`ch ; m r`k elaalvihf rytk~ le ~ihfak zlle~ czk {~kb
Akch rl zlle~
Nl{takb zlle~
Nl{takb-nal~k zlle
Nlaacz jkcm zlle
Ih caa r`k~k zlle~ zcerkz~ tacnkb cr 544 mm rl 044 mm ~tcnihf czk mcih mkmjkz~ rcoihf alcb le r`k zlle Jcrrkh~ z{h lukz r`k zcerkz~ rl ~{ttlzr riak~ Eif{zk ~`lv~ uczil{~ rytk~ le ~ihfak zlle~
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
0;
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
(j) Bl{jak lz T{zaih Zlle~7 Ie ~tch kpnkkb~! r`k nl~r le zcerkz~ ihnzkc~k chb ~ihfak zlle jknlmk~ {hknlhlminca Elz ~tch~ mlzk r`ch ; m bl{jak t{zaih zlle~ czk tzkekzzkb R`k ihrkzmkbicrk ~{ttlzr i~ fiukh rl zcerkz~ jy t{zaih~ ~{ttlzrkb lukz nlaacz jkcm~ Eif{zk ~`lv~ c rytinca bl{jak lz t{zaih zlle
(n) Rz{~~kb Zlle7 Ie ~tch i~ mlzk! ezcmk vlzo~ le ~akhbkz mkmjkz~ czk {~kb rl ~{ttlzr ~altihf zlle~ R`k~k ezcmk~ czk ohlvh c~ rz{~~k~ C h{mjkz le rz{~~k~ mcy jk tacnkb akhfr`vi~k rl fkr vcaa ezkk alhfkz `caa~ T{zaih~ czk tzluibkb lukz r`k rz{~~k~ v`in` ih r{zh ~{ttlzr zlle ~`kkr~ Elz ~tch~ {t rl 9 m vllbkh rz{~~k~ mcy jk {~kb j{r elz aczfkz ~tch~ ~rkka rz{~~k~ czk c m{~r Ih nc~k le vllbkh rz{~~k~ ~{ircjak ncztkhrzy glihr~ czk mcbk rl nlhhknr uczil{~ mkmjkz~ cr c glihr Jlar~ chb ~rzct~ czk ca~l {~kb Ih nc~k le ~rkka rz{~~k~ glihr~ czk mcbk {~ihf f{~~kr tacrk~ chb jy tzluibihf jlar~ lz ziukr~ lz vkabihf Bktkhbihf {tlh r`k ~tch! rz{~~k~ le bieekzkhr ~`ctk~ czk {~kb Khb le rz{~~k~ czk ~{ttlzrkb lh vcaa~ lz lh nla{mh Eif{zk ~`lv~ bieekzkhr ~`ctk~ le rz{~~k~ {~kb Eif{zk ~`lv~ c rytinca vllbkh rz{~~ bkrcia~ chb Eif{zk ~`lv~ r`k bkrcia~ le c rytinca ~rkka rz{~~
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
05
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
06
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
> ^`kaa~ chb Elabkb Tacrk Zlle~7 ^`kaa zlle mcy jk bkeihkb c~ c n{zukb ~{zecnk! r`k r`inohk~~
le v`in` i~ ~mcaa nlmtczkb rl r`k lr`kz bimkh~ilh~ Ih r`k~k zlle~ alr le alcb i~ rzch~ekzzkb jy mkmjzchk nlmtzk~~ilh ih~rkcb le jy jkhbihf c~ ih r`k nc~k le nlhukhrilhca ~acj chb jkcm nlh~rz{nrilh~ Ncuk~ czk `cuihf hcr{zca ~`kaa zlle~ Ch kpcmihcrilh le tacnk~ le vlz~`it~ j{iar ih Ihbic! K{zltk chb I~acmin hcrilh~ ~`lv r`cr ~`kaa ~rz{nr{zk~ vkzk ih {~cfk elz r`k ac~r 044 rl 3444 ykcz~ @lvkukz r`k ~`kaa~ le mibbak cfk~ vkzk mc~~iuk mc~lhzy ~rz{nr{zk~ j{r hlvcbcy~ r`ih ZNN ~`kaa zlle~ czk j{iar rl nlukz aczfk nla{mh ezkk czkc~ Eif{zk ~`lv~ nlmmlhay {~kb ~`kaa zlle~
Cbuchrcfk~ chb Bi~cbuchrcfk~ le ^`kaa Zlle~
Cbuchrcfk~ le ~`kaa zlle~ czk7 Fllb ezlm ck~r`krin tlihr le uikv Mcrkzica nlh~{mtrilh i~ s{irk ak~~ Elzm vlzo nch jk zkmlukb kczay Aczfk nla{mh ezkk czkc~ nch jk nlukzkb
Bi~cbuchrcfk~ czk7 Rlt ~{zecnk i~ n{zukb chb `khnk cbuchrcfk le rkzzcnk i~ al~r , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
00
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Elzm vlzo i~ nl~ray
Elabkb tacrk zlle~ mcy jk allokb c~ ~acj vir` c h{mjkz le elab~ R`k~k zlle~ czk ca~l ohlvh c~ `ittkb tacrk~! tzi~mcrin ~`kaa~ chb ecarvkzok Ih r`k~k ~rz{nr{zk~ ca~l jkhbihf i~ zkb{nkb chb alr le alcb fkr~ rzch~ekzzkb c~ mkmjzchk nlmtzk~~ilh @lvkukz elabkb tacrk~ czk hlr c~ keeinikhr c~ ~`kaa~ Eif{zk ~`lv~ rytinca elabkb tacrk zlle~
Cbuchrcfk~ chb Bi~cbuchrcfk~ le Elabkb Tacrk Zlle~ lukz ^`kaa Zlle~
Cbuchrcfk~ czk7
Elzm vlzo zks{izkb i~ zkacriukay ~imtakz
Mlucjak elzm vlzo nch jk kmtalykb
Bk~ifh ihulauk~ ~imtakz ncan{acrilh~
Bi~cbuchrcfk~ czk7
Elabkb tacrk nlh~{mk~ mlzk mcrkzica r`ch ~`kaa~
Elzm vlzo nch jk zkmlukb cerkz 6 bcy~ v`iak ih nc~k le ~`kaa~ ir nch jk airrak kczaikz
Zlle Nlukzihf~ elz Tirn`kb Zlle~
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
09
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Uczil{~ rytk~ le nlukzihf mcrkzica~ czk cuciacjak elz tirn`kb zlle~ chb r`kiz ~kaknrilh bktkhb~ {tlh r`k naimcrin nlhbirilh~! ecjzincrilh ecniairy! chb cuciacjiairy le mcrkzica~ chb ceelzbcjiairy le r`k lvhkz Nlmmlhay {~kb tirn`kb zlle nlukzihf mcrkzica~ czk7
R`crn`
^`ihfak
Riak~
^acrk~
C~jk~rl~ nkmkhr (CN) ~`kkr~
Fcauchiwkb izlh (FI) ~`kkr~
R`crn` Nlukzihf7 R`k~k nlukzihf~ czk tzluibkb elz ~mcaa ~tch~! mcihay elz zk~ibkhrica
j{iabihf~ ih uiaacfk~ R`crn` i~ c zlle nlukzihf le ~rzcv! zkkb~ lz ~imiacz mcrkzica~ R`k r`crn` i~ vkaa-~lcokb ih vcrkz lz eizk zk~i~rihf ~la{rilh chb tcnokb j{hbak~ czk acib vir` r`kiz j{rr khb~ tlihrihf rlvczb~ kuk~ R`inohk~~ uczik~ ezlm 3;4 mm rl >44 mm R`ky czk rikb vir` zltk~ lz rvihk~ rl ~{ttlzrihf ~rz{nr{zk~ R`k ~{ttlzrihf ~rz{nr{zk nlh~i~r~ le zl{hb jcmjll zcerkz~ ~tcnkb cr :44 mm rl >44 mm lukz v`in` ~tair jcmjll~ acib cr zif`r chfak~ cr nal~k ~tcnihf Ir i~ nacimkb r`cr zkkb r`crn` nch ac~r ;4 rl 54 ykcz~ v`iak ~rzcv r`crn` mcy ac~r elz :4 „ :4 „ :; :; ykcz~ R`k cbuchrcfk le r`crn` zlle i~ r`ky czk n`kct chb bl hlr hkkb ~oiaakb vlzokz~ rl j{iab r`km R`k bi~cbuchrcfk~ czk r`ky czk ukzy tllz eizk zk~i~rchr chb `czjlz zcr~ chb lr`kz ih~knr~ ^`ihfak~7 Vllb ~`ihfak~ czk hlr`ihf j{r r`k ~tair lz ~cvh r`ih tiknk~ le vllb R`kiz ~iwk
uczik~ ezlm >44 mm rl 244 mm chb akhfr` ezlm 54 mm rl :;4 mm R`kiz r`inohk~~ uczik~ ezlm 34 mm cr lhk khb rl > mm cr r`k lr`kz khb R`ky czk hciakb rl ~{ttlzrihf ~rz{nr{zk~ R`ky czk nlmmlhay {~kb ih `iaay czkc~ elz alv nl~r `l{~ihf R`ky `cuk ukzy tllz eizk chb rkzmirk zk~i~rchnk Riak~7 Uczil{~ nacy riak~ czk mch{ecnr{zkb ih bieekzkhr alncairik~ R`ky ~kzuk c~ fllb
nlukzihf mcrkzica~ Riak~ czk ~{ttlzrkb lukz jcrrkh~ v`in` czk ih r{zh ~{ttlzrkb jy zcerkz~,rz{~~k~ krn Caac`cjcb riak~! Mchfcalzk riak~ czk kpnkaakhr ihrkz-alnoihf riak~ R`ky fiuk fllb cttkczchnk ca~l ^acrk~7 C ~acrk i~ c ~kbimkhrczy zlno Ir~ nlal{z i~ fzcy Ir nch jk kc~iay ~tair ihrl r`ih
~`kkr~ ^acrk~ le ~iwk 2;4 mm rl 544 mm vibk! >44 mm alhf chb 2 rl 0 mm r`ino czk , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
94
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
{~kb c~ nlukzihf mcrkzica~ le tirn`kb zlle~ ih r`k czkc~ v`kzk ~acrk s{czzik~ czk hkczjy C fllb ~acrk i~ `czb! rl{f`! chb b{zcjak R`ky czk `cuihf zl{f` rkpr{zk chb r`ky fiuk zihfihf jkaa aiok ~l{hb v`kh ~rz{no R`ky bl hlr cj~lzj vcrkz CN ^`kkr~7 C~jk~rl~ nkmkhr i~ c mcrkzica v`in` nlh~i~r~ le 3; tkz nkhr le c~jk~rl~
eijzk~ kukhay bi~rzij{rkb chb tzk~~kb vir` nkmkhr R`ky czk mch{ecnr{zkb ih ~{eeinikhray aczfk ~iwk R`k vibr` le c CN ~`kkr uczik~ ezlm 34 rl 3: m chb akhfr` ezlm 36; rl >4 m Rl fkr ~{eeinikhr ~rzkhfr` vir` r`ih ~knrilh~ r`ky czk mch{ecnr{zkb vir` nlzz{fcrilh lz vir` Rzceelzb _Eif{zk] R`ky czk eipkb rl r`k ~rkka t{zaih~ {~ihf G-jlar~ R`k zlleihf i~ s{irk knlhlminca! vcrkztzlle @lvkukz hlr ukzy fllb r`kzmca zk~i~rchr R`ky czk nlmmlhay {~kb c~ nlukzihf mcrkzica~ ih vczk `l{~k~! flblvh~ lz elz aczfkz `caa~ Ih c{birlzi{m krn! ie r`k~k ~`kkr~ czk {~kb! eca~k nkiaihf~ czk tzluibkb rl fkr fllb r`kzmca zk~i~rchnk
FI ^`kkr~7 Fcauchiwkb izlh nlzz{fcrkb ~`kkr~ czk mch{ecnr{zkb ih r`k ~iwk~ 34 rl 3: m
vibk chb 35; m akhfr` Fcauchiwcrilh le izlh mcok~ r`km z{~r tzlle R`ky czk eipkb rl ~rkka t{zaih~ {~ihf G-jlar~ chb vc~`kz~ R`ky czk b{zcjak! eizk tzlle! aif`r ih vkif`r chb hkkb hl mcihrkhchnk R`ky czk nlmmlhay {~kb c~ nlukzihf mcrkzica~ elz vczk `l{~k~! flblvh! ~`kb~ krn Rcjak fiuk~ nlmtczi~lh jkrvkkh FI chb CN ~`kkr~ elz zlle nlukzihf
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
93
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Eallzihf
T{ztl~k le eallzihf i~ rl fkr c fllb `czb! akuka chb jkc{rie{a ~{zecnk elz aiuihf R`k eallz~ bizknray zk~rihf lh r`k fzl{hb czk ohlvh c~ fzl{hb eallz~ v`iak r`k eallz~ le kcn` ~rlzky czk ohlvh c~ {ttkz eallz~ Ecnrlz~ ceeknrihf n`link le eallzihf mcrkzica
Elaalvihf ecnrlz~ czk rl jk nczke{aay nlh~ibkzkb jkelzk ~kaknrihf r`k mcrkzica elz eallzihf le c tczrin{acz j{iabihf Cttkczchnk-Tzlb{nk r`k nlalz keeknr ih nlhelzmiry vir` {~k le j{iabihf Nakchihf-Keeknriuk zk~i~rchnk cfcih~r cj~lztrilh le lia! fzkc~k! krn Nlmelzr-Fllb r`kzmca ih~{acrilh Nl~r- Zkc~lhcjak c~ nlmtczkb rl r`k {riairy le j{iabihf Bcmt zk~i~rchnk- Zk~i~rchnk cfcih~r bcmthk~~ rl tzluibk `kcar`y khuizlhmkhr tzkucia~
ih r`k j{iabihf B{zcjiairy- Imtczr~ zk~i~rchnk rl vkcz! rkcz! n`kminca cnrilh! rkmtkzcr{zk n`chfk~ krn Eizk zk~i~rchnk „ ^{eeinikhr zk~i~rchnk ~l r`cr eizk jczzikz~ czk ljrcihkb jkrvkkh bieekzkhr
akuka~ le c j{iabihf @czbhk~~- Rl mczo~ lz ~ifh~ nc{~kb jy r`k ~`ierihf lz z{jjihf le e{zhir{zk! ks{itmkhr
krn
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
9:
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Mcihrkhchnk „ Mihim{m mcihrkhchnk! ir ~`l{ab jk tl~~ijak rl nczzy l{r r`km ~tkkbiay!
kc~iay! chb vir` mihim{m nl~r Hli~k „ Ir akcb~ rl bi~nlmelzr chb `khnk! cr tacnk~ v`kzk ~iakhnk i~ zks{izkb ^aittkzihk~~-^mllr` j{r hlr ~aittkzy
Fzl{hb Eallz
Ctczr ezlm fiuihf fllb eihi~`kb ~{zecnk! r`k~k eallz~ ~`l{ab `cuk fllb bcmt zk~i~rchnk R`k fzl{hb ~{zecnk i~ zcmmkb vkaa chb c acykz le zkb kczr` lz ~chb i~ tacnkb v`in` i~ nlmtcnrkb C acykz le jzlokh jzino~! ~rlhk~ krn i~ tzluibkb {t rl 3;4 mm jkalv eallz eihi~` akuka chb zcmmkb V`iak zcmmihf r`k ~{zecnk i~ oktr mli~r rl fkr fllb nlmtcnrilh R`kh 3 7 2 7 0 nlhnzkrk le 344 rl 3;4 mm r`inohk~~ i~ tzluibkb c~ jc~k nl{z~k Lukz r`i~ jkb eallz eihi~` i~ acib R`k rytk~ le eallzihf {~kb czk7
M{b chb mllz{m
Jzino
Eacf ~rlhk
Nkmkhr nlhnzkrk
Rkzzcwl
Ml~cin
Mczjak
Riak~
Rimjkz
Z{jjkz
TUN
M{b chb Mllz{m Eallzihf7 R`k~k eallzihf~ czk {~kb ih alv nl~r `l{~ihf! k~tknicaay ih
uiaacfk~ Lukz r`k `czb acykz le kczr` eiaaihf m{b lz mllz{m acykz i~ tzluibkb R`k eallz hkkb~ c r`ih vc~` le nlv b{hf cr akc~r lhnk c vkco
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
9>
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Jzino Eallzihf7 R`i~ i~ ca~l c n`kct eallz nlh~rz{nrilh Ir i~ nlmmlhay {~kb ih flblvh~
chb ecnrlzik~ Jzino~ czk acib eacr lz lh kbfk~ Jzino~ le fllb s{cairy ~`l{ab jk {~kb elz r`k nlh~rz{nrilh Jzino acykz i~ tzluibkb lh ~chb jkb lz lh akch nlhnzkrk (37 07 35) jkb Ih jlr` nc~k~ glihr~ czk zkhbkzkb ea{~` chb eihi~`kb vir` nkmkhr mlzrcz
Eacf ^rlhk Eallzihf7 Acmihcrkb ~chb ~rlhk~ lz ~acrk~ le :4 mm rl 24 mm r`ino ih r`k
elzm le ~acj~ le >44 mm Ö >44 mm lz 2;4 mm Ö 2;4 mm lz ih r`k elzm le zknrchfak~ le ~iwk 2;4 mm Ö 544 mm czk {~kb c~ eallz eihi~`k~ R`k ~rlhk ~acj~ czk acib lh :4 rl :; mm r`ino mlzrcz ~tzkcb lukz nlhnzkrk jkb R`k glihr~ czk rl jk eihi~`kb vir` zin` mlzrcz
Nkmkhr Nlhnzkrk Eallz~7 Ir i~ mlbk~ray n`kct chb b{zcjak eallz chb `khnk nlmmlhay
{~kb ih zk~ibkhrica! nlmmkznica chb ihb{~rzica j{iabihf~ Ir nlh~i~r~ le rvl nl{z~k~-jc~k nl{z~k chb vkczihf nlcr Jc~k nl{z~k i~ acib lukz vkaa nlmtcnrkb ~lia Ir~ r`inohk~~ i~ {~{caay 6; mm rl 344 mm Ir nlh~i~r~ le akch nkmkhr nlhnzkrk mip (3 7 2 7 0) lz aimk nlhnzkrk nlhrcihihf 24+ le 3 7 : aimk mlzrcz chb 54+ le nlcz~k cffzkfcrk le 24 mm ~iwk Cerkz jc~k nl{z~k i~ `czbkhkb vkczihf nlcr le 24 mm i~ acib Ir nlh~i~r~ le tchka~ le 3 m , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
92
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Ö 3 m! : m Ö : m lz 3 m Ö : m Carkzhcrk tchka~ czk acib vir` 3 7 : 7 2 nlhnzkrk {~ihf vllbkh! fac~~ lz c~jk~rl~ ~rzit ~ktczcrlz~ le 3; mm rl :4 mm r`inohk~~ Rl fkr fllb jlhb jkrvkkh jc~k nlcz~k chb vkczihf nlcr nkmkhr ~a{zzy vc~` i~ fiukh jkelzk acyihf vkczihf nlcr tchka~ Cerkz > „ 2 bcy~ le ayihf le lhk ~kr le tchka! chlr`kz carkzhcrk tchka czk acib Rlt le r`k~k tchka~ czk eihi~`kb jy rcmtihf r`k ~{zecnk vir` vllbkh ealcr~ chb rcttihf vir` rzlvka~! riaa nkmkhr ~a{zzy cttkcz~ lh rlt Ir hkkb~ n{zihf elz 6 rl 32 bcy~ Rl fkr fllb cttkczchnk mchy rimk~ zkb-lpibk eihi~`ihf nlcr i~ tzluibkb
Rkzzcwl Eallzihf7 Rkzzcwl eihi~`ihf nlcr i~ cttaikb lukz nlhnzkrk eallzihf rl fkr
takc~ihf cttkczchnk Rkzzcwl eihi~` nlh~i~r~ le 6; rl 04+ le ~{zecnk mczjak n`it~ kmjkbbkb ih nkmkhr mlzrcz Mczjak n`it~ czk mipkb ih nkmkhr ih r`k tzltlzrilh 37 3:; rl 37 : chb cjl{r 5 mm rkzzcwwl rlttihf i~ acib R`k rlt i~ rcmtkb chb zlaakb Cbbirilhca mczjak n`it~ czk ~tzkcb b{zihf rcmtihf rl fkr tzltkz bi~rzij{rilh le mczjak n`it~ lh r`k ~{zecnk Cerkz bzyihf ir elz 3: rl :4 `l{z~! ir i~ n{zkb elz : „ : „ > bcy~ R`kh fzihbihf i~ mcbk ih r`k elaalvihf r`zkk ~rkt~7 l
I~r fzihbihf ‒ [~ihf [~ihf nlcz~k fzcbk (Hl 54) nczjlz{hb{m ~rlhk~
l
IIhb fzihbihf ‒ [~ihf [~ihf mkbi{m fzcbk (Hl 3:4) nczjlz{hb{m ~rlhk~
l
IIIzb fzihbihf ‒ [~ihf [~ihf eihk fzcbk (Hl >:4) nczjlz{hb{m ~rlhk~
Takhry le vcrkz i~ {~kb b{zihf fzihbihf Cerkz kcn` fzihbihf nkmkhr fzl{r le nzkcmaiok nlh~i~rkhny i~ cttaikb chb n{zkb elz 5 „ 5 „ 6 bcy~ Cerkz eihca fzihbihf chb n{zihf r`k eallz i~ vc~`kb vir` takhry le vcrkz chb r`kh vir` bia{rk lpcain cnib ~la{rilh R`kh eallz i~ eihi~`kb vir` tlai~`ihf {~ihf mcn`ihk~ chb vcp tlai~`
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
9;
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Ml~cin Eallzihf7 Ir nlh~i~r~ le c eihi~`ihf nlcr le ~mcaa tiknk~ le jzlokh riak~ le N`ihc
facwkb lz le mczjak czzchfkb ih bieekzkhr tcrrkzh~ ~kr ih aimk-~{zo`i lz nkmkhr mlzrcz R`k jc~k nl{z~k i~ nlhnzkrk eallzihf chb lh ir >4 rl 24 mm mlzrcz acykz i~ tzluibkb Lh r`i~ mlzrcz acykz jzlokh tiknk~ le N`ihc facwkb lz mczjak czk ~kr rl fkr bieekzkhr crrzcnriuk tcrrkzh~ Cerkz :4 rl :2 `l{z~ le bzyihf r`k rlt i~ z{jjkb vir` nczjlz{hb{m ~rlhk rl fkr ~mllr` chb tlai~`kb ~{zecnk
Mczjak Eallzihf7 Mczjak ~acj~ czk n{r rl fkr mczjak riak~ le :4 rl :; mm r`inohk~~
R`ky czk acib lh eallz~ ~imiacz rl lr`kz riak~ Vir` tlvkz bziukh mcn`ihk ~{zecnk i~ tlai~`kb rl fkr kukh chb ~`ihihf ~{zecnk R`i~ rytk le eallzihf i~ vibkay {~kb ih `l~tirca~ chb rkmtak~
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
95
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Riakb Eallzihf7 R`i~ i~ ch carkzhcriuk rl rkzzcwl eallzihf! {~kb nlmmlhay {~kb ih
zk~ibkhrica! leeink chb nlmmkznica j{iabihf~ Riak~ le nacy! nkmkhr lz rkzzcwl le ~rchbczb ~iwk~ czk mch{ecnr{zkb ih ecnrlzik~ {hbkz nlhrzlaakb nlhbirilh~ Lh r`k nlhnzkrk jc~k! :; mm rl >4 mm r`ino mlzrcz i~ acib chb r`k~k riak~ czk tacnkb chb tzk~~kb vir` rzlvka lz vllbkh mcaakr Jkelzk tacnihf riak~ nczk i~ rcokh rl ~kk r`cr! hkcr nkmkhr ~a{zzy i~ cttaikb rl jlrrlm ~ibk chb ~ibk~ le riak~ rl fkr fllb jlhb Hkpr bcy glihr~ czk nakchkb le all~k mlzrcz chb zcokb {t rl ; mm bktr` R`kh r`cr i~ eiaakb vir` nlal{zkb nkmkhr ~a{zzy rl fkr {hielzm nlal{z lh r`k rlt ~{zecnk Cerkz n{zihf elz 6 bcy~ fzihbihf chb tlai~`ihf i~ mcbk c~ ih r`k nc~k le rkzzcwl eallzihf
Rimjkz Eallzihf7 Rimjkz eallzihf czk {~kb ih bchnihf `caa~ chb ih c{birlzi{m~ Rimjkz
tacrk~ mcy jk bizknray tacnkb lh nlhnzkrk jkb lz mcy jk tzluibkb lukz rimjkz ezcmk vlzo Ih acrrkz nc~k ir i~ hknk~~czy rl tzluibk tzltkz ukhriacrilh jkalv r`k eallz R`i~ eallzihf i~ nl~ray
Z{jjkz Eallzihf7 Riak~ lz ~`kkr~ le z{jjkz vir` eiaakz~ ~{n` c~ nlrrlh eijzk~! c~jk~rl~
eijzk lz fzch{acrkb nlzo czk mch{ecnr{zkb ih uczikry le tcrrkzh~ chb nlal{z~ R`k~k ~`kkr~ lz riak~ mcy jk eipkb rl nlhnzkrk lz rimjkz eallz~ R`k~k eallz~ czk crrzcnriuk chb hli~k tzlle @lvkukz r`ky czk nl~ray , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
96
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
TUN Eallzihf7 Tlay-Uihya-N`alzibk (TUN) i~ c tac~rin v`in` i~ cuciacjak ih bieekzkhr
nlalz chb ~`cbk Hlvcbcy~ riak~ le r`i~ mcrkzica czk {~kb vibkay Cb`k~iuk~ czk cttaikb lh nlhnzkrk jc~k c~ vkaa c~ lh jlrrlm le TUN riak~ R`kh r`k riak i~ tzk~~kb fkhray vir` ; of vllbkh zlaakz riaa r`k llwihf le cb`k~iuk i~ ~kkh R`k llwkb l{r cb`k~iuk i~ vitkb chb r`k eallz i~ vc~`kb vir` vczm ~lct vcrkz R`k eallz eihi~` i~ ~mllr`! crrzcnriuk chb nch jk kc~iay nakchkb @lvkukz ir i~ ~aittkzy chb nl~ray
[ttkz Eallz~
Ih labkh bcy~ {ttkz eallz~ vkzk mcbk le rimjkz eallz~ lz ~rkka gli~r chb ~rlhk ~acj~ Elz aczfkz ~tch~ gcno czn` eallzihf~ vkzk {~kb Gcno czn` eallz nlh~i~rkb le I-~knrilh ~rkka jkcm~ ~{ttlzrkb lh vcaa~ chb fct jkrvkkh I-~knrilh~ jkcm~ eiaakb vir` nlhnzkrk czn` Eif{zk ~`lv~ c rytinca gcno czn` eallzihf
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
90
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Hlvcbcy~ ZNN eallz~ czk nlmmlhay {~kb Ir mcy nlh~i~r le lhay ~acj! ie ~tch i~ ak~~ lz ir mcy jk jkcm chb ~acj eallzihf Ih `caa~ le `lrka~ chb c~~kmjay! mchy tzluibk eacr ~acj~ ik ~acj~ bizknray ~{ttlzrkb lukz nla{mh~ R`k nla{mh~ czk tzluibkb vir` vibkhkb tlzrilh ncaakb nla{mh `kcb R`ky fiuk kakfchr allo rl `caa~! tczrin{aczay v`kh r`k `kcb zllm i~ `if` ZNN eallz~ hkkb tzltkz r`inohk~~ chb zkihelznkmkhr~ R`ky czk czziukb cr jy ~rz{nr{zca bk~ifh khfihkkz~ Eif{zk ~`lv~ rytinca ZNN ~acj~
Ih ZNN nlhnzkrk i~ {~kb rl zk~i~r nlmtzk~~ilh chb ~rkka rl zk~i~r rkh~ilh @khnk r`k nlhnzkrk ih rkh~ilh wlhk bl hlr nlhrzij{rk ih zk~i~rihf r`k alcb Ir g{~r okkt~ r`k ~rkka cr zks{izkb tl~irilh Ih zkihelznkb jzino ~acj ch crrkmtr i~ mcbk rl zktacnk nlhnzkrk ih rkh~ilh wlhk jy jzino~ Ir i~ jkrrkz r`kzmca keeinikhr r`ch ~laib nlhnzkrk eallz~ Eif{zk ~`lv~ c rytinca zkihelznkb jzino ~acj
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
99
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Ih zijjkb lz `laalv riakb eallzihf! r`k nlhnzkrk ih rkh~ilh tlzrilh i~ zktacnkb jy `laalv riak~ Eif{zk ~`lv~ c rytinca eallz le r`i~ rytk
Ih tzknc~r nlhnzkrk eallz tchka~ mcy jk {~kb v`in` `kat~ ih culibihf elzm vlzo~! ~rlzihf le ~chb! nlcz~k cffzkfcrk~ krn cr r`k ~irk chb ca~l n{zihf Ecnrlzik~ mch{ecnr{zk r`k~k {hir~ v`in` czk rl jk tacnkb lukz ~{ttlzr~ ih r`k ~rz{nr{zk Eif{zk ~`lv~ r`k nzl~~-~knrilh le c rytinca tzknc~r eallz {hir R`k~k {hir~ czk cuciacjak ih 4:; m vibr`~ chb ih uczil{~ ~tch~ Ihrkzalnoihf fzlluk~ czk tzluibkb lh r`k ~ibk~ rl fkr rif`r nlhhknrilh vir` cbglihihf {hir~
Zlleihf chb eallzihf riak~ , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
344
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
R`k~k czk ca~l nacy tzlb{nr~ aiok jzino j{r czk r`ih Bktkhbihf {tlh r`kiz {~k! j{iabihf riak~ mcy jk e{zr`kz nac~~ieikb c~
Zlleihf riak~
Eallzihf riak~ chb vcaa riak~
Zlleihf Riak~7
Zlleihf riak~ czk {~kb rl nlukz ~altihf zlle~ R`ky czk ~{ttlzrkb lh vllbkh zkctkz~ ^lmkrimk~ aif`r fc{fk ~rkka lz ~rkkb zlb~ czk ca~l {~kb c~ zkctkz~ Cerkz ~{ttlzrihf lh zkctkz~ r`k~k riak~ ~`l{ab jk ~rzlhf khl{f` rl rcok alcb le c mch ~cekay R`k riak~ ~`l{ab `k akco tzlle Hlzmcaay r`k~k riak~ czk `cuihf n{zukb ~{zecnk `cuihf zijjkb ~knrilh~! ~l r`cr vir` r`ih ~knrilh r`ky czk ~{eeinikhray ~rzlhf rl zk~i~r r`k alcb @lvkukz mchy rimk~ eacr riak~ czk {~kb {hbkz n{zukb,zijjkb riak~ R`k~k riak~ czk hlr ~{jgknrkb rl alcb bizknray R`ky ~kzuk ih zkb{nihf cbukz~k r`kzmca keeknr~ Mchfcalzk! Caac`cjcb riak~! chb nlzz{fcrkb riak~ czk tlt{aczay {~kb zlleihf riak~ _Zke Eif{zk] Caac`cjcb riak~ czk fkhkzcaay acib ~ibk jy ~ibk chb r`k glihr~ czk nlukzkb vir` `cae zl{hb riak~ Mchfcalzk riak~ czk zkb ih nlal{z chb r`ky czk le ihrkzalnoihf rytk R`k~k riak~ czk mch{ecnr{zkb ih Mchfcalzk! Ncain{r! Nln`ih chb F{gczcr Nlzz{fcrkb riak~ ~cri~ey r`k zks{izkmkhr~ le cttkczchnk chb akco tzlle j{r r`ky nch jk kc~iay jalvh cvcy jy vihb
R`k bk~izcjak tzltkzrik~ le r`k zlleihf riak~ czk7 R`ky ~`l{ab hlr cj~lzj mli~r{zk mlzk r`ch :4 tkz nkhr jy vkif`r R`ky ~`l{ab fiuk takc~ihf allo R`ky ~`l{ab jk nctcjak le rcoihf alcb le c mch ~cekay! cerkz r`ky czk ~{ttlzrkb lh
zkctkz~ R`ky ~`l{ab jk b{zcjak R`ky ~`l{ab jk {hielzm ih ~`ctk chb ~iwk Vcztcfk ~`l{ab hlr kpnkkb :+ calhf r`k kbfk~ chb 3;+ calhf r`k bicflhca , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
343
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Eallzihf Riak~ chb Vcaa Riak~7
R`k~k riak~ czk mch{ecnr{zkb jy j{zhihf tzk~~kb fzkkh riak~ rvink Eiz~r r`ky czk j{zhr cr 644´N R`kh r`ky czk bittkb ih r`k facwk ~la{rilh chb cfcih j{zhr cr 3:;4´N rl e{~k r`km vir` facwk R`k r`inohk~~ le r`k~k riak~ uczik~ ezlm 3; rl :4 mm R`k~k riak~ czk eacr chb r`ky `cuk takc~ihf cttkczchnk R`kzk czk rvl rytk~ le eallzihf riak~7 (c) Facwkb Riak~7 R`k~k riak~ czk {~kb c~ eihi~` ~{zecnk~ elz eallz~ chb vcaa~ ih oirn`kh chb jcr`zllm~ R`k~k riak~ czk facwkb chb czk tzluibkb vir` crrzcnriuk nlal{z~ chb bk~ifh~ (j) Ml~cin Riak~7 R`k~k czk tzknc~r nlhnzkrk riak~ vir` mczjak n`it~ lh r`k rlt ~{zecnk Cerkz eipihf r`k~k riak~ tlai~`ihf i~ blhk R`k bk~izcjak tzltkzrik~ le eallzihf chb zlleihf riak~ czk7 Rlakzchnk elz akhfr` = ³ ; mm Rlakzchnk elz r`inohk~~ = ³ : mm ^`l{ab jk {hielzm ih ~`ctk chb nlal{z R`ky ~`l{ab jk ~l{hb! `czb chb b{zcjak R`ky ~`l{ab `cuk ukzy alv tkznkhrcfk le vcrkz cj~lztrilh R`ky ~`l{ab fiuk c nakcz zihfihf ~l{hb v`kh ~rz{no vir` kcn` lr`kz R`ky ~`l{ab ~`lv fllb zk~i~rchnk rl cjzc~ilh
Tac~rkzihf , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
34:
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Cttayihf mlzrcz nlcr~ lh r`k ~{zecnk~ le vcaa~! nla{mh~! nkiaihf krn rl fkr ~mllr` eihi~` i~ rkzmkb c~ tac~rkzihf Mlzrcz {~kb elz tac~rkzihf mcy jk aimk mlzrcz! nkmkhr mlzrcz lz aimknkmkhr mlzrcz Aimk mlzrcz {~kb ~`caa `cuk ecr aimk rl ~chb zcril le 37 > lz 37 2 Ie `ybzc{ain aimk i~ {~kb mip tzltlzrilh (aimk7 ~chb) i~ 37 : Nkmkhr mlzrcz le 37 2 lz 37 5 mip i~ ukzy nlmmlhay {~kb elz tac~rkzihf! zin`kz mip jkihf {~kb elz l{rkz vcaa~ Rl nlmjihk r`k nl~r keeknriukhk~~ le aimk mlzrcz chb fllb s{cairy le nkmkhr mlzrcz mchy {~k aimk-nkmkhr mlzrcz le tzltlzrilh (nkmkhr7 aimk7 ~chb) le 37 37 5 lz 37 37 0 lz 37 :7 0
Ljgknriuk~ le tac~rkzihf
R`k ljgknriuk~ le tac~rkzihf czk7 Rl nlhnkca bkeknriuk vlzomch~`it Rl fiuk ~mllr` ~{zecnk rl culib ncrn`ihf le b{~r Rl fiuk fllb allo Rl tzlrknr r`k vcaa ezlm zcih vcrkz chb lr`kz crml~t`kzin cfkhnik~ Rl tzlrknr ~{zecnk~ cfcih~r ukzmir
Zks{izkmkhr le fllb tac~rkz czk7 Ir ~`l{ab cb`kzk rl r`k jcnofzl{hb kc~iay Ir ~`l{ab jk `czb chb b{zcjak Ir ~`l{ab tzkukhr tkhkrzcrilh jy mli~r{zk Ir ~`l{ab jk n`kct
Aimk mlzrcz i~ {~{caay cttaikb ih > nlcr~ v`iak nkmkhr mlzrcz i~ cttaikb ih rvl lz r`zkk nlcr~ elz r`k ~rlhk chb jzino mc~lhzy Elz nlhnzkrk ~{zecnk~ nkmkhr mlzrcz mcy jk cttaikb ih rvl lz r`zkk nlcr~ Elz nlhnzkrk j{iabihf jalno~ mchy rimk~ lhay lhk nlcr le nkmkhr mlzrcz i~ cttaikb R`k eiz~r nlcr tzluibk~ mkch~ le fkrrihf akuka ~{zecnk R`k eihca nlcr tzluibk~ ~mllr` ~{zecnk Ie r`zkk nlcr~ czk {~kb ~knlhb nlcr i~ ohlvh c~ ealcrihf nlcr R`k cukzcfk r`inohk~~ le „ 0 mm R`k eihca nlcr i~ g{~r : rl > mm eiz~r nlcr i~ 34 rl 3; mm Mibbak nlcr r`inohk~~ i~ 5 5 „ r`ino Ie ~ihfak nlcr i~ {~kb ir~ r`inohk~~ i~ oktr jkrvkkh 5 rl 3: mm ^{n` nlcr~ czk {~kb lh nlhnzkrk ~{zecnk~ hlr kptl~kb rl zcih Rlla~ elz tac~rkzihf , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
34>
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
3) Fc{fihf rzlvka :) Ealcr~ >) Ta{mj jlj 2) Ealcrihf z{ak
Tac~rkz~
C tac~rkz i~ c r`ih nlcr le mlzrcz le bieekzkhr nlmtl~irilh~! v`in` nlukz~ r`k ecnk~ chb `ibk~ r`k glihr~ le vcaa~! nkiaihf~! krn lh v`in` ir i~ cttaikb Nkzrcih cbbiriuk~ czk ~lmkrimk~ cbbkb rl imtzluk ir~ cb`k~iukhk~~! b{zcjiairy chb a{~rkz
Rytk~ le tac~rkz
3) Aimk tac~rkz :) Nkmkhr tac~rkz >) M{b tac~rkz 2) Vcrkz „ Vcrkz „ tzlle tzlle tac~rkz
Mkr`lb~ le tac~rkzihf
R`k tac~rkz mcy jk cttaikb ih lhk! rvl lz r`zkk nlcr~! j{r r`k r`inohk~~ le c ~ihfak nlcr ~`l{ab hlr kpnkkb 3:mm Ih nc~k le ihekzilz lz n`kctkz rytk le nlh~rz{nrilh r`k tac~rkz mcy jk cttaikb ih lhk nlcr Elz lzbihczy rytk le nlh~rz{nrilh! r`k tac~rkz i~ {~{caay cttaikb ih rvl nlcr~ v`kzkc~ elz ~{tkzilz rytk le vlzo~! ir i~ cttaikb ih r`zkk nlcr~
R`k eihca ~krrihf nlcr ~`l{ab hlr jk cttaikb {hria r`k tzkuil{~ {hbkz-nlcr i~ caml~r bzy Jkelzk cttayihf r`k hkpr nlcr le tac~rkz r`k tzkuil{~ tac~rkzkb ~{zecnk ~`l{ab jk ~nzcrn`kb lz zl{f`khkb rl elzm c oky vir` lukznlmihf acykz
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
342
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Ih tac~rkzihf! r`k tac~rkz mip i~ kir`kz cttaikb jy r`zlvihf ir vir` fzkcr elznk cfcih~r r`k vcaa~ lz jy tzk~~ihf ir lh r`k ~{zecnk R`k elzmkz mkr`lb i~ nlh~ibkzkb jkrrkz c~ ih r`k acrrkz nc~k? r`k tac~rkz `c~ ak~~ cb`k~ilh chb i~ mlzk tlzl{~ R`k mkr`lb~ le cttayihf r`k elaalvihf nlmmlh rytk~ le tac~rkz~ czk 3) Aimk tac~rkzihf :) Nkmkhr tac~rkzihf >) M{b tac~rkzihf 2) ^r{nnl-tac~rkzihf Aimk tac~rkzihf
Aimk tac~rkzihf i~ r`k tzlnk~~ le nlukzihf r`k ~{zecnk jy aimk tac~rkz lz mlzrcz ih uczil{~ tzltlzrilh~ bktkhbihf {tlh r`k hcr{zk le vlzo chb r`k h{mjkz le nlcr~ rl jk cttaikb R`k~k tzltlzrilh~ le aimk chb ~chb fkhkzcaay cbltrkb elz kir`kz kprkzhca vlo lz ihrkzhca vlzo ^lmkrimk~! chb cbks{crk s{chriry le nkmkhr i~ cbbkb vir` r`k aimk tac~rkz rl ihnzkc~k ir~ ~rzkhfr` tczrin{aczay elz kprkzhca vlzo R`k tzlnk~~ le aimk tac~rkzihf i~ Tzktczcrilh l ~{zecnk elz tac~rkzihf Fzl{hb vcrkz elz tac~rkz Cttaincrilh le tac~rkz nlcr~
Nkmkhr tac~rkzihf
Nkmkhr tac~rkzihf i~ ch ibkca nlcrihf elz kprkzhca zkhbkzihf~ Ir i~ ~tknicaay ~{irkb elz bcmt nlhbirilh~ ~{n` c~ jcr` zllm~! zk~kzuliz~! vcrkz rcho~! eallz~? nltihf~ krn v`kzk hlhcj~lzjkhr ~{zecnk~ czk bk~izkb Nkmkhr tac~rkz i~ {~{caay cttaikb ih ~ihfak nlcr J{r ih nkzrcih nc~k~ v`kh r`inohk~~ le tac~rkz ih mlzk r`ch 3;mm lz ir~ i~ bk~izkb rl `cuk eihkz eihi~`! tac~rkz i~ cttaikb ih rvl nlcr~ M{b tac~rkzihf
R`i~ i~ r`k n`kctk~r rytk le tac~rkzihf fkhkzcaay kmtalykb ih r`k nlh~rz{nrilh le uiaacfk `l{~k~! rkmtlzczy ~`kb~ chb ~rz{nr{zk~ le rkmtlzczy imtlzrchnk Jk~ibk~ jkihf n`kct! ir tzluibk~ ih~{acrilh cfcih~r `kcr chb okkt~ r`k `l{~k nlla elz nlmelzrcjak aiuihf
^r{nnl tac~rkzihf
^r{nnl i~ r`k hcmk fiukh rl ch kpnkaakhr bknlzcriuk tac~rkz {~kb lh jlr` ihrkzilz chb kprkzilz vcaa~ R`k ~r{nnl-tac~rkzkb ~{zecnk `c~ ch crrzcnriuk cttkczchnk v`in` ukzy m{n` , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
34;
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
zk~kmjak~ vir` mczjak eihi~` ~r{nnl i~ fkhkzcaay acib ih r`zkk nlcr~ ih rlrca r`inohk~~ le cjl{r :;mm Eiz~r nlcr-~nzcrn` lz zl{f` nlcr-rl jlhb vir` vcaa~ chb tzluibk ~rzkhfr` ^knlhb nlcr-eihkz lz jzlvh nlcr-tzluibk~ bk~izkb ~`ctk rl r`k ~{zecnk R`izb nlcr-eihca lz eihi~`ihf nlcr-ceelzb~ r`k zks{izkb rkpr{zk! ~mllr`hk~~ chb
bknlzcriuk cttkczchnk Bkeknr~ ih tac~rkzihf
Bkeknr~ ml~r ezks{khray hlrinkb ih tac~rkz ecaa ihrl lhk le r`k elaalvihf ncrkflzik~7
Hlh-~rz{nr{zca nzcno~
^rz{nr{zca nzcno~
Bkjlhbihf
Acno le `czbhk~~
Fzihhihf
Kptch~ilh
Tlttihf
Hlh-~rz{nr{zca nzcno~
Nzcwihf i~ c hkrvlzo le eihk nzcno~! {~{caay ih c `kpcflhca tcrrkzh! v`in` mkc~{zk~ jkrvkkh ; chb 6; mm cnzl~~ kcn` `kpcflh Nzcwk nzcno~ czk {~{caay ukzy eihk chb ~`caalv chb bl hlr kprkhb r`zl{f` r`k v`lak bktr` le r`k tac~rkz R`ky czk {~{caay r`k zk~{ar le lukz rzlvka aihf c zin` mip (lhk vir` `if` nkmkhr nlhrkhr) lz {~ihf ~chb nlhrcihihf ch kpnk~~iuk cml{hr le b{~r (mlzk r`ch 3;+ jy mc~~ tc~~ihf c 4!46; mm ~ikuk) Nzcwihf lerkh lnn{z~ vir`ih c ekv `l{z~ le r`k tac~rkz jkihf cttaikb rl r`k vcaa chb nzcno~ mcy `czbay jk ui~ijak {hria b{~r lz mli~r{zk mcok~ r`km hlrinkcjak Nzcwk nzcno~ czk le airrak imtlzrchnk! bl hlr ltkh chb nal~k vir` rimk! chb nch jk nlukzkb {~ihf zkc~lhcjak s{cairy tcihr Ie hknk~~czy! fac~~ eijzk ri~~{k nch jk cttaikb b{zihf r`k tcihrihf ltkzcrilh
Mct nzcnoihf i~ ~imiacz rl nzcwihf kpnktr r`cr ir i~ {~{caay bkktkz (~lmkrimk~ flihf r`zl{f` r`k tac~rkz) chb r`k `kpcflh~ le r`k tcrrkzh mcy mkc~{zk {t rl :44 mm cnzl~~ R`k~k nzcno~ hlzmcaay lnn{z v`kh c tac~rkz mip vir` `if` nkmkhr nlhrkhr i~ {~kb lz r`k tac~rkz i~ caalvkb rl bzy rll s{inoay , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
345
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Nc{~k~ le kpnk~~iuk kczay mli~r{zk al~~ czk7 l
Kuctlzcrilh! ie r`k vcaa i~ hlr tzlrknrkb ezlm ~{h chb vihb
l
^{nrilh ihrl r`k vcaa~! ie r`k mc~lhzy {hir~ czk cj~lzjkhr chb r`ky `cuk hlr jkkh bcmtkhkb
l
[~k le ~chb r`cr i~ jcbay fzcbkb chb acno~ eihk mcrkzica (ak~~ r`ch ;+ jy mc~~ tc~~ihf r`k 4!46; mm ~ikuk)
l
Hlr {~ihf j{iabihf aimk lz c mc~lhzy nkmkhr v`kh r`k ~chb acno~ eihk mcrkzica
V`kh r`k nzcno~ czk hlrinkb v`iak r`k tac~rkz i~ ~riaa tac~rin! r`ky czk lerkh ealcrkb nal~kb! lhay rl zkcttkcz ~lmk rimk acrkz R`k~k nzcno~ nch jk eiaakb vir` tzltzikrczy eiaakz chb jk tcihrkb lukz Fac~~ eijzk ri~~{k nch ca~l jk cttaikb b{zihf tcihrihf Nzcnoihf v`in` zk~{ar~ v`kh ch kpnk~~iuk cml{hr le vcrkz i~ al~r ezlm r`k tac~rkz ih r`k eiz~r `l{z~ cerkz cttaincrilh i~ ohlvh c~ tac~rin ~`zihocfk nzcnoihf Mct nzcnoihf nch jk b{k rl tac~rin ~`zihocfk c~ nch r`k `lziwlhrca nzcno~ v`in` elzm cr nlzhkz~ chb jkrvkkh vihblv~ Bzyihf ~`zihocfk nzcno~ czk r`k zk~{ar le mli~r{zk al~~ cerkz r`k tac~rkz `c~ `czbkhkb Tac~rkz viaa cavcy~ ~`ziho chb nzcno ~l ir i~ bk~izcjak r`cr i~ ~`l{ab bkukalt c aczfk h{mjkz le eihk! {hhlrinkcjak nzcno~ cr nal~k ~tcnihf~ Tac~rkz~ vir` ukzy `if` nkmkhr nlhrkhr~ chb r`l~k v`in` czk mcbk vir` tllz s{cairy ~chb~ `cuihf c `if` vcrkz zks{izkmkhr viaa rkhb rl bkukalt c ekv! vibkay-~tcnkb nzcno~ Tac~rkz cttaikb ih acykz~ r`cr czk rll r`ino viaa ca~l rkhb rl nzcno ih r`i~ vcy R`k~k nzcno~ czk hlzmcaay ~rcjak chb nch jk eiaakb vir` c tzltzikrczy eiaakz chb jk tcihrkb lukz ^rz{nr{zca nzcno~
^lmk nzcno~ ui~ijak ih r`k tac~rkz mcy zk~{ar ezlm nzcnoihf le r`k vcaa R`i~ nch jk nc{~kb jy bieekzkhrica mlukmkhr le r`k el{hbcrilh~! mli~r{zk kptch~ilh lz bzyihf ~`zihocfk le mc~lhzy {hir~! lz r`kzmca mlukmkhr le r`k zlle R`i~ rytk le nzcno lerkh elzm~ ih ~rzcif`r ukzrinca lz `lziwlhrca aihk~! lz ih ~rkttkb bicflhca aihk~! chb mcy jk s{irk {h~if`ray R`k nzcno vibr` viaa lerkh uczy vir` r`k ~kc~lh~ Jknc{~k r`k~k nzcno~ lzifihcrk ih r`k vcaa chb hlr ih r`k tac~rkz! zktcizihf r`k tac~rkz i~ ihkeeknriuk C ~tknicai~r ~`l{ab jk ncaakb ih rl k~rcjai~` r`k nc{~k le r`k nzcnoihf chb rl zknlmmkhb zkmkbica mkc~{zk~
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
346
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
^{n` mkc~{zk~ mcy ihna{bk ~rz{nr{zca carkzcrilh~ v`in` n`chfk nzcno~ ihrl mlukmkhr glihr~ Ui~ijak glihr~ nch jk `ibbkh jy nlukz ~rzit~ eipkb lh lhk ~ibk le r`k glihr lz ~kcakb vir` kac~rlmkzin ~kcachr~
Bkjlhbihf
Bkjlhbihf le tac~rkz i~ lerkh hlrinkb c~ c `laalv ~l{hb v`kh r`k ~{zecnk i~ rcttkb Tac~rkz i~ ihnaihkb rl n{za chb bkjlhb ezlm r`k vcaa jknc{~k r`k l{r~ibk ~oih le r`k tac~rkz r`cr i~ kptl~kb rl r`k ciz viaa ~`ziho cr c bieekzkhr zcrk ezlm r`k tac~rkz ih nlhrcnr vir` r`k vcaa R`i~ i~ k~tknicaay rz{k le kpnk~~iukay r`ino tac~rkz acykz~ ^mcaa czkc~ le bkjlhbihf (cjl{r r`k ~iwk le c tacrk) czk hlr ~ifhieinchr! j{r aczfkz czkc~ ~`l{ab jk zkmlukb chb zktacnkb Jknc{~k bkjlhbihf i~ fkhkzcaay r`k zk~{ar le ihcbks{crk tzktczcrilh le r`k ~{j~rzcrk! ir i~ imtlzrchr rl mcok ~{zk r`cr r`k jlhb jkrvkkh tac~rkz chb vcaa i~ c~ fllb c~ tl~~ijak R`i~ nch jk blhk jy7 l
Nakchihf b{~ry lz liay vcaa ~{zecnk~ r`lzl{f`ay
l
Caalvihf r`k vcaa~ rl zkcn` r`k nlzzknr mli~r{zk nlhrkhr
l
[~ihf c nkmkhr ~a{zzy lz ~tcrrkz bc~` nlcr jkelzk tac~rkzihf
l
[~ihf jlhbihf ais{ib~ chb elaalvihf r`k tzlnkb{zk zknlmmkhbkb jy r`k mch{ecnr{zkz
Acno le `czbhk~~
R`kzk czk hl ~tknieincrilh~ nlukzihf r`k `czbhk~~ lz ~rzkhfr` le tac~rkz! chb r`kzk i~ hl zkaicjak vcy le mkc~{zihf ir Kuca{crilh i~ lerkh nczzikb l{r jy ~nzcrn`ihf r`k ~{zecnk vir` c `czb ~`czt ljgknr ~{n` c~ c ~nzkvbziukz lz c oky! chb i~ nlh~ks{khray s{irk ~{jgknriuk Ir i~ lerkh jkrrkz rl `cuk c ~aif`ray vkcokz tac~rkz r`cr i~ ak~~ aiokay rl ~`lv ~ifhieinchr nzcnoihf lz bkjlhbihf r`ch lhk v`in` i~ rll ~rzlhf @lvkukz! ukzy vkco tac~rkz~ viaa jk {hcjak rl zk~i~r imtcnr~? viaa `cuk zkb{nkb zk~i~rchnk rl vcrkz tkhkrzcrilh chb tinr{zk hcia~ viaa rkhb rl ecaa l{r R`ky ca~l rkhb rl khnl{zcfk ml~~ fzlvr` lh ~`karkzkb ecnk~ tczrin{aczay ie tllz s{cairy tcihr i~ {~kb
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
340
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
R`kzk czk eiuk nlmmlh nc{~k~ le ~ler tac~rkz7 l
Ih~{eeinikhr nkmkhr
l
R`k {~k le ~chb nlhrcihihf kpnk~~iuk s{chririk~ le b{~r (mlzk r`ch 3;+ jy mc~~ tc~~ihf r`k 4!46; mm ~ikuk)
l
R`k {~k le c mip vir` tllz vcrkz zkrkhrilh tzltkzrik~
l
R`k cbbirilh le kprzc vcrkz ~lmk rimk cerkz eiz~r mipihf (c tzcnrink ohlvh c~ zkrkmtkzihf)
l
Zctib bzyihf b{k rl tac~rkzihf ih e{aa ~{h lz vihb
R`k lhay lhk le r`k~k nc{~k~ v`in` nch jk nlheizmkb jy rk~rihf `czbkhkb tac~rkz ih r`k acjlzcrlzy i~ r`cr le ih~{eeinikhr nkmkhr! chb lhay ie zktzk~khrcriuk ~cmtak~ le r`k ~chb chb nkmkhr {~kb ih r`k tac~rkz czk cuciacjak rl r`k acjlzcrlzy blihf r`k rk~rihf [htcihrkb tac~rkz nch jk rzkcrkb vir` tzltzikrczy tzlb{nr~ R`k~k mcrkzica~ mcy ihnzkc~k `czbhk~~ rl ~lmk bkfzkk Tcihrkb tac~rkz nch lhay jk zkmlukb chb zktacnkb R`k ihnlhukhikhnk le r`i~ ltrilh `c~ rl jk vkif`kb {t cfcih~r aiuihf vir` r`k vkco! {h~cri~ecnrlzy tac~rkz C nlcr le `if`-s{cairy kprkzilz tcihr viaa hlzmcaay zkb{nk r`k zi~o le vcrkz tkhkrzcrilh rl cnnktrcjak akuka~ ie r`k tac~rkz i~ ~rzlhf khl{f` rl `lab ~{n` tcihr Czkc~ v`in` czk tczrin{aczay ~{~nktrijak rl imtcnr! ~{n` c~ nlzhkz~! nch jk zktac~rkzkb vir` zkacriukay airrak bi~z{trilh Fzihhihf
Fzihhihf i~ r`k rkzm fiukh rl r`k cttkczchnk le c tac~rkzkb vcaa v`kh r`k tl~irilh~ le r`k mlzrcz glihr~ czk nakczay ui~ijak r`zl{f` r`k tac~rkz Ir i~ nc{~kb jy r`k bieekzkhnk ih ~{nrilh jkrvkkh r`k mc~lhzy {hir~ chb r`k mlzrcz Zcoihf l{r mlzrcz glihr~ ca~l nc{~k~ fzihhihf chb r`k tzcnrink ~`l{ab r`{~ jk aimirkb rl ~ler nacy jzinovlzo V`iak fzihhihf mcy jk {h~if`ray! ir i~ {haiokay rl akcb rl e{zr`kz nzcnoihf R`k n`link i~ rl aiuk vir` ir! lz rl zkmluk chb zktacnk r`k tac~rkz Cttaincrilh le ch {hbkznlcr lz c ~tcrrkz bc~` nlcr jkelzk tac~rkzihf viaa `kat rl culib fzihhihf Kptch~ilh
R`i~ ihna{bk~ ~vkaaihf! ~lerkhihf! acykz nzcnoihf chb ~tcaaihf le r`k tac~rkz Ir i~ {~{caay nc{~kb jy r`k ihna{~ilh le tzltzikrczy fyt~{m-jc~kb tzlb{nr~ ih r`k mip [hbkz mli~r nlhbirilh~! r`k ~{at`crk ezlm r`k fyt~{m zkcnr~ vir` r`k tlzrachb nkmkhr tc~rk chb elzm~ nlmtl{hb~ le ihnzkc~kb ula{mk v`in` bi~z{tr r`k tac~rkz R`k lhay zkmkby elz kptch~ilhihb{nkb bi~z{trilh b{k rl fyt~{m ih r`k mip i~ rl zkmluk chb zktacnk r`k tac~rkz , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
349
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Tlttihf
Tlt l{r~ czk nlhinca ezcfmkhr~ r`cr jzkco l{r le r`k ~{zecnk le r`k tac~rkz akcuihf `lak~ v`in` uczy ih ~iwk R`ky czk nc{~kb jy r`k tzk~khnk le nlhrcmihchr tczrinak~ ih r`k mip v`in`! zkcnrihf vir` r`k mli~r{zk ih r`k mip! kptchb chb nc{~k ncuirik~ ih r`k tac~rkz Nlhrcmihchr~ czk {~{caay ~kkb~! lr`kz lzfchin mcrkzica! lz tczrinak~ le bkcb j{zhr aimk Lhnk r`k nc{~k le r`k tlt l{r `c~ jkkh zkmlukb! r`k `lak nch jk eiaakb vir` tzltzikrczy eiaakz chb tcihrkb lukz (
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
334
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Tlihrihf
Ih~rkcb le tac~rkzihf khrizk ~{zecnk le r`k mc~lhzy! ~tknica mlzrcz eihi~`ihf vlzo i~ blhk rl r`k kptl~kb glihr~ R`i~ i~ ncaakb tlihrihf Ir nlh~i~r~ le zcoihf r`k glihr~ rl c bktr` le 34 mm rl :4 mm chb eiaaihf ir vir` zin`kz mlzrcz mipk~ Ih nc~k le aimk mlzrcz tlihrihf mip {~kb i~ 3 7 : chb ih nc~k le nkmkhr mlzrcz tlihrihf mip {~kb i~ 3 7 > Tlihrihf i~ ibkcaay ~{irkb elz ~rlhk mc~lhzy jknc{~k ~rlhk~ czk `cuihf crrzcnriuk nlalz~ chb fllb zk~i~rchnk rl tkhkrzcrilh jy vcrkz Tlihrihf fiuk~ tkzeknrilh rl vkcokz tczr le mc~lhzy ( ik rl glihr~) chb ir cbb~ rl ck~r`krin uikv le r`k mc~lhzy
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
333
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Tcihrihf
„ 3;4 Tcihr i~ c ais{ib ~{zecnk nlcrihf Lh bzyihf ir elzm~ c r`ih eiam (54 (54 „ 3;4 \) lh r`k tcihrkb ~{zecnk Tcihr~ czk nac~~ieikb c~ lia tcihr~! vcrkz tcihr~! nkmkhr tcihr~! jir{mihl{~ tcihr~ chb ~tknica tcihr~ ~{n` c~ eizk tzlle tcihr~! a{mihl{~ tcihr~! n`alzihcrkb z{jjkz tcihr~ (elz tzlrknrihf ljgknr~ cfcih~r cnib e{mk~)! krn R`k e{hnrilh~ le r`k tcihr~ czk7 rl tzlrknr r`k nlcrkb ~{zecnk cfcih~r tl~~ijak ~rzk~~k~ ‒ t`y~inca mkn`chinca lz n`kminca? bkrkzilzcrilh bkrkzilzcrilh ‒ t`y~inca lz khuizlhmkhrca? bknlzcrk r`k ~rz{nr{zk jy fiuihf ~mllr` chb nlalze{a eihi~`? n`kno tkhkrzcrilh le vcrkz r`zl{f` ZNN? n`kno r`k elzmcrilh le jcnrkzic chb e{hf{~! v`in` czk {h`yfikhin chb fiuk {fay allo rl r`k vcaa~? n`kno r`k nlzzl~ilh le r`k mkrca ~rz{nr{zk~? n`kno r`k bkncy le vllb vlzo chb rl uczhi~` r`k ~{zecnk rl bi~tacy ir rl jkrrkz cbuchrcfk
3) Tcihrihf tac~rkzkb ~{zecnk Tcihrihf c hkv ~{zecnk
^{zecnk tzktczcrilh7 Tcihr nchhlr rcok nczk le nlh~rz{nrilh bkeknr~ Jkelzk cttayihf r`k tcihr ir i~ kh~{zkb r`cr r`k ~{zecnk i~ ezkk ezlm b{~r! bizr! all~k mcrrkz! fzkc~k krn chb i~ z{jjkb vir` ch kmkzy tctkz! rl tzluibk c mkn`chinca oky jkrvkkh ~{zecnk chb tcihr elz ~cri~ecnrlzy cb`k~ilh ^ks{khnk le tcihrihf7 R`k tzimkz (eiz~r nlcr) i~ cttaikb vir` jz{~` lz ~tzcy lh r`k tzktczkb ~{zecnk Ir ~`l{ab jk r`ihhkb vir` vcrkz lz r`ihhkz ih r`k zknlmmkhbkb mchhkz chb tzltlzrilh jkelzk cttaincrilh Cerkz bzyihf ir i~ z{jjkb vir` kmkzy tctkz Bkhr~ chb nzcno~! ie chy! czk eiaakb vir` t{rry {~ihf c ohiek cttaincrlz T{rry ~`l{ab hlr jk cttaikb r`ino Ie r`k zks{izkb r`inohk~~ i~ aczfk! ir ~`l{ab jk cttaikb ih rvl nlcr~ Cerkz r`k t{rry `c~ bzikb! r`k v`lak ~{zecnk i~ z{jjkb blvh vkaa ih lzbkz rl ~mllr`kh r`k t{rry chb tzluibk c mkn`chinca oky rl r`k eihi~`kb nlcr~ Rvl lz r`zkk eihi~` nlcr~ czk cttaikb Kcn` nlcr i~ caalvkb rl bzy jkelzk r`k cttaincrilh le hkpr nlcr Tcihrihf lab ~{zecnk
R`k tzlnkb{zk bktkhb~ lh r`k ~rcrk le r`k kpi~rihf nlcrihf Ie chy le r`k bkeknr~ bi~n{~~kb jkalv i~ ukzy m{n` tzlhl{hnkb ir i~ nlmtakrkay zkmlukb chb r`k ~{zecnk i~ tcihrkb c~ c hkv ~{zecnk
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
33:
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
N`caoihf7 Nakch r`k ~{zecnk? z{j vir` ch kmkzy tctkz ~l r`cr r`k n`cao i~ zkmlukb Cttay lhk lz rvl eihi~` nlcr~ Keealzk~nkhnk! Keealzk~nkhnk! jai~rkzihf! jai~rkzihf! nzcnoihf chb eacoihf7 ^nzct lee r`k lab tcihr ezlm ceeknrkb czkc~ Rl{n` {t vir` tzimkz chb cttay lhk lz rvl eihi~` nlcr~ lh ceeknrkb czkc~ Z{j r`k khrizk ~{zecnk chb cttay r`k eihi~` nlcr~ Fal~~czy ~{zecnk7 Zkmluk caa fal~~ jy z{jjihf vir` kmkzy tctkz chb r`kh cttay r`k eihi~` nlcr~ E{hf{~ fzlvr`7 fzlvr`7 Zkmluk r`k e{hf{~ Cttay e{hfinibca ~la{rilh aijkzcaay chb lj~kzuk elz e{zr`kz fzlvr` Ie hl e{zr`kz fzlvr` le e{hf{~ i~ lj~kzukb cttay r`k bk~izkb tcihr
:) Tcihrihf vllb ~{zecnk~
„ 2 nlcr~ czk ~{eeinikhr Tcihrihf le vllb vlzo ~`l{ab jk blhk vir` fzkcr nczk Hlzmcaay > > „ elz vllb vlzo Hkv vllb ~{zecnk ^{zecnk tzktczcrilh7 R`k vllb ~`l{ab jk vkaa ~kc~lhkb! bzikb! nakchkb chb r`k ~{zecnk
mcbk ~mllr` vir` ch kmkzy tctkz Hcia~! ie chy! ~`l{ab jk bziukh blvh r`k ~{zecnk jy cr akc~r > mm Ohlrrihf7 Ohlr~ ih r`k vllb nzkcrk alr le tzljakm~ R`k~k kpnzkrk zk~ih v`in` nc{~k~
bkeknr~ ~{n` c~ nzcnoihf! tkkaihf chb jzlvh bi~nlalzcrilh Ohlrrihf i~ blhk ~l r`cr zk~ih nchhlr kp{bk ezlm r`k ohlr~ Chy le r`k elaalvihf mkr`lb~ mcy jk {~kb ~{ircjay Lzbihczy ohlrrihf7 R`i~ i~ ca~l ohlvh c~ ~iwk ohlrrihf R`k ohlr i~ rzkcrkb vir` c nlcr
le `lr zkb akcb fzl{hb vir` c ~rzlhf fa{k ~iwk ih vcrkz R`kh c nlcr le zkb akcb fzl{hb ih jliakb aih~kkb lia i~ cttaikb Aimk ohlrrihf7 R`k ohlr i~ nlukzkb vir` `lr aimk elz :2 `l{z~ cerkz v`in` ir i~ ~nzcttkb
lee R`kzkcerkz! r`k tzlnk~~ bk~nzijkb ih lzbihczy ohlrrihf i~ elaalvkb Tcrkhr ohlrrihf7 Rvl nlcr~ le uczhi~` lz ~`kaacn czk cttaikb Tzimczy nlcr7
R`k mcih e{hnrilh le tzimihf nlcr lz tzimkz i~ rl elzm r`k jc~k elz ~{j~ks{khr lhk~ Cerkz ohlrrihf tzimihf nlcr i~ cttaikb lukz r`k khrizk ~{zecnk rl eiaa caa r`k tlzk~ C ~knlhb tzimihf nlcr i~ cttaikb cerkz eiz~r `c~ bzikb Ih fkhkzca r`k ihfzkbikhr~ czk ~cmk c~ r`l~k le r`k ~{j~ks{khr nlcr~ j{r vir` c bieekzkhnk ih tzltlzrilh C rytinca nlmtl~irilh le tzimkz mcy jk , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
33>
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
^rlttihf7
Cerkz r`k tzimihf nlcr t{rry i~ cttaikb rl eiaa r`k tlzk~ le r`k ~{zecnk R`kh ir i~ z{jjkb ~mllr` Nlalzihf tifmkhr i~ ca~l cbbkb rl ir rl mcrn` r`k ~`cbk le r`k eihi~`kb nlcr Lh bzyihf! r`k ~kaknrkb tcihr i~ cttaikb vir` jz{~`k~ rl jzihf ~mllr`hk~~ chb {hielzmiry ih nlalz Cerkz tcihrihf r`k ~{zecnk ih lhk bizknrilh! r`k jz{~` i~ vlzokb ih r`k tkztkhbin{acz bizknrilh rl kaimihcrk jz{~` mczo~ R`i~ i~ ohlvh c~ nzl~~ihf Caa r`k ~{nnk~~iuk nlcr~ czk cttaikb cerkz bzyihf chb ~aif`r z{jjihf le tzkuil{~ nlcr~ elz tzltkz jlhb Lab vllb vlzo
R`k lab tcihr i~ zkmlukb vir` c ~`czt fac~~ tiknk! ~chb tctkz! tcihr zkmlukz lz vir` c jalv acmt Chy ~mloy lz fzkc~y ~{j~rchnk ~`l{ab jk vc~`kb vir` aimk chb ~{j~ks{khray z{jjkb vir` t{mink ~rlhk R`k ~{zecnk i~ r`kh vc~`kb vir` ~lct chb vcrkz chb bzikb nlmtakrkay R`kh rvl nlcr~ le tcihr~ czk cttaikb ih c vcy ~imiacz rl r`cr bk~nzijkb ih tcihrihf hkv ~{zecnk~ Tcihr~ elz vllb vlzo
Mipkb tifmkhr tcihr tzluibk~ jkrrkz tzlrknrilh? v`irk akcb nlmjihkb vir` wihn lpibk chb c mlbkzcrk cml{hr le eiaakz ~{n` c~ jczyrk~ lz ~iainc fiuk~ fllb zk~{ar~ Rihrkb tcihr~ `cuk tzlukb rl jk ~cri~ecnrlzy elz mcihrcihihf nlalz chb b{zcjiairy Fkhkzcaay khcmka tcihr~ czk jk `if`aif`rkb r`k lhay n`link i~ r`k uczhi~` elzmihf c rzch~tczkhr lz rzch~a{nkhr eiam >) Tcihrihf mkrca ~{zecnk Hkv izlh vlzo
R`k ~{zecnk ~`l{ab jk ezkk ezlm ~ncak~! z{~r chb fzkc~k ^ncak~ chb z{~r czk nakchkb jy `czb vizk jz{~` Fzkc~k i~ zkmlukb jy {~ihf tkrzlak{m lz jy `lr caocaihk ~la{rilh le Hc:NL> lz HcL@! jkhwkhk! chb aimk vcrkz C tzimihf nlcr le zkb akcb vir` jczyrk~ chb zcv aih~kkb lia i~ r`kh cttaikb lukz r`k tzktczkb ~{zecnk Cerkz bzyihf le r`k tzimihf nlcr! lhk lz mlzk {hbkznlcr~ vir` bk~izkb tcihr czk cttaikb R`k ~knlhb nlcr i~ fiukh lhay cerkz r`k eiz~r nlcr `c~ bzikb R`k eihi~`ihf nlcr i~ cttaikb nczke{aay rl tzlb{nk c ~mllr` eihk ~{zecnk Lab izlh vlzo
R`k ~{zecnk i~ tzktczkb jy ~nzctihf tzltkzay caa r`k ~ncak~ chb z{~r vir` kmkzy tctkz R`k fzkc~y ~{j~rchnk~ czk zkmlukb vir` aimk vcrkz R`k lab tcihr mcy jk j{zhkb vir` c jalv acmt lz jy ~{ircjak ~laukhr~ Cerkz r`i~ r`k ~{zecnk i~ jz{~`kb vir` `lr aih~kkb lia chb tcihrkb c~ elz hkv izlh vlzo
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
332
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
2) Tcihr~ elz ~rz{nr{zca ~rkka vlzo
R`k mcglz tzljakm rl lukznlmk ih tcihrihf izlh chb ~rkka i~ nlzzl~ilh b{k rl kaknrzlay~i~ nc{~kb jy r`k tzk~khnk le ciz chb mli~r{zk Zkb akcb i~ nlh~ibkzkb rl jk r`k jk~r tzimihf nlcr? ir tzlb{nk~ c rl{f` kac~rin eiam! imtkzuil{~ rl ciz chb mli~r{zk T{zk aih~kkb lia tzimihf nlcr i~ bkrzimkhrca ih r`cr ir ~rim{acrk~ nlzzl~ilh R`k aih~kkb lia eiam i~ zkhbkzkb mlzk imtkzuil{~ jy r`k {~k le ~tcz uczhi~` Fzct`irk tcihr {~kb elz jacno nlalz! i~ ukzy b{zcjak chb i~ hlr ceeknrkb jy ~{at`{z eiam~! cmmlhic lz n`alzihk fc~k~ ^iainc-fzct`irk tcihr~ czk jk~r? r`ky bl hlr nzcno chb jai~rkz ih nl{z~k le rimk Ca{mih{m tcihr i~ ca~l fcihihf tlt{acziry jknc{~k le ir~ ~`ihihf chb nlhrzc~r tzltkzrik~ chb `kcr chb n`kminca zk~i~rchnk Jir{mihl{~ tcihr~ mcy jk ukzy vkaa cbctrkb rl tcihr ih~ibk le titk~! izlh {hbkz vcrkz~! tiak~! ~`it~ chb jlcr~? r`ky czk {h~cri~ecnrlzy v`kh kptl~kb rl ~{haif`r Akcb lz wihn tcihr ~`l{ab hkukz jk cttaikb bizknray lukz r`k izlh ~{zecnk c~ ir khnl{zcfk~ fcauchin cnrilh bk~rzlyihf r`k tcihr Bkeknr~
C tcihrkb j{iabihf vir` e{aa nlal{z keeknr~ fiuk~ nlmtakrk ~cri~ecnrilh J{r r`k cttkczchnk le bkeknr~ jknlmk~ c zkcby ~l{znk le nlmtacihr [helzr{hcrkay tcihrihf bkeknr~ czk jy hl mkch~ {hnlmmlh R`ky mcy czi~k ezlm c uczikry le nc{~k~ j{r r`k tzihnitca zkc~lh~ jk`ihb r`km czk ihnlzzknr n`link le tcihr ih zkacrilh rl jcnoihf mcrkzica~! cttaincrilh le tcihr rl c bcmt ~{zecnk lz lhk rl v`in` mli~r{zk mcy `cuk cnnk~~ chb? tllz vlzomch~`it 3) Keeknr~ le jcno fzl{hb
R`k ecnrlz~ ceeknrihf b{zcjiairy czk bcmthk~~! nakchaihk~~! mlukmkhr~! n`kminca zkcnrilh~! krn Bcmthk~~ R`k rzcbirilhca nlh~rz{nrilh~ ih jzino! nkmkhr! krn ihulauk r`k {~k le vkr tzlnkb{zk~ Ie tcihr i~ cttaikb lh ch ih~{eeinikhray bzy jcnofzl{hb r`k mli~r{zk i~ rzcttkb chb ih r`k tzlnk~~ le ~{j~ks{khr bzyihf r`k cb`k~ilh le r`k tcihr jzkco~ blvh Km{a~ilh tcihr~ czk ~lmkv`cr jkrrkz ih r`i~ zk~tknr Nakchaihk~~ Tcihr viaa hlr cb`kzk rl r`k ~{zecnk ie ir i~ hlr nakchkb le bizr lz b{~r Mlukmkhr~ R`k tcihrihf tzlnk~~k~ nch jk bkacykb elz tzltkz zk~{ar~ elz mlukmkhr~ nc{~kb jy ~`zihocfk chb ~tknica tcihr~ ~`l{ab jk {~kb elz r`kzmca mlukmkhr~ N`kminca zkcnrilh~ jkrvkkh jcnoihf mcrkzica chb tcihr eiam mcy t{~` r`k tcihr lee r`k jcnoihf mcrkzica chb akcb rl ~lerkhihf lz bi~nlal{zi~k r`k tcihr R`i~ keeknr fkhkzcaay lnn{z~ lhay ie mli~r{zk i~ tzk~khr chb i~ hlrinkcjak ih lia tcihr~ lukz mcrkzica~ nlhrcihihf nkmkhr lz aimk R`k , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
33;
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
jzkcoblvh le jlhb i~ jknc{~k le r`k nzy~rcaaiwcrilh le ~car~ jkalv r`k tcihr eiam chb r`k bi~nlalzcrilh i~ {~{caay b{k rl cnrilh le ezkk aimk lh r`k tifmkhr~ :) Keeknr~ le vkcr`kz
R`k tcihr eiam i~ ~{jgknrkb rl n`kminca crrcno le crml~t`kzk! ~{haif`r chb `kcr! caa bkrkzilzcrihf ir ^tknica n`kminca zk~i~rchr tcihr~ ~`l{ab jk cttaikb ih ihb{~rzica czkc~ Caocai zk~i~rchr tcihr~ vkcr`kz vkaa ih nlc~rca czkc~ Ja{k chb fzkkh nlalz~ rkhb rl ecbk v`kh kptl~kb rl jzif`r aif`r Ih cbbirilh r`k eikznk `kcr le ~{h mcy jzkcoblvh r`k tcihr eiam jknc{~k le r`k bi~ihrkfzcrilh le r`k mcrkzica ir~kae chb ca~l jknc{~k le r`k r`kzmca mlukmkhr R`k ml~r nlmmlh bkeknr~ hlrinkb cerkz tcihrihf i~ c~ elaalv7
Jai~rkzihf chb tkkaihf tkkaihf czk ~vkaaihf le r`k tcihr eiam chb nch jk bkeihkb c~ alncaiwkb al~~ le cb`k~ilh jkrvkkh lhk lz mlzk nlcrihf~ lz jkrvkkh tzimkz chb tczkhr ~{zecnk V`kh ~vkaaihf i~ jknc{~k le lia lz fzkc~k lh r`k ~{zecnk ir i~ ohlvh c~ jai~rkzihf chb ih nc~k le mli~r{zk ir i~ ncaakb tkkaihf Ir lnn{z~ ih hlhtlzl{~ nlcrihf~ ~{n` c~ lia jc~kb tcihr~ chb khcmka~ C ~tknica `kcr-zk~i~rihf rytk le tcihr ~`l{ab jk {~kb elz `lr ~{zecnk~ ~{n` c~ zcbicrlz~ Nc{~k~ Ir i~ jzl{f`r cjl{r jy mli~r ciz! liay lz fzkc~y ~{zecnk! lz imtzi~lhkb fc~k~ jkrvkkh r`k
tcihrkb ~{zecnk chb r`k tcihr eiam! v`in` kptchb {hbkz r`k ihea{khnk le `kcr N{zk Km{a~ilh tcihr~ tzluibk c tlzl{~ nlcrihf chb caalv r`k mli~r{zk rl tc~~ r`zl{f`
N`knoihf i~ c miab elzm le nzcnoihf Ie `ciz nzcno~ tzlb{nkb khnal~k ~mcaa czkc ir i~ ohlvh c~ nzcwihf Ih nc~k r`k khnal~kb czkc i~ aczfk r`k bkeknr~ i~ ncaakb nzlnlbiaihf Nc{~k~ Ir i~ nc{~kb v`kh r`k tcihr eiam acno~ ih rkh~iak ~rzkhfr` chb lnn{z~ v`kh tcihr i~ cttaikb b{zihf ukzy nlab vkcr`kz lz jknc{~k le ih~{eeinikhr bzyihf le {hbkznlcr N{zk V`kh nzcno~ czk ukzy ~mcaa chb bl hlr khaczfk vir` rimk! r`k rlt nlcrihf i~ eacrrkhkb vir`
kmkzy tctkz chb c ezk~` nlcr le tcihr i~ cttaikb Nzcno~ R`k nzcno~ kprkhb r`zl{f`l{r r`k khrizk tcihr ~y~rkm kprkhbihf zif`r blvh rl r`k lzifihca ~{zecnk Nc{~k~
3 Nzcno~ ih r`k tac~rkz lz mc~lhzy bl hlr akr r`k tcihr rl zkmcih ihrcnr : Tcihr cttaikb lh fal~~y ~{zecnk > Tzkmcr{zk cttaincrilh le rlt nlcr jkelzk r`k tzkuil{~ nlcr `c~ nlmtakrkay bzikb 2 Tcihrihf imtzltkzay ~kc~lhkb vllb , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
335
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
N{zk R`k nc{~k~ le nzcnoihf ~`l{ab jk crrkhbkb rl
Eacoihf i~ bkrcn`mkhr le tcihr eiam ezlm r`k ~{zecnk Nc{~k R`k mli~r{zk tkhkrzcrk~ r`zl{f` r`k nzcno~ lh r`k nlcrihf~ chb r`k jlhb jkrvkkh ~{zecnk
chb tcihr eiam i~ al~r N{zk
3 [~k le tac~rin km{a~ilh tcihr~ : ^{zecnk ~`l{ab jk z{jjkb vir` kmkzy tctkz jkelzk cttayihf c ezk~` nlcr > Caa bizr lz b{~r lh ~{zecnk ~`l{ab jk zkmlukb tzilz rl tcihrihf N`caoihf Tcihr eiam jknlmk~ tlvbkz b{k rl ih~{eeinikhr lia ih tzimkz Caaifcrlzihf Caaifcrlzihf Lhk acykz le tcihr eiam~ ~aibihf lukz r`k lr`kz lhk! v`kh c `czb tcihr i~ cttaikb lukz c ~ler lhk lz uink ukz~c Vzihoaihf lz nzcvaihf cttkcz~ v`kh r`k tcihr eiam i~ s{irk r`ino lz r`k lia ih r`k tcihr i~ mlzk r`ch zks{izkb R`k alvkz tlzrilh le r`k tcihr blk~ hlr bzy b{k rl fzkcrkz r`inohk~~ le r`k tcihr eiam v`in` ~`ziho~ b{k rl bzyihf ih nl{z~k le rimk Z{hhihf chb ~cffihf Tcihr~ cttaikb lukz ~mllr` chb fal~~y ~{zecnk bl hlr ~rino chb ealv jcno lz rlvczb~ r`k {htcihrkb czkc R`i~ i~ ohlvh c~ z{hhihf chb ~cffihf R`k ~{zecnk rljk tcihrkb ~`l{ab! r`kzkelzk! jk z{jjkb vir` ch kmkzy tctkz jkelzk tcihrihf Miabkv7 Miabkv r`ziuk~ ih vczm! mli~r chb bczo tacnk~ Wihn lpibk chb t`khla mkzn{zy lakcrk czk ukzy {~ke{a rl n`kno ir~ fzlvr` Jallm i~ ibkhrieikb c~ b{aa tcrn`k~ lh r`k eihi~`kb! tlai~`kb lz tcihrkb ~{zecnk b{k rl bkeknr ih r`k s{cairy le tcihr lz tllz ukhriacrilh Eac~`ihf i~ n`czcnrkziwkb jy r`k cttkczchnk le nkzrcih fal~~y tcrn`k~ lh r`k tcihrkb ~{zecnk R`k zkc~lh~ crrzij{rkb rl r`i~ bkeknr czk vkcr`kzihf cnrilh~! {~k le n`kct tcihr! chb tllz vlzomch~`it Fzihhihf i~ b{k rl r`k imtkzeknr ltcniry le r`k tcihr eiam kukh cerkz r`k eihca nlcr R`k jcnofzl{hb chb ir~ bkeknr~ nch jk nakczay ui~ijak ih ~{n` c nc~k
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
336
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Jkcm~
Ir i~ ~rz{nr{zca mkmjkz v`in` i~ ~{jgknrkb rl ukzrinca bkcb chb aiuk alcb~ cr zif`r chfak~ rl ir~ cpi~ Jc~in r`klzy le jkhbihf7 ihrkzhca zk~i~rihf mlmkhr cr chy tlihr ih c jkcm m{~r ks{ca
r`k jkhbihf mlmkhr~ tzlb{nkb jy r`k kprkzhca alcb~ lh r`k jkcm
Ie r`k jkcm i~ ih ks{iaijzi{m r`kh caa mlmkhr elznk~ m{~r nchnka l{r
Tl~iriuk7 nalnovi~k zlrcrilh
Hkfcriuk7 nl{hrkznalnovi~k zlrcrilh
Mlmkhr ihnzkc~k~ c~ r`k bi~rchnk ezlm r`k zkcnrilh ihnzkc~k~ lz c~ r`k bi~rchnk ezlm r`k hk{rzca cpi~ ihnzkc~k~! r`kzkelzk ih c ~imtay ~{ttlzrkb jkcm7
Mcpim{m mlmkhr lnn{z~ cr r`k nkhrkz ~tch
Jkcm i~ ~{jgknr rl `if`k~r jkhbihf ~rzk~~ cr kprzkmk rlt chb jlrrlm eijkz~
Ih lzbkz elz c jkcm rl ~{ttlzr alcb~! mcrkzica! ~iwk chb ~`ctk le jkcm m{~r jk ~kaknrkb rl ~{~rcih r`k zk~i~rihf mlmkhr~ cr r`k tlihr lh r`k jkcm v`kzk r`k mlmkhr i~ fzkcrk~r ^knrilh mlb{a{~7 zcril le r`k jkcm~ mlmkhr le ihkzric rl r`k bi~rchnk ezlm r`k hk{rzca
cpi~ rl r`k l{rkzml~r tczr le r`k ~knrilh (kprzkmk eijkz~) ^ = I,n ^`kcz7 rkhbkhny le rvl cbgcnkhr tlzrilh~ le r`k jkcm rl ~aibk tc~r kcn` lr`kz ih c
ukzrinca bizknrilh
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
330
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Rytk~ le jkcm~ Jc~in jkcm rytk~7 caa `cuk khb~ r`cr czk ezkk rl zlrcrk c~ r`k alcb i~ cttaikb
^imtay ~{ttlzrkb
Lukz`chfihf
Nlhrih{l{~ jkcm „ jkcm „ `kab `kab {t jy mlzk r`ch rvl ~{ttlzr~
• Lr`kz jkcm rytk~7 lhk lz jlr` ~ibk~ zk~rzcihkb cfcih~r zlrcrilh
Nchriakukz jkcm
Eipkb-khb jkcm
Nlhnkhrzcrkb alcb (T)
[hielzmay bi~rzij{rkb alcb (V)
Rytinca alcb rytk~
c) Zk~{archr le {hielzmay bi~rzij{rkb alcb~ i~ cr r`k nkhrkz le r`k alcb j) [~ke{a v`kh ~{mmihf mlmkhr~ le tczrica {hielzm alcb~ • ^rcrincaay bkrkzmihcrk7 zkcnrilh nch jk el{hb {~ihf r`k ks{crilh~ le ks{iaijzi{m LZ ~{mmcrilh le `lziwlhrca! ukzrinca chb mlmkhr elznk~ ks{ca~ wkzl
^imtay ~{ttlzrkb jkcm~
Lukz`chf jkcm~
Nchriakukz jkcm~
• ^rcrincaay ihbkrkzmihcrk7 mlzk nlmtakp ncan{acrilh~ zks{izkb
Nlhrih{l{~ jkcm~
Eipkb-khb jkcm~
• Jc~in zks{izkmkhr~ elz ~rz{nr{zca bk~ifh le c jkcm Bkrkzmihk ~rzk~~k~ b{k rl jkhbihf mlmkhr chb ukzrinca ~`kcz nc{~kb jy tczrin{acz alcbihf nlhbirilh~ @lvkukz! jkelzk r`k~k czk bkrkzmihkb zkcnrilh~ le ~{ttlzr~ m{~r jk ncan{acrkb
Tzihnitak~ le ks{iaijzi{m
^{m le caa ukzrinca elznk~ cnrihf lh jlby m{~r ks{ca wkzl
^{m le caa `lziwlhrca elznk~ cnrihf lh jlby m{~r ks{ca wkzl
^{m le caa mlmkhr~ cnrihf lh jlby LZ r`k mlmkhr le caa elznk~ cjl{r c tlihr lh r`k jlby m{~r ks{ca wkzl
^imtay ~{ttlzrkb jkcm~ , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
339
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
R`k~k czk zk~rihf ezkkay lh vcaa~ lz nla{mh~ lh r`kiz jlr` khb~
Nchriakukz jkcm~
R`k~k jkcm~ eipkb cr r`kiz lhk khb cr r`k nla{mh~ lz vcaa~ chb lr`kz khb i~ ezkk czk ezkk cr r`k nla{mh~ lz vcaa~
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
3:4
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Tzlttkb nchriakukz jkcm~
Eipkb khb jkcm~
C jkcm v`l~k jlr` khb~ czk eipkb i~ ohlvh c~ c eipkb jkcm Eipkb jkcm i~ ca~l ncaakb c~ j{iar-ih lz khnc~rkz jkcm Ih nc~k le eipkb jkcm jlr` ir~ khb~ czk zifibay eipkb chb r`k ~altk chb bkeaknrilh cr r`k eipkb khb~ czk wkzl Cbuchrcfk~ le eipkb jkcm~ l
Elz r`k ~cmk alcbihf! r`k mcpim{m bkeaknrilh le c eipkb jkcm i~ ak~~ r`ch r`cr le c ~imtay ~{ttlzrkb jkcm
l
Elz r`k ~cmk alcbihf! r`k eipkb jkcm i~ ~{jgknrkb rl ak~~kz mcpim{m jkhbihf mlmkhr
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
3:3
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
l
R`k ~altk cr jlr` khb~ le c eipkb jkcm i~ wkzl
l
R`k jkcm i~ mlzk ~rcjak chb ~rzlhfkz
Bi~cbuchrcfk~ le c eipkb jkcm l
Aczfk ~rzk~~k~ czk ~kr {t jy rkmtkzcr{zk n`chfk~
l
^tknica nczk `c~ rl jk rcokh ih caifhihf ~{ttlzr~ cnn{zcrkay cr r`k ~cmk acuka
l
Aczfk ~rzk~~k~ czk ~kr ie c airrak ~ihoihf le lhk ~{ttlzr rcok~ tacnk
l
Ezks{khr ea{nr{crilh~ ih alcbihf zkhbkz r`k bkfzkk le eipiry cr r`k khb~ ukzy {hnkzrcih
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
3::
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Nlhrih{l{~ jkcm
C Nlhrih{l{~ jkcm i~ lhk! v`in` i~ ~{ttlzrkb lh mlzk r`ch rvl ~{ttlzr~ Elz {~{ca alcbihf lh r`k jkcm `lffihf (- uk) mlmkhr~ nc{~ihf nlhukpiry {tvczb~ cr r`k ~{ttlzr~ chb ~cffihf (/ uk) mlmkhr~ nc{~ihf nlhncuiry {tvczb~ lnn{z cr mib ~tch
Cbuchrcfk~ le Nlhrih{l{~ jkcm lukz ~imtay ~{ttlzrkb jkcm R`k mcpim{m jkhbihf mlmkhr ih nc~k le nlhrih{l{~ jkcm i~ m{n` ak~~ r`ch ih
nc~k le ~imtay ~{ttlzrkb jkcm le ~cmk ~tch nczzyihf ~cmk alcb~ Ih nc~k le nlhrih{l{~ jkcm! r`k cukzcfk jkhbihf mlmkhr i~ ak~~kz chb `khnk
aif`rkz mcrkzica~ le nlh~rz{nrilh nch jk {~kb rl zk~i~r r`k jkhbihf mlmkhr
Lukz `chfihf jkcm
V`kh lhk lz jlr` r`k khb~ le r`k jkcm czk kprkhbkb jkylhb r`kiz ~{ttlzr! r`ky czk ohlvh c~ lukz-`chfihf jkcm~
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
3:>
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Nla{mh~
C nla{mh i~ c alhf ukzrinca ~akhbkz jcz lz ukzrinca mkmjkz! ~{jgknrkb rl ch cpica nlmtzk~~iuk alcb chb eipkb zifibay cr jlr` khb~ C ~rz{r i~ c ~akhbkz jcz lz c mkmjkz ih chy tl~irilh lr`kz r`ch ukzrinca! ~{jgknrkb rl c nlmtzk~~iuk alcb chb eipkb zifibay lz `ihfkb lz tih glihrkb cr lhk lz jlr` r`k khb~
Zk~i~r cpica nlmtzk~~iuk elznk~
Lr`kz nlh~ibkzcrilh~7
Rkhbkhny le c alhf ~akhbkz nla{mh rl j{noak kukh r`l{f` r`k nla{mh~ mcrkzica chb ~iwk nch vir`~rchb r`k alcb
Nla{mh viaa ecia ih j{noaihf {hbkz c m{n` ~mcaakz alcb Ec = T,C
Nlmjihkb alcbihf7 b{k rl r`k hlzmca nlmtzk~~iuk elznk ta{~ acrkzca alcb (vihb)
Nlmjihkb alcbihf nch ca~l jk ihb{nkb jy ch knnkhrzin nlmtzk~~iuk alcb cttaikb lee r`k nkhrzlibca cpi~ le r`k nla{mh
Ih nc~k nla{mh cnr~ aiok c jkcm ~rchbihf lh khb vir` lhk ecnk ih nlmtzk~~ilh % lr`kz ih rkh~ilh
Nlmtzk~~iuk elznk~ b{k rl r`k knnkhrzin alcb cbb rl r`k hlzmca nlmtzk~~iuk ~rzk~~ lh lhk ~ibk chb ~{jrzcnr ezlm r`k hlzmca nlmtzk~~iuk ~rzk~~k~ lh r`k lr`kz
Eakp{zca ~rzk~~ nc{~kb jy knnkhrziniry i~ fiukh jy E = Mn ,I ,I
Rytk~ le nla{mh ecia{zk Nz{~`ihf ecia{zk
R`k nla{mh viaa zkcn` c ~rcfk! v`kh ir viaa jk ~{jgknrkb rl r`k {arimcrk nz{~`ihf ~rzk~~! jkylhb r`i~ r`k nla{mh viaa ecia jy nz{~`ihf R`k alcb nlzzk~tlhbihf rl r`k nz{~`ihf ~rzk~~ i~ ncaakb nz{~`ihf alcb R`i~ rytk le ecia{zk lnn{z~ ih ~`lzr nla{mh J{noaihf ecia{zk
R`i~ oihb le ecia{zk i~ b{k rl acrkzca bkeaknrilh le r`k nla{mh R`k alcb cr v`in` r`k nla{mh g{~r j{noak~ i~ ncaakb j{noaihf alcb lz nzittaihf alcb lz nzirinca alcb R`i~ rytk le ecia{zk lnn{z~ ih alhf nla{mh , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
3:2
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Zcbi{~ le Fyzcrilh
Cjiairy le c nla{mh rl vir`~rchb c alcb i~ bktkhbkhr lh
Akhfr`
Nzl~~ ~knrilhca ~`ctk
Czkc
Mlmkhr le ihkzric
Nlmjihkb tzltkzrik~ le czkc chb mlmkhr le ihkzric i~ ncaakb zcbi{~ le fyzcrilh Z = I,C ^akhbkzhk~~ zcril (j{noaihf ecnrlz) chb ir~ zkakuchnk zkakuch nk ih nla{mh
Ir i~ r`k zcril le keeknriuk akhfr` le nla{mh rl r`k akc~r zcbi{~ le fyzcrilh le r`k nzl~~ ~knrilhca khb~ le r`k nla{mh ^akhbkzhk~~ zcril = a kee , z
a kee = keeknriuk akhfr` le nla{mh z = akc~r zcbi{~ le fyzcrilh ^akhbkzhk~~ zcril i~ {~kb rl bieekzkhricrk r`k rytk le nla{mh ^rzkhfr` le r`k nla{mh bktkhb~ {tlh r`k ~akhbkzhk~~ zcril! ir i~ ihnzkc~kb r`k nlmtzk~~iuk ~rzkhfr` le r`k nla{mh bknzkc~k c~ r`k rkhbkhny rl j{noak i~ ihnzkc~kb Ecnrlz~ ceeknr r`k ~rzkhfr` nla{mh ^akhbkzhk~~ zcril7 ^rzkhfr` le r`k nla{mh bktkhb~ {tlh r`k ~akhbkzhk~~ zcril! ir i~
ihnzkc~kb r`k nlmtzk~~iuk ~rzkhfr` le r`k nla{mh bknzkc~k c~ r`k rkhbkhny rl j{noak i~ ihnzkc~kb Khb nlhbirilh~7 ^rzkhfr` le r`k nla{mh bktkhb~ {tlh r`k khb nlhbirilh~ ca~l
Rytk~ le nla{mh~
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
3:;
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Aihrka~7
Aihrka i~ c `lziwlhrca eakp{zca mkmjkz v`in` ~tch~ lukz r`k ltkhihf~ ih r`k vcaa~ elz bllz~! vihblv~! ukhriacrlz~! n{tjlczb~ krn R`k alcb le mc~lhzy cjluk r`k ltkhihf i~ rzch~ekzzkb rl r`k vcaa jy eakp{zca cnrilh le r`k aihrka ~l r`cr ezcmk~ le bllz~! vihblv~ krn czk hlr {hb{ay alcbkb R`k khb jkczihf~ elz r`k aihrka ~`l{ab jk cr akc~r :44 mm R`k vibr` le aihrka~ i~ ~cmk c~ r`cr le vcaa Aihrka~ le uczil{~ mcrkzica~ czk {~kb R`ky czk7
Vllb
^rlhk
Jzino
ZNN chb
^rkka
Vllb Aihrka7 Ir mcy jk c ~ihfak tiknk lz mcy jk c~~kmjakb jy glihihf : rl > tiknk~
^lmkrimk~ r`k vllbkh aihrka~ czk ~rzkhfr`khkb jy ~rkka tacrk~ cr rlt chb jlrrlm ^{n` aihrka~ czk ncaakb c~ eairn`kb jkcm~ ^rlhk Aihrka~7 V`kzkukz ~rlhk~ czk cuciacjak ~rlhk jkcm~ czk {~kb c~ aihrka~ C~ ~rlhk i~
vkco ih rkh~ilh r`ky nch jk {~kb lhay elz ~mcaa ~tch~ R`kiz bktr` i~ oktr cjl{r3,34
r`
~tch
^rlhk~ czk n{r rl r`k vibr` le vcaa chb bzk~~kb jkelzk {~ihf c~ aihrka~ Jzino Aihrka~7 Vkaa j{zhr! fllb s{cairy aihrka~ czk acib lh khb~ lz kbfk~ rl elzm aihrka~ c~
~`lvh ih Eif{zk Ir hkkb~ rkmtlzczy elzm vlzo cr r`k rimk le nlh~rz{nrilh R`k aihrka i~ rl jk n{zkb elz 6 „ 32 32 bcy~ jkelzk elzm vlzo i~ zkmlukb ^{n` aihrka~ czk {~ke{a rl ~tch ~mcaa ltkhihf~ , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
3:5
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
ZNN Aihrka~7 Ir i~ tl~~ijak rl tzluibk ZNN aihrka~ le chy ~tch zks{izkb ih r`k
j{iabihf R`ky nch jk i~lacrkb lz nlhrih{l{~ lukz r`k ltkhihf~ R`ky czk tzluibkb vir` ~{ircjak zkihelznkmkhr ‒ zkihelznkmkhr ‒ mcih mcih zkihelznkmkhr~ jkihf~ lh alvkz ~ibk ih r`k ltkhihf Hlvcbcy~ r`k~k aihrka~ czk {~kb ukzy nlmmlhay ih j{iabihf~ ^rkka Aihrka~7 ^rkka chfak~ lz zlaakb ~rkka I-~knrilh~ czk {~kb c~ aihrka~ R{jk ~ktczcrlz~
mcy jk tzluibkb rl mcihrcih r`k ~tcnihf jkrvkkh r`k ~knrilh~ Ie r`k ~knrilh~ czk ltkhkb rl crml~t`kzin cnrilh! zkf{acz tcihrihf i~ hknk~~czy Mchy rimk~ r`ky czk khnc~kb ih nlhnzkrk rl culib mcihrkhchnk tzljakm R`k~k aihrka~ nch jk {~kb elz aczfk ltkhihf~
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
3:6
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Jzibfk~ chb Bcm~ Vcrkz i~ r`k uirca zk~l{znk rl ~{ttlzr caa elzm~ aiek lh kczr` [helzr{hcrkay! ir i~ hlr
kukhay bi~rzij{rkb lukz r`k vlzab jy ~kc~lh lz alncrilh ^lmk tczr~ le r`k vlzab czk tzlhk rl bzl{f`r mcoihf vcrkz c ~ncznk chb tzknil{~ nlmmlbiry! v`iak ih lr`kz tczr~ le r`k vlzab ir cttkcz~ ih zcfihf rlzzkhr~ nc{~ihf eallb~ chb al~~ le aiek chb tzltkzry R`zl{f`l{r r`k `i~rlzy le r`k vlzab! bcm~ chb zk~kzuliz~ `cuk jkkh {~kb ~{nnk~~e{aay ih nlaaknrihf! ~rlzihf chb mchcfihf vcrkz hkkbkb rl ~{~rcih niuiaiwcrilh R`k tzimczy jkhkeir le bcm~ chb zk~kzuliz~ ih r`k vlzab i~ vcrkz ~{ttay
Lr`kz oky t{ztl~k~ chb jkhkeir~ ihna{bk7 Izzifcrilh elz cfzin{ar{zk (ellb ~{ttay) Eallb nlhrzla @ybzltlvkz Ihachb hcuifcrilh Zknzkcrilh
Ml~r bcm~ czk j{iar elz ~kukzca t{ztl~k~ R`i~ tzlb{nk~ c jzlcb zchfk le blmk~rin chb knlhlmin jkhkeir~ ezlm c ~ihfak ihuk~rmkhr Ch cbbirilhca alnca jkhkeir i~ r`k kmtalymkhr lttlzr{hirik~ b{zihf r`k m{aritak ykcz nlh~rz{nrilh le c zk~kzuliz tzlgknr Keeknriuk mchcfkmkhr le r`k vlzab‐~ vcrkz i~ k~~khrica rl ~{~r cihihf r`k kpi~rihf chb e{r{zk tlt{acrilh le r`k vlzab C~ r`k vlzab‐~ tlt{acrilh nlhrih{k~ rl fzlv ~l blk~ r`k hkkb elz mlzk bcm~! k~tknicaay ih bkukaltihf hcrilh~ chb r`k uc~r czib zkfilh~ le r`k vlzab Jc~ih-vibk tachhihf elz vcrkz mchcfkmkhr i~ r`k oky kakmkhr rl tzluibihf ltrim{m vcrkz ~{ttay chb lr`kz jkhkeir~ V`iak bcm~ tzluibk ~ifhieinchr jkhkeir~ rl l{z ~lnikry! r`kiz imtcnr~ lh r`k ~{zzl{hbihf~ ihna{bk7 Zk~krrakmkhr chb zkalncrilh ^lnilknlhlmin imtcnr~ Khuizlhmkhrca nlhnkzh~ ^kbimkhrcrilh i~~{k~ ^cekry c~tknr~
@lvkukz! r`k~k nlhnkzh~ chb imtcnr~ nch jk zkb{nkb lz kaimihcrkb jy nczke{a tachhihf! chb r`k ihnlztlzcrilh le c uczikry le mirifcrilh mkc~{zk~
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
3:0
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Imtlzrchnk le bcm~
Vcrkz ^{ttay elz blmk~rin chb ihb{~rzica {~k
Lhk le r`k e{hbcmkhrca zks{izkmkhr~ elz ~lnil-knlhlmin bkukaltmkhr ih r`k vlzab i~ r`k cuciacjiairy le cbks{crk s{chririk~ le vcrkz vir` r`k cttzltzicrk s{cairy Ih r`k tc~r! r`k mcih ~l{znk~ le blmk~rin chb ihb{~rzica vcrkz `cuk jkkh cs{iekz~ Rlbcy! mchy le r`k~k czk hlv lukz{~kb chb r`kiz zcrk le zkn`czfk i~ ecz ak~~ r`ch v`cr i~ kprzcnrkb R`kiz ~{ttay m{~r jk c{fmkhrkb vir` cbbirilhca vcrkz ezlm zk~kzuliz~ Aczfk {zjch czkc~ bktkhb `kcuiay lh vcrkz ~rlzkb ih zk~kzuliz~ b{zihf `if` ealv~ chb {~kb b{zihf tkzilb~ le alv zcihecaa R`i~ i~ k~tknicaay nzirinca ih czib zkfilh~ le r`k vlzab R`i~ hkkb elz ~rlzkb vcrkz viaa nlhrih{k! ~ihnk mchy cs{iekz~ czk lukz-{~kb R`k vlzabvibk tkz nctirc vcrkz bkmchb elz vcrkz i~ kptknrkb rl jk cjl{r 6;4 airkz~ tkz bcy ih r`k ykcz :444! v`kh r`k vlzab tlt{acrilh viaa jk g{~r lukz 5 jiaailh Tzltkzay tachhkb! bk~ifhkb chb nlh~rz{nrkb chb mcihrcihkb bcm~ nlhrzij{rk ~ifhieinchray rlvczb e{aeiaaihf l{z vcrkz ~{ttay zks{izkmkhr~ R`k tzimczy ~l{znk le ezk~` vcrkz ~{ttay i~ ezlm tzknitircrilh R`zl{f`l{r r`k vlzab! r`k `ybzlalfin nynak uczik~ chb i~ hlr tzkbinrcjak Le r`k rlrca tzknitircrilh! lhay 3,> zkmcih~ elz z{hlee rl l{z ziukz~! r`k zk~r i~ al~r rl iheiarzcrilh chb kuctlzcrilh Lhay cjl{r >5+ le r`i~ z{hlee i~ cuciacjak r`k zk~r i~ al~r rl iheiarzcrilh chb kuctlzcrilh Lhay cjl{r >5+ le r`i~ z{hlee i~ cuciacjak elz {~k Rl cnnlmmlbcrk r`k uczicrilh~ ih r`k `ybzlalfin nynak! bcm~ chb zk~kzuliz~ czk hkkbkb rl ~rlzk vcrkz chb r`kh tzluibk nlh~i~rkhr ykczay ~{ttay Vcrkz ~rlzkb ih zk~kzuliz~ i~ ca~l {~kb elz ihb{~rzica hkkb~ R`i~ zchfk~ ezlm r`k bizknr {~k ih n`kminca chb zkeihihf tzlnk~~k~ rl nllaihf elz nlhukhrilhca chb h{nakcz tlvkz tzlb{nrilh Mchcfkb ealv~ ezlm zk~kzuliz~ nch jk {~kb rl bia{rk bi~n`czfkb ~{j~rchnk~ jy c{fmkhrihf alv ziukz ealv rl mcihrcih vcrkz s{cairy cr ~cek aimir~ Mkkrihf r`k cfzin{ar{zca bkmchb elz ellb ~{ttay
Lhk le r`k jiffk~r {~k~ le vcrkz lh c vlzabvibk ~ncak i~ cfzin{ar{zca izzifcrilh R`i~ viaa cnnl{hr elz cjl{r 3326 airkz~ tkz bcy tkz nctirc jy r`k ykcz :444 ^ihnk r`k kczay 3994~! ak~~ r`ch 3,; le r`k achb ~{ircjak elz cfzin{ar{zk ih r`k vlzab `c~ jkkh izzifcrkb! chb ir `c~ nlhrzij{rkb cjl{r 3,> le vlzab ellb tzlb{nrilh Ir i~ k~rimcrkb r`cr 04+ le cbbirilhca ellb tzlb{nrilh jy r`k ykcz :4:; viaa nlmk ezlm izzifcrkb achb Ml~r le r`k czkc~ ih hkkb le izzifcrilh czk ih czib wlhk~! v`in` zktzk~khr c mcglz tlzrilh le r`k bkukaltihf nl{hrzik~ Kukh vir` r`k vibk~tzkcb mkc~{zk~ , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
3:9
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
rl nlh~kzuk vcrkz jy imtzlukmkhr~ ih izzifcrilh rkn`hlalfy! nlh~rz{nrilh le mlzk zk~kzuliz tzlgknr~ viaa jk zks{izkb Eallb nlhrzla
Bcm~ chb zk~kzuliz~ nch jk keeknriukay {~kb rl zkf{acrk ziukz akuka~ chb eallbihf blvh~rzkcm le r`k bcm jy rkmtlzcziay ~rlzihf r`k eallb ula{mk chb zkakc~ihf ir acrkz R`k ml~r keeknriuk mkr`lb le eallb nlhrzla i~ cnnlmtai~`kb jy c h{mjkz le m{arit{ztl~k bcm~ ~rzcrkfincaay alncrkb ih c ziukz jc~ih R`k bcm~ czk ltkzcrkb jy c ~tkniein vcrkz nlhrzla tach elz zl{rihf eallb~ r`zl{f` r`k jc~ih vir`l{r bcmcfk R`i~ hlr lhay kaimihcrk~ eallbihf! j{r tzluibk~ lr`kz jkhkeir~ ~{n` c~ vcrkz ~{ttay! izzifcrilh! `ybzltlvkz chb vcrkz s{cairy R`k h{mjkz le bcm~ chb r`kiz vcrkz nlhrzla mchcfkmkhr tach~ czk k~rcjai~`kb jy nlmtzk`kh~iuk tachhihf elz knlhlmin bkukaltmkhr chb vir` t{jain ihulaukmkhr Eallb nlhrzla i~ c ~ifhieinchr t{ztl~k elz mchy le r`k kpi~rihf bcm~ chb nlhrih{k~ c~ c mcih t{ztl~k elz ~lmk le r`k mcglz bcm~ le r`k vlzab n{zzkhray {hbkz nlh~rz{nrilh @ybzltlvkz
R`k cuciacjiairy le khkzfy i~ k~~khrica elz r`k ~lnil-knlhlmin bkukaltmkhr le c hcrilh Ir i~ cbuchrcfkl{~ rl {~k khkzfy r`cr i~ nakch! keeinikhr! bktkhbcjak chb zkhkvcjak @ybzltlvkz mkkr~ caa le r`k~k zks{izkmkhr~ Ih nl{hrzik~! v`kzk c uc~r cml{hr le bkukaltmkhr ~riaa aik~ c`kcb! fllb nlhbirilh~ lerkh kpi~r elz zkhkvcjak khkzfy ~l{znk~ R`k rkn`hincaay ml~r cbuchnkb chb knlhlminca knlhlminca ~l{znk le zkhkvcjak khkzfy i~ `ybzltlvkz Ak~~ r`ch :4+ le r`k vlzab‐~ k~rimcrkb ekc~ijak `ybzltlvkz tlrkhrica `c~ jkkh bkukaltkb R`k fzkcrk~r cml{hr le tlrkhrica zkmcih~ rl jk bkukaltkb ih C~ic! ^l{r` Cmkzinc chb Cezinc @ybzltlvkz tzlgknr~ tzlb{nk khkzfy vir` c `if` zcrk le keeinikhny chb vir`l{r j{zbkhihf e{r{zk fkhkzcrilh~ vir` tlaa{rilh lz vc~rk @ybzltlvkz tzlgknr~ nch jk bkukaltkb vir` ukzy ~mcaa nctcnirik~ elz alnca nlh~{mtrilh lz vir` ukzy aczfk tzlgknr~ c~ tczr le c zkfilhca lz hcrilhca ~y~rkm C~ tczr le c m{arit{ztl~k tzlgknr! `ybzltlvkz nch ca~l `kat rl eihchnk lr`kz e{hnrilh~ le c zk~kzuliz lz ziukz! ~{n` c~ izzifcrilh vcrkz elz ellb ~{ttay! bzihoihf vcrkz! eallb tzlrknrilh! imtzlukb hcuifcrilh lz zknzkcrilh Ihachb hcuifcrilh
Hcr{zca ziukz nlhbirilh~! ~{n` c~ n{zzkhr! n`chfk~ ih ziukz akuka! ink! chb n`chfihf ziukz n`chhka~ caa nzkcrk mcglz tzljakm~ chb lj~rcnak~ elz ihachb hcuifcrilh R`k cbuchrcfk~ le ihachb , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
3>4
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
hcuifcrilh lukz `if`vcy chb zcia czk r`k aczfk alcb nczzyihf nctcniry le kcn` jczfk! r`k cjiairy rl `chbak nczfl vir` aczfk-bimkh~ilh~ chb e{ka ~cuihf~ Kh`chnkb ihachb hcuifcrilh i~ c zk~{ar le nlmtzk`kh~iuk jc~ih tachhihf chb bkukaltmkhr {riaiwihf bcm~! alno~ chb zk~kzuliz~ r`cr czk zkf{acrkb rl tzluibk c uirca zlak ih zkcaiwihf zkfilhca chb hcrilhca knlhlmin jkhkeir~ Ih cbbirilh rl r`k knlhlmin jkhkeir~! c ziukz r`cr `c~ jkkh bkukaltkb vir` bcm~ chb zk~kzuliz~ elz hcuifcrilh mcy ca~l tzluibk cbbirilhca jkhkeir~ le eallb nlhrzla! zkb{nkb kzl~ilh! ~rcjak fzl{hbvcrkz lukz r`k akhfr` le r`k ~y~rkm chb zknzkcrilh Zknzkcrilh
R`k crrzcnriukhk~~ le zk~kzuliz~ elz rl{zi~m i~ lerkh c ~ifhieinchr jkhkeir! ih cbbirilh rl r`k lr`kz t{ztl~k~ le c bcm R`i~ i~ ukzy ~ifhieinchr ih czkc~ v`kzk hcr{zca ~{zecnk vcrkz i~ ~ncznk lz hlh-kpi~rkhr Zknzkcrilhca jkhkeir~ c~~lnicrkb vir` acok~! ~{n` c~ jlcrihf! ~vimmihf! ei~`ihf! jizb vcrn`ihf chb hcr{zk vcao~! czk rcokh ihrl cnnl{hr kczay cr r`k tachhihf ~rcfk! calhf vir` lr`kz ljgknriuk~ cn`ikuk c jcachnkb tzlgknr R`k ltkzcrilh le r`k bcm chb zk~kzuliz nch kh`chnk rl{zi~m Nlhnkzh~! Imtcnr~ chb Mirifcrilh
C~ i~ r`k nc~k vir` chy nlmtakp ihezc~rz{nr{zk tzlgknr! bcm~ `cuk ~lmk imtcnr~ lh r`kiz ~{zzl{hbihf~ ih r`k ziukz jc~ih @lvkukz! cbukz~k keeknr~ nch jk zkb{nkb lz kaimihcrkb jy nczke{a tachhihf! t{jain ihulaukmkhr chb jy ihnlztlzcrihf c uczikry le mirifcrilh mkc~{zk~ ^lmk le r`k mcih nlhnkzh~ czk c~ elaalv~7 ^cekry c~tknr~
Rl kh~{zk r`k nlhrih{kb chb bktkhbcjak bkaiukzy le jkhkeir~ ezlm c bcm! r`k lvhkz m{~r `cuk c nlmtzk`kh~iuk tach elz ltkzcrilh! mcihrkhchnk chb zk`cjiaircrilh C~ bcm~ jknlmk labkz! ~cek tkzelzmchnk jknlmk~ c nlhnkzh R`i~ zks{izk~ mlzk crrkhrilh ih r`k elzm le ih~tknrilh~! kuca{crilh~! mlbieincrilh~ chb {tfzcbk~ le r`k labkz bcm~ ~l r`ky mkkr n{zzkhr rkn`hlalfy! ~rcr{rk~ chb zkf{acrilh~ Bcm ~cekry cnriuirik~ ihna{bk mlhirlzihf ~rz{nr{zca tkzelzmchnk! bkukaltihf kmkzfkhny cnrilh tach~! rzcihihf le bcm ltkzcrlz~! kpkzni~k~ ihulauihf r`k alnca leeinica~ chb tlt{acrilh chb imtakmkhrihf zi~o zkb{nrilh cnrilh~ C~ zk~ibkhrica chb nlmmkznica bkukaltmkhr kptchb~ ih c ziukz jc~ih! r`k `ybzlalfin n`czcnrkzi~rin~ le r`k jc~ih ca~l n`chfk R`i~ zks{izk~ c tkzilbin chb r`lzl{f` zkuikv le r`k zcihecaa chb z{hlee n`czcnrkzi~rin~ c~ vkaa c~ r`k ibkhrieincrilh le lr`kz n`chfk~ ih r`k `ybzlalfy le r`k jc~ih , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
3>3
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
^lnil-knlhlmin imtcnr~
^ihnk bcm~ czk lerkh ~kkh c~ k~~khrica elz hcrilhca knlhlmin bkukaltmkhr! r`kiz mcnzlknlhlmin jkhkeir~ rkhb rl jk `if`aif`rkb! v`iak r`kiz alnca knlhlmin chb ~lnica imtcnr~ `cuk ~lmkrimk~ hlr jkkh cbks{crkay kuca{crkb Lhk le r`k ml~r imtlzrchr ljgknriuk~ le c bcm i~ rl kh~{zk r`cr ch cttzltzicrk ~`czk le r`k jkhkeir~ fl rl r`k tlt{acrilh bizknray ceeknrkb Zk~krrakmkhr tzlfzcm~ m{~r ihulauk r`k ibkhrieincrilh le r`k ceeknrkb tlt{acrilh c~ vkaa c~ r`k ceeknrkb cnriuirik~ ~{n` c~ cfzin{ar{zk! izzifcrilh! elzk~rzy! nlmmkznica chb ihb{~rzica Ih bkukaltihf nl{hrzik~ kb{ncrilhca tzlfzcm~ chb hkv cnriuirik~ ~{n` c~ nzcer~ lz lr`kz nlrrcfk ihb{~rzik~ nch jk bkukaltkb Ih rzltinca wlhk~! ~chircrilh m{~r jk cbbzk~~kb Zk~kzuliz~ nch nzkcrk ch khuizlhmkhr! v`in` i~ eculzcjak elz r`k rzch~mi~~ilh le vcrkz-zkacrkb bi~kc~k~ R`k tzimczy tzkukhriuk mkc~{zk~ czk ~chircrilh chb `kcar`-nczk tzlfzcm~ elz r`k tlt{acrilh czl{hb r`k zk~kzuliz! ih nlhg{hnrilh vir` cttzltzicrk ltkzcrihf z{ak~ ~{n` c~ ea{nr{crihf acok‐~ vcrkz akuka rl bi~nl{zcfk fzlvr` le bi~kc~k nczzyihf ih~knr~ Khuizlhmkhrca nlhnkzh~
Mchcfihf vcrkz zk~l{znk~ ih c ziukz jc~ih `c~ ch imtcnr lh ir~ hcr{zca vcrkz nynak R`k ~ncak le r`k imtcnr bktkhb~ lh r`k cnr{ca ~iwk chb hcr{zca nlhbirilh le r`k czkc rl jk bkukaltkb chb r`k kprkhr le bkukaltmkhr Nlhnkzh~ cjl{r khuizlhmkhrca i~~{k~ chb imtakmkhrcrilh le mirifcrilh mkc~{zk~! czk k~~khrica kakmkhr~ ih r`k tachhihf le c tzlgknr R`i~ ihna{bk~7 nakczihf le ukfkrcrilh ih r`k czkc rl jk eallbkb! m{ari-akuka l{rakr ~rz{nr{zk~ rl ltrimiwk blvh~rzkcm vcrkz rkmtkzcr{zk chb s{cairy! tzlui~ilh~ elz r`k mifzcrilh le ei~` chb lr`kz cs{crin lzfchi~m~! chb ltkzcrilhca z{ak~ elz zkf{acrihf blvh~rzkcm ealv~ cr nzirinca rimk~ rl tzlrknr `cjircr elz zktzlb{nrilh lz mifzcrlzy zl{rk~ Cttzltzicrk ~irk ~kaknrilh! rlfkr`kz vir` r`k imtakmkhrcrilh le r`k~k rkn`his{k~! viaa zk~{ar ih jlr` hkv chb zk`cjiaircrkb tzlgknr~ r`cr mihimiwk {hcnnktrcjak khuizlhmkhrca imtcnr~ Rcoihf mkc~{zk~ rl kh`chnk r`k jilbiukz~iry le c zk~kzuliz i~ c uicjak mirifcrihf mkc~{zk ih mlbkzcrk naimcrk~! j{r mcy jk nl{hrkztzlb{nriuk ih rzltinca wlhk~ v`kzk ~{n` biukz~iry vl{ab ca~l el~rkz `czme{a bi~kc~k Rlbcy! r`k tachhihf chb ltkzcrilh le bcm~ bl hlr lhay eln{~ lh rkn`hinca c~tknr~ E{aa nlh~ibkzcrilh i~ fiukh rl v`kr`kz lz hlr r`k tzlgknr i~ ~lnicaay! khuizlhmkhrcaay chb knlhlmincaay g{~rieikb! chb v`kr`kz r`k hlzmca e{hnrilh~ le r`k ziukz viaa , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
3>:
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
nlhrih{k rl jk tzk~kzukb Lhay tzlgknr~ vir` cnnktrcjak imtcnr~ ~`l{ab jk nlh~ibkzkb elz nlh~rz{nrkb
^kbimkhrcrilh tzljakm~
Ec~r-ealvihf ~rzkcm~ `cuk r`k nctcniry rl kzlbk chb rzch~tlzr ~lia! ~chb! fzcuka chb ~rlhk~ c~ jkb alcb chb ~{~tkhbkb mcrkzica V`kh r`i~ ec~r ealvihf ~rzkcm khrkz~ c ncam zk~kzuliz! r`i~ ~laib mcrkzica i~ bktl~irkb R`i~ tzlnk~~ i~ ohlvh c~ ~kbimkhrcrilh R`kzk czk rvl tl~iriuk imtcnr~ le ~kbimkhrcrilh7 R`k bktl~ir~ ih r`k khrzy wlhk le r`k zk~kzuliz (ihhkz bkarc) tzluibk `if`ay
biukz~ieikb `cjircr~ elz viabaiek Elaalvihf r`k zkmluca lz ~krraihf le ~{~tkhbkb ~laib~ ih r`k zk~kzuliz! r`k
vcrkz zkakc~kb ezlm r`k bcm i~ ak~~ r{zjib chb r`k vcrkz s{cairy i~ imtzlukb C tl~iriuk imtcnr le ~kbimkhrcrilh i~ r`k imtzlukb vcrkz s{cairy blvh~rzkcm le r`k bcm r`cr mcok~ vcrkz rzkcrmkhr kc~ikz chb ak~~ nl~ray Cbbirilhca blvh~rzkcm jkhkeir~ czk kh`chnkb zknzkcrilh! imtzlukb alnca aiuihf nlhbirilh~ chb ecniaircrihf zitczich chb cs{crin viabaiek R`k hkfcriuk c~tknr~ le zk~kzuliz ~kbimkhrcrilh czk tzlfzk~~iuk al~~ le ~rlzcfk nctcniry! chb ihnzkc~kb kzl~ilh ih blvh~rzkcm ziukz n`chhka~ Uczil{~ ~kbimkhr-`chbaihf mkc~{zk~ czk cuciacjak rl mirifcrk r`k hkfcriuk imtcnr~ le zk~kzuliz ~kbimkhrcrilh R`k~k czk kzl~ilh nlhrzla jy el~rkzihf chb ~cekf{czbihf r`k hcr{zca ukfkrcrilh nlukz! jytc~~ihf! ~a{inihf! ea{~`ihf chb bzkbfihf R`k tl~iriuk c~tknr~ le ~kbimkhrcrilh nch jk cnnkhr{crkb chb r`k hkfcriuk imtcnr~ ak~~khkb jy cttzltzicrk tachhihf chb ltkzcrilhca zkfimk~ elz zk~kzuliz~ r`cr czk ~{~nktrijak rl ~kbimkhrcrilh
Imtlzrchnk le jzibfk~
Jzibfk~ czk uirca elz r`k bkukaltmkhr le c nl{hrzy ~ihnk r`k~k khcjak rzch~tlzrihf mcrkzica~ ezlm lhk czkc rl r`k lr`kz v`in` mcy jk ~ktczcrkb jy ~rzkcm~ chb ziukz~! r`kzkjy mcihrcihihf {hielzm ealv le k~~khrica fllb~ elz bkukaltmkhr Ih rimk~ le vcz! mcrkzica~ czk ~vieray rzch~tlzrkb elz r`k bkekh~k hkkb~ le r`k nl{hrzy jy zciazlcb jzibfk~ Jzibfk~ aiho r`k v`lak nl{hrzy vir` zlcb chb zciavcy nlmm{hincrilh mcihrcihihf c {hielzm ealv le tkltak! fllb~ chb lr`kz k~~khrica nlmmlbirik~ R`k hknk~~iry le jzibfk~ mcy r`kzkelzk jk ~{mmcziwkb c~ elaalv~ , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
3>>
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Jzibfk~ khcjak r`k ezkk ealv le rzceein b{zihf mlh~llh~ chb lr`kz tkzilb~ le
ihnakmkhr vkcr`kz Jzibfk~ tzluibk cbbirilhca nlmm{hincrilh ecniairik~ R`k bkukaltmkhr le r`k jcnovczb bi~rzinr~ v`in` mcy jk zin` cfzin{ar{zcaay
nzirincaay bktkhb~ lh r`k kpi~rkhnk le jzibfk~ Jzibfk~ tzluibk mlzk ~lnil-knlhlmin jkhkeir~ rl r`k tkltak Jzibfk~ ca~l khcjak mlukmkhr le rzllt~ chb miairczy uk`inak~ b{zihf `l~riairik~
^rzk~~
^rzk~~ i~ r`k ihrkzhca zk~i~rchnk leekzkb jy c {hir czkc le r`k mcrkzica ezlm v`in` c mkmjkz i~ mcbk rl ch kprkzhcaay cttaikb alcb Bizknr lz hlzmca ~rzk~~ ώ i~ ncan{acrkb {~ihf r`k elaalvihf ks{crilh7
^rzcih
^rzcih i~ r`k rlrca bkelzmcrilh biuibkb jy r`k lzifihca akhfr` le r`k jcz Hlzmca lz alhfir{bihca ~rzcih i~ ncan{acrkb {~ihf r`k elaalvihf ks{crilh7
Rkh~iak ~rzk~~k~ chb ~rzcih czk nlh~ibkzkb tl~iriuk ihnzkc~k ih akhfr` Nlmtzk~~iuk ~rzk~~k~ chb ~rzcih czk nlh~ibkzkb hkfcriuk tzlb{nihf c bknzkc~k ih akhfr`
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
3>2
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Mcrkzica~ mcy mcy jk nac~~ieikb nac~~ieikb ihrl Kac~rin mcrkzica v`in` {hbkzflk~ c bkelzmcrilh v`kh ~{jgknrkb rl ch kprkzhca alcbihf
~{n` r`cr! r`k bkelzmcrilh bi~cttkcz~ lh r`k zkmlukb le r`k alcbihf! (Z{jjkz) C tac~rin mcrkzica {hbkzflk~ c nlhrih{l{~ bkelzmcrilh b{zihf r`k tkzilb le alcbihf chb
r`k bkelzmcrilh i~ tkzmchkhr chb r`k mcrkzica blk~ hlr zkfcih ir~ lzifihca bimkh~ilh~ lh r`k zkmluca le r`k alcbihf! (Ca{mih{m) C zifib mcrkzica blk~ hlr {hbkzfl chy bkelzmcrilh v`kh ~{jgknrkb rl ch kprkzhca alcbihf!
(Fac~~ chb Nc~r izlh)
Alcb~ Bkcb alcb~7 ~rcrin ih hcr{zk ~{n` c~ r`k ~kae vkif`r le r`k zlle Aiuk alcb~7 ea{nr{crihf ih hcr{zk! blk~ hlr zkmcih nlh~rchr ~{n` c~ c vkif`r le c uk`inak
mluihf lh c jzibfk Rkh~iak alcb~ Nlmtzk~~iuk alcb~ ^`kczihf alcb~
R`k cnr{ca uca{k~ le mlb{a{~ le kac~riniry K chb mcpim{m ~rzk~~ ώ {arimcrk czk bkrkzmihkb jy nczzyihf l{r c ~rchbczb rkh~iak jk~r lh c ~tknimkh le r`k mcrkzica R`k jcz i~ ~{jgknrkb rl c fzcb{caay ihnzkc~ihf rkh~iak alcb {hria ecia{zk lnn{z~ Mkc~{zkmkhr~ le r`k n`chfk ih akhfr` le c ~kaknrkb fc{fk akhfr` le r`k jcz czk zknlzbkb r`zl{f`l{r r`k alcbihf ltkzcrilh jy mkch~ le kprkh~lmkrkz~ Chb c fzct` le alcb cfcih~r kprkh~ilh lz ~rzk~~ cfcih~r ~rzcih i~ tzlb{nkb c~ ~`lvh
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
3>;
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Elzm LC @llok‐~ alv i~ ljkykb! ik r`k mcrkzica jk`cuk~ kac~rincaay chb ~rzk~~ i~ tzltlzrilhca rl ~rzcih! fiuihf r`k ~rzcif`r aihk fzct` ihbincrkb Elz kac~rin mcrkzica~! ~rzk~~ i~ tzltlzrilhca rl ~rzcih7
:
:
K i~ H,m (FH,m ) R`k {hir le K l
Cerkz C r`k aihkcz hcr{zk le r`k fzct` bi~cttkcz~ chb r`i~ tlihr i~ rkzmkb r`k aimir le tzltlzrilhcairy
l
J kac~rin aimir! ik r`k bkelzmcrilh czk nlmtakrkay zknlukzkb v`kh r`k alcb i~
zkmlukb (ik ~rzcih zkr{zh~ rl wkzl)! j{r @llo‐~ acv blk~ hlr cttay l
Yikab tlihr i~ r`k ~rzk~~ cr v`in` c hlrinkcjak kalhfcrilh le r`k ~cmtak lnn{z~ vir` hl cttczkhr ihnzkc~k ih akcb
l
Cerkz J tac~rin bkelzmcrilh lnn{z~ chb ~rzcih~ czk hlr rlrcaay zknlukzcjak! chb zkacriukay zctib ihnzkc~k~ ih ~rcih lnn{z vir`l{r nlzzk~tlhbihfay `if` ihnzkc~k~ ih alcb lz ~rzk~~
l
N i~ rkzmkb r`k {ttkz yikab tlihr chb B i~ r`k alvkz yikab tlihr R`k bkelzmcrilh
cr r`k yikab tlihr i~ lhay alnca ih hcr{zk Ir ~rczr~ cr lhk tlihr chb r`cr zkfilh fkr~ vlzo-`czbkhkb! ~l r`k ealv ~rczr~ cfcih cr c zkfilh cbgcnkhr rl r`k elzmkz zkfilh @czbkhihf lnn{z~ `kzk rll! chb r`k tzlnk~~ nlhrih{k~ R`{~! r`k ealv i~ ~tzkcb r`zl{f`l{r r`k ~tknimkh Kcn` ~{nnk~~iuk vlzo `czbkhihf rkhb~ rl ihnzkc~k r`k ~rzk~~ J{r r`k keeknr i~ lhay mlmkhrczy! chb cfcih r`k ~rzk~~ uca{k ecaa~! b{k rl r`k ealv ih r`k hkif`jlzihf zkfilh C~ c zk~{ar! r`k khrizk ~tknimkh fkr~ vlzo`czbkhkb chb r`k ~rzk~~ jkfih~ rl zi~k! bkelzmcrilh jknlmk~ {hielzm l
Jkylhb r`k yikab tlihr ~lmk ihnzkc~k ih alcb i~ zks{izkb rl rcok r`k ~rzcih rl tlihr K ! jkrvkkh B chb K r`k mcrkzica i~ ~cib rl jk ih r`k kac~rin-tac~rin ~rcrk
l
Jkylhb K r`k nzl~~-~knrilhca czkc le r`k jcz jkfih~ rl zkb{nk zctibay lukz c zkacriukay ~mcaa akhfr` le r`k jcz chb r`k jcz i~ ~cib rl hkno R`i~ hknoihf rcok~ tacnk v`ia~r r`k alcb zkb{nk~! chb ezcnr{zk le r`k jcz eihcaay lnn{z~ cr tlihr E
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
3>5
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
l
^rzk~~ cr ecia{zk! rkzmkb r`k mcpim{m lz {arimcrk rkh~iak ~rzk~~ i~ fiukh jy r`k alcb cr K biuibkb jy r`k lzifihca nzl~~-~knrilhca czkc le r`k jcz (Rkh~iak ^rzkhfr`)
Tli~~lh&~ zcril Tli~~lh&~ zcril i~ r`k zcril le rzch~ukz~k nlhrzcnrilh ~rzcih rl alhfir{bihca kprkh~ilh ~rzcih
ih r`k bizknrilh le ~rzkrn`ihf elznk Rkh~iak bkelzmcrilh i~ nlh~ibkzkb tl~iriuk chb nlmtzk~~iuk bkelzmcrilh i~ nlh~ibkzkb hkfcriuk R`k bkeihirilh le Tli~~lh&~ zcril nlhrcih~ c mih{~ ~ifh ~l r`cr hlzmca mcrkzica~ `cuk c tl~iriuk zcril
^`kcz ~rzk~~
Mcrkzica i~ ~{jgknrkb rl c ~kr le ks{ca lttl~irk elznk~ R`kzk i~ c rkhbkhny elz lhk acykz le r`k mcrkzica rl ~aibk lukz chlr`kz rl tzlb{nk r`k elzm le ecia{zk? ie r`i~ ecia{zk i~ zk~rzinrkb r`kh ~`kcz ~rzk~~ (ς) i~ ~kr {t
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
3>6
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
:
R`k ~`kcz ~rzk~~ i~ rchfkhrica rl r`k czkc chb `c~ {hir~ ~imiacz rl hlzmca ~rzk~~! Tc lz H,m lz H,m ^`kcz ~rzcih (ξ) i~ mkc~{zkb ih zcbich~ (hlh bimkh~ilhca) `c~ hl {hir~
Vir`ih r`k kac~rin zchfk ~`kcz ~rzcih i~ tzltlzrilhca rl ~`kcz ~rzk~~
^`lzr „ Ch~vkz Ch~vkz s{k~rilh~
3) V`cr i~ mkchr jy el{hbcrilh< , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
3>0
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
:) Mkhrilh r`k zks{izkmkhr~ le fllb el{hbcrilh >) Kptacih r`k el{hbcrilh elz jacno nlrrlh ~lia 2) V`cr czk r`k rytk~ le el{hbcrilh< ;) Kptacih czn` el{hbcrilh vir` hkcr ~okrn` 5) Kptacih ~`caalv el{hbcrilh 6) Bzcv r`k ealcrihf el{hbcrilh 0) V`cr bl yl{ mkch jy jkczihf nctcniry le ~lia< 9) V`cr czk r`k mkr`lb~ elz bkrkzmihihf r`k jkczihf nctcniry le ~lia< 34) V`cr czk r`k rytk~ le eallz~< 33) Mkhrilh r`k rytk~ le eallzihf 3:) V`kzk i~ rlhk eallzihf i~ tzluibkb< 3>) V`cr czk r`k cbuchrcfk~ le nkmkhr nlhnzkrk eallzihf< 32) V`cr czk r`k rytk~ le mcrkzica~ {~kb elz eallzihf< 3;) Vzirk r`k ecnrlz~ v`in` ceeknr r`k n`link le eallzihf mcrkzica 35) V`cr czk r`k mcglz tzljakm~ le fzl{hb eallz chb {ttkz eallz< 36) @lv i~ m{b eallzihf nlh~rz{nrkb< 30) I~ r`k eallzihf mcrkzica ~`l{ab jk ~{eeinikhray `czb Kptacih 39) R`k tzljakm~ le ~rzkhfr` chb cjiairy czk zkacriukay le ak~~ imtlzrchnk elz fzl{hb % jc~kmkhr eallz V`y< :4) V`cr czk r`k zks{izkmkhr~ le fllb zlle< :3) Vzirk r`k nac~~ieincrilh le zlle~ ::) Bkeihk tirn`kb zlle chb kptacih ir~ uczil{~ rytk~ :>) V`cr czk r`k cbuchrcfk~ le ~rkka rz{~~k~ lukz rimjkz rz{~~k~< :2) Elz ~tch~ fzkcrkz r`ch 3: m! ir jknlmk~ knlhlminca rl {~k r`k ~rkka rz{~~k~ Kptacih :;) V`cr czk r`k zks{izkmkhr~ le fllb tac~rkz :5) V`cr czk r`k bkeknr~ ih tac~rkzihf< :6) V`cr czk r`k ljgknr~ le tcihrihf c ~{zecnk< :0) V`cr czk r`k bkeknr~ ih tcihrihf< :9) Bkeihk c) ^rzk~~ j) ^rzcih n) Mlb{a{~ le zifibiry b) Tli~~lh‐~ zcril >4) V`cr czk r`k imtlzrchnk le jzibfk~ chb bcm~< >3) Mkhrilh r`k rytk~ le elaalvihf c) jkcm~ j) nla{mh n) aihrka~ , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
3>9
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
Alhf-ch~vkz s{k~rilh~
3) Ai~r r`k ljgknriuk~ le c el{hbcrilh :) Kptacih {hbkz v`cr nlhbirilh~ nch ch i~lacrkb ellrihf nch jk cbltrkb >) V`cr i~ bkkt el{hbcrilh< Kptacih ih bkrcia 2) Kptacih r`k zks{izkmkhr~ le fllb el{hbcrilh ;) Kptacih cjl{r r`k el{hbcrilh ih jacno nlrrlh ~lia 5) Vzirk c ~`lzr hlrk lh jkczihf nctcniry le ~lia 6) V`cr czk zlle~< Kptacih jzikeay cjl{r zkihelznkb nkmkhr nlhnzkrk zlle 0) Kptacih r`k uczil{~ zlle nlukzihf~ hlzmcaay cbltrkb 9) V`cr czk r`k cbuchrcfk~ chb bi~cbuchrcfk~ le eacr zlle~< 34) V`cr i~ c eallz< V`cr czk r`k mcrkzica~ hlzmcaay {~kb elz r`k nlh~rz{nrilh le c eallz< 33) Kptacih r`k nlh~rz{nrilh le r`k elaalvihf rytk le eallz~ c Nkmkhr nlhnzkrk eallzihf j Ml~cin eallzihf n Rkzzcwwl eallzihf b Riakb eallzihf 3:) V`cr czk r`k ljgknriuk~ le tac~rkzihf 3>) Kptacih r`k mkr`lb elz r`k tzktczcrilh le bieekzkhr rytk~ le mlzrcz elz tac~rkzihf 32) V`cr czk r`k bkeknr~ ih tac~rkzihf< @lv ir nch jk zknrieikb< 3;) Kptacih r`k bieekzkhnk~ jkrvkkh tlihrihf chb tac~rkzihf 35) Kptacih cjl{r c Tcihrihf tac~rkzkb ~{zecnk j Tcihrihf vllbkh ~{zecnk n Tcihrihf mkrca ~{zecnk b Tcihrihf ~rkka vlzo 36) Kptacih r`k rytk~ le elaalvihf vir` hkcr ~okrn` c Jkcm~ j Nla{mh~ n Aihrka~ 30) Vzirk c ~`lzr hlrk lh imtlzrchnk le jzibfk~ chb bcm~ 39) Kptacih jzikeay cjl{r , ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
324
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
c ^rzk~~ j ^rzcih n Mlb{a{~ le kac~riniry b Tli~~lh‐~ zcril k Mlb{a{~ le zifibiry
ZKEKZKHNK^
3
‛Khfihkkzihf Mcrkzica~― Jy ZOZcgt{r
:
‛Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf― Jy G^Jizbik chb F^Jizbik
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
323
Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf
>
‛J{iabihf Mcrkzica~― Jy ^OB{ffca
2
‛Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf― Jy ^^J`cuiocrri
;
‛Jc~in Niuia Khfihkkzihf chb Mkn`chinca Khfihkkzihf ― Jy F^`chm{fcm chb M^Tcachin`cmy
5
‛J{iabihf nlh~rz{nrilh― Jy ^TCzlzc chb ^TJihbzc
6
‛J{iabihf nlh~rz{nrilh Jy Zchfvcac
0
^rzkhfr` le mcrkzica~ Jy Z^O`{zmi
, ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi ZUkhrcoc~{jzcmchi , TM{r`{tziyc ,^Tzcukkho{mcz-^ONR
32:
