Basic Blueprint Reading

BASIC BLUEPRINT READING

1

SUBJECTS

Basic Blueprint Reading

 DRAWING

2

BASICS  ELECTRICAL DRAWINGS  PNEUMATIC/HYDRAULIC DRAWINGS  PIPING AND PI&D DRAWINGS  CIVIL AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS  MACHINE DRAWINGS

DRAWING BASICS

3

Objectives


 Define

4

basic industrial drawing structure  Define line types  Define types of drawings

Purpose of Drawings


 Drawings

5

are used to convey information about a wide range items such as:  Architectural building layouts  Electrical wiring  Pneumatic or Hydraulic layouts  Location of equipment  How to assemble equipment  Details of equipment

Types of Drawings


 Civil  Architectural  Structural  Mechanical  Plumbing  Piping  Pneumatic/Hydraulic  Electrical

6

Engineering Drawings general engineering drawing can be divided into the following five major areas or parts.


A

7

– – – – –

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Title block Grid system Revision block Notes and legends Engineering drawing (graphic portion)

Drawing Sizes




Drawings come in a alphabetical list of sizes for A to F with D size being the most typical

A – (letter)

Metric A4 (210 x 297) A3 (297 x 420)

8 ½ by 11inches B - 11 by 17inches

A2 (420 x 594)

C - 17 by 22 inches

A1 (594 x 841)

D - 22 by 34 inches E - 34 by 44 inches F - 28 by 40 inches

8

sizes

A0 (841 x 1189)

Title Blocks blocks are the beginning point of a drawing information.


 Title

9

 COMPANY

Revision Blocks revision block notes any changes made to a drawing


 The



10

Throughout a drawing the revision listed in the revision block may be indicated by a symbol near the modified portion of the drawing such as: A

Parts Lists


 Parts

11

Lists are called Bill of Materials. It is a list of the material that is used to build the item that is

Scales


 Drawing

12

scale is a relationship of the size or distance of the item on a drawing to the real item.  For example a scale of ¼” = 1’ means a measurement of ¼ inch (the quote symbol “ is a shorthand for inches) on the drawing equals 1 foot ( the apostrophe symbol ‘ is shorthand for feet) of the real world item.

Grid System drawing grid system allows a specific point on a drawing to be referenced or found.


A

1

2

3

4

5

6

A B C

13

This point on the drawing is B-3

Basic Lines


 Object

lines  Hidden lines  Cutting plane lines  Centerlines  Extension lines  Dimension lines  Leaders line  Phantom lines


Object Line The object line is a heavy, dark line which identifies the visible edges of the drawn object or the surface of an object.

Hidden Line




The hidden line is used to show features or edges of an object that is not visible. It is a broken line of medium thickness.

Center Line


 The

center line is used to locate the center of features. It is usually a fine, broken line made of alternating short and long dashes.

Dimension Line / Extension Line


 Dimension

Lines are used to show the extent of a dimension.  Extension Lines are use to extend a point from an object.

Extension Line

Dimension Line

Phantom


 Phantom

lines are used to represents the outline of an adjacent part.  The also are used to show an alternate position of a given part

Phantom 19

Leader




A leader is a fine line used to define a point or area. It may have a note, dimension value or a number at the end of it

Grind Surface

1

Cutting Plane Line




Cutting plane lines are used to indicate where an imaginary cut is made through the object. If it is labeled the section may be redrawn in detail in another part of the drawing.

A

A

Break Lines lines are uses to terminate a view to  Short Break Line conserve drawing space and avoid congestion.


 Break

 Break

lines are also used to separate internal and external features with broken-out sections


Break Lines Example The break line is being used to show a part reduced in length on the drawing to conserve space.

3”

250 feet

Section Lines


 Section

lines are used where a surface is illustrated as cut.  It normally is used in a sectional view.  The lines are normally drawn diagonally.

Dimensioning Systems  Different

systems of dimensioning are generally


used

25

– – –

Fractional inch Decimal inch SI Metric

Fractional Inch Dimensioning


2 Dia 21/32 Dia 3/16

1/2 1 9/16 Dia

26

Decimal Inch Dimensioning


2.00 Ø .656 Ø .19

.50 1.56 Ø

27

Metric Dimensioning


Ø 50 Ø 16.5 5

13 Ø 40

28

Dimensioning Example


Diameter symbol

Typical

Radius

29

Abbreviations




30

Abbreviations are used to help reduce clutter and simplify drawings. A table is included in the drawing.

BOT

BOTTOM

MH

MANHOLE

R

RADIUS

C/C

CENTER TO CENTER

MIN

MINIMUM

REF

REFERENCE

CMP

CORRUGATED METAL PIPE

N

NORTH

R/W

RIGHT OF WAY

CONC

CONCRETE

NC

NOT IN CONTACT

SCH

SCHEDULE

DIA

DIAMETER

NTS

NOT TO SCALE

SF

SQUARE FEET

E

EAST, ELECTRICAL

OC

ON CENTER

SQ

SQUARE

EL

ELEVATION

O.D.

OUSIDE DIAMETER

STA

STATION

FG

FINISH GRADE

OHW

OVERHEAD WIRES

T

TELEPHONE

H

HORIZONTAL

PL

PROPERTY LINE

TYP

TYPICAL

HP

HIGH POINT

POB

POINT OF BEGINNING

UNO

UNLESS NOTED OTHERWISE

IE

INVERT ELEVATION

POE

POINT OF ENDING

INV

INVERT

PP

POWER POLE

Drawing Legends


 Legends

31

are boxes drawn on the drawing to illustrate some of the common or uncommon symbols used.

Isometric Drawings drawings are designed to show a three dimensional view of an object.


 Isometric

32

Perspective is a method of drawing things as the eye sees them.


 Perspective

Vanishing point 33

Orthographic Drawings projection shows the drawn object from different views


 Orthographic

Top view

Left side

Right side Front

Bottom

34

Projection view

Rear

Single Line Drawings




35

 



The single line format represents all electrical lines, plumbing, air lines, hydraulic lines and piping, regardless of size, as single line. System equipment is connected to the lines are represented by simple standard symbols. By simplifying connections and equipment as single lines allow the system's equipment and instrumentation relationships to be clearly understood by the reader. These types of drawings are also called Schematics.

Civil


 Civil

36

drawings are used to represent construction on the earth or ground areas.  Civil drawings are sometimes called: – – –

site plans plot plans survey plans.

 They

will show contours of the earth, building locations, construction features, utilities, etc.

Contour Lines




Contour lines are used in drawings called topographic maps and are used to identify physical features which uses contour lines to join points of equal elevation (height) and thus show valleys and hills, and the steepness of slopes. The elevation or height is a number drawn along the line. 180 160 140 120

110

37

Architectural


 Architectural

drawings or plans are used to illustrate the design of a project.  They include items such as: – – – – – –

38

Working drawings Structural drawings Floor plans Elevation drawings Section drawings Flow diagrams

Gridlines


 Gridlines

refers to the letters and numbers, such as A-1, which identifies the columns of a building in a drawing. C

B

A 1

Column A-1 2

Column symbol 3

39

Mechanical


 Mechanical

40

drawings are the plans for objects such as motors, assemblies for equipment, etc.  There are many types of drawings associated with mechanical drawings such as: – – –

Exploded view Detail Assembly


Example Mechanical Detail

41


Example Assembly Drawing

42


An Exploded View

43

Pneumatic/Hydraulic


 Pneumatic

44

or Hydraulic drawings are single line drawings use symbols and lines to illustrate the connection and equipment to be used in the pneumatic or hydraulic equipment.

Single Line Schematic example

Plumbing/Piping types of drawings are similar to pneumatic/hydraulic schematics.


 These

36.00

40.00

TEE PIPELINE

Valve

TANK

Single Line Plumbing Example 45

Single Line Drawing Single line plumbing drawing example


A

36.00

40.00

TEE PIPELINE

Valve

TANK

46


Orthographic Piping Drawing

47

P&ID


 Piping

48

and Instrumentation Drawings  These drawings are similar to plumbing but are intended to illustrate the complete piping system and the controlled process flow of material.  All the equipment, pipelines, valves, pumps, instruments and the controls to operate the process are illustrated. They are not drawn to scale.

Example P&ID


FROM FUTURE MAIN VAPOR RECOVERY UNIT

SLUG CATCHER

CS CONTACTOR H.P. BULK SEPARATOR COALESCING FILTER NO. 1

FILTER SEPARATOR

PRODUCTION FROM SATELLITES (TYP.)

TEST SEPARATOR

FILL FROM CIS TRANSPORTER

HYDROCYCLONES (TYP. 2) FRESH CIS PUMPS (TYP. 2)

49

FRESH CIS CHARGE PUMPS (TYP. 2)

FRESH CIS TANK

Electrical


 Electrical

50

drawings are also single line drawings or schematics that uses symbols for various electrical equipment.  They are usually drawn in a style called a ladder diagram.  Another form of drawing is a wiring diagram which illustrates the wiring in a orthographic or pictorial style.

Example Ladder


 Ladder

schematics or diagrams are drawn with the circuit between two vertical lines, usually the power that supplies the circuit, thus each line creates a “rung” to the ladder. L1

115 VAC Pushbutton

Pilot Light L

51

L2

Example Wiring Diagram wiring diagrams draws the single lines from each device exactly as it would be wired.


 Electrical

52

Electrical Schematics schematics use symbols for each component found in an electrical circuit.


 Electronic

R4 Q2

Q1 D1

C2 T1 R2 R1

L1

-

C3

+

C1 R3

-

+ VGG

53

Summary


 Review

Objectives  Question and Answer Session

 RETURN 54

TO MAIN MENU

ELECTRICAL DRAWINGS

55

Objectives


 Define

56

how industrial electrical drawings are structured.  Define Graphical Symbols  Define Electrical wiring diagrams

Types of Electrical Drawings


 Wiring

57

Diagrams  Block Diagrams  Sequence Charts –  Electronic Schematics -

Diagrams


 Electrical

58

diagrams are commonly multi-sheet drawings of the wiring of the electrical devices associated with a main control panel, its field devices and sub-panels.  It is usually drawn as a ladder diagram.

Electrical Diagrams 




59

 



The Diagram is drawn between vertical lines or ladder. All devices are shown between the lines and may be referenced as “Single Line” diagrams Controlled, such as relays, devices are drawn on the right side. Contacts, switches and other controlling devices are shown between controlled device and left vertical line Overloads and other circuit breaking devices may be connected to the right of the controlled device.

Example Diagram DISC 1M

1FU

1OL

1L1

1T1

L1 2FU

1T2

1L2

L2

460V 3Ø 60

HYDRAULIC PUMP MOTOR 3 HP 1800 RPM FRAME 213

1MTR 3FU

1T3

1L3

L3


15 AMP

2OL

2T1

2MTR 2T3 H3

H1

H2 H4

T

X1 10 AMP 6FU

H2 10 AMP 5FU

2PB START MOTORS

1PB MASTER STOP 1

115 V

10 AMP 4FU

R 2OL

1OL

3

8 7

1

1

9

2

10

1M

CRM

AUTOMATIC

CRM

4PB

11

CRH

MASTER RELAY 3,3

12

2LT 3PB RESET

5

5PB MANUAL

14

6

AUTOMATIC 5, 14, 16, 21

R

“AUTOMATIC”

“MANUAL”

A

CYCLE START 5

16

8 15

MANUAL 6, 7, 15, 18, 23

CRH 3LT

CRH

7

6PB

CRA

CRA

11

10

6

13

5

5

9

4

1M

CRM

3

4

10 AMP 7FU

1LT

2

60

SPINDLE MOTOR 2 HP 1800 RPM FRAME 184

2T2

1LS

2CR

18

17

2LS 19

5LS

6LS 20

7CR 21

6CR 22

5 6

23 1 CR

7PB 1CR

26

26

22

21

21

CLAMP PART CONTROL 9, 33, 33, 35, 35

Lines


 Wiring

61

 Field

Wiring (external to panel)

Connections


Wiring Not Connected

Wiring Connected

Termination or connection

Terminal strip and terminal designation

62

TS4-15

Graphical Symbols




63





Graphical symbols are used on electrical diagrams to illustrate the wiring between electrical devices and terminals. The electrical devices are either shown in block diagram form or using commonly defined symbols. The following symbols are but a few of those that can be used. A chart should be included on drawings to illustrate any added by the manufacturer.

Graphical Symbols Cont’d


DISCONNECT Symbol - DISC

64

CIRCUIT BREAKER - CB Or for a single CB

Graphical Symbols Cont’d Resistor

Tapped Resistor


or Rheostat

Potentiometer

Fuses 65

Relay and Solenoid Symbols


RELAYS, TIMERS, ETC. Normally Open Contact Normally Closed Contact Coil

66

SOLENOIDS, BRAKES, ETC.

Motors Symbols


3 PHASE MOTOR

DC MOTOR

A

DC MOTOR FIELD 67

or

A


Transformer Symbols

68

H1

H3

H2

H4

Primary or Input Secondary or Output

X1

X2

Pilot Lights


PUSH-TO-TEST

69

R

R

Limit Switch Symbols HELD OPEN


NORMALLY CLOSED

70

NORMALLY OPEN

HELD CLOSED

NORMALLY CLOSED

HELD OPEN

NORMALLY OPEN

HELD CLOSED

Proximity Switch Symbols


PROXIMITY SWITCH

71

Normally Closed

Normally Open

Liquid Level Switches


NORMALLY OPEN

72

NORMALLY CLOSED

Thermal Switch


NORMALLY OPEN

73

NORMALLY CLOSED

Pressure Switch


NORMALLY OPEN

74

NORMALLY CLOSED


Foot Switches

75

NORMALLY CLOSED

NORMALLY OPEN


Toggle Switch

76

Flow Switches


NORMALLY OPEN

77

NORMALLY CLOSED

Selector Switch 3-POSITION


Second Off First Position Position Position

78

Circuit is connected when switch is in this position.

2-POSITION

Pushbuttons


SINGLE CIRCUIT

79

NORMALLY OPEN NORMALLY CLOSED

DOUBLE CIRCUIT


E-Stop Pushbuttons

80

Time Delay Relay


NORMALLY OPEN ENERGIZED

DE-ENERGIZED

81

NORMALLY CLOSED

One-line diagram example




A one-line diagram uses single lines and graphic symbols to indicate the path and components of an electrical circuit.

Switch symbol Fuse symbol Single line conductors PLC

Pushbutton symbol

Controller symbol Motor symbol

82

M

Control Device Labeling






Control devices, that are represented in the wiring diagrams, are photocells, limit switches, local lights, solenoids, air pressure switches, etc. are identified by wiring diagram line number or I/O address if a PLC is controlling it. When a line number is used, such as 211LS, the 2 indicates that the device is on page two line 11 of the Wiring Diagram (WD) drawing.

111PB

111CR

210 211LS 211

83

211Sol

Wiring and Wire Identification 

Wiring color code


 BLACK

- Line, Load and Control Circuits at Line Voltage  RED – AC Control Circuits  BLUE – DC Control Circuits  YELLOW – Interlock Control Circuits  GREEN – Equipment grounding  WHITE – Grounded Circuit Conductor 

Wire Identification –

84

Conductors are identified at each termination by marking with a number to corresponding with the diagram on the wire

Device Designations




85

The device designations or abbreviation, such as examples below, are used on diagrams in connection with the corresponding graphical symbols to indicate the function of the particular device. CB - Circuit Breaker LS – Limit Switch CR - Control Relay T - Transformer FU - Fuse MTR - Motor LT - Pilot Light DISC – Disconnect OL - Overload Relay PB - Pushbutton S - Switch

Line Numbers


 Each

line in a electrical drawing should be numbered starting with the top line and reading down. 115 VAC

L1 Pushbutton

L2 Relay

1

CR1 Limit Switch

Pressure Switch

Solenoid

2 Foot Switch 3 4

86

Relay CR2

Temperature Switch

Line Numbers

Wire-Reference Numbers


Wire Numbers 115 VAC

L1 Pushbutton 1 2

3

1 1

1

CR3

2 CR1

4

87

3

Relay CR1

4

( 2, 3 )

2

Limit Switch

5

Foot Switch 1

L2

7

CR1

CR2

6

8

Relay CR2 Relay CR3

4

(4)

4

(1)

Numerical Cross Reference 115 VAC

L1 Basic Blueprint Reading

Pushbutton

CR3

1

L2 Relay CR1

CR1 2 Limit Switch

CR1

3

Relay CR2

Foot Switch 4

CR2

(4)

Relay CR3

Cross Reference to Line Numbers 88

( 2, 3 )

(1)

Terminal Numbers 115 VAC


L1 Pushbutton 1 2

3

1

2 CR1

1 1

1

CR3

89

3

CR1

4

( 2, 3 )

10

2

3

Limit Switch

CR1

5

Foot Switch 4

Relay 2

5

1

L2

6

CR2

7 1

3

Relay

6 2

CR2

2

CR3

(4)

4

(1)

10

Relay

8

4

10

Panel/Door Layouts Layout.

1” X 3”

1T1

9 TE RM .

1T2 1T3 271

46 0V

272 2T3

DISC

2OL

1M

9”

1T B

 Panel

1 1/2 ”X 3”

Layout

1

1 1/2” X 3”

2 3 4

4F U 5F U

5

36 TE RM . R

1LT

START MOTORS

2LT

R

AUTOMATIC

4PB

2PB

A

3LT

R

6F U 7F U

EMERG. RETURN ACTIVE

MANUAL

4LT

EMERG. RESET

MANUAL

MASTER STOP

RESET

EMERG. RETURN

1PB

3PB

11PB

CYCLE UNCLAMP

5LT

G

HEAD FORWARD

HEAD RETURN

8PB

9PB

6LT

R

90

4CR

5CR

6CR

7CR

8CR

9CR

6 1/2”

53

LUBE FAULT

7 1/8”

29 TE RM .

55

9LT

1 1/2” X 3”

26 1/2” 7 1/2”

1 1/2” X 3”

3T B

10PB

A

3CR

11 5V

7LT

2CR

1 1/2 ”X 3”

A

FULL DEPTH

115V

47 52

CLAMPS ARE IN

CRH

1 1/2” X 3”

51

HEAD RETRACTED

CRA

1 1/2” X 3”

1CR

12PB

5PB

CRM

11 5V

AUTOMATIC

T

1 1/2 ”X 3”

MOTORS RUNNING

460V

1FT8

8 TERM

60 62 64 66 68 70

15 1/8”

8F U 9F U 10F U 11F U 12F U 13F U

 Door

1FU 2FU 3FU

2T B


9 1/2” 1OL

60 62 64 66 60 70

5 1/2”

115 V”

Drawing Identification


Prefix

Description

AD

Air Diagram (Mechanical) These are detailed air Schematic drawings. They show the assembly, material list, and air piping diagram for the air operated devices.

E

Scale Layout (Mechanical) These are drawings of a conveyor or part of a conveyor. Used for construction. Individual sheets are numbered starting from No.1.

EL

Electrical Layout (Electrical) These drawings dimensionally locate all electrical equipment on a layout drawing. They are directly referenced to the WD or control panel by the suffix to the EL number.

EM

Electro Mechanical (Electrical)

These drawings are for electro mechanical devices used on a job. Example; a code card of limit switch operator, etc. They are numbered consecutively for the job.

EO

General Layout (Mechanical)

These drawings are dimensionally to scale, but used for general purposes, e.g., complete plant layout to small scale, including many conveyors. Individual sheets are numbered starting from No. 1.

HO

Hydraulic Diagram (Mechanical)

This is a drawing of a hydraulic control circuit.

PL

Pneumatic Layout (Mechanical)

These drawings show the placement of pneumatic devices in relation to the conveyor path. This type of drawing will also reference which of the air diagram drawings (AD) are associated to a pneumatic device.

WD WDO

91

Type of Drawing

Wiring Diagram (Electrical) This complete engineering of an area control includes: schematics, panel layout, and pushbutton stations. General Information (Electrical)

This drawing is used to convey general information relative to the system control.

Block Diagrams


 Block

92

diagrams are simple block diagrams which provides a means to illustrate a control system in a simple graphic format.  Block diagrams are also used to provide functional information.  Block diagrams are also used to illustrate the interconnection of different machines


Example Block Diagram Start pushbutton on

Process 1 starts if limit switch on

Process 1 stops if limit switch off

93

Sequence Charts SEQUENCE OF OPERATION


A.

94

B.

C.

PRESS “START MOTORS” PUSHBUTTON “2PB” MOTORS START “MOTORS RUNNING” LAMP “1LT” ARE ENGERGIZED. PRESS EITHER AUTOMATIC “4PB” OR MANUAL “5PB” PUSHBUTTON, CORRESPONDING RELAY AND LAMP ARE ENERGIZED. NOTE: TO SWITCH FROM MANUAL TO AUTOMATIC. OPERATOR MUST PRESS “RESET” PUSHBUTTON “3PB” BEFORE PRESSING AUTOMATIC PUSHBUTTON “4PB”. AUTOMATIC CYCLE WITH MOTORS RUNNING AND “CRA” ENERGIZED. MACHINE IS SET FOR AUTOMATIC CYCLE HEAD MUST BE RETRACTED AND PART UNCLAMPED TO START CYCLE. 1. OPERATOR LOADS PART IN FIXTURE AND PRESSES BOTH “CYCLE START” PUSHBUTTONS “6PB” AND “7PB” ENERGIZING “1CR” (SOL A AND SOL C) TO CLAMP PART 2. CLAMPED PART TRIPS “1LS” AND “2LS”. ENERGIZING “8CR” RELAY “3CR” (SOL E) IS ENERGIZED MEMENTARILY STARTING HEAD FORWARD IN RAPID ADVANCE. HEAD CAMS VALVE INTO FEED. 3. WHEN HEAD IS IN FORWARD POSITION, “3LS” IS TRIPPED, ENERGIZING RELAY “5CR”. 4. “5CR” CONTACT ENERGIZES RELAY “4CR” (SOL F) AND HEAD RETURNS. 5. WHEN HEAD IS FULY RETRACTED, “4LS” IS TRIPPED, DE-ENERGIZING “4CR” AND ENERGIZING “7CR” WHICH ENERGIZES “6CR” (SOL B AND SOL D) UNCLAMPING PART. 6. WHEN PART IS UNCLAMPED, “5LS” AND “6LS” ARE TRIPPED, DE-ENERGIZING RELAY “6CR”. 7. “2CR” RELAY PREVENTS MACHING RE-CYCLING IF BOTH “CYCLE START” PUSHBUTTONS ARE NOT RELEASED.

Electrical Layouts - EL


 Electrical

95

layouts are architectural drawings of the building that shows and identifies the electrical devices associated with a electrical diagram.

Wiring Connection Diagrams


 Wiring

96

(connection) diagram – a diagram that shows the connection of an installation or its component devices or parts.  This type of wiring diagram shows, as closely as possible, the actual location of each component in a circuit, including the control circuit and the power circuit.

Wiring Diagram Example


Start

Motor Starter Coil

M (aux)

NO

M

M

M

M

Stop

Thermal Overloads Overload Contact

97

T1

T2 Motor

T3

Electronic Schematics schematics use symbols for each component found in an electrical circuit.


 Electronic

R4 Q2

Q1 D1

C2 T1 R2 R1

L1

-

C3

+

C1 R3

-

+ VGG

98

Summary Objectives  Question and Answer Session Basic Blueprint Reading

 Review

 RETURN

99

TO MAIN MENU

PNEUMATIC / HYDRAULIC DRAWINGS

100

Objectives


 Define

101

Fluid Logic Symbols  Define Fluid Logic Diagrams Define

Shapes and lines that are used to construct symbols and circuits:


 Shapes

102

Is it Hydraulic or Pneumatic


 Pneumatic

103

and Hydraulic drawings look very similar and the subject is usually referred to as “Fluid Power”  The basic difference is Flow symbol.  If filled it is hydraulic and unfilled identifies pneumatic.

HYDRAULIC

PNEUMATIC

Fluid Power Drawings


 This

104

type of drawing, like electrical drawings are also considered single line drawings.  The line is either an air or hydraulic line connected to a device  The devices are shown as symbols whose intent is show the fluid flow and mechanical operation of the device as well as type of device.

Flow lines


Flow line

105

Connected lines are illustrated with a connection dot Unconnected lines shown crossing Flexible line

Four way junction

Singl e

o r Hose usually connecting parts with relative movement

Basic Line Symbols


Line

Dashed

Chain

Line 106

Spring

Working line, pilot supply, return, electrical Pilot control, bleed, filter Enclosure of two or more functions in one unit Electrical line

2 10

12 3

1

Circle Shapes


Circles energy conversion units measuring instrument

mechanical link roller 107

Squares and Rectangles


Square

108

control component connections perpendicular to sides

Square at 45o

conditioning apparatus connections to corners

Rectangle

cylinders and valves

Squares and Rectangles


Rectangles

109

piston

certain control methods

Basic Symbols


Semi-circle

Capsule

Double line

110

rotary actuator, motor or pump with limited angle of rotation pressurised reservoir air receiver, auxiliary gas bottle mechanical connection piston rod, lever, shaft

Functional Elements


Triangle

Spring

Arrow

111

Direction and nature of fluid, open pneumatic or filled hydraulic

Long sloping indicates adjustability

Functional Elements


Arrows Straight or sloping path and flow direction, or motion through a device Tee

Restriction

112

Closed path or port


Functional Elements Curved arrows are used to illustrate rotary motion Shaft rotation

both Seating or connection used in check valves and connectors

113

clockwise from right hand end

Functional Elements


Temperature

Opposed solenoid windings

Operator

Prime mover

114

Indication or control size to suit

M

Electric motor

M

Function components


Silencer

Pressure to electric switch preset

Pressure to electric switch adjustable

115


Function components Uni-directional flow regulator

Rotating joint Pressure indicator Pressure drop indicator

116

Plant


Compressor and electric motor Air receiver Isolating valve

Air inlet filter

117

M

Combination units


FRL with shut off valve and pressure gauge

Lubro-control unit Filter and lubricator Filter regulator with gauge

FRL Combined unit 118


Filters Filter with manual drain

Filter with automatic drain

Filter with automatic drain and pressure drop indicator

119

Pressure regulators




A pressure regulator symbol represents a normal state with the spring holding the regulator valve open to connect the supply to the outlet.

Adjustable Regulator simplified

Adjustable Regulator with pressure gauge simplified 120

Pressure relief valves




A pressure relief valve symbol represents a normal state with the spring holding the valve closed.

Adjustable relief valve simplified

Preset relief valve simplified 121

Pressure regulators


Pre-set relieving

Pre-set relieving with pressure gauge Adjustable relieving

Adjustable relieving with pressure gauge 122

Valve symbol structure


 The

123

function of a valve is given by a pair of numerals separated by a stroke, e.g. 3/2..  The first numeral indicates the number of main ports. These are inlets, outlets and exhausts but excludes signal ports and external pilot feeds.  The second numeral indicates the number of states the valve can achieve.



A

3/2 valve therefore has 3 ports (normally these are inlet, outlet and exhaust) and 2 states (the normal state and the operated state)  The boxes are two pictures of the same valve

operated 124

normal

Basic Valve Symbols 




125





 

Valve switching positions are illustrated with squares on a schematic. The number of squares is used to illustrate the quantity of switching positions. Lines within the boxes will indicate flow paths with arrows showing the flow direction. Shut off positions are illustrated by lines drawn at right angles to the flow path. Junctions within the valve are connected by a dot. Inlet and outlet ports to the valve are shown by lines drawn to the outside of the box that represents the normal or initial position of the valve



A

126

valve symbol logic block will show the symbols for each position of the valve states joined end to end as illustrated in the next slide.

operated

normal

Valve symbol structure valve logic state is illustrated with its state block joined end to end


 Each

127

operated

normal

Valve symbol structure port connections are shown to only one of the diagrams to indicate the prevailing state


 The

128

normal

Valve symbol structure operator for a particular state is illustrated against that state


 The

129

Operated state produced by pushing a button



 The

130


Normal state produced by a spring



 The

131


Normal state produced by a spring



 The

132

valve symbol can be visualised as moving to align one state or another with the port connections



 The

133




 The

134




A

135

5/2 valve symbol is constructed in a similar way. A picture of the valve flow paths for each of the two states is shown by the two boxes. The 5 ports are normally an inlet, 2 outlets and 2 exhausts



 The

136

full symbol is then made by joining the two boxes and adding operators. The connections are shown against only the prevailing state



 The

137




 The

138






139



The boxes can be joined at either end but the operator must be drawn against the state that it produces. The boxes can also be flipped A variety of symbol patterns are possible

normally closed

normally open


Operators

140

Operators of a valve are drawn to the side of a valve box to the side of the box it will be operating. Some operator types are: General manual

Lever

Push button

Pedal

Pull button

Treadle

Push/pull button

Rotary knob


Operators Cont’d

141

Plunger

Pressure

Spring normally as a return

Pilot pressure

Roller

Differential pressure

Uni-direction or one way trip

Detent in 3 positions

Operators Cont’d


Electrical

142

Solenoid direct Solenoid pilot

Solenoid pilot with manual override and external pilot supply

Solenoid pilot with manual override and integral pilot supply

When no integral or external pilot supply is shown it is assumed to be integral

Port markings


The valve connections can be labelled with capital letters or numbers as follows:

143

Alphabetical Designations

Numerical Designations

Working Lines

A, B, C …….. O (excludes L)

2, 4, 6 . . . .

Leakage Fluid

L …………………………

9

Supply Air

P …………………………

1

Exhaust

R, S, T ………………..W

3, 5, 7 ……

Pilot Lines

Z, Y, X …………………..

12, 14, 16, 18…

Port Markings Examples 2

2


12

12

10

3

1

2

4

14

2

14

12

3

1 5

144

1

4 12

1

10

3


Port Markings

145

2

12

12

10

3

1

14

2

4

1

3

2

12

14

10

1

4

5

2

1

12

3

Simplified cylinder symbols


Single acting – the load returns cylinder to original position

Single acting with spring returning cylinder to original position

Double acting – moved by fluid from either end 146

Rotary actuators


Semi rotary double acting

Rotary motor single direction of rotation

Rotary motor bi-directional

147

Example Pneumatic Schematic UP PB1

BALANCER VALVE 3

#12

1

#1

#2

#0

2


DOWN PB2 #2 COMMON PB3 #1

3 1

#1

#7

#8

1

CLAMP PB4

2 3

4

1

2

UNCLAMP PB5

#3

1 2-2

2-2 4

1

2

ROTATE RET. PB7

1

#8 3 NTD1

#9

#25

#1

1

PV2

NTD3 3

ROTATE ADVANCE

#11

NTD4

2

1

3

CLAMP SAFETY PB8

CLAMP CYL. A1

#15 1

#19

2

3 1

2

OR1

BV3

5 1

4

3

2

12

#16

#20

ROTATE RETURN

ROTATE SAFETY PB9

#13

OR3

RAISE DISABLE

14

PV3

2 5 1

4

3

2

12 5 1 3

1 OR2

3

#13

#22

3

1

CLAMP RETRACT

14

#10

#18

BV2

2

#10

#25

148

3 12

#11

3

4 2

1

1

CLAMP CLOSED LV1

5 1

#14

#22

#24

NTD2 3

1 2-2

#6

CLAMP EXTEND

14

PV1

3

1

3

#9

PS1

2

#5

3

BV1

5 1 3

#23

#4

ROTATE ADV. PB6

R1 CLAMP PRESSURE

#1

2

COMBINATION BLOCKING VALVE & FLOW CONTROL

BV4 #17

ROTATE CYL. B1 #21

3

1 2

1 OR4

RAISE ENABLE #12

3 1

2

Summary


 Review


 RETURN 149

TO MAIN MENU

PIPING AND PI&D DRAWINGS

150

Objectives


 Define

151

Piping Drawings  Identify Piping Symbols  Define Process and Instrumentation Drawings (P&ID)  Identify P&ID Symbols

Symbols and Drawings


 Piping

152

drawings show the size and location of pipes, fittings, and valves.  To read and interpret Piping drawings and Piping and Instrument drawings (P&ID’s), the student must learn the meaning of the symbols.  This presentation discusses some the common symbols that are used to depict system components.

Piping Drawings


 The

153

single line format is most commonly used in Piping and P&ID drawings.  The single line format represents all piping, regardless of size, as single line.  All system equipment is represented by simple standard symbols.


Pipe Crossing 

The crossing of pipes without connections is normally shown without interrupting the line.



When there is a need to show that one pipe must pass behind another, the line representing the pipe farthest may be shown with a break, where the other pipe passes in front of it

Near pipe

Far pipe

154


Connections

155



Permanent connections, whether made by welding, gluing or soldering, may be shown as a heavy dot



Detachable connections are shown by a single thick line.

Detachable connection

Detachable connection such as a flange

Permanent connection

Adjoining apparatus


Fittings

156



If standard symbols for fittings like tees, elbows, crossings are not shown on a drawing, they are represented by a continuous line.



A circular symbol for a tee or elbow may be used when necessary to show piping coming toward or moving away from the viewer.

Pipe Line Without Flanges

Pipe Going Away

Pipe Coming Towards

Pipe Line with flanges connected to ends

Rear view flange

Front view flange


Single Line example

GLOBE VALVE

CROSS

UNION

Y-FITTING

ELBOW CAP PLUG

TEE

COUPLING (JOINT)

CHECK VALVE REDUCER

ELBOW

157

GATE VALVE

45° ELBOW

Pictorial Drawings


 Pictorial

158

or double line drawings present the same type information as a single line, but the equipment is represented as if it had been photographed.  This format is rarely used since it requires much more effort to produce than a single line drawing and does not present any more information as to how the system functions.

Pictorial example


 Orthographic

CROSS

Y-FITTING CAP

GLOBE VALVE

TEE

COUPLING (JOINT)

ELBOW

159

Pipe Drawing

PLUG

CHECK VALVE

UNION

REDUCER

GATE VALVE

45° ELBOW

Common Piping Symbols Comparison


Pictorial 90° Elbows Straight Tee Reducing Tee Sanitary Tee P-Trap

160

Gate Valve

Symbol

Valves




Valves are used to control the direction, flow rate, and pressure of fluids GATE VALVE

CHECK VALVE

CONTROL VALVE

PLUG VALVE

BALL VALVE

BUTTERFLY VALVE

161

GLOBE VALVE

P&ID’s 




162

 

The piping of a single system may contain more than a single medium. For example, although the main process flow line may carry water, the associated auxiliary piping may carry compressed air, inert gas, or hydraulic fluid. Also, a fluid system diagram may also depict instrument signals and electrical wires as well as piping. The following slide shows some commonly used symbols for indicating the medium carried by the piping and for differentiating between piping, instrumentation signals, and electrical wires.

Process and Instrumentation Drawings P&ID’s




163

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

These process flow diagrams include: Pipe line numbers and directions Pipe specifications and line sizes All equipment All valves All Instrumentation with controlling devices

Lines MAJOR PROCESS LINES - PIPE


MINOR PROCESS LINES PROCESS TUBING HYDRAULIC LINES ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENT SIGNAL ELECTRICAL LEADS PNEUMATIC LINES (GAS OR AIR) INSTRUMENT CAPILLARY TUBING

164


Valve Symbols

165

Valve Normally Open

Valve Normally Closed

Needle Valve Normally Open

Needle Valve Normally Closed

Ball Valve Normally Open

Ball Valve Normally Closed

Globe Valve Normally Open

Globe Valve Normally Closed

Gate Valve Normally Open

Gate Valve Normally Closed

Butterfly Valve

Two Valve Manifold

Blind Flanged Generic Valve

Note: the generic valve is commonly used on drawings with the valve state noted next to it

N.C.

Control Valve Actuators


 Some

valves are provided with actuators to allow remote operation, to increase mechanical advantage, or both. Below are a few symbols for the common valve actuators.

Diaphragm Electric Motor Solenoid

166

Piston Manual

Balloon Labeling




 

A control valve may serve any number of functions within a fluid system. To differentiate between valve uses, a balloon labeling system is used to identify the function of a control valve. The first letter used in the valve designator indicates the parameter to be controlled by the valve. For example: – – – – –

F = flow T = temperature L = level P = pressure H = hand (manually operated valve

FC

Flow Control Valve 167


168



One of the main purposes of a P&ID is to provide functional information about how instrumentation in a system or piece of equipment interfaces with the system or piece of equipment.



The symbols used to represent instruments and their loops can be divided into four categories. Sensed Parameter Type of Indicator or Type of ComponentType of Signal Controller F = flow T = temperature P = pressure I = current L = level V = voltage Z = position

R = recorder I = indicator C = controller

T = transmitter M = modifier E = element

I = current V = voltage P = pneumatic

Basic Symbol Modifiers/Transmitters


Locally Mounted Instrument Board Mounted Instrument Instrument Behind Board Example: Locally mounted voltage to current pressure modifier

P/I PM

or

P/I

or

E/I

Examples of Transmitters

FT

169

FT

Flow Transmitter

PT

PressureTransmitter

Controllers




170



Controllers process the signal from an instrument loop and use it to position or manipulate some other system component. Generally they are denoted by placing a "C" in the balloon after the controlling parameter. Flow Controller

FC

Proportional

P

Temperature Controller TC

Proportional - Integral

PI

Pressure Controller

PC

Proportional – Integral - Differential

PID

Level Controller

TC

Current to Pneumatic

I/P

Components




Within every system there are major components such as pumps, compressors, tanks, heat exchangers, and fans.

Compressor

Steam Turbine

Pumps

171

Heat Exchanger

Tanks

S

or

or

Misc. Symbols




In addition to the normal symbols used on P&ID’s to represent specific pieces of equipment additional drawing symbols are used to guide or provide additional information about the drawing.

XX-001-X-Y

Pipe or Wire is continued on drawing XX-001 at coordinates X-Y. Flow is to that drawing

XX-002-X-Y

Pipe or Wire is continued from drawing XX-002 at coordinates X-Y. Flow is from that drawing

XX-003-X-Y

Pipe or Wire is continued on drawing XX-003 at coordinates X-Y. Flow is in both directions. Building/Area Boundary

172

Example P&ID Drawing


E-101 REBOILER

V-101 DEPROPANIZER

E-102 OVERHEAD CONDENSER

V-102 REFLUX ACCUMULATOR

125°F 35 COOLING WATER

E-102 V-101

FEED

20

255 PSIG 210°F

FLARE

PC V-102 240# @ 118°f

LC

1 245°F

FRC LG

HEATING MEDIUM

E-101 REBOILER 230°F

275°F

LC P-101A & 101B PRODUCT STORAGE STORAGE

173

P-101A & 101B PRODUCT AND REFLUX PUMPS

Summary


 Review


 RETURN 174

TO MAIN MENU

CIVIL AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING

175

Objectives


 Define

176

Topographical Maps  Define Contour Maps  Define Geology and Mining Terms  Define Site Plans Drawings  Define Floor Plans  Define Elevation Drawings  Define Structural Drawings and symbols

Topographical Maps


 Maps

177

which describe in detail local features of the earth’s surface, either natural or man-made, are called topographic maps (or drawings).  Data taken from surveys are used to build these drawings.  Surveying is the actual measurement of distances, elevations, and directions on the earth’s surface.

Contours


 Most

178

topographical maps are drawn as contours.  Contours are lines drawn on a map to show points of equal elevation; that is, all points on a single contour line have the same elevation.  A contour interval is the vertical distance between horizontal planes passing through successive contours as illustrated in the following slide..

Example Contours Map


Control Points

179

Contours Relative Elevations

Profile

Contours Continued




180





Contours may be plotted through the use of patterns of distribution of points of recorded elevation. A popular pattern is the checkerboard or grid survey as illustrated in the next slide. Line are established at right angles to each other, dividing the survey into squares of appropriate size and elevations are determined at the corners of the squares


Example Grid Contour Map

Contour

Elevation Grid 181

Geology and Mining Terms 


     

Strike - The bearing of a horizontal line in a plane, customarily measured from north. Dip - Includes both an angle and a direction between planes Stratum or Seam - layer or deposit bounded by parallel bedding planes. Vein - A deposit in a fissure or fault. Fault - A displacement of one segment with respect to another formation. Thickness - perpendicular distance between the two bedding planes of a stratum, seam, or vein. Outcrop - If a sloping stratum continues without faults, it eventually outcrops (becomes exposed) at the earth’s surface. –

182

See following slide for examples


Geology Terms Example

Strike

Outcrop Area Bedding Plane Dip Angle

183

Fault Plane

Seam or Stratum

Thickness

Topographical Map Symbols




Along with contour lines maps have many basic symbols to illustrate land features and objects. The following are but a few examples.

Highway Railroad

Telephone Line

Power Line

184

Highway Bridge Railroad Bridge

Suspension Bridge Dam

Site or Layout Drawings




185





Layout drawings are also called general plans and profile drawings. T They provide the necessary information on the location, alignment, and elevation of the structure and its principal parts in relation to the ground at the site. They also provide other important details, such as the nature of the underlying soil or the location of adjacent structures and roads.


Example Site Drawing

186

Example Symbols


Earth-rough grade

187

Concrete Paving Gravel

Earth-finish grade

Floor Plans  Floor Basic Blueprint Reading

– – – – –

188

plans includes:

thicknesses, and character of the building walls on that particular floor the widths and locations of door and window openings the lengths and character of partitions the number and arrangement of rooms the types and locations of utility installations

Floor Layout Example


Door Symbol

189

Window Symbol

Elevation Drawings


 Elevation

drawings are closely related to the floor plans of a building.  These drawings are of vertical views of the building, usually of the outside walls.

Front Elevation

190

Side Elevation

Structural Drawings


 Architectural

191

and structural drawings are generally considered to be the drawings of steel, wood, concrete, and other materials used to construct buildings.


Example of Structural Drawing Detail

192


Beams 

A beam is identified by its nominal depth, in inches and weight per foot of length.



The cross section of an American Standard beam (I) forms the letter I. These I-beams, like wide-flange beams, are identified by nominal depth and weight per foot

or

S

Symbols 193

p To t on r F En d

Top Front

End

Channels A cross section of a channel is similar to the squared letter C. Channels are identified by their nominal depth and weight per foot




p To nt o Fr

C

En d

Symbols

Top End

194

Front

or

Angles


 The

cross section of an angle resembles the letter L. Angles are identified by the dimensions in inches of their legs, as L 7 x 4 x 1/2.

To

on r F

Top

Front

195

p

End

End

t

L Symbol

Tees


A

structural tee is made by slitting a standard I- or H- beam through the center of its web, thus forming two T-shapes from each beam. In dimensioning, the structural tee symbol is preceded by the letters ST.

p To nt o Fr

Top En d

196

Front

End

ST or T Symbols

Members




197





The main parts of a structure are the load-bearing structural members that support and transfer the loads on the structure while remaining in equilibrium with each other. The places where members are connected to other members are called joints. The total load supported by the structural members at a particular instant is equal to the total dead load plus the total live load.

Vertical Members 








198

Columns are high-strength vertical structural members; in buildings they may be called pillars. A pier in building construction may be called a short column. It could rest on a footing or it may be simply set or driven in the ground. In bridge construction a pier is a vertical member that provides intermediate support for the bridge superstructure. The vertical structural members in light-frame construction are called studs. They are supported on horizontal members called sills or sole plates, and are topped by horizontal members called top plates or stud caps. Corner posts are enlarged studs located at the building corners.

Horizontal Members




199

 

A horizontal load-bearing structural member that spans a space and is supported at both ends is called a beam. A member that is fixed at one end is called a cantilever. One type of steel member is actually a light truss and is called an open-web steel joist or a bar-steel joist.

Trusses


A

200

truss is a framework consisting of two horizontal (or nearly horizontal) members joined together by a number of vertical and/or inclined members to form a series of triangles.

Trusses

Summary


 Review


 RETURN 201

TO MAIN MENU

MACHINE DRAWINGS

202

Objectives


 Define

203

Tolerances  Define Basic Features of Machine Drawings

Machine Drawings


 In

204

learning to read machine drawings, we must first become familiar with the common terms, symbols, and conventions defined and discussed in the following slides.

Tolerances 




205

  

Obtaining Absolute accuracy is impossible and therefore variations must be allowed. This allowance is known as tolerance and represents the total amount the dimension may vary. It is stated on a drawing as (plus or minus) a certain amount, either by a fraction or decimal. Limits are the maximum and/or minimum values for a specific dimension. Tolerances may be shown on drawings by several different methods; the following slide shows three examples. – The unilateral method is used when variation from the design size is permissible in one direction only. – The bilateral method a dimension figure shows the plus or minus variation that is acceptable. – In the limit dimensioning method the maximum and minimum measurements are both stated

Tolerance Examples Unilateral Method Basic Blueprint Reading

.498 DIA + .000 - .002

Bilateral Method 30° ± 1° .875 ± .005 7± 1 8 64

.500 DIA + .002 - .000

2.250 + .010 - .005 .498 DIA .496

Limit Method 206

.500 DIA .502

Tolerance Symbols


Flatness & Straightness

Roundness Symmetry

Angularity

(MMC) Maximum Material Condition

Perpendicularity Parallelism

(RFS) Regardless of Feature size Datum Identifying symbol

Concentricity True Position Feature Control Symbol

207

A Symbol

.001

M

S -A-

Tolerance Datum

Class Exercise


 Do

208

Class Exercise Tolerances

Fillets and Rounds


 Fillets

are concave metal corner (inside) surfaces.  Rounds or radii are edges or outside corners that have been rounded to prevent chipping and to avoid sharp cutting edges

Fillet 209

Rounds

Slots and Slides


 Slots

210

and slides mate two specially shaped pieces of material and securely hold them together, yet allow them to move or slide.

Tee Slot Slide

Dovetail Slide

Tee Slot

Dovetail Slot

Keys, Keyseats, Keyways


A

key is a small wedge or rectangular piece of metal inserted in a slot or groove between a shaft and a hub to prevent slippage

Flat Bottom

Round Bottom Keyseat and Keyway

211

Square

Screw Threads use different methods to show thread on drawings


 Draftsmen

Without Thread Relief

With Thread Relief 212

Simplified Method of Thread Representation

Gears


 When

gears are drawn on machine drawings usually only enough gear teeth are drawn to identify the dimensions.

Working Depth Whole Depth

Dedendum Addendum

Clearance Root Dia.

213

Pitch Dia. Outside Dia.

Springs




There are three classifications of helical springs: compression, extension, and torsion. Drawings seldom show a true presentation of the helical shape; instead, they usually show springs Common Types of Helical Springs with straight lines

Symbol Representation of Springs

214

Finish Marks 

Many metal surfaces must be finished with machine tools for various reasons.



A modified symbol (check mark) with a number or numbers above it


is used to show these surfaces and to specify the degree of finish.

x

60° 215

3½ X MIN.

02

x

60° Example of Use

Welding


 Welding

is a process of joining metals by fusion or heating into a single joined mass.  Symbols will define the type of weld required.

Square Weld

216

Symbol

Fillet Weld Symbol

Weld Drawing Symbols




A welding symbol consists of seven basic elements 4. Dimensions = weld is 2 inches long with leg length of ½ inch

1. Reference Line 7. Tail – will have information about the process. OAW is a type of welding here. It is left off if no info needed.

2. Arrow – connects reference line to joint OAW

½ G

3. Weld symbol – this indicates a fillet weld

217

2 5. Supplementary symbols – this illustrates a convex weld 6. Finish symbol – g = grinding, c = chipped, m = machined.


Example Drawing

218

Summary


 Review


 RETURN 219

TO MAIN MENU

Basic Blueprint Reading

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