Basic Arduino Manual

What’s inside the kit

1 set Jumper Wires

1 pc 400 Points Breadboard

5 pcs 5mm Red LED 5 pcs 5mm Green LED 5 pcs 5mm Yellow LED

1 pc RGB LED

Basic Arduino Manual

5 pcs Tact Switch

1 pc Potentiometer

30 pcs Resistors

1 pc Photoresistor

1 pc LCD

1 pc 4-Digit 7-Segment Display

1 pc Buzzer

What’s inside the kit Jumper Wires A short length of conductor used to link two cross-connect termination points of a circuit. Breadboard Used to build and test circuits quickly q uickly before nalizing any circuit design. It contains holes into which circuit components like ICs and resistors can be inserted. LED A semiconductor diode that emits light when a voltage is applied to it and that is used especially in electronic devices (as for an indicator light). RGB LED The “R” stands for red, the “G” stands for green and the “B” stands stands for blue. These three colors colors combined, when varied in intensity, have the ability to produce over 16.7 million different colors. Tact Switch An on/off electronic switch that is only on when the button is pressed. Another way to consider it, as momentary make or brake switch. As soon as a tactile switches button is released, the connection is broken.

Potentiometer A simple knob that provides a variable resistance.


What’s inside the kit Jumper Wires A short length of conductor used to link two cross-connect termination points of a circuit. Breadboard Used to build and test circuits quickly q uickly before nalizing any circuit design. It contains holes into which circuit components like ICs and resistors can be inserted. LED A semiconductor diode that emits light when a voltage is applied to it and that is used especially in electronic devices (as for an indicator light). RGB LED The “R” stands for red, the “G” stands for green and the “B” stands stands for blue. These three colors colors combined, when varied in intensity, have the ability to produce over 16.7 million different colors. Tact Switch An on/off electronic switch that is only on when the button is pressed. Another way to consider it, as momentary make or brake switch. As soon as a tactile switches button is released, the connection is broken.

Potentiometer A simple knob that provides a variable resistance.


What’s inside the kit Resistors A device that has electrical resistance and that is used in an electric circuit for protection, operation, or current control. Photoresistor A resistor whose resistance varies as a function of the intensity of light it is exposed to. LCD A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines.

4-Digit 7-Segment Display A set of seven bar-shaped LED (light-emitting diode) or LCD (liquid crystal display) elements, arranged to form a squared-off gure 8.

Buzzer An electric component that comes in different shapes and sizes, which can be used to create sound waves after providing electrical signal. Basic Arduino Manual

What is Arduino? Arduino by denition is an open-source prototyping platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a nger on a button and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED. You can tell your board what to do by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller on the board. To do so you use the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE), based on Processing. It’s applications range from simple LED projects to products for IoT applications, wearable, and 3D printing. All Arduino boards are completely open-source, empowering users to build them independently and eventually adapt them to their particular needs. The software, too, is opensource, and it is growing through the contributions of users worldwide. www.arduino.cc

images from google.com


Hardware There are a couple of parts on the board: Power The Uno board can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply. 5V.This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. GND. Ground pins. Input and Output The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5. Each of the 14 digital pins, labeled 0 through 13 on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digialRead() functions.

In addition, some pins have specialized functions: PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function. LED: 13. There is a built-in LED driven by digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it’s off. Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller.


Software The Arduino Integrated Development Environment - or Arduino Software (IDE) - contains a text editor for writing code, a message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for common functions and a series of menus. It connects to the Arduino and Genuino hardware to upload programs and communicate with them. Writing Sketches Programs written using Arduino Software (IDE) are called sketches. These sketches are written in the text editor and are saved with the le extension .ino. The toolbar buttons allow you to verify and upload programs, create, open, and save sketches, and open the serial monitor.

Verify Checks your code for errors compiling it. Upload Compiles your code and uploads it to the congured board. New Creates a new sketch. Open Presents a menu of all the sketches in your sketchbook. Clicking one will open it within the current window overwriting its content. Save Saves your sketch. Serial Monitor Opens the serial monitor.

Additional commands are found within the ve menus: File, Edit, Sketch, Tools, Help. Basic Arduino Manual

Commonly used functions setup() called when a sketch starts. Use it to initialize variables, pin modes, start using libraries, etc. The setup function will only run once, after each powerup or reset of the Arduino board. loop() does precisely what its name suggests, and loops consecutively, allowing your program to change and respond. Use it to actively control the Arduino board. for() Loop. Used to repeat a block of statements enclosed in curly braces. for (initialization; condition; increment) { //statement(s); } Example: for (i=0;i<3;i++) Do the instructions enclosed by {} three times if (expr) {} Conditional branch. If expr true, do instructions enclosed by {} if / else Example: if (pinFiveInput < 500) { // do Thing A } ; (semicolon) Used to end a statement. {} (Curly Braces) An opening curly brace “{“ must always be followed by a closing curly brace “}”. This is a condition that is often referred to as the braces being balanced. Comments Lines in the program that are used to inform yourself or others about the way the program works. Anything after the slashes is a comment. // to the end of the line /* */ this is multiline comment - use it to comment out whole blocks of code #include used to include outside libraries in your sketch.


Commonly used functions void used only in function declarations. It indicates that the function is expected to return no information to the function from which it was called. int Integers are your primary data-type for number storage. pinMode (n,INPUT) Set pin n to act as an input. One-time command at top of program. pinMode (n,OUTPUT) Set pin n to act as an output digitalWrite (n,HIGH) Set pin n to 5V digitalWrite (n,LOW) Set pin n to 0V delay(x) Pause program for x millisec, x = 0 to 65,535 digitalRead(pin) Reads the value from a specied digital pin, either HIGH or LOW. analogRead() Reads the value from the specied analog pin. analogWrite(pin, value) Writes an analog value (PWM wave) to a pin. Can be used to light a LED at varying brightnesses or drive a motor at various speeds. delay(ms) Pauses the program for the amount of time (in miliseconds) specied as parameter. (There are 1000 milliseconds in a second.) For more references visit https://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/HomePage


Let’s get started What you will need 1. Download Basic Arduino Kit.rar Extract it in your computer. This contains all the sketches and circuit that we will be using through out the lessons.

2. Download and install the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment)

3. A well lighted table or any workspace where you will be placing your components next to your desktop or laptop PC to enable you to upload the code to the Arduino. 4. A notepad and pen will also come in handy for drawing out rough schematics, working out concepts and designs, etc. 5. And most importantly, the enthusiasm and willingness to learn!


Lesson 1: Built-in LED blink Overview: In this rst lesson we will be introduced to arduino programming. We will be able to learn how control the blinking of the Built-in LED in the Arduino board.

Materials: Arduino Uno USB cable

Instructions: 1. Connect the arduino to the computer using the USB cable 2. Open the le lesson_no._1_built_in_LED_blink.ino 3. The Arduino IDE will open 4. Click Upload


Lesson 1: Discussion of codes int led = 13; // we assigned pin 13 as “led” which we will use through out the sketch /*variable is a way of naming and storing a value for later use by the program, digital pin 13 drives the built-in led on the board. */

void setup() /* setup() preparation, always top of program, set pinModes, initialize serial communictions, etc.*/

{ pinMode(led, OUTPUT); // initialize the digital pin labeled as “led” an output. /* pinMode: This command, which goes in the setup() function, is used to set the direction of a digital I/O pin. Set the pin to OUTPUT if the pin is driving and LED, motor or other device. Set the pin to INPUT if the pin is reading a switch or other sensor. On power up or reset, all pins default to inputs. */ } void loop() /* loop() execution, reading inputs, triggering outputs */ { digitalWrite(led, HIGH); // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) /* digitalWrite: This command sets an I/O pin high (+5V) or low (0V) and is the workhorse for commanding the outside world of lights, motors, and anything else interfaced to your board.*/

delay(1000); // wait for a second /* Delay pauses the program for a specied number of milliseconds. Since most interactions with the world involve timing, this is an essential instruction. */ digitalWrite(led, LOW); // turn the LED off by making the voltage LOW delay(1000); // wait for a second }


Lesson 2: LED Blink (Breadboard) Overview: In this lesson we will be introduced to circuit wiring and our goal is to make the LED on the breadboard blink according to the delay to be set. We will also learn how to assign a digital pin as an output.

Materials: 1pc LED 1pc 220ohm resistor Breadboard Jumper wires

Instructions: 1. Connect the arduino to the computer 2. Open the le lesson_no._2_LED_blink.ino 3. The Arduino IDE will open 4. Click Upload 5. Construct the circuit as shown in the gure. You can check the larger version of the picture which is located in the folder lesson_no._2_LED_blink


Lesson 2: Discussion of codes int led = 12; // we labeled pin 12 as “led” /*variable is a way of naming and storing a value for later use by the program */

void setup() /* setup() preparation, always top of program, set pinModes, initialize serial communictions, etc.*/

{ pinMode(led, OUTPUT); // initialize the digital pin labeled as “led” an output. /* pinMode: This command, which goes in the setup() function, is used to set the direction of a digital I/O pin. Set the pin to OUTPUT if the pin is driving and LED, motor or other device. Set the pin to INPUT if the pin is reading a switch or other sensor. On power up or reset, all pins default to inputs. */ } void loop() /* loop() execution, reading inputs, triggering outputs */ { digitalWrite(led, HIGH); // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) /* digitalWrite: This command sets an I/O pin high (+5V) or low (0V) and is the workhorse for commanding the outside world of lights, motors, and anything else interfaced to your board.*/

delay(1000); // wait for a second /* Delay pauses the program for a specied number of milliseconds. Since most interactions with the world involve timing, this is an essential instruction. */ digitalWrite(led, LOW); // turn the LED off by making the voltage LOW delay(1000); // wait for a second }


Lesson 3: LED control Overview: In this lesson we will be using a tact switch to control the LED whether it will be turned on or off. We will be able to learn how to read an input(switch) and make the corresponding output(LED).

Materials: 1pc LED 1pc 220ohm resistor 1pc 10kohm resistor 1 pc tact switch Breadboard Jumper wires

Instructions: 1. Connect the arduino to the computer 2. Open the le lesson_no._3_LED_control.ino 3. The Arduino IDE will open 4. Click Upload 5. Construct the circuit as shown in the gure. You can check the larger version of the picture which is located in the folder lesson_no._3_LED_control


Lesson 3: Discussion of codes int ledpin=11; //label pin 11 as “ledpin” int inpin=7; //label pin 7 as “inpin” int val; //dene the variable val, we well be using later /*variable is a way of naming and storing a value for later use by the program, such as data from a analog pin set to input.*/

void setup()

{ pinMode(ledpin,OUTPUT); //dene the “ledpin” as OUTPUT, we will be connecting the LED here pinMode(inpin,INPUT); //dene the “inpin” as INPUT, we will be connecting the switch here /* pinMode: This command, which goes in the setup() function, is used to set the direction of a digital I/O pin. Set the pin to OUTPUT if the pin is driving and LED, motor or other device. Set the pin to INPUT if the pin is reading a switch or other sensor. On power up or reset, all pins default to inputs. */ } void loop() { val=digitalRead(inpin); //read the value of “inpin” then save it to variable “val“ /* digitalRead: Reads the value from a specied pin, it will be either HIGH or LOW.*/ if(val==LOW) //if the button pressed; /*If the condition is true, the program will execute the commands between the braces. If the condition is not true, the program will skip to the statement following the braces.*/

{ digitalWrite(ledpin,LOW);} //turn off the LED else { digitalWrite(ledpin,HIGH);} //if not pressed, turn on the LED /*digitalWrite: This command sets an I/O pin high (+5V) or low (0V) and is the workhorse for commanding the outside world of lights, motors, and anything else interfaced to your board.*/

}


Lesson 4: 3 LED blink Overview: In this lesson we will learn on how to make 3 LED blink alternately. We will learn how to use multiple pins and assign delays for us to achieve the desired output.

Materials: 3 pcs LED (1 green, 1 yellow, 1 red) 3pcs 220ohm resistor Breadboard Jumper wires

Instructions: 1. Connect the arduino to the computer 2. Open the le lesson_no._4_3_LED_blink.ino 3. The Arduino IDE will open 4. Click Upload 5. Construct the circuit as shown in the gure. You can check the larger version of the picture which is located in the folder lesson_no._4_3_LED_blink


Lesson 4: Discussion of codes int greenled = 8; //we labeled pin 8 as ”greenled” int yellowled = 9; //we labeled pin 9 as ”yellowled” int redled = 10; //we labeled pin 10 as ”redled” void setup() { pinMode(greenled, OUTPUT); //we set “greenled“ as output pinMode(yellowled, OUTPUT); //we set “yellowled“ as output pinMode(redled, OUTPUT); //we set “redled“ as output } void loop() { digitalWrite(greenled, HIGH); //Green on for 1 second delay(1000); digitalWrite(greenled, LOW); //Green off, yellow on for 1 second digitalWrite(yellowled, HIGH); delay(1000); digitalWrite(yellowled, LOW); //yellow off, red on for 1 second digitalWrite(redled, HIGH); delay(1000); digitalWrite(redled, LOW); //Red and Yellow off }


Lesson 5: Traﬃc light Overview: In this lesson we will mimic the behaviour of a trafc light using delays. We will be us ing the same circuit on the previous lesson and practice how to manipulate delays for us to achieve our desired output.

Materials: 3 pcs LED (1 green, 1 yellow, 1 red) 3pcs 220ohm resistor Breadboard Jumper wires

Instructions: 1. Connect the arduino to the computer 2. Open the le lesson_no._5_trafc_lights.ino 3. The Arduino IDE will open 4. Click Upload 5. The circuit will be the same as in lesson_no._4_3_LED_blink


Lesson 5: Discussion of codes int greenled = 8; //we labeled pin 8 as ”greenled” int yellowled = 9; //we labeled pin 9 as ”yellowled” int redled = 10; //we labeled pin 10 as ”redled” void setup() { pinMode(greenled, OUTPUT); //we set “greenled“ as output pinMode(yellowled, OUTPUT); //we set “yellowled“ as output pinMode(redled, OUTPUT); //we set “redled“ as output } void loop() { digitalWrite(greenled, HIGH); //Green on for 1 second delay(5000); digitalWrite(greenled, LOW); //Green off, yellow on for 1 second digitalWrite(yellowled, HIGH); delay(2000); digitalWrite(yellowled, LOW); //yellow off, red on for 1 second digitalWrite(redled, HIGH); delay(5000); digitalWrite(redled, LOW); //Red and Yellow off }


Lesson 6: LED bar graph Overview: In this lesson we will be using the component called the potentiometer. As we turn the knob of the potentiometer, the number of LEDs turned on will also vary. The codes we used in this lesson can also be found in Files->Examples->Display->barGraph

Materials: 10pcs LED (3 green, 4 yellow, 3 red) , 10pcs 220ohm resistor, Potentiometer Breadboard Jumper wires

Instructions: 1. Connect the arduino to the computer 2. Open the le lesson_no._6_LED_bar_graph.ino 3. The Arduino IDE will open 4. Click Upload 5. Construct the circuit as shown in the gure. You can check the larger version of the picture which is located in the folder lesson_no._6_LED_bar_graph


Lesson 6: Discussion of codes /* LED bar graph

// loop over the LED array: for (int thisLed = 0; thisLed < ledCount; thisLed++) { // if the array element’s index is less than ledLevel, // turn the pin for this element on: if (thisLed < ledLevel) { digitalWrite(ledPins[thisLed], HIGH); } // turn off all pins higher than the ledLevel: else { digitalWrite(ledPins[thisLed], LOW); } }

Turns on a series of LEDs based on the value of an analog sensor. This is a simple way to make a bar graph display. Though this graph uses 10 LEDs, you can use any number by changing the LED count and the pins in the array. This method can be used to control any series of digital outputs that depends on an analog input. The circuit: * LEDs from pins 2 through 11 to ground created 4 Sep 2010 by Tom Igoe This example code is in the public domain. http://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BarGraph */

// these constants won’t change: const int analogPin = A0; // the pin that the potentiometer is attached to const int ledCount = 10; // the number of LEDs in the bar graph

int ledPins[] = { 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 }; // an array of pin numbers to which LEDs are attached

void setup() { // loop over the pin array and set them all to output: for (int thisLed = 0; thisLed < ledCount; thisLed++) { pinMode(ledPins[thisLed], OUTPUT); } } void loop() { // read the potentiometer: int sensorReading = analogRead(analogPin); // map the result to a range from 0 to the number of LEDs: int ledLevel = map(sensorReading, 0, 1023, 0, ledCount);


}

Lesson 7: RGB LED (changing colors) Overview: In this lesson we will be using the component called the RGB LED. We will learn to to make the RGB LED change its color from red to green and to blue and try some other combinations to achieve more variations of colors.

Materials: 1pc RGB LED 3pcs 220ohm resistor Breadboard Jumper wires

Instructions: 1. Connect the arduino to the computer 2. Open the le lesson_no._7_RGB_LED 3. The Arduino IDE will open 4. Click Upload 5. Construct the circuit as shown in the gure. You can check the larger version of the picture which is located in the folder lesson_no._7_RGB_LED


Lesson 7: Discussion of codes int redPin = 11; int greenPin = 10; int bluePin = 9;

void setup() { pinMode(redPin, OUTPUT); pinMode(greenPin, OUTPUT); pinMode(bluePin, OUTPUT); } void loop() { setColor(255, 0, 0); // red delay(1000); setColor(0, 255, 0); // green delay(1000); setColor(0, 0, 255); // blue delay(1000); setColor(255, 255, 0); // yellow delay(1000); setColor(80, 0, 80); // purple delay(1000); setColor(0, 255, 255); // aqua delay(1000); }


Lesson 8: RGB LED and tact switch Overview: In this lesson we will make the RGB LED change its color to red, green and blue as we push a certain tact switch that corresponds to each color.

Materials: 1pc RGB LED 3pcs 220ohm resistor 3pcs 10kohm resistor 3pcs tact switch Breadboard Jumper wires

Instructions: 1. Connect the arduino to the computer 2. Open the le lesson_no._8_RGB_switch.ino 3. The Arduino IDE will open 3. Click Upload 4. Construct the circuit as shown in the gure. You can check the larger version of the picture which is located in the folder esson_no._8_RGB_switch


Lesson 8: Discussion of codes int redLEDPin = 11; // label pin 11 as redLEDPin int greenLEDPin = 10; // label pin 10 as greenLEDPin int blueLEDPin = 9; // label pin 9 as blueLEDPin int redSwitchPin = 7; // label pin 7 as redSwitchPin int greenSwitchPin = 6; // label pin 6 as greenSwitchPin int blueSwitchPin = 5; // label pin 5 as blueSwitchPin void setup() { pinMode(redLEDPin, OUTPUT); pinMode(greenLEDPin, OUTPUT); pinMode(blueLEDPin, OUTPUT); pinMode(redSwitchPin, INPUT); pinMode(greenSwitchPin, INPUT); pinMode(blueSwitchPin, INPUT); } void loop() { if (digitalRead(redSwitchPin) == HIGH && digitalRead(greenSwitchPin) == LOW && digitalRead(blueSwitchPin) == LOW) { digitalWrite(redLEDPin,HIGH); digitalWrite(greenLEDPin,LOW); digitalWrite(blueLEDPin,LOW); }else{}

if (digitalRead(greenSwitchPin) == HIGH && digitalRead(redSwitchPin) == LOW && digitalRead(blueSwitchPin) == LOW) { digitalWrite(redLEDPin,LOW); digitalWrite(greenLEDPin,HIGH); digitalWrite(blueLEDPin,LOW); }else{}

if (digitalRead(blueSwitchPin) == HIGH && digitalRead(greenSwitchPin) == LOW && digitalRead(redSwitchPin) == LOW) { digitalWrite(redLEDPin,LOW); digitalWrite(greenLEDPin,LOW); digitalWrite(blueLEDPin,HIGH); }else{}

delay(10); }


Lesson 9: Photoresistor Overview: In this lesson we will be using the component called the photoresistor. It acts like an automatic switch where in whenever it detects presence of light it will turn the LED off, otherwise if detects the absence of light it will turn the LED on.

Materials: 1pc LDR 1pc LED 1pc 220ohm resistor 1pc 10kohm resistor Breadboard Jumper wires

Instructions: 1. Connect the arduino to the computer 2. Open the le lesson_no._9_photoresistor.ino 3. The Arduino IDE will open 4. Click Upload 5. Construct the circuit as shown in the gure. You can check the larger version of the picture which is located in the folder lesson_no._9_photoresistor


Lesson 9: Discussion of codes int photocellpin = 2; //label pin 2 as “photocellpin” int val =0; //assign variable “val”, you will be using it later, and set its initial value to 0 void setup() { pinMode(ledPin,OUTPUT); //set the ledPin to output; Serial.begin(9600); } void loop() { val = analogRead(photocellPin); Serial.println("current light is"); Serial.println(val); /* Serial.print: lets you see what's going on inside the Arduino from your computer. For example, you can see the result of a math operation to determine if you are getting the right number. Or, you can see the state of a digital input pin to see if the Arduino is a sensor or switch properly. There are two forms of the print command. Serial.print() prints on the same line while Serial.println() starts the print on a new line.*/

if (val<350) { //512 =2.5V, you can modify this to adjust the sensitivty; digitalWrite(ledPin,HIGH); } else { digitalWrite(ledPin,LOW); } delay(1000); }


Lesson 10: Buzzer Overview: In this lesson we will be using the component called the buzzer. The circuit may seem so simple because the buzzer has only two terminals. Always make sure that the + ter minal of the buzzer is the one con nected to the output pin. Materials: Buzzer Breadboard Jumper wires

Instructions: 1. Connect the arduino to the computer 2. Open the le lesson_no._10_buzzer.ino 3. The Arduino IDE will open 3. Click Upload 4. Construct the circuit as shown in the gure. You can check the larger version of the picture which is located in the folder lesson_no._10_buzzer 5. This time upload lesson_no._10_buzzer_super_mario.ino your buzzer will play on the tune of super mario Basic Arduino Manual

Lesson 10: Discussion of codes int buzzer=7; void setup() { pinMode(buzzer,OUTPUT); } void loop() { unsigned char i,j; while(1) { for(i=0;i<80;i++) { digitalWrite(buzzer,HIGH); delay(1); digitalWrite(buzzer,LOW); delay(1); } for(i=0;i<100;i++) { digitalWrite(buzzer,HIGH); delay(2); digitalWrite(buzzer,LOW); delay(2); } } }


Lesson 11: 7 Segment Display Overview: In this lesson we will be using the component called the 4-digit 7 segment display as a counter.

Materials: 4-digit 7 segment display 8pcs 220ohm resistor Breadboard Jumper wires

Instructions: 1. Connect the arduino to the computer 2. Open the le lesson_no._11_7segment.ino 3. The Ardiuno IDE will open 4. Click Upload 5. Construct the circuit as shown in the gure. You can check the larger version of the picture which is located in the folder lesson_no._11_7segment


Lesson 12: LCD Overview: In this lesson we will be using a component called the LCD. We will learn how to make a text appear on the display. The codes we used in this lesson can also be found in Files->Examples->LiquidCrystal->HelloWorld

Materials: LCD Potentiometer Breadboard Jumper wires

Instructions: 1. Connect the arduino to the computer 2. Open the le lesson_no._12_LCD_hello_world.ino 3. The Arduino IDE will open 4. Click Upload 5. Construct the circuit as shown in the gure. You can check the larger version of the picture which is located in the folder lesson_no._12_LCD_hello_world


Basic Arduino Manual

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