Bacteriology Table Organism
Staphylococcu s aureus (nose, skin esp. hospital staf and pts; vagina)
Staphylococc us epi*ermi*is (skin, mucous mem!ranes)
General features
• Gram (+),
Clustered cocci • Β-hemolytic Coagulase (+) • Catalase (+) • acultative anaero!e
• Gram (+),
clustered cocci • Catalase (+) • Coagulase (-) • Facultative anaerobe
Virulence Factors
Diagnosis
• Gram stain C!T"#$ "lood agar, #annitol salt agar • Catalase test • Coagulase test • $ovo!iocine test
• Gram stain C!T"#$ "lood agar, #annitol salt agar • Catalase test • Coagulase test • $ovo!iocine test
• • • • • • • • •
#icrocapsule %rotein &' !inds igg Clumping actor Coagulase emolysins %enicillinase yaluronidase *taphylokinase ipase
• Polysaccharide capsule (adherence to prosthetic devices) • High antibiotic resistance
Disease #%OTO%&' D##'D'T $ • Gastroenteritis oic shock • oic syndrome • *calded skin syndrome D&"#CT &'VS&O' OF O"G'S • %neumonia • #eningitis • cute bacterial en*ocar*itis • steomyelitis • Sin infection • Bacteremia,sepsis • /0
Treatment •
%enicillinaseresistant penicillins like (eg.methicilli n, cloacillin)
• • •
1ancomycin Clindamycine $2 i methicillin resistant, treat 34 01 vancomycin
NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION
• Prosthetic joints, valves • epsis !rom intravenous lines • "#$
(S-# )
• Gram (+), Staphylococcus saprophyticus
• • • •
clustered cocci %-hemolytic Catalase (+) Coagulase (-) Facultative anaerobe
Streptococc us pneumoniae (oral coloniation)
• Gram (+), diplococcic • Gro3 in chains • Catalase (-) • acultative anaero!e • 5-hemolytic • Capsulated
• Gram (+)cocci,
Streptococcus viridans (normal orophry n& !lora G$)
chains • *-hemolytic (green) • Catalase (-) • Facultative anaerobe
• Gram stain C!T"#$ "lood agar, #annitol salt agar • Catalase test • Coagulase test • $ovo!iocine test • C!T"#$ "lood agar • ptichin test (+) • "ile test (+) • 0nulin ermentation (-) • 6uellung test (encapsulate d !acteria) (+) • ptichin test (-) • "ile test (-) • 0nulin ermentation (+)
Utis in se&ually active 'omen
(S-# )
•
• • • •
%neumonia #eningitis *epsis titis media (children)
• • •
%enicillin G (0#) 2rythromycin Cetriaone 1accine' against the 78 most common capsular &g9s
.
Dire Di rect ct &n.asion,to/in
Streptococc • Gram us (+)cocci, chains pyrogenes group ) ( group
• Β-hemolytic • Catalase (-) • #icroaerophili c
• acitracin susceptibility test(+) • Camp (-)
• %haryngiti • *epsis • *kin inections oic shock shock • oic syndrome • *carlet ever (stra3!erry tongue)
ntibo*y0 me*iate* • • • • • •
"heumatic fe.er #yocarditis &rthritis Chorea :ash &cute poststreptococcal Glomeruloneph ritis
• %enicillin G • %enicillin 1 • 2rythromyci n • %enicillinase -resistant penillicin • ($2' sensitive to β-lactam anti!iotics especially
cephalosporin )
• Gram (+ )cocci,
Steptococcus agalactiae (group B)
(vaginal coloniation) Enterococci group !"
(normal colon !lora) (/g0 / Fecalis, / Faecium)
chains • Catalase (-) • Facultative anaerobe • --hemolytic
• Gram (+), chains • Gamma hemolytic • Catalase (-) • Facultative anaerobe • .on-capsulated non-motile • alt tolerable and bile soluble
• acitracin
• .eonatal
susceptibility test(-) • Camp (+)
meningitis • .eonatal
CULTU#E$ lood agar 1accon2ey agar
(!erment lactose producing small pin2 magenta colonies ) • Catalase (-)
• Penicillin g
pneumonia • .eonatal sepsis
• /&tracellular
• ubacute bacterial • 4mpicillin • 5esistance
de&tran endocarditis (helps bind to • iliary tract Heart valves) in!ections • 3 UTI
to penicillin G
2C
General features
Organism
Escherichia coli
(human gi and ut6 transmitted !ecal- oral, urethral migration, migration, coloniation coloniation o! catheters)
• • • •
Gram(-) rods Catalase (+) 7&idase (-) 8actose
•
2, h !imbrial antigens
Disease
!I#ECT %#AM STAIN& CULTU#E$ lood agar 1accon2ey
•
!ermenter • Facultative anaerobe • Flagellated • Capsulated • 4ntigens are o,
Virulence Factors
Diagnosis
agar /osine
•
1ethaline lue agar BIOC'EMICAL
• •
#EACTION$ $ndole production +ve 1r +ve "rease enyme
• Fimbriae (pili)0 • • • • •
coloniation Factor iderophore 4dhesins Capsule (2 antigen) : Flagella (h antigen)
• • • • •
"rinary #ract in!ections Peritonitis 4ppendicitis Postoperative 'ound
in!ections , • .eonatal meningitis • epsis
production production 9ve&
Shigella !ysenteriae (humans6 !ecal-oral transmission)
• • • •
Gram(-) rods Catalase (+) 7&idase (-) Glucose
• CULTU#E$
1accon2ey
agar non( non( lactose )er*enting pale yello+ colonies" almonella-
higella () agar ;eo&ycholate
!ermenter • Facultative anaerobe
• $ndole 9ve e&cept (S. Flexneri)
• .on-motile
citrate
• higa to&in0 causes a brea2do'n o! the intestinal lining
• Penetrate the colonic mucosa • loody diarrhea 'ith mucus and pus
Treatme nt
agar(;C4)
• Gram-negative rod • .on-spore-
Sal*onella typhi
(!ecal-oral, irds, reptiles, and turtles transmission)
!orming • .on capsulated • 1otile • Produce
S#C&-#'S$ • lood Feces and urine
C!T"#$
1accon2ey agar ;eo&ycholate citrate
hydrogen sul!ide • (test) • 7&idase (-)(test) • Glucose
agar (;C4) rilliant green
!ermenter • Facultative
anaerobe
• •
bismuth sulphite sulphite agar almonella-higella () agar elenite F broth $ndol (-)
Catalase (+)
• #yphoid !ever • Paratyphoid !ever, • Food-borne illness
• Gram(-) rods • $ndole, o&idase
,le-siella pneu*oniae
(-) • Glucose,lactose !ermenter • Facultative anaerobe • Capsulated
•
CULTU#E$ 1acCon2ey
• • • •
Chest in!ections ronchopneumonia 8ung abscesses "#< • epticeamia
• .on-motile
•
.i-rio cholera (!ecal-oral transmission)
• • • • •
Gram 9ve bactera 7&idase (+) (test) Gro's Gro's at at =>
ph rang ?=-@A ?=-@A • Bibrio cholerae 4dapted to salt 'ater habitats and are halophilic • ;arting movement • Fermentative
•
STOOL S/ECIMENS #hiosul!atecitrate-bilesucrose(#C)
•
•
.i-rio Enteroto0ins 5ise in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (camp) production& evere diarrhea 'ith rice 'ater stools, no pus Bomitting
•
=oycycli ne 0v replace ment the lost >uids and electrolyt e
(e&cept lactose)
•
Ca*pylo-acter 1e1uni
• • • • •
Gram 9ve rods 1icroaerophilic .on-!ermenting 1otile 4re o&idase positive
• Gro' optimally at (oonotic0 'ild and domestic animals and poultry6 transmitted transmitted by uncoo2ed meat and !ecal-oral)
3?or =>C • 7&idase (+) (test) • Catalase (+)(test) • ensitive to .alidi&ic acid
• ;ar2-!ield microscopy • ;arting motility • ;e!initive diagnosis0 stool culture
• /#EFE##E! ME!IA0 lood
agar plates containing antibiotic
• Guillain-"arre *yndrome (#ost common cause o acute neuro-muscular paralysis)
• 1icroaerophilic • .onsporulating • Gram-negative
'elico-acter pylori
curved rods
• Person-to-person transmission
• e associated 'ith Chronic uper!icial Gastritis (CG)
• Highly motile
• "rease (+) • "rea breath test (radioactive urea) • y Gram stain (curved gram(-) rods)
• ;uodenal ulcers • Chronic gastritis
A$ Clostridiu* di))icile diarrhea" •
Clostridiu*
•
(inhabit the soil • Gram-positiv and the intestinal • 5elatively large tracts o! humans • 5od-shaped bacteria and animals) %#AM 2.E "
• 4naerobe • 4ll species !orm endospores • .atural habitat is the soil
•
•
•
Cell cytoto&icity test /nyme immunoassay (detects to&in 4, to&in , or both) PC5 assays Flagella (H-4g (+))
•
•
4ntibody associated colitis #o&in 4 D diarrhea #o&in D cytoto&ic to colonic epithelial cells
B$Clostridiu* per)ringens %astroenteritis" • $solation and
identi!ication o! bacteria is stool samples • .agler test (+) D (opaEue one on the upper right hal!) • .on motile
• Gas gangrene, tetanus, botulism, and pseudo membranous colitis • (common !or both)
ec ?
Organism
General features
Diagnosis
Virulenc e Factors
Disease
Treatment
Corynebacteri um *iphtheriae
• Gram (+) Clu!-shaped rods erminal • erminal volutin granules • 2otoinproducing @3o unctionally distinct ragments, & (or toic activity ) and " (!inding to receptors o target cells)A aero!es and acultative anaero!es gro3th is 7BBDC non haemolytic
•
•
•
• *pecimens' throat and nasopharyngeal s3a!s • *pecial *tain • &l!ert9s stain. (demonstrate the metachromatic granule)s • "lood agar ellurite "lood • ellurite agar (*elective medium or C.diphtheriae) Catalase (+) • %seudomem!ra ne ormation (lead to respiratory !lockage)
• 2tra cellular toin • /pper respiratory tract • $ecrotic inEury to epithelial cells
• antitoin (to neutraliFe the toin) • 0mmuniFation 3ith =%4 =a% ("oosters every B years)
3'OO/IN%
• Gram (-) rod
COU%' < Cata Catarr rrha hall stage 8o'-grade
• mall • Coccoid
Bordetella pertussis
• .on motile • Gro'n aerobically on special culture mediums
(1an6 highly contagious6 resp • 4re nutritionally transmission !astidious Colonies the cilia o! • Cultivated on rich the mammalian media respiratory epithelium) • Colonies the cilia o! the mammalian respiratory epithelium • #ransmitted by 4erosol droplets
• S#C&-#' ' $asopharyngea l secretions • "ordet-Gengou medium • *erological tests
• #he !ilamentous hemaggluti nin • #racheal •
!ever occasional
cough > Paro Paro&y &ysm smal al stage rapid
coughs Bomiting
and e&haustion Paro&ysm
cytoto&in /&oto&ins
al attac2s 3 Conv Conval ales esce cen n ce stage Gradual recovery 8ess persistent
• $n co's and
-ycobacteriu m Bo.is
rarely in humans (both can be carriers) (unpasturised mil2)
• "sually e&tra pulmonary, a!!ecting bones that led to hunched bac2s
• 1accination availa!le (=%) %ertussis vaccine, ( killed !acterial cell suspension)
-ycobacteriu m .ium
• $n!ects people 'ith late stage H$B
-ycobacteriu • &cid ast !acteria m • arge tuberculosis nonmotile (mostly afects rod-shaped lungs, • acultative transmitted intracellular through air) parasite • !ligate aero!e • #ycolic acids (lipids in cell 3alls) • :esistant to drying and disinectants
*putum, C* , /rine, %us, issues, Gastric 3ashing, "lood D#T#CT&O' Hiehl-$eelsen method Car!ol uchsin stains F!O"#SC#' T ST&'&'G &uramine >uorochrome stain C!T"# rom rom sputum sputu m !o1enstein0 2ensen medium 3hich is an egg !ased medium #iddle!rookIs medium 3hich is an agar !ased
•
•
•
•
• " symptoms Jever, night s3eats, 3eightloss, cough (productive or non productive) , hemoptsisK
• 1accination "CG vaccine' live, avirulent M. bovis
• 2arly detection L efective therapy • %rophylactic chemotherap y • (:iampin L 0soniaFid (0$) and 2tham!u tol or streptomycin. • #ultidrug M :esistant #yco!acteriu m tu!erculosis (#=:-")
medium. • C" • S#"O!OG3
ec N
Organism
General features • Gram (-) rods • mall
'e*ophilus in)luen4ae
• 7!ten encapsulated
• .on motile • 4erobic • /nter the resp tract by inhalation
• Fastidious
Diagnosis • C!T"# chocolate agar S-!#S cere!rospinal >uid (C*), !lood, pus, or purulent sputum • microscopy • =irect detection o . in>uenFa polysaccharide in C* !y late agglutination kits
Virule nce Facto rs
Disease
•
•
•
• •
•
$n!ections o! the upper and lo'er respiratory tract in individuals 'ith 'ea2ened immune de!enses and children 1ost common cause o! meningitis in children under = years o! age epsis Pneumonia, 7titis media, /piglottises
Treatment 1accine availa!le (;#P)
Neisseria Meningitidis
(neonates parasites o! the nasopharyn&)
•
•
• •
•
•
Listeria *onocytogenes (ingestion o! contaminated ra' mil2 or cheese6 vaginal transmission)
Gram-negative diplococci Co!!ee-beanshaped cocci .on motile Polysaccharide capsule Highly contagious Facultative anaerobe
• • •
• •
• Gram-positive rods • non-spore!orming • Peritrichous • !lagellation • 5eproduce in
•
S-!#$ !lood C* Chemical pro4le Gram stain S#!#CT&V# -#D& #odiOed hayer-#arten hayer-#arten (## O/i*ase (+) Serology C!T"#$ &ero!ically on !lood agar. & !lood or spinal >uid test
SI%NS OF MENIN%ITIS Headache Fever .ec2 sti!!ness evere 1alaise 5ash Cause death in
!e' hours • • • • •
.eonatal meningitis Bery sic2 'ith !ever 1uscle aches ti!! nec2, ;evelop !ever Chills 'hile pregnant
• %enicillin G.
1accine
phagocytes • 4symptomatic in healthy adults • Can cross placenta
•
Clostridiu* tetani 5S/O#E FO#MIN%6 (soil6 entry via 'ounds)
•
• • •
•
Gram-positive bacilli endospore!orming obligate anaerobe 1otile clear one o! hemolysis Puncture 'ounds Gro's in deep 'ounds
• 5obertson coo2ed media • TO7IN !ETECTION PC5 • ;i!!icult to culture • $noculated in cmb
and blood agar
• #etanospasmin • ustained muscle contraction • 1uscle spasm • 8oc2ja' (trismus) • 5espiratory muscle paralysis • .eonatal tetanus • 7pis-thotonus
• &ntitoic therapy • etanus etanus tooid • #etronidaFole reventive) • ( p reventive) • uman tetanus immunoglo!ulin
• •
•
Clostridiu* Botulinu* 5S/O#E FO#MIN%6
•
•
•
(soil, canned !ood, )
(ransmission contact 3ith an inected person)
Leptospira interrogans
(type o! pirochaete)
• otulism •
Flaccid paralysis o! the musculature6
• %olyvalent antitoin • %roper canning • $itrites prevent endospore germination in sausages
OT#'T TO%&' O' #"T5)
•
!eprosy or 5ansen7s Disease
Gram-positive 2ndosporeorming • #o&in detection !ligate y mouse anaero!e .eutraliation u!iPuitous in test soil and 7 diferent • erology $eurotoins • Pcr, "otulinum patient serum or oin' oin' (-OST !ood reminant
•
•
•
Acid-ast
rod Gro3s !est at 8BQc 1ia nasal secretions 0ncu!ation time B years
• • • • •
Gram negative 7bligate aerobe pirochete Flagella 5eservoir0 ;ogs
•
and rats #ransmission
• 2inmucosal contact !rom urine-
• #uberculoid andor
&cid ast stain
• erological test
8epromatous 8eprosy
• • • • •
53eil8s6 Headaches 1uscular aches Fever idney !ailure a
possible complication
• ;o&ycycline
contaminated 'ater
• Gram (-) diplococci • Co!!ee-beanNeisseria gonorrhoeae (e&ually transmitted disease)
shaped cocci • FreEuently pleomorphic • .on motile • Polysaccharide capsule • $ntra or e&tra cellular • Ferments glucose • Facultative anaerobe
• Gram stain • Chocolate blood agar • 1odi!ied #hayer1artin media • 7&idase (+) • /8$4 • PC5
• • • •
/ndocarditis 1eningitis 4rthritis 7phthalmia
neonatorum • 1ale (Pain!ul urination • FluoroEuinolones Pus) • omen0 (symptoms as pelvic in!lammatory disease)
• Gram (-) bacteria • 7bligate
Chla*ydia tracho*atis
intracellular parasites • mallest living
(humans, direct contact)
organisms • /lementary bodies • 5eticulate bodies • ecrete glycogen
• Culturing • PC5
• Pain!ul urination • a atery tery discharge • omen0 (symptoms • 4s pelvic
• ;o&ycycline, • 4ithromycin
in!lammatory disease
and trans!orm into the reticulate body • ;ivide by binary !ission
• Gram (-), thic2 Trepone*a pallidu*
(humans, #;) (type o! pirochaete)
• Fresh primary or
rigid spirals • 1icroaerophilic • mall • piral • spirochete • 1otile • .ot • • Cultivated on arti!icial media • Pass through the placenta
secondary lesions by dar2!ield microscopy Fluorescent antibody techniEues NON( T#E/ONEMAL ANTI%EN TEST B5;8 I;etect reagin antibody .on-
• /ri*ary Syphilis • Penicillin is the
Forms a
chancre("sually painless) 1ainly the genitalia • Secondary Syphilis • pread to local
lymph nodes • #hen to the blood stream • Hair loss • Fever
drug o! choice
• 1alaise • 8ymph node speci!ic antigen JcardiolipinKL • T#E/ONEMAL ANTI%EN TESTS IF#4-4 tests !or antitreponemal antibodiesL
s'elling • Late Syphilis
• • • • • •
tertiary Gummas (Granulomas) ;estructive Cardiovascular, C. involvement General paresis, 7ptic atrophy Progressive
in!lammatory disease
ec B
Organism
General features
Diagnosis
Virulence Factors
Disease
Treatment
• Gram (+), Bacillus Anthracis 5S/O#E FO#MIN%6 (a!!ect cattle, sheep6 inhaled, ingested)
rods
• endospore!orming
• .onmotile • .onhemolytic • 4erobic • Catalase • Primary habitat is soil
• Gram stain and colony identiOcation • 3et mount and malachite green staining or spores. • ConOrmatory identiOcation @C=C may include phage lysis, capsular staining, direct >uorescent anti!ody (=&) testing on capsule antigen and cell 3all polysaccharid e.A • *erologic testing • 6uantitative serology
•
•
•
3o 3o eotoins hird toin toin component ' cell receptor!inding protein called the protective antigen ne toin, the edema toxin
•
he other toin, lethal toxin
•
he capsule o ". anthracis is very unusual
• Cipro!lo&acin is the drug o! choice
• ;o&ycycline is used
• 7ral penicillin B 75 4mo&icillin is used to complete the regimen o! treatment • Baccination o! livestoc2 (live attenuated vaccine) • 4nthra& Baccine Baccine !or human (2illed vaccine)
