["'~;i,:rl MILITARY
OTEC
DI OR
RT
IN
OW
gm
Text C o lo l o u r p la l a te te s
Published
il
)9
Artis Artist' t'
by
Ospr Osprey ey PI)h PI)hiish iish
ote
i)
Al righ rights ts rese reserv rved ed Apan Apan I'r01 I'r0111 11 ll1 purp purpos os of priv privat at stud study, y, rese rese rch, rch,
ai eali ealing ng or th riti riti is or evie eview, w,
by the Scorpio
stor stor in retrieval by an mean means, s, elect electron ronic ic elect electric rical al chemi chemical cal mech mechan anic ical al opri oprica cal, l, phot photoc ocop opyi ying ng reco record rdin in or othe otherw rwis is itho ithout ut th prio prio perm permis issi sion on of th opyr opyrig ight ht ow er Enqu Enquir irie ie sh ul be addr addr ssed ssed to the Publish Publishers ers
Brifi.'/; Library tec, tec,
Cata/uguing
te
1. Title Title 355.
ill
nd Zapo Zapote te
Publtcation
armi armies es
PO Hailsharn,
E. Sussex 110
DO/l'
(Men (Men-a -att-ar ar s]
eric,
Acknowledgements
97
This
T S B N T - 5 53 53 2
Film Filmse se in Grea Grea Prin hro
Ii-DIn th
rese resear arch ch
many many scho schola lars rs
59
warfare
it in uil
Ma rten rten
ditor ditor's 's
13,
an en
ote conjunction
with
atal atal gu
ll books published by Ospre Ospre plea please se writ writ to:
Th Mark Market etin in Manager, Consu Consumer mer Catal Catalog ogue ue Department, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Michelin House, 81 Fulham Road, ondo ondo
tB
Milita Military ry
JOI
The Conqui Conquista stador dores. es.
IE
INTRODUCTION Between
1000
civi civili liza zati tion on of th Nev to
the
an he Trip Trip
nation
llia llianc nce. e. po
ea m, by deve develo lopi ping ng ne empl employ oyin in ve anci ancien en
or
of acri acri ic al ritu ritual alis is lban, to
el Americas.
pa nted nted hier hierog ogly lyph phic ic book book call called ed codi codice ces. s.
IS
cu
Mexico
MlIiIlI:lClC
cs er er ce th sh th geog geogre reph phic icel el a,.e a,.e.m .m in which the campeigns described in this volume WCl·C fought.
hrou hroude de
City
Tcot Tcotib ib ac n. he site site ie de Cit dominu nute te th Valley and domi of lYle (Author's photograph]
Clas Clas
It
pe od
ns
Monte Albea, axac axaca, a, 750. 750. (Aut (Author hor's 's photog photograp raph) h)
oyal oyal in er ar iage iage wa are, are, an as assi assina nati tion on coul coul ival ival th wo ks of Ae ch us or hake hake pear peare. e. Meso Mesoam amer er ca
ha
Precl Preclas assi si
ave
peri period od
\Var \Varfa falo lo
op
(1000
ed Be-AD
eo es on
200).
ascribed
to
to
ng
ar
ei
be ed
po
nan
as to
ca
be deve develo loped ped to over overco come me thos thos defe defenc nces es
as mb en
al
lb ng
CHRONOLOGY
ec 96
to an
es
ixco ixcoat at 's
on Quet Quetza za1c 1coa oa l, es abli ablish shes es
over over
ac
987.* lOgO-IllS
nt an ol
ca
or
Zapo Zapote te co pe itor itor effo effo ts elim elimin inat at Tila Tilant nton ongo go from from he Mixt Mixtec ec al ianc ianc ruct ructur ure. e. cr hi
collapses. ch ca
el
Culhuacan." 950-1000
ad .z
ea with
la ic ites ites ar aban abando done ne an cent centra ra ized ized au en econ econda dary ry cent cent es like like Ti an ongo ongo an al epec epec
esta establ bl othe othe di tant tant capi capi al Co xt ahua ahuaca ca in axac axac
nclu ncludi ding ng
1280
or po er ul long long te Teozacoalco.
alli allian ance ce th ough ough
1300
migrate 1325
Guerrero.
to
Culhuacan po
to be divi divine nely ly
300,000
xa
Tcno Tcnoch chti ti tl:i n,
st blis blis
Pucbla Coixrlahuaca
dominates port
inva invade de
tr de betw betw
nd
tt ks Tlaxcala.
Puebla
nd
xa a.
Mitla to
inte intens nsif ifie ie
di ec
Huexotzingo.
Azcapotznlco.
in orpo orpo te
conflict
Turning to
into into Teno Teno htit htitla lan. n.
in Tacuba. 1440
Empire.
losses.
antagonism nhui nhuitl tl n. attempting
ocij ocijoe oe
allov
to
Tehuantepec, 1502
TheDanzantcs 01" 'Dancers' rc ectually carved STone reli relief ef ot'Z ot'Zep epot otcc cc
sacr sacr fice fice
ri
nt
10 power
duri during ng th recl reclas assi si period, IOO Be. (Jluchor'.s ph tograph]
ha
Tehuantepec
1504 to annihilate
1506
400,000
en
tt ck
1515
1519-21
Tlaxcala
in defe defeat atin in
Teno Tenoch chti titl tlan an
(* lud 1I75·)
TRIPLE ALLIANCE 200-TOOO)
in
lyph from Peri Period od Monte lbri lbri depi depict ct th quer quered ed et' enemy wi th
chie chie pleccd upside
capt capt dOIVIJ
100.
(Autho (Author' r'
illu illustr strati ation on
hiring to
struggles
to
to
by
id According
to
mm
to
to these campaigns
exceed
al
200,000
men. Movement
Logistics
Morelos-Guerrero ry le st
llia llianc nc
shou should ld it fo mano mano uv to
nvas
ld SC.i\t.£
JO
rs
1 01 .
ot
tOtS
ac
, ,. 1
Aze:apotzalco.
Tacuba.
Th ValleyofAfe,yico. TIll: by region region wa!!dom wa!!domin inate ate Culhuecan early PQ.5Cc/'J.5,<;jC. 1 ' l . 5 Ch ci cc grou groups ps bega bega
Toltec ec to fuse witli the Tolt
ng om ne entr entr were establi established shed such as Azcapotzalco. EVC1JWa1Jy Tenochsitlen was constructed by on nd il th midd middle le Tescoco co and this of ake Tesco .'1S the capi capita ta emer emerge ge ll AztccTripte ll llia ianc nc wh ch incl incl de esco escoco co an ec be
TCIWciltitJ.in.-
ate
refer refer
accession.
A CA CA H HA AP
CH HT T ''L LI
1375
HUI~~~·~·~~~·~~····························~·~:·~I~~·~~~:············~·---~··········~ 1395 • . • • • •
H O T E C lJ l J ll- \
TL.ACAElLSL
: z. z. 01 01 'l'l i1 i1 l
TEZOrMOC
1440
[mIll(O'I1.)
[" ..~... ..~...u~···~··········~14 u~···~··········~14 .. TUOC
AHUIT'lO'TL
uas
1479
HOT' HOT'KC KCUH UHZO ZOHA HA
II
1502
First,
children rn
rivi rivile le es
bur
by many many Uniforms
column.
Command
Cihuacoatl
(idICllhuip£lli),
of various
or
tion is
(sing, tecuhtli). mayehque]:
calpulli en ed the Xiquipilli
of
eapo eaponr nr
Organization
Tlatoani
tetecuhtin
an
thor thors. s.
8,000
,'a/pulti
Sg
ig te s,
In tlahuizli)
is
tlahuizli
in
to
t/(/'huidi;
three timatli;
suit
tlahuizli.
The cuahchicqueh, tlahuizli.
corresponding
and
to to
or Mendora]. Behind hiI11 is th et;w et;wlr lrcf cflf lfmm mmit itl. l. th
Mexi Mexico co nati nation onel el stan standa dard rd Autho Author' r' illu illust stra ra tlon tlon afte afte
statu
to
to main mainta tain in
in
enga engage geme ment nt
Eas '8
to bring -a
morale.
line
tlatoani connections
to
Historj
announce
gi es
il Te rcocan T l a t o a n i
ehutul;
corresponding
maquahuul,
to
timatli. (tlt/fluidi)
tcuahchicqueh
(sing.
cttahchic))
eus
reli relief ef fo th vete vetera rans ns rest rest duri duri th enga engage geme ment nt
splend ndid idly ly-o -out utfi fitt tted ed then followed by th sple
ld
ll
vete vetera rans ns
to Iine for le
Battle Tactics to
to
of arou around nd 50
maquahuitl
me
mm
ri
Cap-
(tepozliJpali).
to
to
exte extend ndin in
thei thei li
with withou ou
ca enin enin
thei thei cent centre re
li
to
ll
ti
to
ir tt mp ra
th
ll
entr entral al plaz plaz Teno Tenoch chri ritl tlan an
Bylllnd)
of Br ce
the
concealment.
the \\f to
the
grea greate test st cour courag age' e'
ing in to
ou
he ecoc ecochc hcel elce cerl rl or Armoury ap ai (Codex ma abre abre oudi oudi cons consis ist. t. of white tlahuiztli surmounted sk helm helmet et with with /i', /i','g 'ghc hcen enin in black wig. he at/d at/die ie
repr repres esen ente te
th
d e r cr cr . e .
Tzit Tzitzi zimi mitl tl
an destruction LO mankind. Tile Tile officer officer carries tepoztopilli. (Author's illustration)
AD I430 to the
,1
T2
to to
to
to
try to
over 100,000 cnaluhicqueh
2,000
me
to
th
ie
te
iv ty
ri ic rban rban
cuahchicqueh
(Hassig: 1988),
ic llia llia
la id
th
arfare arfare
fe te te
mi if
ti
to
ie
r-
my
to
inge ingeni niou ou
form form of defe defenc nce. e.
il ta ach vernerr l" are scri scri ed the Codex firs (top) is Mendoza. he firs ha capt capt re ce one captive. Hc wears the plain ichcahuipilli or to cuextecatl (two captives) who wears uniform with with lack lack conical hB te fr wear wear th chca chcahu hu pi with butterfly fall ta fo rt wears red jagllaJ" suit. Th Efr..
Or
green tlahuiztli elabo elaborat rat Fa ot'Ica ot'Icathe thers rs caJledxopilli or 'cla 'claw' w' (Anawalt. in pres press). s). From er this status
comm comman andi ding ng otli otlice cer, r, cuahchicqueh,
elite
elab elabor orat at cloa cloalc lc Me .t fo th priesthood were were si il ilar arly ly outf outfit itte te diff differ eren en colo colo rs ev ra th ca ti ea tusk tusk-l -lik ik li
Ill]
they ,lI'C Huesotzincsns.
13
pochteca
to
be trap trappe pe
pochteca
in
as th TbcmacuahuitJ preferred ll'eapOIJ ll'e apOIJofilztec ofil ztec
armie armies. s. Carve Carve of
hardwood, it W8.S fitted \Vit11 obsidien blades along the two CUctUIg edges. (Autho (Author's r's reconstru reconstruction ction
Ternplo
Mayor
bilities. (1468-1479)
Azte headPan ot an Azte dr ss hich hich assen to ty
Ie
constructed
of quet quetza za tcat tcathe he pl mes. mes.
(Courtesy at th se rn Iii Volkcrk Volkcrkwld wlde, e, AUSl"ria)
14
island city lo
ty and fortified
in in junior to
pochieca headquarters. Policy
to
cal organi organizat zation ion
act to
tus,
in Asu te at er bearing the
an rk
sh
an.
elite cuahchic. (Courtesy Wiirc Wiirctem tem bergi bergisch sches es ands andsmu muse se m, St ttga ttgart rt IS
by
CHICHIMEC ALLIANCE
(A
1319).
this
follow. Chichimec
AD
The
Aztec cities were
const constru ructe cte
to
with with mazemaze-li like ke invading
walled walled precinct precinct
occu occupi pied ed as firi firing ng plat platfo form rms. s. Illu Illust stra rati tion on by th au ho afte afte painting by Igna Ignaci ci Marq Marq ine} ine}
Dressed il an eagl eagl outfi outfit, t, Mnqu Mnquih ih ix estab establi lish shes es hi last last line line oidetence OJ the
main pyrarnid ot'
Tla/feloleo. AXlIY>1catl
th edge edge tile tile temp temple le to plaz belo below. w. Autho Author' r' the plaz illu illust stra rati tion on afte afte Code Code
Cozcetzin)
ent
In
Huitzilopochtli.
)'43
cabeceras nt to
1400
400. 50,000
to to nearly
front
Cholula
In turn
Tlaxcala,
tv
Organization
Tactics tlatoani
or
17
to
to
hold
weakness
rroops.
Weaponry to
to
by th
depi depict ctio io
to
th Mexi Mexica ca Tile Scone
oc wa fOJ· erected monument
ct
as tied to its
cent centre re an
forc forced ed ta gh
and fegun fegun warriors. Carv Carvin in erou eround nd the sides depicts enemy kings IS
co quer quered ed cap CUreof CUreof
pero pero ii
xicolli (Fringed
azol azol
which wa
or Ternezulape
Coixtlehunce.
illustration}
ll ed it (, (1I11Or'.<;;
Uniforms Uniforms
'V
tlahuidi
ehuatl
ith to
to
Tlaxcala
tlatoque.
to commit
fiel effective effectiveness. ness. '.5 History Muii Muiio»: o»: Cama Camarg rg states es that that of'Tlaxcala stat
!Vas ar Tlaxcala !Vas sligncd with
stares including ex tz town town betw betwee ee
of
ever ever Cholu Cholula la
an Coix Coixtl tlab ab IW ca. 'neblc to conquer Tlaxscels tsel tself. f. th ripl ripl ance ance event event ally ally contai contained ned it by
ring ring ts
eb
ta ti to Oklxaca. illustration}
an
(AUdlO/"'S
by Carnaxtli Toltec-Chichimec
it
expa expans ns ve
Tlax Tlaxc. c.1l 1l
chinampa
Vall Valley ey
in to the
to
rebel, opportunity
to
in By 1,,19 Tlnxcnla do in te alli allian ance ce with with Huesotzingo an Chol Chol la
controlled by fo lead leader er of th prin princi cipa pa bere beredi dite tery ry estates: these were Tepe Tepeti ticp cp c; cote cotelo lolc lco, o, izat izatla lan, n, an inhu inhuiz izel el.1 .1n. n. Th roya roya
Lcro Tlehu~xolottzln Tepect:.le:pac
an er thes thes gd are shown over tile heads ca of he lords, wh lVe. lVe.~r ~rtile white twis twiste te head headba band nd (see Nicholson 1967). illust stra rati tion on afte afte (Author's illu Glasgo IV M:1I1 uscripc of Muii Muiioz oz Cein Ceinar argo go's 's History ofTlaxcala)
LOrd
Ha
OCQt@lQlco
C'lI C'lI:t :tzi zi
tlahuahuanaliztli (Q
Mixcoa tl
L Oc a
X lc :o te nL :' at l
Ti zatla
aUiahuiztlan
te hich hich ec armies depe depend nded ed heav heavil il po trai traine ne bOWfllt:n. The figu figu es repr repres esen en arch archer er fro Cuebt Cuebtinc inclu lu x, ecer ecerne nech chal alco co ant' ant' Tlaxc Tlaxceln eln (Aut (Author hor's 's illu illust stra rati tion on afte afte icnz icnz de Tlexc Tlexcel ele) e)
tzompontli Ternplo Ma 1502-1520) the
1510
rare rare comm commod odit ity. y.
Wars
IOO,OOO
Me rica
Oaxaca. Pochteca
cuahchicqueh
pochieca
to
Aton Atonal al
Cons Conseq eque uent ntlj lj
at revenge.
with
300,000
men;
100,000
time. By 1519 21
An azte azte leath leather erwo work rk parad parad shiel shiel oy te ho meth meth cu
points
shield to th arm. arm. Court Courtes es Muse Muse Iiir Iiir VOIker VOIkerku kun( n(ie, ie, ustria ustria
directly; al side side
by Alliance's
numerous
Mixrec
border.
hoping
to
Cholula, to
cuahchicqueh
cuahchicqueh
cut
barrio
22
et ni
resi resi enti ential al
50
doms
to
rz
The
that
hu
then to
tcponazrli, th oode oode instrument used to sound batt battle le sign sign ls er ca h'lc/ ti upright: armi armies es a/
01"
Sro
huehuetl. {Cau {Caurt rtcs cs ot Museum of American Indian, Heye Foundetion,
23
J041
jaltepec
o, Tile Tile Code Code Memf Memfoz oz tona tonal; l; th pa ac
of
Coix Coixtl tleh eh nc him. him. (Aut (Autho hor' r'
ms behi behind nd illustration)
turn
108r.
acuaa.
Tilantongo's
ne
at
hr
don
the Stone acuaa's
1100
niversity
Nacuaa's
Huachino
Nacuaa,
than entire
runuu herself. I-Ie publ public icly ly demo demo
to
to
Nacuaa
11
Oaxaca. he
jaltcpec 24
to
I: 2:
xica xica ro xica xica en al Azte Azte poch pochte teca ca
'D
I: 2:
Mixt Mixtee ee quee quee
3: __
Mixt Mixtec ec stan standa dard rd-b -bea eare re
1280.
authority by
vall valley ey of Oaxa Oaxaca ca itse itself lf Ya other.
MIXTECWAR Tile' W,lr t' ev the: conquests of Eight po \Vcr \Vcr in
th Mist Mistec ec high highla land nds. s. tl ttles
Three important .are
Zo chc-N chc-Nut uttu tull ll Firs Firs [he Mixrec hem Nine Iif>'ind Querza1cuatl defe defend nd Hi ot'F ot'Fli lint nt Ir ll onsla uglrt. warri warri rs IIin tr en en fll IIin econ econd, d, noth noth Fa tion tion att el the
oi
end
th succ succ so to aI line line tile tile thir thir
confli conflict, ct, Eight Eight ee Nacu Nacuea ea atta attack ck Huac Huachi hino no killing Si« ba an tw SOllS; third 5011 (shown) W<1S capt capt re bu appe apperc rc tly spared. Emily Rabiu hris hristi tian an ears ears betw betwee ee AD 963 and to his is precisely [h n1 that that
archec archecol ologi ogists sts note note
severe depopuletion
ix ec poli poli ical ical orga organi niza zati tion on wa quit quit di eren eren
ly
ve
to
he
om
hr like
mmo
of
Classic period sites 811d the rise smel smel Post Postcl cles essi si royn roynlc lcsm smte tes. s. Auth Author or's 's llns llnstra tra cion) cion)
by the
HIl..l.
HIJAGK!.NQ IoIIU
'-"1;'
r,,'1'''"
••
Ta.lo"l1i
ll ;,,11ViII,!• HJ.lltt
"I,I "I,I
2k.u.
A.
TILANTONGO
HUACHINO
Th
MiXl'ec srill possess
names
f01 Illany
archaeological el it codi codice ces. s.
he
tes which
archaeological distribution Classi si (A .100-1000) of Clas 34
[e
re wa
te densely
te communities
largest
the
were were settl settled ed
tmd. tmd.Ja Jalt ltep epec ec Tila Tilant nton ongo go was vassal ot'Hill of Flin Flints ts 0',. Hill of the
architectural conligurations
it
ch te
ti powerful
auth r) Byland an th auth
were found
JALTEPEC
••
VIII!!,
'1 ~''101
u.
st lass lass
on quen quen ructional rivnlrv at the begi beginn nnin in o(rh~ o(rh~
Postcl Postclnss nssic ic (AD
are
lOO()--I5u)
ra
{hedistribution of
then nb« sr er on in redi redist stri ribu bute te betw betwee ee ilsu ilsu on sn [alt [altep epec ec nd nd suithor]
ri
to be
il o{ lint lints, s, an ch er
3S
an pres preser erve ve th th most most adva advant ntag ageo eous us to
ecko eckoni ni
nobi nobi ty nt ilit ilitar ar orce orce Cros Crosss-cu cutt ttin in this this fact factio iona nali lize ze
syst system em of comp compet etii-
mani manife fe ed them them elve elve in dead deadly ly erri erri or al di pute pute to
ma or attr attrac acti tion on toda toda th
ig
ee 'M
ac n«
left left
(cent (centre) re) mcc ;vidl the orac oracle le in russ russ Foll Follow owin in this this impo import rtan an ti severed the tics between Jalte Jaltepc pcC' C' an Tile Tilent ntoa oago go ora neig neig bo ri ap te outpost called Huecbino.
36
at
chronology by Emily ight ee cuaa cuaa Rabin, ight then then surp surped ed Tila Tilant ntoa oago go an atta attack cked ed Huac Huachi hino no Nunuu, he husb husban an an al bu so iT1 AD rat, thor thor's 's illu illust stre re [ion [ion attcr Code,,· Zouchc-Nuttall}
rhey rhey ha equa equa acce acce
to
ateg ateg
in orma orma io
empowered
to
ro
al
en orce orce thei thei
to
th nati nation on
he
ec
od es
more than ts allow scholars '; reconstruct [he irnpor terrt OaX::InlD political allienccs which were bo nd thro thro gh royal royal intcrrn intcrrnarri arriege. ege. Comparison of tbc th Mixt Mixtec ec ZAACHILA
AND
'!'E~UA~TEPEC
acuea Five Flo wer of 1280 (ADders ar nd and Janse Janse1J 1J.· .· 1988). This ga ve rise rise to th powe powerf rf Zaechila dynesty which lasted unti1 unti1 52 under under Cocijoezs (top). (top). (Aut (Author' hor' illustretion} RABB RABBI' I'!' !' TEO~ACQALCO (1280)
NAC\ NAC\lA lA
1106 110633-11 11l5 l5
x.n,
T1L~N'!'ON~O
th ri
to th
in
matter of days. rs
th
to
engage in
mb
particiin about
prer prereq equi uisi site te of serf serfdo dom. m. Only tr te
themselves. in
Weaponry
1,000
LIS
rank rankin in ft
icia icia ly
ie
la li
fe
in
mo
nobl noblem eman an tl te rt
atlatl is
if i)
in le to
if ly
te
iv 37
hro (ndu.vua), by
er
ed
ge
al
ha
fort fortif ifie ie hous househ ehol old, d, howe howeve ver. r. Char Chargi ging ng ti
atlatl
th vall valley ey
sole solely ly by hand hand nf ce of ut
ex
pr ed
or ch
50
hu
ch
(lttat/spears
er to
es
at
em
to maim op conc conclu lu ion. ion. Th
approach
to
at
atlatl
pr
ha
es
ee tile tile fall of Monte by AD 900, sort aile aile thei thei >llf >llf irs, irs, to sort _,\~lIInhI..l _,\~lIInhI..lJt:loIII.n J t:loIII.n
-,
'.
'e>. 'e>.
com;-cfjl com;-cfjllcnce lcnces. s. The Mixtcc roya roya ho se of Tilantongo and Tutu Tutute tepec pec in particular becanle very powe powerf rf l. ight ight ee orre
SOliS
et
Teozacoalco; Teozacoalco; cventuelly cventuelly focal POilU ot'
with th an
la
Following
re-al re-allia liance nce
potc potc at fID 1280. rile
jrJltepe.:: competi competitiv tiv seco second nd corr corrid idor or alli allian ance ce with emerged Cuilepan. Cuil Cuilap apau au late late came came under the
te Ya tl n. apot apotcc cc king king oi'Z oi'Zae aech chll ll er even even ally ally surr surr ed nd thei thei ca al to
38
to
the town town thri thri d;
but to
tron tron
to
ga ri on
in q86
huit huitzo zotl tl
sc nded nded to the
in order
al sort sort
fin
nu
to
iv interest
to
to
link linked ed Yanh Yanhui uitl tlan an
jalrepec, an
Cuil Cuilap apan an this this nort northe he
to
disenfranchise
by
elite cuahchicqueh to to
Th place-sign or Tilentongo wa.5 first ulentiiicd by Alfonso Caso in 1949. Tilantongo in
ndeh ndeh
'BJack
ou
no Hueh Hueh hich hich eans eans own, own, empl empl of
the
star star band band Inside
QuetzHlcQatl. Behind [he st ct roya tile roya stan standa dard rd oi Ti anto antong ngo. o. cion aIte (II uthor 's illustrs cion Codex Zouche-N Zouche-Nutt uttall} all} 39
to
Ahuirzotl
to
unim unim pede peded. d.
to
to
Tehuantepcc
to
24,000
troops
man.
to
by
to Cocijoeza,
giJcfed atl rings ex fi er
t1 wit shel shel were were
asse asse
(Courtesy of the Museu Museu 40
of th ft er an ln en Hcye Fo ndat ndat on ew York)
turquoi turquoise-i se-inlaid nlaid Mixtec shield; it was originally decorated witli frin fringe ge of Co rt sy of th feathers. meri merica ca lllusewll of th Indian, Heye Foundation, New rork)
his
the richest
OW11
Cocijoeza
Bibliography
P.
R.
Cl
Anawalt,
(lorman:
Bejr)1'-e C o r t e s
Jl
Codex
the Mixtcc-Zapotec
in-l in-law aw Mote Motecu cuhz hzom om in
wh
asce ascend nded ed
to
Press)
in Allen
M. Jansen,
F.
502.
Mexico of
400,000
men.
19 B, E. Byla Byla Deer', aso, aso,
TIle
e rp r p re r e ta ta t o n
th
o f C od od e
Mixlec
Codices
Bodfey
41
Davies, Davies,
Th
Kings
R. Spores,
Tolt Toltec ec
homa Clou Peop People le iver iver K. Flannery J. Marcus, Th Clou Zapotec Mlxt Mlxtec ec Civi Civili liza zati tion on gent Evolution o f
N. P. Troi Troike ke 'Fundamental
Chan Change ge in th Inte Interp rpre re
553-5
Tlaxca
th
Cent Cent
Highlands',
C. Gibson,
(Stanford:
R. Hass Hass g, Aztec Warfare Oklahoma
of
AI: Mesi Mesice ce
mper mperor or
Tlatoani or
E.
the
This
I-I.
Tlaxcalteca',
Antropolagicos
ehautl.
71-106 Zouche-
Alles
was
it/zcahuipifti ehaut!
7: £71-182, Paris M.E. Smith,
to
MexilO 1973)
he ateae ateae th te an Zapo Zapotc tc gene genera rall ll gath gather ered ed thei thei belo belong ngin ings gs an fl .adJacent nt to an .adJace
tort tortii iiic ic them themse selv lves es behi behind nd high high te race race al ofte ofte th ns ot Clsssic pe od si es He the ds righ right) t) b« ve he Iort Iortii iiic ic tioa tioa nder nder bn rege rege of tll'l'OWS (upper
extre extreme mely ly Ir streti streting ng to pl ance ance wh ac ed ophi ophist st ated ated sieg sieg techllo1ogies.ln surround nd attempting to surrou ea ng he r' ea open open to atta attack ck by neig neighb hbou ouri ring ng allies ..(Author's ..(Author's on pa TeXUPaJ1J
anki anki
sit otjnlt otjnltcpc cpcc, c, constru IV as no nt hi detensible refuge in rime
oble obleme men. n.
ex co
ener eneral al
ot'e ot'ett ttac ac eato eatong ng behi behind nd th dist distan an ridge in the back backgr grou ound nd Br ce Byland)
pochteca Cihuacoatl I: Triple
The tlahuiztli ehuatl
in to wear
standard
of Quctza Quctzalte lteopa opamit mitl, l,
an enormous
ichcahuipilli beneath
A3 Aztec Aztec pochteca
th
tlahuiztli;
(maXI/at/)
B2:
in th inaxtlatl
ot was
Aztec soldier
43
ot capital ot Tila Tilanto ntong ngo. o. The central rarn rarn ha be identified as th empl empl of Heaven. The as cons constr tr cted cted defe defens nsib ible le position at pyra pyrami mid. d. Br ce Byla Byland nd
rr
ri st
secured with
novice
priests
tepoztopilli,
with with obsi obsidi dian an blad blades es n, llia llianc nce' e' conq conque ue
ta
of thos thos peop peop e.
The tlahuiztli ri
arri arri
quilted tlahuiztl] ap
maquahuul,
Ct: Mexica cuahchic
al
The cuahchicque as
nc
wa used used strate strategi gica cally lly ur en tJ1C
at cuahchic was
yellow tlahuiztli
and
to
en
to
harass was
D2:
laxc laxcal alla la
sold soldie ie to military
commoners
callpulli.
with
te
ca
Tizatlan. The
tlahuiztli Tlaxcallan
co ch-s ch-s el tr et se as all important tile coordi ordina nati tion on of roop roop
va
1J ve ents ents
is stil stil used used
to call call
togeth together er mcn Irotn
cQI11IT1unityme ti gs th te ruce ruce Byland)
h ic ic k braid EI:
exor exor ngnn ngnn
pe haps haps
vour vour
arri arrior or
o .. .. e
th
s y m b o l of th ir
Coixtlahuaca.
la ca le
gene genera ra
Tlaxcallan
ue ot
the
go.
tilmatli
it £2 Priest
was
tl FI: Mi te
quee quee
IOC.l1
atlarl corresponds
45
jaltepcc's
GI:
te
ar or by
quethquemitl,
wears appear
in
Oaxaca todaj
to
Mixtec ec orac orac ar prie priest st F2: Mixt
mounting.
Mixtec ec pr es G2: Mixt
with
sicolh
Mixtec ec sl nger nger F3: Mixt
however) in
it
G3: Mixte Mixte
stand standard ard-b -bear earer er
alte altepe pe as atta atta ed by th ztee ztee pl ance ance three time time in [493, IjOO, and l502. he Code Code endo endo st it as conq conq es of Mote Motecu cuhz hzom om (rig (rig t). he pala palace ce is SI
Serpent, wields
descendant repozt repoztop opil illi li
of and
JI
flames. It is ettachcd to the Hill Hill o( Iw plac placee-si sign gn
mountain cou nunit nunit 46
Mary Mary izab izabet et mith mith). ). he Code Code Selden indicates that the king at:
he (idcnt (idcntil ilied ied by
jagu jaguar ar-s -s in es arrnour, (Author's ll llus ustra tra tion} tion}
Hz
apot apotec ec dr rnra rnraer er
ichahuipil/i. ichcahuipilli
Zapo Zapotec tec prie priest st
ElI: Zapotec warlord
Zaachila,
SCALE 501(MB
By
he
te
Mote Motecu cube beom om
Il
pl
axcs axcs
mpov mpover eris ishe he whil whil most era Mexi Mexico co nolV nolV paid tribute to cnoc cnocbt bt tlen tlen Wars Wars onti ontinu nued ed egai egains ns th Mixtec: kingdom of Tutu Tutute tepe pec. c. Tehu Tehusu suue uepe pe oper operat ated ed indep indepen enden dentl tl under the Zepot Zepotec ec king tee ultzorn 's brother-in-lsi IV he
Tehuantepeo
regional go erno erno over over th llztec tributary Mate Mate in the Socanusco of coes coes ta
deci decisi sive ve defea defea
Terescans ca se
th Aztec to look owar owar th eest and the i\1aya as the ncxt goal of expansionism. 47
Farbrafeln d es es cr cr ip ip titi o Bernardino er des .s un gu ponce Slit un u:/rmJruipilli o u \ e s a. La mc d'ar d'ar re en C O l o n . l'ernp npcr crcu cu es deco decore re de p l u l 1 1 4 . . . ' O S d e at ou L'tlwuli de l'er cu ci ~I 'e co vc de me scparce, crcums SOn( en or rnar rnartc tcle le ella coum coumnn nn sort sortie ie de turq turquo uois is emil UnL~UI.:f1)Cnt portCe par l'empcrcur ct quelq 1Jc:.~ n ob pcinru rure re su It visa visage ge er le ob le le s d e a u rang, A : L a pcin bouc boucher her sorn sorn des diag diagnos nosti tique que de 1.3decsse decsse de la o rt rt . 1 1p 1p or or t u n dUWfl rnanchc gu cr nc up ux nd cu nr ba es et nd at mcxicain. A 3 S: role important d'a It"Ibassad b assad CL rs 'l'l J' es pi (1
Cc
un llaJulIz.f!i
casque d e a gu gu a qu :'I. ll-t1CSSQUS or l'rdlfalltliplih' du 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 : : ' 1 1 1 ' , fourche d u v e c rn par lequel Iii bande-culoue rn cn cn t (mo,rrll1t/) ar ch ch es es . e s e f c t ~ulien[ transportes ~Of'S d e m ar et pill' uc cr ck son a it it r c t u n fC'poztfJpdb hurtle bsde ta i o uv uv e a u ,/ahnildi e ta des haui orne ornern rncn cnts ts dans dans le do'Sfa do'Sfait it u'ct:orce, ap cr de en es OU la
HI ca
ar
a\ICC un
c om om b
cuahchic p ur v l o b a w k . lc t/aluu:::.JIi iaune ur -t-t ar ar n 1 0 1c o ifif fu fu r d iiss titi nc nc titi v en groupe d'elire. ee h o m e ' c p c nO\ ic pa la ni pOl"tant b la la n q u m nn nn tc tc r q ui u i l 'J ru quatr quatr comb combar arra rant nt cnemis. Sa coif coiffu fure re es un o n de un ; ,l,l V : .1 .1 .1 l C ; ;I;I p tL tL ..ll f simple mnquohulJI. c om om ba ba r a n e nn nn cm cm i L ' a . l u n Italllll~" co Cl Un
ue er
Dr L'arch a rcher er Tlax Tlaxca call llo» o» P O U V : J i l ttfe Llll cummU!1 noble, La (lcLnlun: noil'c su h: "'[sage ettllt Ie diagnos[iquc d u d ic ic u ;\[i.xcoatl Cbichim.c:c. 0 : C e Ln c lili f r o u g Cl hl:wc c: ticnl ....l ....ld:at d:at Tlaxcall.an Tlaxcall.an porte lc banclt.'Olu(]e rete d i'i' S I Ln In rtwin u n b Ol O l lc lc l c r S ~J ~ J r d im im cn cn s o r \ c q u scrv
unc CC jup;C' cit: C o lo lo n b ~~C C l.l. H; H; : ::!vtc Ct'tle ueS5U~ S C' C' t m j a i oi cs vO ct qUt!dlqu~mill, dcrrii dcrrii:n_ :n_', ', S~llance S~llance cst S U r m U l U e C prclrc OJ'3cu.birc ~·1i_'He ~·1i_'He cst \ctu pour [ CP CP l'l' CS CS C nl nl C 1 0 1 cd r. de gu n. en pi \" [ ix ix t e c p o r u m l'il blcuc~ son g t n r : . F 3 Un fron frondc dcur ur . I \" b an an de de -c -c u o l p lu lu s o ng ng u n ro ro u c l d e aj r u nb nb e , d{,\"Olnl jll~qU';)lJ m o l l e d L : 'l .:.: aj
C e s e g nc nc u l \'\' lili :\:\ tc tc c porle lin c o u r l lih bant bantlc lc.: .:-c -cul ulor orte te er de brac bracel elet et de c ui ui r c vu v u 8u 8u ~ de pedes d e l ur o u ve ve r L~ casque CS culpti: dans I e . : bois c t c ou ur q llll n is is e . O' ntun.~en ()r. G ' 'lllct ctzal zal .... .... i n m O' ,rune peau c l t " ja~lLnrl Stlrmomcc d -c -c -p -p lu lu me me s d e 'lll jupc \-lcolJi donllcs I T an an g L ~ S O f ilil e n p l um um e s L."St c a J" J" llll uc uc l i sr sr iq iq u d e n o bl bl e b1ixtec. Ce prclfc o r illrqlloi.se d e bracelets c u c :o :o u noire rr:prcsentent In diyinite ct1rps. I...e m::lsque en hcii~~ u I e \ t S : g Cc Cc l c ha ha pe pe a c lo lo f LI Po . i c lc lc <: <: p JI'Ji.. "ie, IChallllipilli nd an eS on ar pil,l.lUeS Lalam du d'arc. cn s ik ik ~ b la la n c: c: , d o n I 'l'l lp lp ni ni t l l c s p ei ei nt nt c en rouge. javc.lot l J C e scigTH.':ur de 1:.1g ue ue rr rr c Z ap a p o c c pon un \'l"SlC dl C U l b rroo dc ve C u n b U I d e dc c a ve nd ee- Cl Cl do do u c o u pe pe e ( la la n " i It o uge. L a o o nd l:SL c ou d'eroffc hhmche cuuvranL un C:O:O:[Ul11eouge. lllE lllElm otll ~I en :.1-t": d ' birondeller Hz J - . : jaguar. Mylc ue :.1-t":3julJ 3julJv e H3 preue Zapul{"c dans lit COliif COliifum L" peall h um um a n c c rm rm c d,Uts e d o Sl cn ml m; L,l coiffure lan;,eres, ct t'ornpren;mt l 'U n S iS iS l c nu nu n p cr c r ru ru qu qu e a \ l lC lC :~ :~ u b.mdcau en c:uir rouge t:( d c p lu lu me me s d 'a ig ig l !v C'
Dies t\, Dies
beru beruht ht au Schi Schild ldcr crun ungc gc re y H c n a d in in n d e S ah ah ag ag u unr 1(10 F re D i I~Eh::11ltP' gcnanrne JIlC1.C wurde r id id e d l:l: r "Ich "Ichca cahu huip ipil illi li gerr gerrag agcn cn cinc cinc Ar Baum Baumwo woll llru rust stun ung. g. ha ut ut l d e K a e r L~ ie E ha o tc tc n R c c r c dc dc m vc cr Dc at Le oc mi ct mi b cd cd ec ec k D i B e u sc sc hi hi eu eu e h es es re re hc hc n a u g eh eh am am rn rn er er te te m G ol ol d u n d i m i T L r .i.i so so l Kaiser u n v o c in ci ge on wu nU vo in ig ig e n oh oh e A ( c l g l ~c ag dOT. cs ga gc au ck ed al el L\Icxica-Nationalflagge, Di az ki ch K nu nu fm fm an an n k la la s w ic ic h ublJ cr us da un "Poc "Pocht htec eca" a"
lcid lcidun un
wurd wurdcn cn dics dics
Eins Einsch chra rank nkun ungc gc
fast iiberschriuen.
B1 Dies Dieser er Krieger ldgt cin c gn gn c g c a ng ng en en ge ge no no m n c
"Tlehuizrli" mi ]:aguarheJrn, wa h il il l D a c hc hc nh nh ui ui pi pi l ru e d er er n T ta ta hu hu ir ir t ITagt c r u ru befund sich ein L o c h , durch Kleidnrrgsstiickcs cn ch a, ge hr na em bu ur de Rekrmers gctnl't'l \l Di Ma U--:.igl A r "0 war ci cnganliegendes h; leidun S c h a u bel m i O b a nk nk l n g B3 Tl hu stuck aL_J~ tF de er bc .i e. tregen hiru ah n. nm da en oc an nh R o h rg rg es es re re llll ,
d ;,;, 1. 1. subcr
Br
Ri mc
hcf'l'Sligl
war,
C l E i C u b ch ch jc jc -K -K r c ge ge r i l d cr cr n r yp yp is is cb cb c M oh oh aw aw kk- Ha Ha a s ri ri l g cl cl bc bc m T la la hu hu iz iz l un ocr Rind n ve ve rz rz ie ie ru ru n a m R uc uc ke ke n d i d ie ie s Elitccinheu er ei llll c S ch ch mc mc t c r i n g em em al al r schw;rr,-\\cilll i:'!lLe i w ei U n f o m , d i a nz nz e g t d a v ie ie r F e n d g c o te te t h at at . E r t ra ra g k on on i c h S ro ro tltl ka ka p Uniform c in in e K ri ri eg eg er er s d c e in in e G eg eg ne ne r gefangengenomrncn hat, iSl 01 g e t op op p h um um "' "' ol ol lp lp an an zc zc r T la la hu hu iz iz l un i n e in in f. f. ch ch c M .q .q u. u. hu hu ;[ ;[ 1 WilJ'cn Thl\C:11b.n-l)ugl:nschlitzen cntwc. cntwc.dcr dcr Bur~er Bur~erlic liche he odcr \ dd dd rn rn g l ' 'L JE JE h e n d e c h c h m tk tk LS LS c h G U l c ;o ;o . ~c r" ~\-aT Z 'L :!;:chwarze Gesiciushemaillng Dieser T l a . . o a l b n"iig' d i t yp n- S o l d ~ 1 yp i.i. oh oh e Koplbill,le LL~ Sc t7 . hall einl'n D o g e n h U t7 dGCL:.t·n. D . E l T7.a.tlal Arismlr;ll zcigt den ~ ro Srmbol ol s ei ro l e n w e B e R e h c al Srmb ei ne ne s H : J\ J\ JJJJ ;;;; cs cs ; T b h ui ui .t.t . Tl",calb-Kol'fbOlnd m i g1'O~el1 gelbcn Pcdcrn. [fa> rot"'ei6. lonn oclcr hinten hinten vCrkl1mCl werden unu haHt' n1il.ltcli.ri"l'll] <"il'l;t:\JL.~rfcd CfllW'I.--cicr'ornc CfllW'I.--cicr'ornc oclcr I n d c S ci ci ltlt ' MccL.cn. Tl:n:calla Tl:n:callan-l n-l .....innrr .innrr trugcl1 c i in ciDe ciDe d~c. d~c.k. k.
Zopr Zoprim im Nack Nacken en
J'\rismkrar dl' hLcC'oL'Zing hLcC'oL'Zing~J-Sl' ~J-Sl'amm(_" a mm(_" in K O Oyy Ol Ol ee- Kl Kl e d " ~ g h t . " C Jc Jc c n! glcbt.:n PitpageLCl'''.I~ederl1 mi de l j" j" pi pi sc sc h e d l r c hS hS L o cb cb el el 1c 1c n L' r l~ l~ pp pp e I) un Helm '{\3S m' dc An:l An:lUi Ui ,'cbllnde.n un gl.' gl.'kr krOn On VOl' Quetzal-F i~ii lIern. Prii!htcr tragi di ic h im im e :k :k i sc sc h t:t: t ttrtbme d e s c h ic Ooues: schwuli k]"(cgcri~t:hc G C '~ ic ic h s bc bc l1 l1 1a 1a lu lu .n .n g i n r nt nt \~ \~ 'e 'e i J c S lT lT c c nb n b cm cm ~ d n ! :l K o p cr cr . jJffu:i1rwes : H lm lm wo wo l \'ar ills cine cine .'\] .'\]'[ '[ Kijs Kijsml ml1g 1g d u c h B :H vc a~ m i l r O lw lw e if if 3c 3c . m Tilmatli. ur s c i n t . L.onigliche Abst;jjrnmung ~mLu.zeigl..:n, UI i c st st ' r ni ni .X .X le le ki ki sc sc h K ( n ig ig i blme T Iw Iw o o c mi Ca Fl D ic Lnigt Q p c hq hq uc uc m e i m ." ." m ~lcinercn ili.uBc.rl"n Klcidu.ngssltid or m] Lt ,IUS O b pi zu cf D ic ic s lhr hl.L~[l!kis Orakclpr;estcl' ITigf cln' rcpr rcpras asen enti tien en n'li n'li sein sein.e .e Krlcgshammcr cllwigal'tigcn ;JUS ltinSel mixtd;L~hc.r al lg lg er er -c -c m L ccnn dC dC 'n 'n st st :h :h ur ur L m i Y ~ ld ld cn cn la la ng ng -t-t " F 'm ns ns e h in in tc tc n clldcrer m i l al \IOrr1C u n
mixtcki ckicht cht Fllr Fllrst st ldgl uhcr s{:incm Lcm.lcn.shcurz Diescr mixt eincn k : Kl e rn rn e L ed ed e a rm rm bi bi in in de de , i l T i r k , pe pe rl rl c b e e m D e h ol ol zg zg c < :h :h ni ni lZ lZ l Hd mil g 'u a an n u l1 l1 d m i goldgefa6t teschoHickt, til. I I h c p an Que(z.!arede:rn XiCQlli-llcmd ar tvpiscft f"ii die mixt mixtek ekis ischc chc Addi Addigc gcl1 l1 Die1 it Fcderbcsatz Priester mgr t~LrkishcsClZlc. Ledemrmbjnder LLrtcl schwarze K.orpe.rbcm.:11uT1g, IJ a, ,u gc bu Fahn FahncJ cJ1i 1iTa Tagc gc lrag lrag ei weiB weiBes es chah chahui uipi pili li Di Tilwlon~o~Ji.lhnc mLuc1.isch r. oIH SO f\'I:u :u:a :awf wfeu eucr cr gd.:. gd.:. roIH nC ' r r o t gc gc f a r bt bt e n VOl' f\'I mi e i nC Fcuer Fcuerst ste; e; ..Spcerspill.e, i. riegshilupding in e tT,igt tT,igt cin m i e in wciBcn wciBcn SI
Lcde Lcderb rban an
mi t\,l t\,lle lel' l'-lln - lln
Qucl Quclza zalr lred eder ern. n.
