Avalon Direct English [Book 3]

AVALON DIRECT ENGLISH BOOK 3 Teacher Handbook UPPER-INTERMEDIATE

© Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Unit 1 5 Unit 1

v. to behave n. behaviour Your behaviour is the way you say and do things. Q. Would you behave politely at a job interview ? A. Yes, I would behave very politely at a job interview. Q. How does people’s behaviour change when they get drunk ? A. People become more confident and talk loudly when they get drunk. Q. What kind of behaviour annoys you the most in other people ? A. Arrogant behaviour annoys me the most in other people. Q. How do people behave when they are angry ? A. People shout when they're angry. Q. How do people behave when they are sad ? A. People cry when they're sad. Q. How do people behave when they are nervous ? A. People walk up and down when they're nervous.

NB. to behave yourself = behave well Q. Did you always behave yourself when you were a child ? A. No, I didn't always behave myself when I was a child. Q. Do people always behave themselves at a party ? A. No, people don't always behave themselves at a party.

adj. arrogant

adj. big-headed (informal)

If you are arrogant/big-headed, you are too confident and your behaviour annoys people. Arrogant people often think they are better than other people.


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Q. Do you know any arrogant people ? A. Yes, I know some arrogant people. Q. Are very successful people often quite arrogant ? A. Yes, very successful people are often quite arrogant. Q. Would I be bigheaded if I said I was the best teacher in the school ? A. Yes, you would be bigheaded if you said you were the best teacher in this school.

v. to boast

adj. modest

When you boast, you talk about how good you are at something in an arrogant way. To be modest is the opposite of to boast. Q. What kind of things do children often boast about ? A. Children often boast about their new toys. Q. How good is your English ? A. My English is very good. Q. Are you being modest or bigheaded? A. I'm being bigheaded. Q. Do you think it is arrogant for people to boast about how much money they have ? A. Yes, I think it's arrogant for people to boast about how much money they have. Q. If you can do something very well, do you think it is better to boast or to be modest about it ? A. If you can do something very well, I think it's better to be modest about it. 6 Unit 1

v. to share

adj. generous

adj. selfish

If something is shared it is used by more than one person. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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If someone is generous they are happy to share something. If someone is selfish, they don’t want to share what they have. eg. Children from large families usually share a bedroom. Q. Have you ever shared a room with anyone ? A. No, I've never shared a room with anyone. Q. Are children often quite selfish ? A. Yes, children are often quite selfish. Q. Would you be generous or selfish if you didn’t share your birthday cake with your friends ? A. I would be selfish if I didn’t share my birthday cake with my friends. Q. Would you be happy to share your book with another student ? A. Yes, I'd be happy to share my book with another student. Q. Are you generous when you buy presents for your family ? A. Yes, I'm generous when I buy presents for my family. Q. Would you be more generous if you had more money ? A. Yes, I would be more generous if I had more money. Q. Give me an example of selfish behaviour. A. Children not sharing their toys is an example of selfish behaviour.

adj. greedy

n. greed

Q. Do greedy people like sharing things ? A. No, greedy people don't like sharing things. Q. What animals are famous for being greedy ? A. Pigs are famous for being greedy. Q. Do you think greed is always a bad thing ? A. Yes, I think greed is always a bad thing. Q. What is the difference between greedy and selfish ? A. The difference between greedy and selfish is that if you're greedy you always want more of something and if you are selfish you will not share your things.


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n. mood

n. temper

Your mood is how you feel emotionally. e.g. People usually smile and laugh a lot when they are in a good mood. If you have a bad temper you become angry very easily. If you lose your temper you get angry. eg. People shout and scream when they lose their temper. Q. Are you in a good mood today ? A. Yes, I'm in a very good mood today. Q. How do people behave when they lose their temper ? A. People shout and scream when they lose their temper. Q. Do you know anyone who has a really bad temper ? A .Yes, my brother has a really bad temper. Q. Have you ever lost your temper when driving ? A. Yes, I have lost my temper when driving. Q. What kind of things put you in a good mood ? A. Nice music puts me in a good mood. Q. What kind of things put you in a bad mood ? A. Crowded trains put me in a bad mood.

adj. stubborn

adj. pigheaded

Stubborn people think they are right about something and won’t change their mind. Pigheaded is an informal way of saying stubborn. Q. Are you ever stubborn in an argument ? A. Yes, I'm often stubborn in an argument. Q. What animal is famous for being stubborn ? A. The mule is famous for being stubborn. Q. What is the difference between pigheaded and bigheaded? A. The difference between pigheaded and bigheaded is that pigheaded means stubborn and bigheaded means arrogant. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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7 Unit 1

v. to encourage

n. encouragement

If you encourage someone you help them and try to give them confidence. eg. My parents encouraged me to study hard at school. Shy children often need a lot of encouragement. Q. Do your teachers encourage you to speak good English ? A. Yes, my teachers encourage me to speak good English. Q. Do parents usually encourage their children to smoke and drink? A. No, parents don't usually encourage their children to smoke and drink. Q. Did you get enough encouragement from your teachers when you were at school ? A. Yes, I got enough encouragement from my teachers when I was at school. Q. What kind of things did your parents encourage you to do while you were growing up ? A. My parents encouraged me to study hard and be polite while I was growing up. Q. Would you feel encouraged if I told you that your English was improving ? A. Yes, I would feel encouraged if you told me that my English was improving.

v. to cause

= to make something happen = to be the reason why something happens

n. cause eg. Bad weather often causes road accidents. Q. Do you think unemployment causes crime? A. Yes, I think unemployment causes crime. Q. What kind of problems can be caused by bad weather ? © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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A. Accidents can be caused by bad weather. Q. What kind of health problems are often caused by smoking ? A. Lung cancer and heart disease are often caused by smoking. Q. What are some of the causes of pollution in your country? A. Cars and factories are some of the causes of pollution in my country.

v. to make someone do something If you make someone do something you want them to do it, and so you cause them to do it. eg. My mother always made me wash my hands before eating dinner. Q. Did your parents make you eat healthy vegetables when you were a child ? A. Yes, my parents always made me eat healthy vegetables when I was a child. Q. Do I make you repeat the sentence if you make a lot of mistakes? A. Yes, you make me repeat the sentence if I make a lot of mistakes. Q. Have you ever made someone do something that they didn’t want to do ? A. Yes, I made my brother smoke a cigarette when he was 5 years old. Q. What kind of behaviour can make you lose your temper ? A. Arrogant and rude behaviour can make you lose your temper.

v. to force someone to do something n. force To force has a similar meaning to to make someone do something but it is stronger. If you are forced to do something, you don’t want to do it but you have no choice. eg. The bank robber forced the frightened man to give him the money. The police sometimes have to use force when arresting criminals. Q. Have you ever been forced to eat food that you didn’t like ? A. No, I've never been forced to eat food that I didn’t like.


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Q. Are young men forced to join the army in your country ? A. No, young men aren't forced to join the army in my country.

Q. Are you being forced to study English ? A. No, I'm not being forced to study English. 8 Unit 1 Q. Is it better to use force or encouragement when teaching children ? A. It's better to use encouragement when teaching children. Q. What are the armed forces ? A. The army, the navy and the air force are the armed forces. Q. What kind of people use force to get what they want ? A. Soldiers and policemen use force to get what they want. Q. Is it easy to make a stubborn person change their mind ? A. No, it's very difficult to make a stubborn person change their mind. Q. I f you became very rich and successful, would you be more arrogant ? A .Yes, if I became rich and successful, I would be more arrogant.

v. to order

n. order

To order has two meanings. 1. to order someone to do something. v expr. to give orders v expr. to follow orders To order means to tell someone to do something but it is much stronger. If you are ordered to do something you must do it. eg. The soldiers were ordered to swim across the river NB. We always use the imperative to give an order. eg. Clean your gun! Don’t touch that! Q. What kind of people give orders ? A. Soldiers give orders. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. If you are ordered to do something, do you have to do it ? A. Yes, if you're ordered to do something, you have to do it. Q. Have you ever given an order ? A. Yes, I've given an order. Q. Has your boss ever ordered you to do something ? A. Yes, my boss's ordered me to do something.

2. to order something from someone n. course You order food in a restaurant from a waiter or waitress. A meal may have three courses : a starter, main course and a dessert. You can also study a course at university or college. Q. Who takes your order in a restaurant ? A. A waiter or a waitress takes my order in a restaurant. Q. Do you usually order more than one course in a restaurant ? A. Yes, I usually order more than one course in a restaurant. Q. What is your favourite starter/dessert ? A. Ice cream is my favourite dessert. Q. What kind of course are you studying here ? A. I'm studying a Direct English course here. Q. Have you been to university ? A. Yes, I went to university 5 years ago. Q. What course did you study ? A. I studied a course in mathematics.

v. to punish

n. punishment

Q. Were you ever punished at school ? A. Yes, I was punished at school. Q. What for ? A. For being rude. Q. What was your punishment ? © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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A. I had to stand in the corner of the room for 20 minutes.

8 Unit 1 Q. What is a common punishment for criminals ? A. Imprisonment is a common punishment for criminals. Q. Do you think teachers should be allowed to physically punish school children ? A. No, I don't think teachers should be allowed to physically punish school children. Q. What kind of things do teachers/parents force children to do as a punishment ? A. Parents force children to clean their room as a punishment.

n. judge

n. trial

n. court

A trial is when a court decides if a person is guilty or innocent Q. Who is the most important person in a court ? A. The judge is the most important person in a court. Q. What does a judge have to decide at the end of a trial ? A. The judge has to decide the punishment or, in some countries, if the person is guilty or innocent at the end of a trial. Q. Have there been any famous trials recently ? A. No, there haven't been any famous trials recently.

v. to kill

v./n. to murder

n. murderer

To murder means to kill someone illegally Q. Which animals are killed for food ? A. Cows and sheep are killed for food. Q. Have you ever killed an animal ? A. No, I've never killed an animal. Q. What is the punishment for murder in your country? © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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A. Life imprisonment is the punishment for murder in my country. Q. Can you think of any famous murderers ? A. Jack The Ripper was a famous murderer.

n. blood

n. fingerprint

Q. What colour is blood ? A. Blood is red. Q. What does blood carry around the body ?* A. Blood carries oxygen around the body. Q. Do the police take your fingerprints if you are arrested ? A. Yes, the police take your fingerprints if you're arrested. Q. Why do criminals often wear gloves ? A. Criminals often wear gloves because they don't want to leave fingerprints.

v. to prove

n. evidence (uncountable)

The facts that show if something is true or not are called evidence. The verb to prove means to show that something is true by using evidence. Q. What is your name ? A. My name's Craig Sargent. Q. How can you prove it ? A. I can prove it by showing you my driving licence. Q. What do you have to carry when you travel abroad to prove your nationality ? A. You have to carry your passport when you travel abroad to prove your nationality. Q. Is there any evidence to prove that aliens have landed on earth ? A. No, there isn't any evidence to prove that aliens have landed on earth. Q. What kind of evidence do the police look for when there is a murder ? A. The police look for fingerprints when there's a murder. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. What do we call the people who try to prove that someone is innocent or guilty in court ? A. Lawyers try to prove that someone is innocent or guilty in court. 10 Unit 1

v. to identify n. identity / I.D.

n. identity card

Q. What does an identity card prove ? A. An identity card proves your name and nationality. Q. Do you have to carry your identity card at all times ? A. Yes, I have to carry my identity card at all times. Q. How do the police identify criminals ?* A. The police identify criminals by using fingerprints. Q. Can you identify the mistakes in these sentences ? a. My friend behaved very bad at the party. A. The mistake is bad because we say 'My friend behaved very badly at the party.' b. He has arrived three days ago. A. The mistake is has because we say 'He arrived three days ago.' c. I found the word by look it up in my dictionary. A. The mistake is look because we say 'I found the word by looking it up in my dictionary.'

v. to predict

n. prediction n. weather forecast

To predict means to say what you think will happen in the future. eg. When people gamble, they try to predict the result of a sporting event. Q. Is it easy to predict the result of a horse race ? A. No, it's quite difficult to predict the result of a horse race. Q. What different ways are there of trying to predict the future ?* A. There are many different ways of trying to predict the future, for example we can use crystal balls, stars and Tarot cards. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. Make a prediction about your future. A. I think I'll be very rich and have a beautiful wife. Q. What do they predict on the weather forecast ? A. They predict the weather on the weather forecast. Q. Can you think of anyone who was famous for making predictions? A. Nostradamus was famous for making predictions.

predictions using to be going to / will We can use both will and to be going to when we predict the future, but there is an important difference between the two kinds of prediction. 1. Predictions using to be going to. When we make a prediction about the future because of evidence we know or see in the present, we usually use to be going to. eg Look at those dark clouds in the sky, it’s going to rain soon. Q. Make predictions using ‘to be going to’ from this evidence: a. Your friend always drives too fast.* A. He's going to have an accident. b. Your team is playing very well in a football match.* A. They're going to win. c. You have drunk too much wine.* A. I'm going to be sick. 2. Predictions using will. When we make a prediction about the future that expresses our opinions but we are not sure because we don’t have much evidence, we usually use will. Because we are not sure we often say ‘I think (that) something will happen’ or ‘something will probably happen’. eg. I think an African country will win the World Cup in the next ten years. I think they’ll probably get here at about 5 o’clock.


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Q. What time do you think you’ll get home this evening ? A. I think I'll get home at about 6 o'clock this evening.

11 Unit 1 Q. Do you think every home will have a computer soon ? A. Yes, I think every home will have a computer soon. Q. What kind of changes will happen in your life in the next ten years ? A. I think I'll get married and have children in the next ten years. Exercise Choose wil l or to be going to for these sentences. 1. That woman is really angry. I think she is going to hit (to hit) that man. 2. I think it will be (to be) a really good party tonight. 3. Too many people are dancing on the table, it is going to break (to break). 4. I think people will go (to go) on holiday to the Moon next century.

v. to slap

v. to smack

Q. Have you ever slapped someone because you were angry ? A. Yes, I slapped one of my friends at school. Q. Would it hurt if you were smacked in the face by the ball in a game of football ? A. Yes, it would hurt if you were smacked in the face by the ball in a game of football. Q. Do you think it’s right for parents to punish their children by smacking if they are badly behaved ? A. No, I don't think it’s right for parents to punish their children by smacking if they are badly behaved.

v. to punch

n. fist

Q. In what sport do people punch each other ? A. People punch each other in boxing. Q. What do boxers wear on their fists ? © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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A. Boxers wear boxing gloves on their fists.

Q. Apart from punching something, why might you make your hand into a fist ? A. Apart from punching something, you might make your hand into a fist if you were holding something very tightly.

v. to bully

n. bully

Q. Do older children often bully younger ones ? A. Yes, older children often bully younger ones. Q. Do you think bullying is a common problem in schools ? A. Yes, I think bullying is a common problem in schools. Q. Do people ever get bullied at work ? A. Yes, people sometimes get bullied at work. Q. How do you think school bullies ought to be punished ? A. I think school bullies ought to be punished by doing extra homework.

v. to forgive forgave forgiven If you forgive someone who has done something wrong, you stop being angry with them and you don’t want to punish them any more. eg. My friend was very angry because I broke her toy, but she forgave me when I bought her a new one. Q. Is it always easy to forgive people who have done bad things to us ? A. No, it's sometimes very difficult to forgive people who've done bad things to us. 12 Unit 1 Q. Do you think it’s better to punish criminals or to forgive them ? A. I think it’s better to punish criminals. Q. Would you forgive me if I laughed at your mistakes in the lesson? © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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A. No, I wouldn't forgive you if you laughed at my mistakes in the lesson. Q. Would you forgive someone if they broke an important promise ? A. Yes, I might forgive someone if they broke an important promise. phr v. to make (something) up phr v. to tell (someone) off n. excuse Q. What kind of excuses do people often give for being late ? A. People often say that their train was delayed when they are late. Q. Do children make things up when they don’t want to tell the truth? A. Yes, children often make things up when they don’t want to tell the truth. Q. My mother was the first woman in space. Do you believe me or do you think I am making it up ? A. I think you're making it up. Q. Do you always tell the truth when you are late or do you sometimes make up excuses ? A. I sometimes make up excuses when I'm late. Q. Do parents tell their children off for making a mess ? A. Yes, parents tell their children off for making a mess. Q. Did your teachers ever tell you off at school for not doing your homework ? A. Yes, my teachers sometimes told me of for not doing my homework. Q. I f your child got their clothes dirty would you smack them or tell them off ? A. I f my child got their clothes dirty, I would tell them off. Q. Who could order you to open your suitcase ? A. A customs officer could order me to open my suitcase. Q. Who could order you to get out of your car ? A. A policeman could order me to get out of my car. Q. Why might someone slap your face in an emergency ? A. Someone might slap your face in an emergency to try to wake you up. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Unit 2 13 Unit 2

adj. valuable

adj. worthless

If something costs a lot or is very important, it is valuable. Worthless is the opposite. Q. Are you wearing anything valuable ? A. No, I'm not wearing anything valuable. Q. Do you think a good education is valuable ? A. Yes, I think a good education is valuable. Q. Are old stamps always worthless ? A. No, old stamps are sometimes very valuable. Q. Are your friends valuable to you ? A. Yes, my friends are valuable to me.

adj. precious n. jewellery (uncountable)

n. stone

Q. Give me an example of a precious stone. A. A diamond is an example of a precious stone. Q. Give me an example of a precious metal. A. Gold is an example of a precious metal. Q. What kind of jewellery is it traditional to give your husband/wife at a wedding ? A. It's traditional to give your wife a ring at a wedding. Q. What kind of jewellery often has precious stones ? A. Necklaces often have precious stones. Q. What kind of things are made out of stone ? A. Walls and cathedrals are made out of stone.


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v. to be worth If something is worth Ł10, you would get Ł10 if you sold it. eg. My watch cost Ł100 when I bought it but it is only worth about Ł50 now. Q. How much did you pay for your watch? A. I paid Ł50 for my watch. Q. When did you buy it ? A. I bought it 2 years ago. Q. How much do you think it is worth now? A. I think it's worth about Ł20 now. Q. How much do you think my ring is worth? * A. I think your ring's worth about Ł250 now. Q. What kind of things are worth more the longer you keep them ? A. Antiques, pictures and wine are all worth more the longer you keep them. Q. Are holidays always worth the money ? A. No, holidays are not always worth the money.

expr. to be worth + gerund If something is worth doing it’s a good idea and there are good reasons to do it. If something isn’t worth doing it’s probably a waste of time. eg. It is worth looking up new words in a dictionary. It is not worth washing your car while its raining. Q. Is it worth learning English ? A. Yes, it's worth learning English. Q. Do you think it’s worth spending a lot of money on good food ? A. Yes, I think it’s worth spending a lot of money on good food. Q. Do you think it’s worth spending a lot of money on an expensive car ? © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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A. No, I don't think it’s worth spending a lot of money on an expensive car. Q. Do you think it is worth having a smoke alarm at home? A. Yes, I think it's worth having a smoke alarm at home. 14 Unit 2 Q. Is it worth learning a foreign language if you are going to work in that country ? A. Yes, it's worth learning a foreign language if you're going to work in that country. Q. Is it worth learning a foreign language if you are going on a short holiday ? A. No, it isn't worth learning a foreign language if you're going on a short holiday. Q. How much do you think it is worth spending on a haircut ? A. I think it's worth spending about Ł10 on a haircut. linking words and clauses 1. And, but, because, when, while and if are all examples of linking words. We use linking words to join two sentences together. When sentences are joined together by a linking word we call them clauses. I went home. I was ill. = two sentences I went home because I was ill. = one sentence This sentence has two clauses joined by the linking word ‘because’. Remember that a clause always has a verb in it. 2. A linking word can go between the two clauses or at the beginning. eg. If the fax is not working, you should post the information. OR You should post the information if the fax is not working. When the linking word is at the beginning, there should be a comma (,) between the clauses. Not all linking words can go in both places. ‘And’ can only go in the middle. eg. My brother is called Bruce and my sister is called Sheila. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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The linking word ‘and’ cannot be moved to the beginning. exercise Put the following l inking words into these sentences. after before so while because but if 1. I’ll wait here in the car while you go and buy some cigarettes. 2. Because you are my friend I will lend you the money that you need. 3. Before she met me, she was married to a film star. 4. You have finished all your work so you can go home. 5. I have to take a shower after playing tennis. 6. If anyone wants me, you can find me in the office.

v. to treat

n. treatment

1. the way people treat you is the way they behave towards you eg. I left my job because my boss treated me badly. Q. If you kicked a dog, would you be treating it well or badly ? A. If you kicked a dog, you'd be treating it badly. Q. Do you always treat strangers politely ? A. Yes, I always treat strangers politely. Q. Would you leave a good job if you were treated badly? A. Yes, I would leave a good job if I were treated badly. Q. Do we always treat our friends and family well ? A. No, we don't always treat our friends and family well. 15 Unit 2 2. to treat someone like + noun eg. My grandparents still treated me like a child when I was 25. Q. Do they sometimes treat you like a criminal at customs ? A. Yes, they sometimes treat you like a criminal at customs. Q. Have you ever had a job where your boss treated you like a child? A. No, I've never had a job where my boss treated me like a child. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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3. to try to cure an illness or an ill person eg. Doctors treat patients in hospital. Paracetamol is a good treatment for a headache. Q. Who treats patients in a hospital? A. Doctors treat patients in a hospital. Q. Have you ever been treated in hospital? A. Yes, I was treated for a broken arm last year. Q. What is the best treatment for a hangover ? A. I think drinking water is the best treatment for a hangover. Q. What do we call people who treat sick animals? A. We call people who treat sick animals vets.

adj. gentle

adj. rough

Q. Would you treat a baby roughly or gently? A. I'd treat a baby gently. Q. Have you ever been treated roughly by anyone? A. Yes, I've been treated roughly by my brother. Q. What kind of sports are very rough? A. American football and rugby are very rough. Q. What kind of people have to have a gentle touch?* A. Doctors have to have a gentle touch.

n. situation We use the word situation to talk about what is happening in a particular place at a particular time. eg. It was an embarrassing situation when I didn’t have enough money to pay for dinner. Q. Have you ever been in a really embarrassing situation? A. Yes, I went shopping last week and left my money at home. Q. Have you ever been in a dangerous situation ? © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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A. No, I've never been in a dangerous situation. Q. If you were unhappy with your situation at work, what would you do ? A. I would resign if I were unhappy with my situation at work. Q. In what kind of situation would you give an order ? A. You would give an order if you were a boss. Q. In what kind of situation would you behave very politely ? A. You'd behave very politely in a job interview.

adj. temporary

adj. permanent

If something is temporary, we know it will not continue for a long time. The opposite of temporary is permanent. Q. Is a summer job temporary or permanent? A. A summer job is temporary. Q. Do you have a permanent job? A. Yes, I have a permanent job in my country. Q. Are you living in this city temporarily? A. Yes, I'm living in this city temporarily . Q. What is your permanent address? A. My permanent address is 10, Oxford Street, London, United Kigdom. 16 Unit 2 Q. What can cause permanent damage to your health? A. Smoking can cause permanent damage to your health. Q. Give me some examples of temporary accommodation. A. Hotels and hostels are some examples of temporary accommodation.


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continuous tenses for temporary situations We often use continuous tenses for temporary situations. eg. I live in London. I am living with my brother (while I look for some accommodation). eg. I worked for the government for five years. I was working on a farm last summer. Q. Where are you living at the moment? A. I'm living in London at the moment. Q. Is that where you usually live? A. No, it's not where I usually live. Q. Are you working at the moment ? A. Yes, I'm working at the moment. Q. Is that your permanent job? A. Yes, it's my permanent job. Q. What were you doing at this time last year? A. I was working on a farm in the south of France at this time last year. Q. Were you living in the same place last year as you are now? A. No, I wasn't living in the same place last year as I am now. Q. Is it worth recycling things or do you think it is a waste of time? A. I think it's worth recycling things. Q. Tell the class about a dangerous situation you have been in. A. I went swimming with sharks in Australia 2 years ago.

v. to affect

n. effect

To affect means to cause a change in something. eg. Pollution affects the environment. What you eat has an effect on your health. Q. Does the weather affect your mood? A. Yes, the weather sometimes affects my mood. Q. How does alcohol affect your mood? © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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A. Alcohols makes me feel happy. Q. What kind of things have a bad effect on the environment? A. Pollution has a bad effect on the environment. Q. Do smoking and drinking have good or bad effects on people’s health? A. Smoking and drinking have bad effects on people’s health. Q. How do they affect our health ? A. Smoking causes lung cancer and drinking causes high blood pressure.

the present perfect continuous The construction of the present perfect continuous is : subject + have been + present participle eg. We have been working hard. 1. We use this tense for an action that started in the past and is still happening in the present. eg. I have been waiting here for half an hour. (I started waiting half an hour ago and I’m still waiting now.) Q. How long have you been learning English at this school? A. I've been learning English at this school for one year. Q. How long have you been living in this city? A. I've been living in this city for 2 years. 17 Unit 2 2. There are three kinds of situation when we use the present perfect continuous. i. To talk about how long something has been happening, particularly with temporary situations. eg. He has been working on a farm all summer. Q. How long have you been sitting in this classroom ? A. I've been sitting in this classroom for about half an hour. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. How long have I been teaching English? A. You've been teaching me English for 6 weeks. Q. How long have you been studying book 3? A. I've been studying book 3 for 2 weeks. Q. How long have you been wearing that shirt? A. I've been working this shirt for 6 hours. ii. Recent actions that cause present effects. eg. My clothes are dirty. I have been working in the garden. Q. Use the present perfect continuous to give reasons for these situations. eg. His hands are dirty. He has been repairing his bicycle. a. The streets are wet. What has been happening ? A. It has been raining. b. He is very tired. What has he been doing ? A. He's been working very hard. c. Her English is much better than it used to be. . What has she been doing ? A. She's been practicing a lot. d. He doesn’t understand what the teacher is talking about. What hasn’t he been doing ? A. He hasn't been listening. e. Her eyes are red. What has she been doing ? A. She's been crying. iii. We use the present perfect continuous for recent habits or repeated activities. eg. My wife has been getting home very late from work recently. Q. Have you been sleeping well recently? A. Yes, I've been sleeping very well recently. Q. Have you been studying hard recently? A. No, I haven't been studying hard recently. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. Have you been eating healthy food recently? A. Yes, I've been eating healthy food recently. Q. Have you been drinking a lot recently? A. No, I haven't been drinking a lot recently.

n. sense of humour

n. sarcasm adj

sarcastic

Your sense of humour is the kind of things that you think are funny. If you have a good sense of humour you often laugh at things and make other people laugh. If you say the opposite of what you think in order to be funny, you are being sarcastic. eg. “I think English people are always so happy because they have such nice weather.” Q. Do you like people with no sense of humour? A. No, I don't like people with no sense of humour. Q. Do you think someone’s sense of humour depends on their nationality? A. Yes, I think someone’s sense of humour depends on their nationality. Q. Do you have a sarcastic sense of humour? A. Yes, I have a sarcastic sense of humour. 18 Unit 2 Q. Do you like my clothes/haircut ? A. Yes, I like your clothes. Q. Do you really like them or are you being sarcastic?* A. I'm being sarcastic.

adj. intelligent

n. intelligence

n. genius

Q. Do you think mice are intelligent animals? A. No, I don't think mice are intelligent animals. Q. Give me an example of a very intelligent animal ? © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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A. A dolphin is an example of a very intelligent animal. Q. Give me an example of a famous genius? A. Albert Einstein was a famous genius. Q. Do you have to be a genius to understand English grammar? A. No, you don't have to be a genius to understand English grammar. Q. Do you think intelligence is something you can learn or something you are born with ? A. I think intelligence is something you are born with Q. Do you think dogs are more or less intelligent than cats? A. I think dogs are more intelligent than cats.

n. theory in theory

n. practice (uncountable) in practice

A theory is the idea that something is possible or true. Practice is doing something in real life. eg. Einstein’s theories changed the way we understand the world. In theory there is enough food in the world for everyone, but in practice many people don’t have enough food. Q. Which scientist became famous for his General Theory of Relativity? A. Albert Einstein became famous for his General Theory of Relativity. Q. Do you believe the theory that humans used to be monkeys ? A. Yes, I believe the theory that humans used to be monkeys. Q. In theory can you teach yourself a foreign language from a book? A. Yes, in theory you can you teach yourself a foreign language from a book. Q. Do you think this really works in practice ? A. No, I don't think it really works in practice. Q. In theory computers make our lives easier, but in practice what kind of problems can they cause ? A. In practice, computers can be bad for your eyes and can be very expensive. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. In theory anyone can become rich if they work hard, but do you think this is true in practice ? A. No, I don't think it's true in practice. Q. Do your plans usually work in practice ? A. Yes, my plans usually work in practice. Q. Are there any funny people in your country who are famous for being sarcastic ? A. No, there aren't any funny people in my country who are famous for being sarcastic. Q. I f someone drinks too much, can it have an effect on their work? A. Yes, if someone drinks too much, they find it very difficult to concentrate. Q. Have you been taking exercise recently? A. Yes, I've been taking exercise recently. Q. Have you ever tried to do something that was easy in theory but really difficult in practice? A. Yes, taking my driving test was easy in theory but really difficult in practice.

adj. stupid

adj. silly/daft

n. idiot

eg. I failed my exam because I made too many silly mistakes. English people sometimes say, “Don’t be stupid/silly/an idiot!” when they think something is a bad idea or they don’t agree with someone. These expressions are impolite. Q. Do you think people who get drunk and violent are silly or stupid ? A. I think people who get drunk and violent are stupid. 19 Unit 2 Q. If you were late for school because you got on the wrong bus, would you be silly or stupid? A. If you were late for school because you got on the wrong bus, you'd be silly. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. How would you feel if someone called you an idiot? A. I'd feel stupid if someone called me an idiot.

Q. Have you ever felt stupid because you couldn’t understand something? A. Yes, I felt stupid because I couldn't understand French. Q. Give me an example of silly behaviour. A. Leaving your wallet on a train is an example of silly behaviour. Q. Give me an example of stupid behaviour. A. Not wearing your helmet on a motorbike is an example of stupid behaviour.

adj. serious

expr. to take something seriously

1. A serious person is someone who usually thinks carefully about things and doesn’t like silly behaviour. If you take something seriously, you think it is important and worth doing well. Q. Do news readers usually look serious on television ? A. Yes, news readers usually look serious on television. Q. Do you take studying English seriously ? A. Yes, I take studying English seriously. Q. Did you take your education seriously at school ? A. Yes, I took my education seriously at school.

conj. However However is a linking word. It has the same meaning as but. There are three differences between however and but. 1. However is more formal than but and we usually use it in written English. We do not use it a lot when speaking.


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2. However does not link clauses together in one sentence. eg. I didn’t like him when I first met him but we are very good friends now. I didn’t like him when I first met him. However, we are very good friends now. 3. However can go in different places in a sentence. Usually we put it at the beginning of a sentence. eg. We were sure that we paid the bill. However, the manager did not believe us. It can also go at the end of a sentence, after a comma. eg. We were sure we had paid the bill. The manager didn’t believe us, however. Or it can go in the middle of a sentence, between two commas. eg. We were sure that we paid the bill. The manager, however, didn’t believe us. Q. Which linking word has the same meaning as however? A. But has the same meaning as however. Q. Is however more common in written or spoken English? A. However is more common in written English. Q. Does however join clauses in the same sentence? A. No, however doesn't join clauses in the same sentence. Q. Make a sentence with however. A. It's raining. However, I'm still going to play football. 20 Unit 2

adj. practical

adj. impractical

If someone is practical, they find the easiest and best way to do something. eg. Trains were the first practical way for people to travel very long distances. Q. Is it practical to live a long way from where you work? © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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A. No, it's impractical to live a long way from where you work. Q. Does experience teach you to be practical? A. Yes, experience teaches you to be practical. Q. In what kind of jobs do you need to be practical? A. You need to be practical if you are a builder. Q. What would be a practical thing to buy if you kept waking up late? A. An alarm clock would be a practical thing to buy if you kept waking up late. Q. What would be a practical thing to buy if you wanted to visit a famous foreign city? A. A guidebook would be a practical thing to buy if you wanted to visit a famous foreign city. Q. What would be a practical thing to buy if your bedroom was very cold in the winter? A. A heater would be a practical thing to buy if your bedroom was very cold in the winter. Q. What would be the practical thing to do if you couldn’t repair something yourself ? A. If you couldn’t repair something yourself, the practical thing to do would be to ask somebody to help you. Q. What kind of things do you think are worth taking seriously ? A. I think it's worth taking your job seriously. Q. Have you ever been treated like an idiot in a foreign country because you couldn’t speak a foreign language ? A. Yes, I was treated like an idiot in France. Q. What is one of the most stupid things you have ever done ? A. Leaving my wallet on the backseat of my car is one of the most stupid things I've ever done.

v. to hang (up)

n. hanger

v. to fold

hung hung Q. What kind of things hang from the ceiling? © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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A. Lights sometimes hang from the ceiling. Q. Where would you hang a picture? A. I would hang a picture on the wall. Q. Where would you hang a wet towel? A. I would hang a wet towel on the back of a chair. Q. What kind of clothes do you hang on a hanger? A. You hang coats and dresses on a hanger. Q. Do you fold jumpers or hang them up ? A. I fold jumpers.

n. advertising v. to advertise

n. advertisement (advert/ad) n. product

Q. Would you like to work in advertising? A. No, I wouldn't like to work in advertising. Q. Have you ever advertised anything in a newspaper or magazine? A. Yes, I've advertised a bicycle in a newspaper. Q. What products are made by Honda? A. Cars and motorbikes are made by Honda. Q. What products are made by Pepsi Co. ? A. Soft drinks are made by Pepsi Co. Q. Have you ever bought a particular product because you liked the advertisement ? A. Yes, I bought a CD player last year because I liked the advertisement.

v. to replace v / n. guarantee

adj. guaranteed

If you replace an old light bulb, you put a new one in. If a product is sold with a guarantee it means the company promises to repair or replace it if it stops working. Q. What kind of things do you often have to replace ?* A. You often have to replace batteries and light bulbs.


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21 Unit 2 Q. Do all products have a guarantee? A. No, not all products have a guarantee. Q. Which parts of the body can be replaced? A. The heart, lungs and liver can be replaced. Q. Is your watch guaranteed? A. Yes, my watch is guaranteed. Q. How long does the guarantee last? A. For one year. Q. If you buy something that is guaranteed, does the shop have to replace it if it doesn’t work ? A. Yes, if you buy something that is guaranteed, the shop has to replace it if it doesn’t work. Q. Do you fold your clothes carefully after washing them ? A. No, I don't fold my clothes carefully after washing them. Q. Where is a practical place to hang winter coats in summer? A. A practical place to hang winter coats in summer is at the back of a wardrobe. Q. Are very intelligent people sometimes not very practical ? A. Yes, very intelligent people are sometimes not very practical. Q. What kind of products are advertised on television ? A. Electrical products are advertised on television. Q. When you go on holiday are you always guaranteed to have a good time ? A. No, when you go on holiday, you're not always guaranteed to have a good time.

v. to exaggerate

n. exaggeration

We exaggerate when we say that something is bigger, better, worse etc. than it really is. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. Do children sometimes exaggerate when they tell each other stories ? A. Yes, children sometimes exaggerate when they tell each other stories. Q. Why do you think journalists sometimes exaggerate news stories? A. I think journalists sometimes exaggerate news stories to sell more newspapers. Q. Have you ever exaggerated an illness so you could have a day off school or work? A. No, I've never exaggerated an illness so I could have a day off school. Q. Are companies allowed to exaggerate about their products in advertisements ? A. No, companies are not allowed to exaggerate about their products in advertisements.

v. to avoid + gerund / noun If you avoid doing something, you find a way not to do it. eg. Children often try to avoid doing their homework. Lazy people avoid hard work. Q. Did you use to avoid tidying your room ? A. Yes, I always used to avoid tidying my room. Q. Have you ever tried to avoid playing sport at school? A. No, I've never tried to avoid playing sport at school. Q. Do you try to avoid traveling during the rush hour? A. Yes, I try to avoid traveling during the rush hour. Q. How can you avoid falling asleep when driving long distances ? A. You can avoid falling asleep when driving long distances by drinking coffee.

n. trouble to be / get in trouble (with someone) If you are in trouble other people are angry, because you have done something badly. Q. What parts of the body often give people trouble? © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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A. The knees and the back often give people trouble. Q. Have you ever had back trouble ? A. Yes, I have had back trouble. Q. Did you ever get in trouble with your teachers at school? A. Yes, I always got in trouble with your teachers at school.

Q. What do you think car/engine trouble is? A. I think car trouble is when your car breaks down. Q. What would I mean if I said something was ‘no trouble’? A. If you said something was ‘no trouble’, you'd mean 'no problem'. Q. Who would you call if you were in trouble with the Police ? A. If I were in trouble with the Police, I would call a lawyer. 22 Unit 2

to have trouble + gerund If you have trouble doing something, you find it difficult to do Q. Do you have trouble understanding English people when they speak very quickly? A. Yes, I sometimes have trouble understanding English people when they speak very quickly. Q. Have you ever had trouble finding accommodation? A. Yes, I have had trouble finding accommodation. Q. Have you ever had trouble finding someone's house? A. No, I've never had trouble finding someone's house. Q. What kind of people have trouble getting clothes that are the right size? A. Tall people have trouble getting clothes that are the right size. NB. Trouble is usually a singular, uncountable noun. We don’t describe one particular situation as ‘a trouble’. Instead, we use the word ‘problem’. eg. I am having some trouble with my computer. (uncountable) © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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There are two problems, the memory and the keyboard. (countable)

v. to own

adj. own

If you own something it belongs to you. eg. My sister owns a local pub. We use the adjective own to show that something is used or belongs to one particular person. There is always a possessive adjective (my, her etc.) before own, and never an article. eg. I didn’t have my own room when I was a child but I shared with my sister. Q. Do you own your home or do you rent it? A. I rent it. Q. Do you have your own car? A. Yes, I have my own car. Q. What do students do if they don’t have their own book? A. If students don’t have their own book, they share. Q. Do you know anyone who owns two houses? A. Yes, my best friend owns two houses.


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Unit 3 23 Unit 2

n. population v. to increase v. to decrease The population of a country is the number of people in it. If something increases, it gets bigger or goes up. If something decreases, it gets smaller or goes down. Q. What is the population of your country ?* A. The population of my country is about 100 million. Q. Is the population of the world increasing or decreasing ? A. The population of the world is increasing. Q. Is unemployment increasing or decreasing in your country ? A. Unemployment is decreasing in my country. Q. In theory, is there enough food for the whole population of the world ? A. Yes, in theory, there's enough food for the whole population of the world. Q. What do children do if they want to avoid going to school ? A. Children pretend to be ill if they want to avoid going to school. Q. If you kept on being late for work, would you get into trouble ? A. Yes, if you kept on being late for work, you'd get into trouble. Q. What else could you get into trouble for ? A. You could also get into trouble for stealing money. Q. Have you ever tried to avoid someone because you were in trouble with them ? A. Yes, I've tried to avoid my boss because I was in trouble with him. Q. What would you do if you needed to use a computer and you didn’t have your own ? A. If I needed to use a computer and I didn’t have my own, I would borrow a computer from my friend. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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v. to rise = to go up v. to fall (2) = to go down rose risen

n. the cost of living = how much it costs for rent, food, clothes etc. Q. Does smoke usually rise or fall ? A. Smoke usually rises. Q. Are prices rising or falling at the moment ? A. Prices are rising at the moment. Q. Is the cost of living higher in the USA or your country ? A. The cost of living is higher in the USA than my country. Q. Is the cost of living rising or falling in your country ? A. The cost of living is rising in my country. Q. What is the verb form of : a. to rise ? b. to fall ? Q. What is the verb form of to rise ? A. The verb form of to rise is rise rose risen. Q. What is the verb form of to fall ? A. The verb form of to fall is fall fell fallen.

v. to set n. sunrise n. sunset set set eg. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. Q. About what time did the sun rise this morning ? A. The sun rose at about 7 o'clock this morning. Q. Does the sun set earlier in winter than in summer ? A. Yes, the sun sets earlier in winter than in summer. Q. What kind of people often get up at sunrise ? A. Postmen often get up at sunrise. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. Do you get beautiful sunsets in your country ? A. Yes, we get beautiful sunsets in my country. 24 Unit 3

transitive and intransitive verbs adj. transitive adj. intransitive When a verb can have an object it is called a transitive verb. When a verb cannot have an object it is called an intransitive verb. To take is a transitive verb. eg. Jane took her dog to the vet. subject transitive verb object To rise is an intransitive verb. eg. Unemployment is rising. subject intransitive verb NO object There are some transitive verbs which have a similar meaning to intransitive verbs.

Transitive: v. to raise v. to drop

Intransitive: to rise to fall

eg. The glass fell (on the floor). subject intransitive verb NO object. I dropped the glass (on the floor). subject transitive verb object. The student raised his hand to ask a question. subject transitive verb object The sun rose (at six o’clock this morning). subject intransitive verb NO object. Q. What is the difference between to raise and to rise ? A. To raise is a transitive verb and to rise is an intransitive verb. Q. Why do students raise their hands in a class ? A. Students raise their hands in a class to ask a question. Q. What usually happens when a glass falls on the floor ? A. A glass usually breaks when it falls on the floor. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. Does an intransitive verb have an object ? A. No, an intransitive verb doesn't have an object. Q. What is the intransitive verb with a similar meaning to : a. raise ? b. drop ? Q. What is the intransitive verb with a similar meaning to raise? A. To rise has a similar meaning to raise. Q. What is the intransitive verb with a similar meaning to drop? A. To fall has a similar meaning to drop. NB. Because intransitive verbs do not take an object, it is not possible to make the passive voice with them. Active: Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet. subject verb object Passive: Romeo and Juliet was written by Shakespeare subject to be + verb object (agent) Active: I fell off my bicycle. subject verb no object Passive: not possible 25 Unit 3 phr v. to pick something up If you pick something up, you take it from the floor. Q. If you dropped a penny on a dirty street, would you pick it up ? A. No, if I dropped a penny on a dirty street, I wouldn't pick it up. Q. What about a £1 coin ? A. Yes, I would pick a £1 coin up. Q. In what sports can you pick up the ball and run with it ? A. You can pick up the ball and run with it in rugby.

phr v. to pick someone up phr v. to drop someone off If you pick someone up, you go and collect them to take them somewhere. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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If you drop someone off, you take them to a place and leave them there. Q. Did your parents use to drop you off at school or did you go on your own ? A. I used to go on my own. Q. If you are at your home-town station or airport, who usually picks you up ? A. My parents usually pick me up.

phr v. to pick (out) If you pick something (out), you choose one thing from many. Q. Pick a number from one to ten ? A. Six. Q. Do you take a long time to pick out new clothes when you go shopping ? A. Yes, I usually take a long time to pick out new clothes when I go shopping.

v. to exist n./adj. human n. human being If something exists it is a real or true thing in the world. eg. Religious people believe that God exists. Q. Did human beings exist 10 million years ago ? A. No, human beings didn't exist 10 million years ago. Q. Did this building exist 50 years ago ? A. Yes, this building existed 50 years ago. Q. Do you think that aliens really exist ? A. Yes, I think that aliens really exist. Q. Is there any evidence to prove that aliens really exist ? A. No, there isn't any evidence to prove that aliens really exist.

adj. extinct n. dinosaur © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Dinosaurs don’t exist any more because they are extinct. Q. Do dinosaurs still exist ? A. No, dinosaurs don't exist any more. Q. Why not ? A. Because they are extinct. Q. Are human beings extinct ? A. No, human beings aren't extinct. Q. About how many years ago did dinosaurs exist ? A. Dinosaurs existed about 60 million years ago. Q. Which famous bird became extinct in the 19th Century ? A. The dodo became extinct in the 19th Century. Q. Do you believe that human beings will become extinct in the future ? A. Yes, I believe that human beings will become extinct in the future. Q. What evidence is there to prove that dinosaurs really existed ? A. Sceletons and fossils prove that dinosaurs really existed.

n. danger expr. in danger of + gerund Q. What kind of people put their lives in danger when they work ? A. Firemen put their lives in danger when they work. Q. If you smoke cigarettes, what illness are you in danger of getting ? A. If you smoke cigarettes, you're in danger of getting lung cancer. 26 Unit 3 Q. Which animals are in danger of becoming extinct ? A. Tigers and pandas are in danger of becoming extinct. Q. What colour is usually used to warn people about possible danger ? A. Red is usually used to warn people about possible danger.


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n. thief (pl. thieves) n. burglar phr.v. to break into n. break-in A thief is anyone who steals things. A burglar is a thief who steals from houses. A burglar breaks into a house. Q. What do we call people who steal things ? A. We call people who steal things thieves. Q. What kind of thief breaks into houses and steals things ? A. A burglar breaks into houses and steals things. Q. Has your house ever been broken into by a burglar ? A. No, my house has neven been broken into by a burglar. Q. What do you think should be the proper punishment for burglars? A. I think imprisonment should be the proper punishment for burglars. Q. Why would someone break into: a. a bank ? b. an art gallery ? Q. Why would someone break into a bank ? A. Someone would break into a bank to steal money. Q. Why would someone break into an art gallery ? A. Someone would break into an art gallery to steal famous paintings.

v. to protect (from) n. protection n. alarm n. alarm clock phr v. to go off We use alarms to protect our houses from burglars. When an alarm starts, we say it goes off. Q. How do people protect their homes from burglars ? A. People protect their homes from burglars by using an alarm. Q. Who try to protect us from criminals ? A. The police try to protect us from criminals.


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Q. What is the best protection against insect bites ? A. Insect repellent is the best protection against insect bites. Q. Do you think that we should try to protect animals which are in danger of becoming extinct ? A. Yes, I think that we should try to protect animals which are in danger of becoming extinct. Q. Are there any protected animals in your country ? A. Yes, tigers are protected in my country. Q. What time did your alarm clock go off this morning ? A. My alarm clock went off at 7 o'clock this morning. Q. Why do people have smoke alarms in their homes ? A. People have smoke alarms in their homes to warn them about fire. Q. What do we use to protect ourselves when we : a. drive a car ? b. ride a motorbike ? Q. What do we use to protect ourselves when we drive a car ? A. We use a seatbelt to protect ourselves when we drive a car. Q. What do we use to protect ourselves when we ride a motorbike ? A. We use a helmet to protect ourselves when we ride a motorbike.

v. to burn* n. fire adj. burnt People burn wood, coal and gas to keep warm. Q. What do we burn on a fire ? A. We burn wood or coal on a fire. Q. Do you have a fire at home ? A. Yes, I have a fire at home. Q. What kind is it ? A. It's an electric fire. Q. Have you ever a. burnt yourself ? © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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b. your dinner ? Q. Have you ever burnt yourself ? A. No, I've never burnt myself. Q. Have you ever burnt your dinner ? A. No, I've never burnt my dinner. 27 Unit 3

v. to sunbathe n. sunbathing n. suntan n. sunburn Q. Do you like sunbathing ? A. Yes, I like sunbathing. Q. Do you get a suntan easily ? A. Yes, I get a suntan easily. Q. If you spend too long in the sun, what are you in danger of getting ? A. If you spend too long in the sun, you're in danger of getting sunburn. Q. Have you ever had sunburn ? A. No, I've never had sunburn.

v. to peel adj. raw We need to peel a banana before eating it. If something is raw, it is uncooked. Q. Which vegetables need peeling before we eat them ? A. Potatoes need peeling before we eat them. Q. Which vegetables can be eaten raw ? A. Carrots and broccoli can be eaten raw. Q. Have you ever eaten raw : a. fish ? b. meat ? Q. Have you ever eaten raw fish ? A. Yes, I have eaten raw fish. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. Have you ever eaten raw meat ? A. No, I've never eaten raw meat. Q. Why might your skin peel ? A. Your skin might peel if you were sunburnt. Q. What kind of birds wake people up by singing at sunrise ? A. Larks wake people up by singing at sunrise. Q. Are some big shops protected by video cameras ? A. Yes, some big shops are protected by video cameras. Q. What would you do if the fire alarm went off in this school ? A. If the fire alarm went off in this school, I would look for the nearest exit. Q. What do we use to protect our skin from being damaged by the sun ? A. We use suntan lotion to protect our skin from being damaged by the sun. adj. delicious adj. disgusting n./adj. fat adj. greasy Q. Give me an example of food you think is delicious. A. I think fried chicken is delicious. Q. Give an example of food you think is disgusting. A. I think pasta is disuisting. Q. What kind of habits do you think are disgusting ? A. I think spitting in the street is disguisting. Q. Is the food from your country greasy ? A. No, the food from my country isn't greasy. Q. What kind of food has a lot of fat ? A. Chocolate has a lot of fat. Q. What kind of animals are often very fat ? A. Seals are often very fat. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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n. diet to be/go on a diet n./adj. vegetarian n. vitamin n. calorie* A diet can be special food you eat to lose weight or it can be the kind of food you eat generally Q. Do you have a healthy diet ? A. Yes, I have a healthy diet. Q. Have you ever been on a diet ? A. No, I've never been on a diet. 28 Unit 3 Q. What vitamins do we get from fruit ? A. We get vitamin C from fruit. Q. What does a vegetarian avoid eating ? A. A vegetarian avoids eating meat. Q. What kind of food is very high in calories ? A. Chocolate is very high in calories. Q. Why might someone go on : a. a low-calorie diet ? b. a high-calorie diet ? Q. Why might someone go on a low-calorie diet ? A. Someone might go on a low-calorie diet to lose weight. Q. Why might someone go on a high-calorie diet ? A. Someone might go on a high-calorie diet to put on weight.

v. to make sense If something makes sense we understand it or believe that it is right or practical. eg. If you don’t have much money it makes sense to buy food at a market. (because it’s cheaper.)


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If a sentence doesn’t make sense we can’t understand it because it is wrong. eg. The sentence ‘Coffee me good milk.’ doesn’t make sense. The sentence ‘I like white coffee.’ makes sense. The sentence ‘I was so tired that I stayed up all night.’ doesn’t make sense. The sentence ‘I was so tired that I went to bed very early.’ makes sense. Q. Can you understand something if it doesn’t make sense ? A. No, I can't understand something if it doesn’t make sense. Q. Do you think it makes sense to study English at home ? A. Yes, I think it makes sense to study English at home. Q. Does it make sense to come to school if you don’t want to learn? A. No, it doesn't make sense to come to school if you don’t want to learn. Q. Do you think it makes sense to get insurance when you travel abroad ? A. Yes, I think it makes sense to get insurance when you travel abroad. Q. Do these sentences make sense ? a. I am go there. A. No, that sentence doesn't make sense. b. I hate running out of milk. A. Yes, that sentence makes sense. c. I had a really nice holiday because the weather was too hot. A. No, that sentence doesn't make sense.

v. to communicate n. communication n./adj. satellite To communicate means to share information with or give information to someone. There are many forms of communication. eg. speaking, phone, fax, e mail, letters etc. Q. Tell me some ways humans communicate with each other ? A. Humans communicate with each other by speaking, phote, fax and email. Q. What is the most common form of communication ? A. The most common form of communication is speaking. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. How do people communicate with each other without using words ? A. People communicate with each other without using words by using sign language. Q. Is satellite television common in your country ? A. Yes, satellite television is common in my country. Q. When are satellite communications needed ? A. Satellite communications are needed to make international phone calls.

adj. clear adv. clearly If something is clear, it is easy to see or understand. If you speak clearly, it is easy for someone to understand you. Q. When would you try to speak slowly and clearly to someone ? A. You would try to speak slowly and clearly to someone if they were deaf or elderly. Q. What kind of people have to have very clear voices ? A. Actors ans singers have to have very clear voices. Q. Can you see clearly what is written on the board ? A. No, I can't see clearly what's written on the board. Q. Do you think that the grammar in this book is explained clearly ? A. Yes, I think the grammar in this book is explained clearly. 29 Unit 3

unless Unless is a linking word. We use it to make conditional sentences, so it is similar to ‘if’. Look at these two sentences: I will call the police if you do not stop shouting. I will call the police unless you stop shouting. Both sentences have the same meaning. (‘Unless you stop’ = ‘if you do not stop’). NB. In the first sentence the verb is positive, while in the second sentence it is negative. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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exercise A. Change these sentences using ‘if’ into sentences using ‘unless’. 1. You will have to leave the hotel if you don’t pay tomorrow. You will have to leave the hotel unless you pay tomorrow. 2. I will hate him forever if he doesn’t apologise. I will hate him forever unless he apologises. 3. They will never win if Paul Gasket doesn’t play. They will never win unless Paul Gasket plays. B. Now finish these example sentences with a clause that makes sense. 1. I won’t go to the party unless I feel better. 2. My dog won’t bite you unless you provoke it. 3. You can’t come in unless you leave your shoes outside. Q. Would you have trouble communicating in a foreign country unless you spoke the language ? A. Yes, I would have trouble communicating in a foreign country unless I spoke the language. Q. Make a sentence with the word ‘unless’. A. I can't eat tomatoes unless they are cooked. Q. What does someone on a fat-free diet avoid eating ? A. Someone on a fat-free diet avoids eating fatty foods. Q. Does it make sense to eat in restaurants if you haven’t got much money ? A. No, it doesn't make sense to eat in restaurants if you haven’t got much money. Q. Can you speak English well enough to communicate all your feelings clearly ? A. Yes, I can speak English well enough to communicate all my feelings clearly.

adj. proper adv. properly If something is proper it is the right thing to do or use in a particular situation. If something is done properly, it is done well and in the right way. eg. A proper wedding ring is made of gold. You should wash your hands properly before you start cooking. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. What is a proper wedding ring made of ? A. A proper wedding ring is made of gold. Q. Why is it important to cook pork properly ? A. It's important to cook pork properly because you might get food poisoning. Q. How long does it take to clean your teeth properly ? A. It takes about 2 minutes to clean my teeth properly. Q. Can you wash your hair properly without shampoo ? A. No, I can't wash my hair properly without shampoo. Q. What is the proper tense to use when: a. an action happened in the past but is important in the present ?* b. we imagine a situation that we don’t think will really happen ?* Q. What is the proper tense to use when an action happened in the past but is important in the present ?* A. The proper tense to use when an action happened in the past but is important in the present is the Present Perfect. Q. What is the proper tense to use when we imagine a situation that we don’t think will really happen ? A. The proper tense to use when we imagine a situation that we don’t think will really happen is the Second Conditional. 30 Unit 3 A proper noun is the name of a person, a place or an organization. We must use a CAPITAL LETTER for all proper nouns. eg. London, France, Pepsi Co. and Charles are all proper nouns. Q. Give me some examples of proper nouns. A. London, France, Pepsi and Charles are all examples of proper nouns. prep. over the preposition over has three meanings: 1. above and not touching eg. There is a mirror over the basin in my bathroom. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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2. over + period of time usually describes a slow change. eg. Her English improved over the year. 3. more than eg. He was over a hundred when he died. NB. the opposite is under eg. People under 16 cannot get married in the UK. Q. In what sports do we hit a ball over a net ? A. We hit a ball over a net in tennis. Q. How has your life changed over the last five years ? A. I have moved to London and become more resposible over the last five years. Q. Is it illegal for people under 16 to drive in your country ? A. Yes, it's illegal for people under 16 to drive in my country. Q. Do you know anyone who is over a hundred ? A. Yes, my grandmother is 107. phrv. to run over = hit an animal or person in your car phrv. to get over = feel better/normal after a bad experience phrv. to go over = look at or study something again. Q. What kind of animals are often run over on the roads ? A. Dogs are often run over on the roads. Q. How long does it take to get over a bad cold ? A. It takes about a week to get over a bad cold. Q. Is it a good idea to go over irregular verbs before an exam ? A. Yes, it's a very good idea to go over irregular verbs before an exam. adv. suddenly adj. sudden adv. gradually adj. gradual If something happens gradually, it happens slowly over a period of time. If something happens suddenly, it happens quickly and we are surprised.


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Q. Do people grow up suddenly or gradually ? A. People grow up gradually. Q. Can the weather sometimes change suddenly in your country ? A. Yes, the weather can sometimes change suddenly in my country. Q. Has their been a gradual rise in unemployment over the last ten years ? A. Yes, their has been a gradual rise in unemployment over the last ten years. Q. Have you ever had to stop suddenly to avoid running over an animal ? A. Yes, I've had to stop suddenly to avoid running over a sheep. Q. Do your moods change suddenly ? A. Yes, my moods change suddenly.


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Unit 4 31 unit 4

n. natural resource

n. oil

n. coal

n. gas

A natural resource is anything we take from the environment and use. Oil, coal and gas are common natural resources. Q. Give me some examples of natural resources ? A. Oil, coal and gas are examples of natural resources. Q. Does your country have any natural resources ? A. Yes, my country has oil. Q. What kind of natural resources are burnt in order to make electricity? A. Coal is burnt in order to make electricity. Q. What do you think is the most precious natural resource ? A. I think water is the most precious natural resource. Q. What products do we get from oil? A. We get petrol from oil.

n. energy

adj. energetic

Q. Do children have a lot of energy ? A. Yes, children have a lot of energy. Q. What kind of food gives you a lot of energy ? A. Bananas give you a lot of energy. Q. Where do plants get energy from ? A. Plants get energy from the sun. Q. What about humans and animals ? A. Humans and animals get energy from food. Q. Give me an example of a very energetic exercise. A. Swimming is an example of a very energetic exercise. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. Do you feel energetic when you first get out of bed ? A. No, I don't feel energetic when I first get out of bed.

n. power adj. powerful n. nuclear power n. solar power Q. What is the most powerful country in the world ? A. The United States is the most powerful country in the world. Q. Who is the most powerful person in your country ? A. The Prime Minister is the most powerful person in my country. Q. How does your country make electricity ? A. My country makes electricity by using nuclear power. Q. Do you think nuclear power is safe ? A. No, I don't think nuclear power is safe. expr. good for you = healthy expr. bad for you = unhealthy Q. Why are holidays good for you ? A. Holidays are good for you because you can relax. Q. Do you enjoy doing things that are bad for you ? A. Yes, I enjoy smoking and drinking alcohol. Q. Is sunbathing good for you ? A. No, sunbathing isn't good for you. 32 Unit 4

adj. cruel adj. kind adj. unkind Q. Do you think it is cruel to keep animals in zoos ? A. Yes, I think it's cruel to keep animals in zoos. Q. Are people usually kind to their pets ? A. Yes, people are usually kind to their pets. Q. Have you ever been treated unkindly at work ? A. No, I've never been treated unkindly at work. Q. Is it cruel to punish children physically ? © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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A. Yes, it's cruel to punish children physically. Q. Give me an example of : a. kind behaviour. b. cruel behaviour. Q. Give me an example of kind behaviour ? A. Lending someone money is an example of kind behaviour. Q. Give me an example of cruel behaviour ? A. Kicking your dog down the stairs is an example of cruel behaviour.

v. to shoot v. to hunt n. hunting Q. What kind of animals hunt and kill other animals ? A. Tigers hunt and kill other animals. Q. Do you think hunting is cruel ? A. Yes, I think hunting is cruel. Q. Are animals shot if they become dangerous ? A. Yes, some animals are shot if they become dangerous. Q. What kind of people are taught to shoot ? A. Soldiers and policemen are taught to shoot.

v. to ban n. ban Q. In what kind of buildings is smoking banned ? A. Smoking is banned in some public buildings. Q. Do you think hunting should be banned ? A. Yes, I think hunting should be banned. Q. What kind of things are banned on flights ? A. Smoking and mobile phones are banned on flights. Q. Why do some football clubs ban alcohol at matches ? A. Some football clubs ban alcohol at matches because it causes violence.


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n. pressure expr. to be/feel under pressure We feel under pressure when we have a lot of work to do, but we don’t have much time to do it. eg. Journalists have to work under pressure. Q. Do you feel under pressure when you get a difficult question in the lesson ? A. Yes, I feel under pressure when I get a difficult question in the lesson. Q. What kind of people are always under pressure at work ? A. Policemen and teachers are always under pressure at work. Q. Do you work well under pressure ? A. Yes, I work well under pressure. Q. In what kind of situations are people under a lot of pressure ? A. People are under a lot of pressure during an exam. expr. to put someone under pressure (to do something) If you put someone under pressure to do something, you make them feel that they have to do it. eg. I wanted to get a job after finishing school, but my parents put me under pressure to go to university. Q. Do people sometimes put you under pressure to buy things in a shop ? A. Yes, people sometimes put you under pressure to buy things in a shop. Q. Have your parents ever put you under pressure to do something? A. Yes, my parents put me under pressure to go to university. 33 Unit 4 Q. If you were unemployed would you feel under pressure to get a job ? A. Yes, if I were unemployed, I would feel under pressure to get a job.


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Q. Are professional athletes under a lot of pressure to win ? A. Yes, professional athletes are under a lot of pressure to win. Q. Which natural resources are we in danger of running out of soon? A. We're in danger of running out of oil, coal and gas soon. Q. Where does solar energy come from ? A. Solar energy comes from the sun. Q. Do you think we should use more solar power instead of burning natural resources ? A. Yes, I think we should use more solar power instead of burning natural resources. Q. What do these expressions mean ? a. flat hunting A. Flat hunting means looking for a flat. b. job hunting A. Job hunting means looking for a job. Q. Do you think an international ban on nuclear weapons would make the world a safer place ? A. Yes, I think an international ban on nuclear weapons would make the world a safer place.

n. stress adj. stressed (out) adj. tense adj. stressful Stress is caused when people are very worried about their problems and when they feel under too much pressure. Our bodies often feel tense in this kind of situation. Q. Is stress good for you ? A. No, stress isn't good for you. Q. What kind of problems can cause a lot of stress ? A. Health problems can cause a lot of stress. Q. How does your behaviour change when you feel stressed out ? A. When I feel stressed out, I lose my temper easily. Q. Is traveling during the rush hour stressful ? © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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A. Yes, traveling during the rush hour is stressful. Q. Have you ever been in a stressful situation at work ? A. No, I've never been in a stressful situation at work. Q. How do you try to relax when you are feeling tense ? A. When I'm feeling tense I try to relax by listening to music.

v. to cope with + noun/gerund To cope with expresses your abilty to make the right decisions and behave well in a difficult or stressful situation. eg. My grandmother couldn’t cope with looking after my grandfather on her own, so they came to live with my parents. Q. What kind of people have to cope with a lot of pressure at work ? A. Doctors and nurses have to cope with a lot of pressure at work. Q. Are you good at coping with pressure ? A. Yes, I'm good at coping with pressure. Q. Have you ever had to cope with a friend who was too drunk to walk home ? A. No, I've never had to cope with a friend who was too drunk to walk home. Q. Do you think smoking helps people to cope with stress ? A. Yes, I think smoking helps people to cope with stress. Q. Do you think you would be able to cope in a Book-4 class ? A. Yes, I think I'd be able to cope in a Book-4 class. Q. How do people help each other to cope with their problems ? A. People help each other to cope with their problems by talking about them. Q. Would you be able to cope with looking after a large group of children ? A. No, I wouldn't be able to cope with looking after a large group of children.


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34 Unit 4 phr.v. to bring up children = to look after a child until they are grownup. Q. Who brought you up ? A. My parents brought me up. Q. Did your parents bring you up to be polite to strangers ? A. Yes, my parents brought me up to be polite to strangers. Q. How do parents cope with bringing up their children if they both work ? A. Parents cope with bringing up their children if they both work by getting a nanny. n. personality When we describe someone as lazy, confident or kind, we are describing their personality. A television personality is a famous person who is often on television. Q. How would you describe your personality ? A. I'm a happy and confident person. Q. Has your personality changed since you were a child ? A. Yes, my personality has changed since I was a child. Q. Describe your best friend’s personality. A. My best friend is kind and polite. Q. What kind of things can change a person’s personality ? A. Alcohol can change a person’s personality. Q. Who is one of the most famous television personalities in your country ? A. Sylla Black is one of the most famous television personalities in my country.

adj. optimistic adj. pessimistic n. optimist n. pessimist © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. Would you describe yourself as an optimist or a pessimist ? A. I'd describe myself as an optimist. Q. Are you optimistic about the future of the world ? A. Yes, I'm optimistic about the future of the world. Q. How optimistic are you that you will find a good job ? A. I'm very optimistic that I will find a good job. Q. If I said that I didn’t think I would ever be successful would I be an optimist or a pessimist ? A. If you said that you didn’t think you'd ever be successful, you'd be a pessimist.

n. synonym n. antonym A synonym is a word with the same meaning as another word. An antonym is a word with the opposite meaning of another word. Q. What is a synonym ? A. A synonym is a word with the same meaning as another word. Q. What is an antonym ? A. An antonym is a word with the opposite meaning of another word. Q. What is a synonym of: a. arrogant - big-headed A. Big-headed. b. shut - close(d) A. Close. c. stubborn – pigheaded A. Pig-headed. Q. What is a synonym of arrogant? A. Big-headed. Q. What is a synonym of shut? A. Close. Q. What is a synonym of stubborn? A. Pig-headed. Q. What is the antonym of : © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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a. love - hate A. Hate. b. generous - selfish A. Selfish. c. innocent – guilty A. Guilty. Q. What is the antonym of love ? A. Hate. Q. What is the antonym of generous ? A. Selfish. Q. What is the antonym of innocent ? A. Guilty. Some common synonyms of words you have studied are: adj. afraid = frightened adj. clever = intelligent adj. glad = happy v./n. rush = hurry Q. What kind of things were you afraid of when you were a child ? A. I was afraid of the dark when I was a child. Q. Who do you think is one of the cleverest people in the history of your country ? A. I think Sigmund Freud is one of the cleverest people in the history of my country. 35 Unit 4 Q. How can you tell that someone is really glad to see you ? A. You can you tell that someone is really glad to see you beacause they smile and look really happy. Q. Why would you have to rush to school in the morning ? A. I would have to rush to school in the morning if I got up late. Q. Is it good for you to eat your dinner in a rush ? A. No, it's bad for you to eat your dinner in a rush.


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adj. true adj. false False is an antonym of true. It can also be an antonym of the word real. Q. Say true or false after these sentences. a. America is the biggest country in the world. A. False. b. A diamond is a precious stone. A. True. c. Vegetarians only eat meat. A. False. d. The verb ‘to fall’ is transitive. A. False. Q. What kind of people need a false identity ? A. Spies need a false identity. Q. Why might someone need false teeth ? A. Someone might need false teeth if they were old and had lost their own teeth. Q. What do we mean by: a. a false friend ? b. false modesty ? Q. What do we mean by a false friend ? A. A false friend is a word with the different meaning in two languages. Q. What do we mean by a false modesty ? A. A false modesty is pretending to be modest.

expr. to take your time over + noun expr. to take it easy (informal) + gerund If you take your time over something, you do it without hurrying. It is the antonym of ‘to rush’. eg. The exercise is very difficult, so take your time over it. To take it easy is an informal way of expressing the verb to relax. eg. After a long day at work, I take it easy at home.


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Q. Do people take their time doing something difficult ? A. Yes, people usually take their time doing something difficult. Q. Do you usually take your time over dinner ? A. Yes, I usually take my time over dinner. Q. What kind of work do you need to take your time over ? A. You need to take your time over writing a very difficult article. Q. What kind of things do you do when you are taking it easy ? A. I watch TV and play computer games when I'm taking it easy. Q. Do you have the kind of job where you can sometimes take it easy ? A. No, I don't have the kind of job where I can sometimes take it easy. n. suffix A suffix is a group of letters that we add to the end of a word to change its form. We use the suffix -ly to make adverbs from common adjectives. eg. quick quickly slow slowly nervous nervously Q. What letters do we add to some adjectives to make the adverb ? A. We add the letters -ly to some adjectives to make the adverb. Q. Give me some examples. A. Quick-quickly, slow-slowly, nervous-nervously 36 Unit 4

suffix - ness We add the suffix -ness to some adjectives to form nouns. adjective happy sad rude kind selfish

noun happiness sadness rudeness kindness selfishness


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lazy

laziness

n. character n. characteristic Character is a synonym of personality. Your characteristics are the different parts of your character. We often use nouns with the suffix -ness to describe people’s characteristics. eg. He is a nice man but his laziness causes problems at work. Q. Do you like people with a friendly and honest character ? A. Yes, I like people with a friendly and honest character. Q. What characteristics do you look for in a friend ? A. I look for kindness and honesty in a friend. A character can also be the name of a person in a book or film. eg. James Bond is a famous film character. Q. Which two lovers are Shakespeare’s most famous characters ? A. Romeo and Juliet are Shakespeare’s most famous characters. Q. Which actors have played the character of James Bond ? A. Sean Connery, George Lazenby, Roger Moore, Timothy Dalton and Pierce Brosnan have all palyed the character of James Bond. n. literature = novels, plays and poetry. n. article n. title n. lyrics n. composition Q. Have you ever studied foreign literature ? A. No, I've never studied foreign literature. Q. What is the title of this book ? A. The title of this book is Avalon Direct English Book 3. Q. What are the titles of these films in your language ? a. Jaws A. Szczęki is the title of this film in my language. b. Gone with the Wind A. Przeminęło z wiatrem is the title of this film in my language. c. Titanic A. Tytanik is the title of this film in my language. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. What is the title of a famous Shakespeare play ? A. The title of a famous Shakespeare play is Hamlet. Q. What are lyrics ? A. Lyrics are words in a song. Q. Did you have to write compositions at school ? A. Yes, I had to write compositions at school. Q. Where do we read articles ? A. We read articles in newspapers and magazines. Q. Do they often make films from novels ? A. Yes, they often make films from novels. Q. Can you think of any famous examples ? A. The English Patient. n. fiction n. non-fiction n. biography n. autobiography If a book or film is described as fiction it is not a true story. Some examples of non-fiction are biography and autobiography. Q. Do you prefer reading fiction or non-fiction ? A. I prefer reading fiction. Q. Give me some examples of non-fiction books. A. Biography and autobiography are some examples of non-fiction books. Q. Have you ever read someone’s biography or autobiography ? A. Yes, I've read Michael Jackson's autobiography. 37 Unit 4

adj. fair adj. unfair If something is fair it is right and proper. It isn’t fair to cheat at sport so we have referees and umpires to make people play fairly. Q. Is it fair to cheat in an exam ? A. No, it's unfair to cheat in an exam. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. Are bosses always fair at work ? A. No, bosses are not always fair at work. Q. Who makes sure that both teams play fairly in a football match ? A. The referee makes sure that both teams play fairly in a football match. Q. Would it be fair if I asked the same student all the questions ? A. No, it would be unfair if you asked the same student all the questions. Q. Do women do more housework than men in your country ? A. Yes, women do more housework than men in my country. Q. Do you think that is fair ? A. No, it's unfair. n. appearance = the way you look n. plastic surgery Q. How do people check their appearance ? A. People check their appearance by looking in the mirror. Q. What kind of things can affect your appearance ?* A. Your health and the weather can affect your appearance. Q. In what situations do people worry a lot about their appearance ? A. People worry a lot about their appearance before an important job interview. Q. If someone isn’t happy with their appearance what can they do to change it ? A. If someone isn’t happy with their appearance, they can have plastic surgery.

adj. vain n. vanity Q. Is it vain to always worry about your appearance ? A. Yes, it's vain to always worry about your appearance. Q. Do you think men are more vain than women ? A. Yes, I think men are more vain than women. Q. Are all good-looking people vain ? A. Not all good-looking people are vain. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. Do you think vanity is a good characteristic ? A. No, I don't think vanity is a good characteristic. Q. Do you think it is vain to have pictures of youself on your wall ? A. Yes, I think it's vain to have pictures of youself on your wall.

adj. curly adj. straight adj. bald v. to dye Q. What can you do if you want to change your hair colour ? A. If you want to change your hair colour, you can dye it. Q. If you were going to dye your hair, what colour would you choose ?* A. If I were going to dye my hair, I would choose purple. Q. What else can you dye apart from your hair ? A. Apart from you hair, you can also dye furniture and clothes. Q. Do people in your country usually have curly or straight hair ? A. People in my country usually have straight hair. Q. Is it common for men to go bald as they get older ?* A. Yes, it's common for men to go bald as they get older. 38 Unit 4

suffix –able The suffix -able is added to nouns to make an adjective. These adjectives often describe what something is. eg. n. fashion adj. fashionable n. comfort adj. comfortable n. change adj. changeable Q. Are your clothes fashionable ? A. Yes, my clothes are very fashionable. Q. Is your seat comfortable ? A. No, my seat is uncomfortable. Q. Is the weather changeable at this time of year ? A. Yes, the weather is changeable at this time of year. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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The suffix -able can also be added to verbs to make an adjective. These adjectives mean ‘can be done’. eg. v. to drink adj. drinkable Q. Is the tap-water drinkable here ? A. Yes, the tap-water is drinkable here.

adj. avoidable adj. enjoyable adj. washable adj. loveable adj. likeable Q. Are accidents usually avoidable if people are careful ? A. Yes, accidents are usually avoidable if people are careful. Q. What kind of materials aren’t usually washable in very hot water? A. Wool and silk aren’t usually washable in very hot water. Q. What kind of things do you find enjoyable when you're taking it easy ? A. I find listening to music enjoyable when I'm taking it easy. Q. Are pets and babies usually loveable ? A. Yes, pets and babies are usually loveable. Q. Do you think you are a likeable person ? A. Yes, I think I'm a likeable person. Q. Are people usually more likeable when they are drunk ? A. No, people aren't usually more likeable when they're drunk.

v. to influence n. influence If something or someone influences you, they affect the way you think or behave. Q. Does alcohol influence the way people behave ? A. Yes, alcohol influences the way people behave. Q. Who are the people who have the strongest influence on you while you are growing up ? A. Parents have the strongest influence on you while you're growing up.


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Q. Do you think that someone’s appearance can influence what we think about them ? A. Yes, I think that someone’s appearance can influence what we think about them. Q. Have you ever been influenced by a book or a film ? A. No, I've never been influenced by a book or a film.

v. to persuade someone to do something n. persuasion If you persuade someone to do something you make them do it by giving them good reasons. Q. How do companies try to persuade us to buy their products ? A. Companies try to persuade us to buy their products by advertising. Q. Have you ever been persuaded to buy something by an advert? A. Yes, I've been persuaded to buy a new CD player by an advert. Q. What do we call people who are very difficult to persuade ?* A. We call people who are very difficult to persuade stubborn. Q. If you wanted to persuade someone to go on holiday in your country, what would you tell them ? A. If I wanted to persuade someone to go on holiday in my country, I would tell them about beautiful beaches. 39 Unit 4

n. advantage (of) + noun/gerund n. disadvantage An advantage is a reason why one thing is better than another. eg. An advantage of studying English in Britain is that you can practise every day. A disadvantage of studying English in Britain is that you are away from your family and friends. Q. Tell me one advantage of living in the countryside ? A. An advantage of living in the countryside is the fresh air.


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Q. Tell me one disadvantage ? A. A disadventage of living in the countryside is that there aren't as many big shops. Q. What are the advantages of: a. plastic furniture ? b. riding a bicycle to work ? Q. What are the advantages of plastic furniture? A. The advantages of plastic furniture are that is is cheap and strong. Q. What are the advantages of riding a bicycle to work? A. The advantages of riding a bicycle to work are that it keeps you fit and is cheap. Q. What are the disadvantages of: a. owning a car ? b. car alarms ? c. camping ? Q. What are the disadvantages of owning a car ? A. The disadvantages of owning a car are that it's expensive and bad for the environment. Q. What are the disadvantages of car alarms ? A. The disadvantages of car alarms are that they sometimes go off accidentally and are expensive. Q. What are the disadvantages of camping ? A. The disadvantages of camping are that you can get wet and cold. Q. Tell me one advantage of being able to speak English. A. An advantage of being able to speak English is that you can communicate with people all over the world.

although even though Although and even though are linking words. They have the same meaning. They are similar to ‘but’. Look at these sentences. eg. I studied hard but I didn’t pass the exam. Although I studied hard, I didn’t pass the exam. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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She used to love John, but now she wants to marry Peter. Although she used to love John, she wants to marry Peter now. Q. Do you ever have to keep working although you are tired ? A. Yes, I sometimes have to keep working although I'm tired. Q. Why would someone avoid eating chocolate even though they liked it a lot ? A. Someone would avoid eating chocolate even though they liked it a lot if they are on a diet. Q. Do you sometimes buy new clothes although you can’t really afford them ? A. Yes, I sometimes buy new clothes although I can’t really afford them. Q. Have you ever taken a day off work/school even though you weren’t really ill ? A. Yes, I have taken a day off school even though I wasn’t really ill. Q. Give me an example of something that exists even though you can’t see it ?* A. Air exists even though you can’t see it. prep. despite Despite has exactly the same meaning as although. However, they use different constructions. Although is followed by a clause (with a verb). Despite is followed by a noun, pronoun, or gerund (not a verb). eg. Despite his money problems, he is happy. (‘his money problems’ - no verb) Although he has money problems, he is happy. (‘he has money problems’ - verb) NB. We always use although with a clause, and despite with a noun or pronoun. Q. Are some people unhappy despite having lots of money ? A. Yes, some people are unhappy despite having lots of money. Q. Which professional sportsmen/women sometimes have to play despite bad weather ? A. Footballers sometimes have to play despite bad weather. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. When might you have to smile despite being in a bad mood ? A. I might you have to smile in a job interview despite being in a bad mood. 40 Unit 4 NB. In spite of can be used instead of despite. eg. I got the job in spite of my scruffy appearance. Q. Can you give me an example of someone who became rich and famous in spite of being poor as a child ? A. Mike Tyson became rich and famous in spite of being poor as a child. Q. Which famous African man became president of his country despite being in prison for 27 years ? A. Nelson Mandela became president of his country despite being in prison for 27 years. Q. What kind of serious health problems can be caused by too much stress ? A. Heart attacks can be caused by too much stress. Q. Do you think it is vain to have plastic surgery ? A. Yes, I think it's vain to have plastic surgery. Q. When persuasion doesn’t work, what can you do to make people change their minds ? A. When persuasion doesn’t work, you can use force to make people change their minds. Q. Give me an example of things that people do even though they know it is bad for their health. A. People smoke even though they know it's bad for their health. Q. Give me an example of vain behaviour. A. Looking in the mirror a lot is an example of vain behaviour. Q. What kind of animals do you think are the most loveable ? A. I think puppies are the most loveable kind of animals.


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Unit 5 41 Unit 5

n. region n. area n. city centre n. suburbs A region is a particular part of a country. An area is a particular part of a town or city. Q. What region of your country do you come from ? A. I come from the south of my country. Q. Are we in the centre or the suburbs of this city ? A. We're in the centre of this city. Q. Give me an example of a mountainous region. A. The Andes is an example of a mountainous region. Q. Do you live in the suburbs of your city ? A. Yes, I live live in the suburbs of my city. Q. What is the most expensive area of your city ? A. The city centre is the most expensive area. Q. What kind of buildings do we find in city centres ? A. We find skyscrapers, offices and shops in city centres. Q. Are there any museums/art galleries/good restaurants in this area ? A. Yes, there are a lot of good restauratnts in this area.

n. industry n. agriculture adj. industrial adj. agricultural Q. Does a farmer work in industry or agriculture ? A. A farmer works in agriculture. Q. What about a factory worker ? A. A factory worker works in industry. Q. Do you live in an industrial city ? © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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A. Yes, I live in an industrial city. Q. Give me an example of an industrial region in your country. A. The south is an industrial region in my country. Q. Give me an example of an agricultural region in your country ? A. The nouth is an agricultural region in my country. Q. Is there a lot of pollution in industrial areas ? A. Yes, there is a lot of pollution in industrial areas. n. society adj. social Society means everyone who lives in particular country, area or city. Society can also mean people in general. eg. Drugs are a danger to society. We use the adjective social when we talk about relationships between people or groups of people. Q. What are some of the biggest dangers to society ? A. Drugs and crime are some of the biggest dangers to society. Q. Do you think society has changed a lot in the last 20 years ? A. Yes, I think society's changed a lot in the last 20 years. Q. Give me an example of a social problem in your country ? A. Unemployment is an example of a social problem in my country. Q. What social problems are common in big cities but rare in the countryside ? A. Crime is common in big cities but rare in the countryside. Q. Which is more important to you, your work or your social life ? A. My work is more important to me than my social life. 42 Unit 5 Making nouns from adjectives by using the definite article adj. homeless


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We can change some adjectives to nouns by using the definite article. adjective rich poor unemployed homeless

noun the rich = rich people generally the poor = poor people general the unemployed = unemployed people generally the homeless = homeless people in general

NB. These nouns are always plural. eg. The unemployed are often helped by the government. Q. Do you think the rich should pay more tax than the poor ? A. Yes, I think the rich should pay more tax than the poor. Q. Do you ever give money to the homeless ? A. Yes, I sometimes give money to the homeless. Q. Do you think the unemployed are given enough help by society ? A. No, I don't think the unemployed are given enough help by society.

adj. huge = really big adj. tiny = really small adj. awful = really bad adj. fantastic = really good Q. What is the antonym of huge ? A. Tiny is the antonym of huge. Q. Give me an example of a tiny animal ? A. A mouse is an example of a tiny animal. Q. Would you take a day off if you felt awful ? A. Yes, I'd take a day off if I felt awful. Q. Have you ever had a fantastic holiday ? A. Yes, I had a fantastic holiday three years ago. Q. Where did you go ? A. I went to Brazil.

such a + adj. + noun + that eg. It was such an easy exam that everyone passed. London is such a huge city that I keep getting lost. exercise © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Change so to such in the following sentences. eg. The exam was so difficult that everyone failed. It was such a difficult exam that everyone failed. 1. The film was so boring that I fell asleep. It was such a boring film that I felt asleep. 2. The exam was so easy that everyone passed. It was such an easy exam that everyone passed. 3. He is so lazy that he never gets up before midday. He is such a lazy person that he never gets up before midday. 43 Unit 5

expr. such as expr. like such as and like have the same meaning as ‘for example’. eg. There are many different kinds of birds, such as pigeons, swans and ducks. Q. What kinds of birds are common in cities ? A. Birds such as pigeons are common in cities. Q. Have you ever collected things such as stamps or postcards ? A. Yes, I've collected stamps. Q. Have you ever been to a very cold country like Iceland or Norway ? A. Yes, I've been to Poland.

adj. steep n. valley n. hill adj. hilly Q. Are there any steep hills in this city ? A. No, there aren't any steep hills in this city. Q. Is a hill bigger or smaller than a mountain ? A. A hill is smaller than a mountain. Q. Are there any hilly areas in your country ? A. Yes, there are some hilly areas in the north of my country. Q. Are there any beautiful valleys in your country ? A. Yes, there are some beautiful valleys in my country. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. What are the advantages of computers ? A. The advantages of computers are that they are quick and easy to use. Q. Have they got any disadvantages ? A. They've got some disadvantages such as that they're expensive and sometimes break down. Q. What word do we use to describe someone who is always negative about the future despite there being no reason for it ? A. We use the word pessimistic to describe someone who is always negative about the future despite there being no reason for it. Q. Is industry more important than agriculture in your country ? A. No, industry isn't more important than agriculture in my country.

v. to climb n. ladder n. step Q. Have you ever climbed : a. a mountain ? b. a ladder ? Q. Have you ever climbed a mountain ? A. No, I've never climed a mountain. Q. Have you ever climbed a ladder ? A. Yes, I've climbed a ladder. Q. Who were the first people to climb Mt. Everest ?* A. Sir Edmund Hillary and Sherpa Tenzing were the first people to climb Mt. Everest. Q. What kind of animals are good at climbing trees ? A. Monkeys are good at climbing trees. Q. What is the difference between steps and stairs ? A. The difference between steps and stairs is that stairs and inside and steps are usually made of stone and they're usually outside. Q. What kind of people use a ladder in their work ? A. Window cleaners and firemen use a ladder in their work. Q. Have you ever fallen off a ladder ? A. Yes, I have fallen off a ladder. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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v. to be used to + noun/ gerund If you are used to (doing) something it is normal, usual or easy because you have done it many times before. eg. My father has been a farmer all his life, so he is used to getting up very early in the morning. We often say “I am (not) used to (doing) something” when we want to show that it might be difficult or strange for us to do something new or different. eg. People sometimes feel ill when they go abroad because they aren’t used to (eating) foreign food. 44 Unit 5 Q. Are penguins used to very cold weather ? A. Yes, penguins are used to very cold weather. Q. What kind of people are used to getting up very early in the morning ? A. Postmen are used to getting up very early in the morning. Q. What kind of people are used to driving long distances without getting tired ? A. Lorry drivers are used to driving long distances without getting tired. Q. Did you find this way of studying English a bit strange when you first came to this school ? A. Yes, I found this way of studying English a bit strange when I first came to this school. Q. Are you used to it now ? A. Yes, I'm used to it now. Q. Why is it difficult for many foreign people to drive a car in England ? A. Because they're not used to driving on the left. Q. Give me an example of: a. something you are used to doing. b. something you are not used to doing. Q. Give me an example of something you are used to doing. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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A. I'm used to driving a car. Q. Give me an example of something you are not used to doing. A. I'm not used to riding a motorbike.

v. to get used to + noun/gerund To get used to something means that we are doing something that was difficult when we started but is becoming easier. eg. It is sometimes quite difficult to get used to foreign currency when you go abroad. We often use to get used to in the present continuous when we are doing something new in the present. eg. My new job was really difficult when I started, but I’m getting used to it. (It is still quite difficult, but it is becoming easier.) Q. Are you getting used to speaking English ? A. Yes, I'm getting used to speaking English. Q. What kind of things do people have to get used to when they start a new job ? A. When people start a new job, they have to get used to meeting new people and learning a new routine. Q. Is it difficult to get used to working with computers if you have never used one before ? A. Yes, it's difficult to get used to working with computers if you've never used one before. Q. Do you think it is difficult to get used to living in a foreign country ? A. Yes, I think it's very difficult to get used to living in a foreign country. Q. How long does it take your eyes to get used to the dark if the lights suddenly go out ? A. If the lights suddenly go out, it takes your eyes about a minute to get used to the dark.

v. to float v. to sink sank sunk © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. Does wood float ? A. Yes, wood floats. Q. Does stone float ? A. No, stone doesn't float. Q. Which ‘unsinkable’ ship is famous for sinking on its first journey? A. The Titanic is famous for sinking on its first journey. Q. What caused it to sink ? A. An iceberg caused it to sink. Q. Have you ever found a fly floating in your drink ? A. Yes, I have found a fly floating in my drink. Q. What is the verb form of to sink ? A. The verb form of to sink is sink sank sunk.

v. to cancel v. to delay adv. on time adj. cancelled adj. delayed If something is arranged and then cancelled, it doesn’t happen. If something is delayed it happens later than arranged. Q. Why are flights sometimes cancelled ? A. Flights are sometimes cancelled because of bad weather. Q. Why might you have to cancel a holiday ? A. You might have to cancel a holiday because of an illness. 45 Unit 5 Q. If a train is delayed, does it arrive on time ? A. No, if a train is delayed, it doesn't arrive on time. Q. What can cause trains and buses to be delayed ? A. Bad weather and traffic jams can cause trains and buses to be delayed. Q. Were you on time for the lesson today ? A. Yes, I was on time for the lesson today. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. Are trains and buses always on time ? A. No, trains and buses are not always on time.

n. service adj. efficient adj. inefficient A service is something the public needs such as transport, hospitals and schools. If someone or something is efficient they are able to do things successfully without wasting time, money or energy. eg. If a service is efficient, it is well-run, quick and cheap. Q. Do you have a free health service in your country ? A. Yes, we have a free health service in my country. Q. What public services do you pay for with your taxes ? A. You pay for the health service and the education service with your taxes. Q. Is the postal service efficient in your country ? A. Yes, the postal service is very efficient in my country. Q. If trains are often delayed or cancelled, is the service efficient or inefficient ? A. If trains are often delayed or cancelled, the service is inefficient.

suffix – hood Some nouns can be made by adding the suffix -hood to a noun. These adjectives often come from words describing family situations.

n. childhood n. motherhood n. fatherhood n. neighbourhood Q. Who was the most important person in your childhood ? A. My mother was the most important person in my childhood. Q. Are you ready for fatherhood/motherhood ? A. Yes, I'm ready for fatherhood. Q. Do you think that some people never get used to motherhood or fatherhood ? © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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A. Yes, I think that some people never get used to motherhood or fatherhood. Q. Does your neighbourhood have any social problems ? A. Yes, my neighbourhood has a problem with drugs.

n. storm = strong wind with rain or snow n. thunder n. lightning Q. At what time of year are there a lot of storms in your country ? A. There are a lot of storms in summer in my country. Q. Do we see or hear : a. thunder ? b. lightning ? Q. Do we see or hear thunder ? A. We hear thunder. Q. Do we see or hear lighting ? A. We see lightning. Q. In what season do you get thunder storms in your country ? A. We get thunder storms in summer in my country. Q. Do ships ever sink in storms at sea ? A. Yes, ships sometimes sink in storms at sea.

adj. severe adj. mild Severe weather is very bad weather. A severe problem is a very serious problem. Mild Something which is mild does not usually give us problems. Q. Do you get severe winters in your country ? A. No, we don't get severe winters in my country. 46 Unit 5 Q. What happens to flights when the weather is very severe ? A. When the weather is very severe, flight are sometimes cancelled. Q. At what time of year is the weather quite mild in your country ? © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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A. The weather is quite mild in summer in my country. Q. What kind of things can cause severe health problems ? A. Smoking can cause severe health problems.

n. disaster n. flood n. hurricane n. earthquake A disaster is something very bad that happens and usually affects many people. Floods, hurricanes and earthquakes are examples of natural disasters. Q. Give me some examples of natural disasters. A. Floods, hurricanes and eartquakes are examples of natural disasters. Q. Is your country ever affected by severe earthquakes ? A. No, my country is never affected by severe earthquakes. Q. Have there been any natural disasters in the news recently ? A. No, there haven't been any natural disasters in the news recently.

v. to strike

n. strike

struck struck If workers strike (or go on strike), they stop working temporarily because they are not happy with their situation at work ? eg. The nurses are striking because they want better pay. Q. Have there ever been any strikes in your country ? A. Yes, there was miners' strike in my country fifteen years ago. Q. What are some of the most common reasons for going on strike in your country ? A. Some of the most common reasons for going on strike in my country are that people want to earn more money and work fewer hours. Q. What kind of strikes cause the most problems for the public ? A. Tube strikes cause the most problems for the public.


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The verb to strike can also mean to affect something in a negative way. We often use it when talking about natural disasters and illnesses. eg. The North of Scotland has been struck by severe storms and floods. Q. Has your country ever been struck by a natural disaster ? A. No, my country's never been struck by a natural disaster. Q. Which part of the USA is often struck by earthquakes ? A. California is often struck by earthquakes. Q. Which countries are often struck by severe floods ? A. Bangladesh is often struck by severe floods.

prep. due to (+ noun) = because of eg. The flight was cancelled due to severe weather. Q. Has your journey ever been delayed due to bad weather ? A. Yes, my journey was delayed last week due to bad weather. Q. Do you think most of the pollution in cities is due to cars ? A. Yes, I think most of the pollution in cities is due to cars. Q. What else is it due to ? A. It's also due to factories. Q. Do you think that people should get paid for days off due to illness ? A. Yes, I think that people should get paid for days off due to illness. 47 Unit 5

n. submarine n. subway Q. What does a subway go under ? A. A subway goes under the road. Q. Where does a submarine travel ? A. A submarine travels under water. Q. What is the similarity between these words ?* A. The word sub is the similarity between these words. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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n. headline adj. dubbed n. sub-heading adj. subtitled Q. Are foreign films usually dubbed or subtitled in your country ? A. Foreign films are usually subtitled in my country. Q. Which do you prefer ? A. I prefer films to be dubbed. Q. Why are headlines so large ?* A. Headlines are so large to grab people's attention. Q. Are sub-headings above or below the headline ? A. Sub-headings are below the headline.

n. prefix A prefix is a number of letters we add to the beginning of a word to change its meaning. e.g. subtitle im + possible - impossible negative prefixes un + kind - unkind exercise Make the antonyms for these words using the correct prefixes. impatient illegal unavoidable uncommon inefficient unlikely impractical unfriendly unusual adj. regular adv. regularly If something happens regularly, it happens often and at similar times. Q. Do you take/do regular exercise ? A. Yes, I take regular exercise. Q. Is there a regular train service from your station ? A. Yes, there is a regular train service from my station. Q. How regularly do you eat in restaurants ? © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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A. I eat in restaurants about once a month. Q. How many national daily newspapers are there in your country ? A. There are about ten national daily newspapers in my country. Q. Do you read one regularly ? A. Yes, I read one regulary. Q. Which one ? A. The Brazilian News.

n. routine adj. daily

then

after that later (on)

A routine is the things we do at the same time every day. We use the present simple when we describe our routine. eg. I get up at about 7 o’clock, then I have a shower and have breakfast. After that I go to work and later on I have a drink with friends. Q. Do you have a daily routine ? A. Yes, I have a daily routine. Q. Describe it. I get up at about 7 o'clock. Then I have a shower and have breakfast. After that I go to work and later on I have a drink with friends. 48 Unit 5 Q. Do you like having a routine ? A. Yes, I like having a routine. Q. Why would someone’s daily routine change ? A. Someone’s daily routine would change if they were sacked or they had a baby. Q. Do you think having a routine makes people more efficient ? A. Yes, I think having a routine makes people more efficient. Q. Describe what you did yesterday. A. I got up at half past 7, had breakfast, went to school. Then I went to the pub and went to bed at about 11 o'clock.

v. to suffer (from) n. hayfever n. migraine © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. What is a migraine ? A. A migrane is a very bad headache and sickness. Q. If you drink too much, do you suffer a lot the next day ? A. Yes, if I drink too much, I suffer a lot the next day. Q. Have you ever suffered from : a. a migraine ? b. hay fever ? Q. Have you ever suffered from a migraine ? A. No, I've never suffered from a migraine. Q. Have you ever suffered from hayfever ? A. Yes, I used to suffer from a migraine a lot when I was a child. Q. Do people sneeze a lot when they suffer from hayfever ? A. Yes, people sneeze a lot when they suffer from hayfever.

v. to irritate = to annoy adj. irritating = annoying adj. irritated = annoyed Q. Do you feel irritated when trains or buses are delayed ? A. Yes, I feel irritated when trains or buses are delayed. Q. What kind of things do you find really irritating ? A. I find traffic jams really irritating. Q. What kind of things can irritate you on a train journey ? A. People talking loudly on mobile phones can irritate me on a train journey. Q. What kind of materials can irritate people’s skin ? A. Wool can irritate people's skin.

v. to trust adj. trustworthy If you trust someone, you believe that they are honest and they will keep their promises. eg. I can trust my best friend with my secrets. Most people trust their bank to look after their money. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. Who can you trust with your secrets ? A. I can trust my best friend with my secrets. Q. Do you trust your bank to look after your money ? A. Yes, I trust my bank to look after my money. Q. Can you trust people who sell things in the street ? A. No, you can't trust people who sell things in the street. Q. Are children always trustworthy ? A. No, children aren't always trustworthy.

v. to rely (on) adj. reliable If you rely on something, you often need it in order to do something. eg. People rely on public transport to get to work. If you can rely on someone you trust them to to do what they promise to do. eg. I can rely on my friend to keep my secrets. Q. Do you rely on public transport to get to work ? A. Yes, I rely on public transport to get to work. Q. What machines do people who work in offices rely on ? A. People who work in offices rely on computers and fax machines. Q. Can you always rely on people to keep their promises ? A. No, you can't always rely on people to keep their promises. Q. Who can you rely on to keep a secret ? A. I can rely on my mother to keep a secret. 49 Unit 5 Q. Are you a reliable person ? A. Yes, I'm a very reliable person. Q. If a machine often breaks down, is it reliable or unreliable ? A. If a machine often breaks down, it's unreliable. Q. What kind of people are used to coping with looking after noisy children ? © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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A. Primary school teachers are used to coping with looking after noisy children. Q. How would you feel if you were in a small boat during a storm ? A. I would feel frightened if I were in a small boat during a storm. Q. If you suffer from hay fever, what parts of your body get irritated ? A. If you suffer from hay fever, your nose, eyes and throat get irritated.

v. to believe in n. religion adj. religious If you believe in something you are sure that it exists or you think it is right and good. Q. What would your religion be if you believed in : a. Allah ? b. Christ ? c. Buddha ? Q. What would your religion be if you believed in Allah ? A. If you believed in Allah, your religion would be Islam. Q. What would your religion be if you believed in Christ ? A. Your religion would be Christianity. Q. What would your religion be if you believed in Buddha ? A. Your religion would be Buddhism. Q. Do you believe in : a. aliens ? b. God ? c. life after death ? Q. Do you believe in aliens ? A. Yes, I believe in aliens. Q. Do you believe in God ? A. Yes, I believe in God. Q. Do you believe in life after death ? A. No, I don't believe in life after death. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. Give me an example of a very religious country ? A. India is a very religious country.

v. to pray n. temple n. mosque n. synagogue Q. What religion are you if you pray in : a. a mosque ? b. a church ? c. a synagogue ? Q. What religion are you if you pray in a mosque ? A. If you pray in a mosque, your religion is Islam. Q. What religion are you if you pray in a church ? A. Your religion is Christianity. Q. What religion are you if you pray in a synagogue ? A. Your religion is Judaism. Q. What kind of things do people pray for ? A. People pray for good health and happiness. Q. Do you think that praying can help people cope with their problems ? A. Yes, I believe that praying can help people cope with their problems.

v. to provide (someone with something) (something for someone) If you provide someone with something, you give them the things they need. Q. What should a good hotel provide you with ? A. A good hotel should provide you with a clean room and good service. Q. What should parents provide for their children ? A. Parents should provide food and the good home for their children. Q. Do some hospitals provide their patients with free treatment ? A. Yes, some hospitals provide their patients with free treatment. Q. What kind of food provides you with vitamin C ? © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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A. Fruit provide you with vitamin C. n. system Q. Do you have an underground system in your city ? A. Yes, we have an underground system in your city. Q. Do you think the public transport system is efficient in your city ? A. Yes, I think the public transport system is efficient in my city. Q. Does your home have an alarm system ? A. No, my home doesn't have an alarm system. Q. Do all countries have the same education system ? A. No, not all countries have the same education system. 50 Unit 5

n. the state = government adj. state The adjective state is used to describe anything run by the government. Q. Does the state own any industries in your country ? A. No, the state doesn't own any industries in my country. Q. What should the state provide for the population ? A. I think the state should provide a good education system for the population. Q. Did you have a state education ? A. Yes, I had a state education. Q. Who is the head of state in this country ? A. The Queen is the head of state in this country. NB. The opposite of a state industry is private industry. Q. Which is usually more efficient, state industry or private industry? A. I think private industry is usually more efficient than state industry.


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v. to judge n. judgement If you judge something, you give your opinion about it. Q. Is it better to judge someone by their words or their actions ? A. I think it's better to judge someone by their actions. Q. Do you think you can judge someone’s character from their appearance ? A. Yes, I think you can judge someone’s character from their appearance. Q. Do you think we can judge someone’s intelligence from their qualifications ? A. No, I don't think we can judge someone’s intelligence from their qualifications. Q. Do you think it is fair to make judgements about people because of their nationality ? A. No, I think it's unfair to make judgements about people because of their nationality.

n. race n. prejudice adj. prejudiced If you are prejudiced against someone, you judge them negatively without knowing them or having any evidence for your judgement. Q. What races of people lived in America before the Europeans arrived ? A. The Native American Indians lived in America before the Europeans arrived. Q. Have you ever suffered from prejudice ? A. No, I've never suffered from prejudice. Q. Do you think the police are sometimes prejudiced ? A. Yes, I think the police are sometimes prejudiced.

n. racism n. racist adj. multi-cultural n. sexism n. sexist


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Sexism is a prejudice against someone’s sex. Racism is prejudice against someone’s race or colour. Q. Do you think that society in your country is sexist ? A. Yes, I think that society in my country is sexist. Q. Do you think that most men are still sexist ? A. Yes, I think that most men are still sexist. Q. Give me an example of sexist behaviour. A. Not giving a woman a job for no reason is an example of sexist behaviour. Q. What is the best way to fight racism ?* A. The best way to fight racism is to educate people. Q. What do we mean by multi-cultural society ? A. A multi-cultural society means people from all different cultures and nationalities living together. Q. Give me an example of a city where society is multi-cultural. A. Society is multi-cultural in London.


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Unit 6 51 Unit 6 n. term adj. long-term adj. short-term In Britain, the school and university year is divided into three terms. Long-term means for a long period of time, and short-term is for a short period of time. Q. How long is a university term in your country ? A. A university term is about three months in my country. Q. Do you have any long-term plans ? A. Yes, I want to move to America and get a good job. Q. If you have problems with money, what is the short-term answer ? A. If you have problems with money, the short-term answer is to get a loan.

adj. certain + that + clause n. certainty + about + noun If you are certain about something, you are 100% sure about it. eg. I am certain that Tokyo is the capital of Japan. I am certain that he is here, I saw him five minutes ago. Q. What is the capital of your country ? A. Brasilia is the capital of my country. Q. Are you certain ? A. Yes, I'm certain. Q. Is there anyone in your house at the moment ? A. Yes, my friend's in my house at the moment. Q. Are you certain ? A. No, I'm not certain.


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Q. Can we ever be certain what the weather will be like ? A. No, we can never be certain what the weather will be like. Q. If you practice a lot, is your English certain to improve ? A. Yes, if I practice a lot, my English is certain to improve. Q. Is it a certainty that: a. the sun will rise tomorrow ? b. I will teach you tomorrow ? Q. Is it a certainty that the sun will rise tomorrow ? A. Yes, it's a certainty that the sun will rise tomorrow. Q. Is it a certainty that I will teach you tomorrow ? A. No, it isn't a certainty that you will teach me tomorrow. Q. Do you have any habits that irritate other people ? A. No, I don't have any habits that irritate other people. Q. Have you ever suffered from a severe hangover ? A. Yes, I have suffered from a severe hangover. Q. What positive effects does regular exercise have on your body ? A. Regular exercise makes you lose weight and feel healthier. Q. Do you work better when you have a routine ? A. Yes, I work better when I have a routine.

modal verbs (3) Using must and can to express certainty. We use must and can to say we are certain about something because we have evidence. i. We use must to say that something is true. eg. Peter has been off work for a whole week. He must be quite ill. (ie. I am certain he is quite ill.) ii. We use cannot or can’t to say that something isn’t true. eg. Peter can’t be ill because I saw him playing football this morning.


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52 Unit 6 Q. Say something about these sentences using must or can’t. eg. I haven’t eaten since yesterday evening. You must be really hungry. i. I stayed up all night last night. A. You must be very tired. ii. My brother owns a large successful company. A. He must be rich. iii. There is smoke coming from the kitchen. A. There must be a fire. iv. My father is younger than me. A. That can't be true. modal verbs in the past - must / can’t We can use must and can’t to express certainty about the past. construction: must + have + past participle can’t + have + past participle eg. I haven’t got my wallet. I must have left it at home. You can’t have left your wallet at home because you had it in the restaurant. Q. Use must have or can’t have to explain these situations. eg. I ate three pizzas last night. You must have been very hungry. i. He slept for twelve hours last night. A. He must have been very tired. ii. I left my bike outside the school but it has gone. A. It must have been stolen. iii. This chicken is raw on the inside. A. It can't have been cooked properly. modal verbs in the past – might Might + have + past participle expresses possibility instead of certainty. eg. He is very late. He must have got lost. = I am certain. He is very late. His car might have broken down. = I am not certain but it is a possibility. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. Say what you think might have caused these situations. eg. She is crying. She might have hurt herself. i. He is sneezing. ii. He is late. iii. I can’t find my wallet. Q. He is sneezing. A. He might have caught a cold. Q. He is late. A. His train might have been delayed. Q. I can’t find my wallet. A. You might have left it at home. modal verbs in the past – should When someone did something badly or in the wrong way in the past, we use should + have + past participle to tell them a better or correct way to do it. eg. I didn’t understand how to do that exercise. You should have asked your teacher. I hurt my back lifting that wardrobe. You shouldn’t have tried to move it on your own. 53 Unit 6 Q. Tell me what I should or shouldn’t have done in the following stuations. eg. I am sunburnt. You should have used suntan lotion. i. I lost £300 at a casino last night. A. You shouldn't have gambled so much money. ii. All my plants have died. A. You should've watered them more. iii. I have to have two bad teeth taken out. You shouldn't have eaten so many sweets.

v. to emphasise n. emphasis If a word or phrase is important we often emphasise it so that the reader or the listener will pay attention to it. The easiest way to emphasise something is to say it louder. eg. I told you to meet me at FOUR o’clock. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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(I am angry because you came at five) Don’t sit THERE. (That’s the teacher’s chair.) In written English, we can emphasise words by putting them in : bold italics CAPITALS or by underlining Q. Tell me what word or phrase is being emphasised in these sentences. i. I can’t read Japanese. (But I can speak it.) A. Read is being emphasised. ii. You need to buy a ticket before Friday. ( Friday is too late) A. Before is being emphasised. There are some particular words that we use for emphasis. i. still - When we add still to a sentence or clause, it does not change the meaning but it emphasises that a situation has not changed. eg. The photocopier is still broken. (It has not been repaired yet.) ii. only eg. I’ve only got £10, it’s not enough. iii. yet eg. Haven’t you finished yet? iv. so/such eg. Thank you for such a lovely present. I like it so much. adv. just adv. already v. just - We use just to emphasise that an action happened very recently. eg. I haven’t read the letter yet because I have just received it. vi. already - We use already to emphasise that something has happened before now. eg. I can’t show you the letter because I have already sent it. We can also use already to show that something has happened suprisingly quickly. eg. She only started her business two years ago and she is already a millionaire. Q. Which words have you just studied ? A. I've just studied just and already. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. What have I just done ?* A. You've just asked me a question. Q. Has anyone just: a. come into the classroom ? b. had breakfast/lunch ? Q. Has anyone just come into the classroom ? A. Yes, Peter has just come into the classroom. Q. Has anyone just had lunch ? A. Yes, I've just had lunch. 54 Unit 6 Q. Who has just answered a question ? A. I have just answered a question. Q. Can you think of anyone who is already famous even though they are very young ? A. Yes, Leonardo Di Caprio is already famous even though he is very young. Q. Why would someone take an exam again even though they had already passed it ? A. Someone would take an exam again even though they had already passed it because they wanted to get a better mark. Q. What idea am I emphasising when I say : a. I’ve just done it. b. I’ve done it already. Q. What idea am I emphasising when I say 'I’ve just done it' ? A. You're emphasising the idea that you have done something recently. Q. What idea am I emphasising when I say 'I’ve done it already' ? A. You're emphasising the idea that you've done it some time in the past.

v. to compare conj. whereas conj. while


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If you compare two things, you think about how they are similar or different and their advantages or disadvantages. eg. After comparing the two shirts, I bought the red one because I preferred the colour. We often use whereas/while when we compare two things. eg. When I compare coffee to wine, I think that coffee is better in the morning because it helps me to wake up, whereas wine is nicer in the evening because it makes me feel relaxed. Q. Compare my shoes with your shoes. A. My shoes are brown whereas yours are black. Q. Compare your country with England. A. My country is very hot whereas England is very cold. Q. If you compare smart shoes to trainers what are their advantages and disadvantages. A. If you compare smart shoes to trainers, smart shoes are good with trousers and are suitable for work whereas trainers aren't suitable for work but are more comfortable. Q. If you compare English with your language, what is the biggest difference ? A. If you compare English with my language, the biggest difference is the grammar. Q. Compared to the past, do you think people treat each other better or worse ? A. Compared to the past, I think people treat each other better.

v. to control n. control Q. Can we control the weather ? A. We can't control the weather. Q. Who controls your country ? A. The Prime Minister controls my country. Q. In what situations is it hard to control your feelings ? A. It's hard to control your feelings when you're feeling very angry. Q. What is a remote control ? © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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A. A romote control is something we use to change channels or to turn up the volume on the TV. expressions with control

to be in control to be out of control to take control to lose control Q. Who is in control of a trial ? A. The judge is in control of a trial. Q. Do you think that crime is out of control in some cities ? A. Yes, I think that crime is out of control in some cities. Q. When did China take control of Hong Kong ? A. China took control of Hong Kong in August, 1997. Q. What might happen if you lost control of a car ? A. If you lost control of a car, you might have an accident.

adj. main adv. mainly Main means the most important or the biggest. Q. What is your main reason for learning English ? A. My main reason for learning English is to get a good job. Unit 6 55 Q. What is the main meal of the day in your country ? A. The main meal of the day in my country is dinner. Q. Do you live on a main road ? A. No, I don't live on a main road. Q. What is the name of the main street in your city ? A. Queen's Road is the main street in my city. Q. Do you think examinations are mainly a test of memory ? A. Yes, I think examinations are mainly a test of memory. Q. When gambling, do you think winning depends mainly on luck or ability ? © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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A. When gambling, I think winning depends mainly on luck.

v. to complete adj. complete adv. completely Q. Have you completed your education yet ? A. No, I haven't completed my education yet. Q. Were you a complete beginner in English when you came to this school ? A. No, I wasn't a complete beginner in English when I came to this school. Q. Would it be a complete waste of time if you tried to learn English from a dictionary ? A. No, it wouldn't be a complete waste of time if you tried to learn English from a dictionary. Q. Have you ever met a foreigner who was completely fluent in your language ? A. Yes, I have met a foreigner who is completely fluent in my language. Q. When will you complete your course at this school ? A. I'll complete my course at this school in about 6 months' time.

adv. partly Q. Are parents completely or partly responsible for what their children do ? A. Parents are partly responsible for what their children do. Q. Do you think teachers are partly to blame if a student doesn’t make any progress ? A. Yes, I think think teachers are partly to blame if a student doesn’t make any progress.

v. to lead n. leader v. to follow led led If you lead someone you go before them. If you follow someone you go after them.


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Q. Who leads the team onto the field in sport ? A. The captain leads the team onto the field in sport. Q. Which day follows Monday ? A. Tuesday follows Monday. Q. Give me the names of three world leaders. A. President Clinton, Tony Blair and President Jung are the names of three world leaders. Q. Why would the police follow someone ? A. The police would follow someone if they'd seen them robbing a bank. Q. What kind of people have to follow orders ? A. Soldiers have to follow orders. Q. Have you ever had to follow an order ? A. No, I've never had to follow an order.

v. to lead to = cause Q. What can very heavy rain lead to ? A. Very heavy rain can lead to floods. Q. Do you believe that hard work leads to success ? A. Yes, I think that hard work usually leads to success. Q. What kind of habits often lead to illness ? A. Smoking often leads to illness. 56 Unit 6

v. to guide n. guide n. guide book If you guide someone, you show them where to go or the best way to do something. Q. When you visit a foreign country do you buy a guide book ? A. Yes, when I visit a foreign country I ususally buy a guide book. Q. If I visited your city, would you be able to guide me around ? A. Yes, if you visited my city, I would be able to guide you around. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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v. to pass adj. ahead If something is ahead of you, it is in front of you. If you pass a car moving slower than you, you move ahead of it. Q. Why is it dangerous to pass another car on a corner ? A. It's dangerous to pass another car on a corner because you can't see what is ahead of you. Q. Is your country ahead of or behind London time ? A. My country is behind London time. Q. Is your English moving ahead fast enough ? A. Yes, I think my English is moving ahead fast enough. Q. Do you think that you have a wonderful future ahead of you ? A. Yes, I think I have a wonderful future ahead of me. Q. What is the opposite of ahead ? A. The opposite of ahead is behind. When you are walking in the street you pass shops and people. Q. Do you pass a supermarket on your way home ? A. Yes, I pass a supermarket on my way home. Q. Have you ever passed someone you knew in the street without saying hello ? A. Yes, I've passed someone I knew in the street without saying hello. Q. When passing a shop, what kind of things make you stop to take a look ? A. When passing a shop, interesting windows displays make me stop to take a look. Q. Do you always look at yourself when you pass a mirror ? A. Yes, I always look at yourself when I pass a mirror. The verb to pass also means to give something to someone. Q. Did you ever pass notes to your friends at school ? A. Yes, I sometimes passed notes to my friends at school. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. What do football players pass to each other ? A. Football players pass a ball to each other. Q. How is information passed around the world ? A. Information is passed around the world by satellite or on the Internet.

by The preposition by has many different meanings. You already know some of them. 1. ways of traveling eg. You can go to America by plane from England but you can’t go by train. 2. how to do something eg. He lost weight by going swimming every day. You can practise your English by watching TV. 3. passive voice - to introduce the agent eg. This letter was written by my lawyer. 57 Unit 6 Here are some other uses of the preposition by. 4. next to / near eg. When they retired they went to live by the sea. Q. Would you like to live by the sea ? A. Yes, I'd like to live by the sea. Q. What about by a main road ? A. No, I wouldn't like to live by a main road. Q. What kind of things are often sold by the side of the road ? A. Flowers are often sold by the side of the road. Q. What kind of things do people keep by the telephone ? A. People keep paper and the pen by the telephone.


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5. We often use by with verbs of movement with a similar meaning to pass. eg. I walked by that old Church yesterday. Q. Do you walk by any interesting buildings on your way home ? A. Yes, I walk by a big church on my way home. Q. Do you like sitting in cafes and watching people rush by ? A. Yes, I like sitting in cafes and watching people rush by. 6. Talking about the difference in numbers. eg. Last year my salary went up by 20%. Q. Would you be happy if your salary went up by 10% ? A. Yes, I would be very happy if my salary went up by 10%. Q. Are you younger than me ? A. Yes, I'm younger that you. Q. By about how many years ? A. By about 5 years. Q. What is the difference between these two sentences ? a. Unemployment went up to 10%. b. Unemployment went up by 10%. A. 'Unemployment went up to 10%' means unemployment is now 10% whereas 'Unemployment went up by 10%' means unemployment is 10% more than it was.

the past perfect (1) construction: subject + had + past participle We use the past perfect to talk about an action that happened further in the past than another action. NB. We always use the past perfect with another tense (usually the past simple). We often use the past perfect with time expressions such as before and already. eg. When I arrived at the station, the train had already left. second action first action I knew her name because I had met her before. second action first action © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. Had you ever spoken English to an English person before you came to this school ? A. Yes, I had spoken English to an English person before I came to this school. Q. Give me an example of some grammar you had never studied before you came to this school. A. I had never studied the Second Conditional before I came to this school. Q. Had you ever heard of this book before you started studying here? A. Yes, I had heard of this book before I started studying here. Q. Do you know anyone who had driven a car before they were sixteen ? A. Yes, my sister had driven a car before she was sixteen. 58 Unit 6 exercise Put the verbs in brackets ( ) into the right tenses. 1. When we went (to get to) the pub, our friends had left (to leave) already. 2. I was (to be) half an hour late so when I went (to get) to the cinema, the film had started (to start) already . 3. I didn't want (not to want) to go to the cinema because I had seen (to see) the film twice before. 4. He knew (to know) the city very well because he had visited (to visit) many times before.

n. result v. to result in/from = to cause A result is the effect of an action. eg. The accident was the result of bad driving. Q. What kind of natural disasters are the result of bad weather ? A. Floods and land slides are the result of bad weather. Q. What would the result be if my country played your country at football ? © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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A. If my country played your country at football, the result would be 2:0 (two: nil) to England. Q. Have you taken any exams recently ? A. Yes, I've taken an English exam recently. Q. Have you had the results yet ? A. No, I haven't had the results yet. Q. Do you think that hard work always results in success ? A. Yes, I think that hard work always results in success.

adv. finally We use finally to show that an action happened after a long period of time, usually later than we wanted it to happen. eg. I finally passed my driving test after failing it twice. The train was delayed, but it finally arrived an hour late. We can also use finally to show that an action is the last thing to happen. eg. First, boil the vegetables and then add pepper and finally put in the meat. Q. Who finally became the president of South Africa after being in prison for over twenty years ? A. Nelson Mandela finally became the president of South Africa after being in prison for over twenty years. Q. Have you ever taken a really long time to choose a present for someone ? A. Yes, I really took a really long time to choose a present for my mother's last birthday. Q. What did you finally decide to buy ? A. I finally decided to buy an expensive watch. Q. Have you ever had to wait for over half an hour for your food in a restaurant ? A. Yes, I've had to wait for over half an hour for your food in a restaurant. Q. When did it finally arrive ? A. After about an hour and a half. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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adv. beforehand adv. afterwards Beforehand and afterwards are similar to the prepositions before and after. However, beforehand and afterwards are not followed by a clause and usually come at the end of a sentence. compare: I telephoned him before he went on holiday. He was going on holiday so I telephoned him beforehand. I found out about his mistake only after he sent the fax. He sent the fax and I only found out about his mistake afterwards. Q. When you go on holiday do you always book your hotel beforehand ? A. Yes, when I go on holiday I always book my hotel beforehand. 59 Unit 6 Q. When you eat a big meal do you feel sleepy afterwards ? A. When I eat a big meal do I usuually feel sleepy afterwards. Q. When doing the shopping, is it a good idea to make a list beforehand ? A. Yes, I think when doing the shopping, it's a good idea to make a list beforehand. Q. When you take exercise do you feel relaxed afterwards ? A. When I take exercise, I feel relaxed afterwards.

shall n. suggestion to make a suggestion When you make a suggestion, you express an idea or a plan you have. We often use shall I/we...? when we make a suggestion. e.g Q. It’s cold. Shall I close the window ? A. Yes, that’s a good idea. Q. It is very hot in here. Make a suggestion. A. Shall I open the window? Q. We all want to go out for dinner this evening but we don’t know what kind of restaurant to go to. Make a suggestion. A. Shall we go a Chinese restaurant? © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. We don’t know where to meet before dinner. Ask him/her to make a suggestion. A. Where shall we meet? Q. We don’t know what time to meet. Ask him/her to make a suggestion. A. What time shall we meet?

will and shall We use shall I/we to make suggestions when we can influence the situation. eg. What time shall we meet this evening ? (I’m asking you to make a suggestion, however, I can agree or disagree with you.) We can only use will I/we when another person is in control and we can’t influence the situation. eg. A passenger on a plane might ask: ‘What time will we land in London? (The situation is already decided and the passenger has no influence.) compare these two sentences: Shall I bring some wine to the party ? - Making a suggestion. Will I get paid weekly or monthly ? - Asking for information.

phr v. to look forward to + noun/gerund When we know something will happen in the future and we are happy or excited about, we can say I’m looking forward to it. eg. I’m looking forward to the party next weekend. Q. Do people usually look forward to the weekend ? A. Yes, people usually look forward to the weekend. Q. Do you still look forward to your birthday every year ? A. Yes, I still look forward to my birthday every year. Q. Are you looking forward to going back to your country ? A. No, I'm not looking forward to going back to my country. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. Are you looking forward to finishing Book 3 and starting Book 4? A. Yes, I'm looking forward to finishing Book 3 and starting Book 4. Q. What kind of things do children look forward to every year ? A. Children look forward to Christmas and their birthday every year. Q. Give me an example of something you are: a. looking forward to. b. not looking forward to. Q. Give me an example of something you are looking forward to. A. I'm looking forward to the weekend. Q. Give me an example of something you're not looking forward to. A. I'm not looking forward to traveling on the tube this evening.


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adj. fantastic ! adj. wonderful ! adj. amazed/amazing NB. We never use the word very with these adjectives. Q. Have you ever had a fantastic holiday ? A. Yes, I had a fantastic holiday last year. Q. Where did you go ? A. I went to Brazil. Q Would you be amazed if your country won the World Cup ? A. Yes, I'd be amazed if my country won the World Cup. Q. Who is the most wonderful person in your life ? A. My mother is the most wonderful person in my life. Q. What is the most amazing place you have ever been to ? A. The most amazing place you have ever been to is the Taj Mahal.

3rd Conditional construction = if + past perfect + would have + past participle 1. We use the 3rd conditional when we imagine past actions and their results. eg. I would have forgotten her birthday, if you hadn’t reminded me. In this sentence we imagine that the past was different (if you hadn’t reminded me), and also imagine the result (I would have forgotten). However, the truth is that I didn’t forget her birthday because you reminded me. 2. We can use the 3rd conditional to express regret. eg. If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam. (But I didn’t study hard and I failed the exam.) © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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3. We can also use it to show that we chose to do one thing instead of another. eg. If I hadn’t bought the green dress, I would have bought the red one. (I bought the green dress instead of the red dress.) Q. If you had felt ill this morning, would you have come to school ? A. If I had felt ill this morning, I wouldn't have come to school. Q. If you hadn’t studied English, which language would you have studied instead ? A. If I hadn’t studied English, I would have studied Spanish instead. Q. Would your parents have been pleased, if you had failed all your exams at school ? A. No, If I had failed all your exams at school, my parents wouldn't have been pleased. Q. If you hadn’t come to this school to study English, would you have met me / him / her ? A. No, if I hadn’t come to this school to study English, I wouldn't have met you. Q. If you had drunk a bottle of whisky last night, how would you have felt this morning ? A. If I had drunk a bottle of whisky last night, I would have felt really sick this morning. Q. How did you come to school this morning ? A. I came to school by train this morning. Q. If there had been a train / bus strike this morning, how would you have come to school ? A. If there had been a train strike this morning, I would have come to school by bus. 61 Unit 7 exercise Use the information to make a third conditional sentence. eg. I was late this morning because my car broke down. I wouldn’t have been late if my car hadn’t broken down. 1. She hit me because I was so rude. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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She wouldn't have hit me if I hadn't beeen so rude. 2. We didn’t go on the walk because the weather was awful. We would have gone on the walk if the weather hadn't been awful. 3. The weather was so bad that the plane was delayed. The plane would have been delayed if the weather hadn't been so bad. 4. Although I thought about studying Art, I decided to study Geography instead. I would have studied Art if I hadn't decided to study/studied Geography. 5. There was a break in because we left the window open. There wouldn't have been a break in if we hadn't left the window open. Q. What happens to soldiers who don’t follow orders ? A. Soldiers who don’t follow orders are punished. Q. If you were on holiday would you look forward to going back to work ? A. No, I wouldn't look forward to going back to work if I were on holiday. Q. Do you think it would be wonderful if we never grew old or do you think it might become boring ? A. I think it might become boring if we never grew old. Q. If you had to make one prediction about the world in 20 years’ time, what would it be ? A. If I had to make one prediction about the world in 20 years’ time, it would be that there would be less crime. Q. Do you think he/she is optimistic or pessimistic ? A. I think he is optimistic.

v. to invent* n. invention n. inventor Q. Can you think of a famous invention ? A. Yes, the telephone. Q. Who invented it ? A. Alexander Bell invented it. Q. Do you think the computer is the most important invention of the Twentieth Century ? © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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A. Yes, I think the computer is the most important invention of the Twentieth Century. Q. How did people use to communicate with each other before the telephone was invented ? A. People used to communicate with each other by letters before the telephone was invented. Q. How would you have traveled very long distances if the aeroplane had never been invented ? A. If the aeroplane had never been invented, you'd have traveled very long distances by ship.

v. to type n. keyboard Q. What kind of people use a word processor in their job? A. Secretaries use a word processor in their job. Q. Is the keyboard in your country the same as the English one ? A. Yes, the keyboard in my country the same as the English one. Q. What did people use to type with before computers were invented ? A. People used to type with type writers before computers were invented. Q. Can you type ? A. Yes, I can type. Q. How many words per minute can you type ? A. I can type about 80 words per minute. 62 Unit 7

v. to store n. hardware / software Q. What is the difference between hardware and software ? A. The difference between hardware and software is that hardware is the machine and software is the information. Q. Which is the most famous computer software company in the world ? © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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A. Microsoft is the most famous computer software company in the world. Q. Where does a computer store information ? A. A computer stores information in its hard-drive. Q. What kind of animals store food for the winter ? A. Squirrels store food for the winter. Q. What kind of things do we store in: a. a bottle ? b. a cupboard ? c. a carboard box ? Q. What kind of things do we store in a bottle ? A. We store liquid in a bottle. Q. What kind of things do we store in a cupboard ? A. We store food in a cupboard. Q. What kind of things do we store in a cardboard box ? A. We store old CD's in a cardboard box.

adv. eventually Eventually has a similar meaning to finally : we use it to say that an action happens after a period of time. eg. After looking for my keys for over 2 hours, I eventually found them under the sofa. However, we also use eventually to talk about something that we think will happen in the future but we aren’t sure when it will happen. eg. We will have to use different kinds of energy when the world eventually runs out of oil. If he keeps coming to work late, he’ll eventually get in trouble with the boss. NB. We can’t use eventually in negative sentences. In the negative we can say‘will never/not ever.’ eg. I do not think doctors will ever find a cure for cancer. Computers will never be more intelligent than humans. Q. Will we eventually finish book 3 and start book 4 ? A. Yes, we'll eventually finish book 3 and start book 4. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. Do you think your English will eventually be good enough for you to become an English teacher ? A. Yes, I think my English will eventually be good enough for me to become an English teacher. Q. What kind of things do you hope you will eventually do in your life ? A. I hope I will eventually get married and have children. Q. Do you think doctors will eventually be able to cure all health problems ? A. No, I don't think doctors will ever be able to cure all health problems. Q. Do you think humans will eventually become extinct ? A. Yes, I think humans will eventually become extinct. Q. Will you eventually be rich enough to buy your own private plane? A. No, I don't think I will ever be rich enough to buy my own private plane.

phr v. to keep up with n. technology (uncountable) If you keep up with a particular subject you know all the most recent information about it. eg. I keep up with new fashions by reading all the popular magazines, such as Vogue and Cosmopolitan. Q. Give me some examples of modern technology. A. Mobile phones and the Internet are some examples of modern technology. Q. Do you think changes in technology have made our lives better or worse ? A. I think changes in technology have made our lives better. Q. Is it easy for old people to keep up with the changes in technology ? A. No, it's difficult for old people to keep up with the changes in technology. Q. What kind of things do you try to keep up with ? © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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A. I try to keep up with the latest international news. 63 Unit 7 Q. Will you keep up with the lesson if you don’t pay attention ? A. No, I won't keep up with the lesson if I don’t pay attention. Q. How do people keep up with : a. the news ? b. changes in computer technology ? Q. How do people keep up with the news ? A. People keep up with the news by reading newspapers. Q. How do people keeep up with changes in computer technology ? A. People keep up with changes in computer technology by reading computer magazines.

the future continuous construction = will + to be + present participle We use the future continuous for an action that will be happening at a particular time in the future. eg. Shall I ring you at 7 o’clock ? No, I will be having dinner then, ring me at 9 o’clock instead. I will be lying on the beach this time next month. Q. What will you be doing at this time tomorrow ? A. I will be playing tennis at this time tomorrow. Q. Do you know what you’ll you be doing at this time next year ? A. Yes, I will be studying English at this time next year. Q. What will you be doing at 10 o’ clock tonight ? A. I will be playing computer games at 10 o'clock tonight. Q. Will you still be studying English in two years’ time ? A. Yes, I will still be studying English in two years’ time.

v. to send v. to receive n. message sent sent © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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To receive means the same as to get but it is more formal. Q. What do people send to their friends and family when they are on holiday ? A. People send postcards to their friends and family when they're on holiday. Q. What are some of the different ways we can send messages ? A. We can send messages by email and fax. Q. What do we call messages that are sent through the internet ? A. We call messages that are sent through the internet emails. Q. What do people receive on their birthday ? A. People receive birthday cards on their birthday. Q. Have you ever received a card on Valentine’s Day ? A. Yes, I've received lots of cards on Valentine’s Day.

comparatives using as 1. as + adjective + as If something is as heavy as something else, they are both the same weight. eg. An elephant can be as heavy as a car. 2. as + adverb + as eg. You should answer questions in an exam as carefully as possible. Q. Can you think of an animal which is as common as pigeons in big cities ? A. Yes, rats are as common as pigeons in big cities. Q. Do you think that adults sometimes behave as badly as children? A. Yes, I think that adults sometimes behave as badly as children. 3. However, it is more common to use these constructions in the negative to show how two things are different. eg. A Ford is not as fast as a Ferrari. Lions aren’t as rare as tigers.


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64 Unit 7 Q. Is your country as big as China ? A. No, my country isn't as big as China. Q. Are you as tall as a basketball player ? A. No, I'm not as tall as a basketball player. Q. Is a car as heavy as a lorry ? A. No, a car isn't as heavy as a lorry. Q. Can you speak English as well as you speak your own language? A. No, I can't speak English as well as I speak my own language. Q. Give me an example of an animal that is not as common as it used to be. A. Tigers are not as common as they used to be.

v. to disappoint n. disappointment If something disappoints you, it is not as good as you had hoped. If you are disappointed by someone, you are not happy with their behaviour. Q. Are children sometimes disappointed by their birthday presents? A. Yes, children are sometimes disappointed by their birthday presents. Q. Have you ever really looked forward to something and then been disappointed by it ? A. Yes, I really looked forward to the film Star Wars but was disappointed by it. Q. Would it be disappointing if you studied really hard for an exam and then failed ? A. Yes, it would be really disappointing if you studied really hard for an exam and then failed. Q. Have you ever spent a lot of money on a holiday which was a disappointment ? A. No, I've never spent a lot of money on a holiday which was a disappointment.


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adj. suitable adj. unsuitable If something is suitable, it means it is the right thing to use. If someone is suitable for a job, it means they have the necessary qualifications and experience. Q. What kind of clothes are suitable for a winter holiday in the mountains ? A. Warm clothes like coats, jumpers and gloves are suitable for a winter holiday in the mountains. Q. What about a summer holiday on the beach ? A. T-shirts and shorts are suitable for a summer holiday on the beach. Q. What kind of films are unsuitable for children ? A. Violent films are unsuitable for children. Q. What kind of sports are unsuitable for : a. old people ? b. children ? Q. What kind of sports are unsuitable for old people ? A. Rugby is unsuitable for old people. Q. What kind of sports are unsuitable for old children ? A. Formula 1 car racing is unsuitable for children. Q. What kind of job would be suitable for you ? A. A policeman would be a suitable job for me. Q. Are there any jobs that are unsuitable for: a. men ? b. women ? Q. Are there any jobs that are unsuitable for men ? A. No, I don't think there are any jobs that are unsuitable for men. Q. Are there any jobs that are unsuitable for women ? A. No, I don't think there are any jobs unsuitable for women.


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v. to satisfy n. satisfaction n. customer If you are satisfied with something, you are happy with it because it is good enough. Q. Are jobs in factories usually satisfying ? A. No, jobs in factories aren't usually satisfying. Q. Are you usually satisfied with just a snack for lunch ? A. Yes, I'm usually satisfied with just a snack for lunch. Q. Which do you find more satisfying, a good book or a good film ? I usually find a good film more satisfying than a good book. Q. Do you think customer satisfaction is important for all businesses ? A. Yes, I think customer satisfaction is important for all businesses. Q. If a customer is not satisfied with something they have bought, what do they do ? A. If a customer isn't satisfied with something they have bought, they usually take it back to the shop. 65 Unit 7

adj. un/satisfactory adj. excellent adj. perfect If something is satisfactory, it is good enough. If something is excellent it is very good. If something is perfect it is as good as it could possibly be. Q. Is your English perfect ? A. No, my English isn't perfect. Q. Will your English eventually be perfect if you practice enough ? A. Yes, my English will eventually be perfect if I practice enough. Q. Can you tell the name of a really excellent film ? A. Titanic is a really excellent film. Q. If your exam results were excellent, would you boast about them? © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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A. Yes, if my exam results were excellent, I would boast about them. Q. Have you ever had unsatisfactory service at: a. a hotel ? b. a government office ? Q. Have you ever had unsatisfactory service at a hotel ? A. No, I've never had unsatisfactory service at a hotel. Q. Have you ever had unsatisfactory service at a government office? A. Yes, I had unsatisfactory service at a government office last week.

n. work (uncountable) n. career expr. look for work expr. out of work The difference between a job and work is that a job is the particular thing you do to earn money, whereas work is the general idea of doing something to earn money. Your career is the kind of work you plan to do in your working life. eg. A career in law or a career in medicine. Q. Have you planned your career ? A. Yes, I've planned my career. Q. What kind of work do you plan to do ? A. I plan to work in a hospital. Q. What kind of things can you do if you are looking for work ? A. If you're looking for work, you can look in newspapers. Q. Do you have a job ? A. Yes, I have a job. Q. Is it hard work ? A. Yes, it's hard work. Q. Do you enjoy the work ? A. Yes, I enjoy the work. Q. Are a lot of people out of work in your country ? © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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A. Yes, a lot of people are out of work in my country.

v. to employ adj. self-employed n. employer n. employee Q. If you work for a company, are you an employer or an employee? A. If you work for a company, you're an employee. Q. Who do you work for if you are self-employed ? A. If you're self-employed, you work for yourself. Q. Have you ever been employed in a factory ? A. No, I've never been employed in a factory. Q. What kind of companies employ a lot of people ? A. Big international companies employ a lot of people.

v. to sack (someone) v. to resign (from a job) If you are sacked, you are forced to leave your job. If you resign from a job, you choose to leave. Q. Have you ever resigned from a job ? A. No, I've never resigned from a job. Q. For what reasons are people sacked ? A. People are sacked because they are always late for work. Q. Is it illegal to sack someone without having a good reason ? A. Yes, it's illegal to sack someone without having a good reason. Q. If you were the owner of a company and you caught an employee stealing, would you sack them ? A. If I were the owner of a company and I caught an employee stealing, I would sack them. 66 Unit 7

v. to retire n. retirement n. pension


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People retire from work when they get to a particular age, usually about 60 or 65. A pension is the money you receive from the government or a private company when you retire. Q. What is the retirement age for men and women in your country ? A. The retirement age is 65 both for men and women in my country. Q. What do you think early retirement means ? A. I think early retirement means when you retire before the age of 65. Q. Do you have a government pension ? A. Yes, I have a government pension. Q. Is a government pension enough to live on ? A. No, a government pension isn't enough to live on.

n. voice n. accent v. to pronounce n. pronunciation Q. Give me an example of a singer who has a wonderful voice. A. I think Celine Dion has a wonderful voice. Q. At about what age does a boy’s voice change ? A. A boy’s voice changes at about the age of 12. Q. What accent do you speak English with ? A. I speak English with a good accent. Q. Do people from your region have a particular accent ? A. No, people from my region don't have a particular accent. Q. Give me an example of an English word you find difficult to pronounce. A. I find enthusiastically difficult to pronounce. Q. Has your pronunciation improved since you came to this school? A. Yes, my pronunciation has improved since I came to this school.


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v. to intend (to do something) n. intention If you intend to do something, you plan to do it. eg. When I finish university, I intend to travel around the world. Q. How long have you been studying English ? A. I've been studying English for 2 years. Q. How long do you intend to continue ? A. I intend to continue for another 3 years. Q. Do you intend to learn English perfectly ? A. Yes, I intend to learn English perfectly. Q. What kind of career do you intend to have ? A. I intend to have a career in law. Q. What construction do we use to express a future intention ? A. We use to be going to to express a future intention. Q. What is the one thing that eventually happens to everyone ? A. Death is the one thing that eventually happens to everyone. Q. Is modern technology changing so fast that you can’t keep up with it ? A. Yes, modern technology is changing so fast that I can’t keep up with it. Q. Are some people never satisfied ? A. Yes, some people never satisfied. Q. Why do you think some people decide to change their careers after many years in the same job ? A. Some people decide to change their careers after many years in the same job because they become bored. 67 Unit 7

expr. by accident adv. accidentally If you do something by accident or accidentally, you don’t intend to do it. eg. I took the wrong train by accident. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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He accidentally took someone else’s suitcase from the airport. Q. Have you ever thrown something useful away by accident ? A. Yes, I've trown a telephone number away by accident. Q. Have you ever hurt someone’s feelings by accident ? A. Yes, I've hurt my sister's feelings by accident. Q. Have you ever accidentally taken the wrong train ? A. Yes, I accidentally took the wrong train last week. Q. Where were you trying to go ? A. I was trying to go to Paris. Q. Did you get there eventually ? A. Yes, I got there eventually. Q. Have you ever accidentally drunk someone else’s drink at a party? A. No, I've never accidentally drunk someone else’s drink at a party.

v. to do something on purpose To do something on purpose is the opposite of to do something by accident. eg. I got to work late on purpose in order to miss the meeting. Q. Have you ever missed a meeting on purpose ? A. Yes, I've missed a meeting on purpose. Q. Have you ever made someone angry on purpose ? A. No, I've never made someone angry on purpose. Q. Have you ever done something on purpose and then pretended it was by accident ? A. No, I've never done something on purpose and then pretended it was by accident. adj. clumsy If you are clumsy, you often drop or break things accidentally. Q. Are you a clumsy person ? © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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A. Yes, I'm a clunsy person. Q. Do clumsy people usually break things on purpose ? A. No, clumsy people usually break things accidentally. Q. Would you trust a clumsy person to carry a very valuable vase ? A. No, I wouldn't trust a clumsy person to carry a very valuable vase. Q. Do you know anyone who has always been clumsy ? A. Yes, my father has always been clumsy.

adj. sensible n. common sense (uncountable) If you are a sensible person it means you make the right decisions and you can be trusted with important things. Your common sense is your natural ability to make practical decisions. Q. Are children always sensible ? A. No, children are not always sensible. Q. Are you more sensible now than when you were a teenager ? A. Yes, I'm more sensible now than when I was a teenager. Q. What is it sensible to do before: a. crossing a busy street ? b. going abroad on holiday ? c. sunbathing? Q. What is it sensible to do before crossing a busy street ? A. It's sensible to look both ways before crossing a busy street. Q. What is it sensible to do before going abroad on holiday ? A. It's sensible to buy holiday insurance before going abroad on holiday. Q. What is it sensible to do before sunbathing ? A. It's sensible to use suntan lotion before sunbathing. Q. Could you use your common sense to choose a suitable present for a very young child ? A. Yes, I could use my common sense to choose a suitable present for a very young child. Q. What would you buy ? © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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A. I would buy a toy car. Q. Do you think some people have no common sense ? A. Yes, I think some people have no common sense. 68 Unit 7 We can also use sensible to describe clothes that are suitable for a particular situation. Q. What are the most sensible shoes for: a. playing tennis ? b. walking long distances ? Q. What are the most sensible shoes for playing tennis ? A. Soft trainers are the most sensible shoes for playing tennis. Q. What are the most sensible shoes for walking long distances? A. Thick boots are the most sensible shoes for walking long distances. Q. What are the most sensible clothes to wear in very cold weather? A. A thick jumper and a thick coat are the most sensible clothes to wear in very cold weather.

adj. responsible adj. irresponsible n. responsibility If you are a responsible person, you are sensible and you can be trusted with important things. Q. Are adults more responsible than children ? A. Yes, adults are usually more responsible than children. Q. Are you responsible enough to be trusted with a lot of money ? A. Yes, I'm responsible enough to be trusted with a lot of money. Q. What kind of people have a lot of responsibility ? A. Teachers have a lot of responsibility. Q. Could you cope with the responsibility of looking after a very young child ? A. No, I couldn't cope with the responsibility of looking after a very young child. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. Would it be irresponsible to let a young child play with a knife ? A. Yes, it would be irresponsible to let a young child play with a knife. v. to be responsible for (someone / something) (gerund) If you are responsible for something you are in charge of it. Q. Who is responsible for running your country ? A. Tony Blair is responsible for running my country. Q. Who is responsible for keeping law and order ? A. The police are responsible for keeping law and order. Q. Do you think the government should be responsible for helping the unemployed ? A. Yes, I think the government should be responsible for helping the unemployed. Q. Who do you think is more responsible for a child’s education, their parents or their teachers ? A. I think their parents are more responsible for a child's education. past perfect (2) cause and effect When we want to show the effects of an action in the past we can usually use past simple + past simple if the effect happened very quickly after the cause. eg. She hit me because I was rude to her. I cried because the film was very sad. We often use the past perfect when an action causes or influences another action but the effect does not happen very quickly and there is a time gap between the actions. eg. I broke into my house because I had lost my keys. second action first action In the example above, the first action (losing the keys) causes the second action (breaking into the house) but there is a time gap between the two actions, so we use past simple + past perfect and not past simple + past simple. compare: 1. My teacher shouted at me because I dropped my coffee. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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2. My teacher shouted at me because I hadn’t done my homework properly. 69 Unit 7 exercise Choose the past simple or the past perfect for the verbs in brackets. Remember, each sentence has one verb in the past simple and one in the past perfect. 1. I wasn't ( not to be) hungry when I got to school because I had eaten (to eat) breakfast. 2. I was (to be) very tired after work yesterday because I had slept (to sleep) badly the night before. 3. My teacher punished (to punish) me because I hadn't done (to not do) my homework. Q. Have you ever had to break into your house because you had lost your keys ? A. No, I've never had to break into my house because I'd lost my keys. Q. Have you ever bought anything because you had seen it advertised on television ? A. Yes, I bought a CD player because I'd seen it advertised on television. NB. We don’t use the past perfect when actions happen one after another without influencing each other. Instead, we use the past simple. eg. Yesterday I finished work at 5 o’clock and then I met my friend at a restaurant. After dinner we went for a drink and after that we saw a play at the theatre, and later on we went to a nightclub and danced until sunrise. Compare these sentences : I ate breakfast before I came to school. I had eaten breakfast so I wasn’t hungry when I got to school. We went to the cinema and saw a good film I didn’t go to the cinema because I had already seen the film. Q. Would you resign from a well-paid job if you were treated badly by your employer ? A. Yes, I would resign from a well-paid job if I were treated badly by my employer. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. Do you think it is worth having a private pension ? A. Yes, I think it's worth having a private pension. Q. Why ? / Why not ? A. Because the government pension might not be enough. Q. What is the opposite of doing something on purpose ? A. The opposite of doing something on purpose is accidentally or by accident. Q. What do you intend to do when you finish studying English ? A. I intend to travel around the world when I finish studying English. Q. Have you ever opened someone else’s letter by accident ? A. Yes, I opened my sister's letter by accident last week. Q. Did you read it ? A. No, I didn't read it.


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Unit 8 70 Unit 7 v. to amuse v. to amuse yourself If something amuses you it makes you want to laugh or smile. If you amuse yourself, you do something to stop yourself getting bored. eg. On a long flight I amuse myself by reading. Q. What kind of films amuse you ? A. Comedies amuse me. Q. If you were looking after a young child what could you do to amuse them ? A. If you were looking after a young child, you could read them a story to amuse them. Q. What kind of things do people do to amuse themselves on long journeys ? A. People read magazines and listen to music to amuse themselves on long journeys. Q. Would you be amused if I fell off my chair ? A. Yes, I would be amused if you fell off your chair. adj. amusing adj. hilarious n. comedian If something is amusing it is quite funny. If something is hilarious it is very funny. Q. Give me an example of an amusing film ? A. Bean The Movie is an example of an amusing film. Q. Are comedians always amusing ? A. No, comedians are not always amusing. Q. Who is one of the most famous comedians in your country ? A. Benny Hill is one of the most famous comedians in my country. Q. Do you think he/she is funny ? A. Yes, I think he's very funny. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. Do they sometimes have an amusing story at the end of the news ? A. Yes, they sometimes have an amusing story at the end of the news. Q. Have you ever seen a hilarious film ? A. Yes, I've seen a hilarious film. Q. What would you do if someone told you a hilarious joke ? A. I would laugh if someone told me a hilarious joke. n. programme n. documentary n. reality TV n. current affairs n. sit-com n. soap opera Q. What kind of television programmes do you like watching ? A. I like watching soap operas. Q. Does television in your country show a lot of foreign programmes ? A. Yes, television in my country shows a lot of foreign programmes. Q. What is the main subject of current affairs programmes ? A. The main subject of current affairs programmes is recent news. Q. What kind of documentaries are shown on television ? A. Documentaries about wildlife are often shown on television. n. channel Q. How many channels are there in your country ? A. There are 5 channels in my country. Q. Which is your favourite ? A. BBC1 is my favourite. Q. Are there any channels which only show cartoons ? A. No, there aren't any channels which only show cartoons. Q. What do we use to change channel ? A. We use a remote control to change channel. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999 Unit 8 71 © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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n. sight n. sound A sight is something you see. A sound is something you hear. Q. Do you think the sun rising over the mountains is a beautiful sight ? A. Yes, I think the sun rising over the mountains is a beautiful sight. Q. Do all birds make a nice sound ? A. No, not all birds make a nice sound. Q. Do you like the sound of your alarm clock in the morning ? A. No, I don't like the sound of my alarm clock in the morning. Q. What sound does a dog make ? A. A dog goes woof. adj. blind adj. deaf A blind person cannot see. A deaf person cannot hear. Q. What can’t a blind person do ? A. A blind person can't see. Q. What can’t a deaf person do ? A. A deaf person can't hear. Q. How do deaf people communicate ? A. Deaf people communicate by using sign language. Q. What kind of animals are often used to guide blind people ? A. Dogs are often used to guide blind people. v. to rhyme n. rhyme When two words rhyme, they end with the same sound. life - wife cough - off law - bore chair - wear paid - made through - shoe © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. Do lyrics usually rhyme ? A. Yes, lyrics ususally rhyme. Q. What about poems ? A. No, poems don't always rhyme. Q. Do these words rhyme ? a. her – hair A. No. b. said – paid A. No. c. beer – here A. Yes. d. food – stood A. No. e. angry – hungry A. No. f. feet – fit A. No. g. zoo – through A. Yes. h. eyes – size A. Yes. exercise Write words which rhyme with : 1. fill – bill 2. book – shook 3. sheep – steep 4. law – bore 5. walk – fork 6. word – bird 7. cough – off 8. through – zoo n. rhythm Q. What kind of music usually has a fast rhythm ? A. Dance music usually has a fast rhythm. Q. Do you have to have rhythm to be a good dancer ? A. Yes, you have to have rhythm to be a good dancer. Q. Does the rhythm of a train make you sleepy ? A. Yes, the rhythm of a train makes me sleepy. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999 © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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72 Unit 8 v. to beat n. score beat beaten The verb to beat has three meanings. 1. to win eg. England usually beat Scotland at football. Q. Which was the last country to beat yours in football ? A. Brazil was the last country to beat mine in football. Q. What was the score ? A. 3:0 (three: nil) to Brazil. 2. to hit someone / something very hard Q. Is it legal for teachers to beat children at school in your country ? A. No, it's illegal for teachers to beat children at school in my country. Q. Which musical instruments are beaten ? A. The drums are beaten. n. heart n. lungs 3. the action of the heart Q. What parts of the body get damaged by smoking ?* A. The lungs get damaged by smoking. Q. What kind of things make your heart beat faster ? A. Running makes your heart beat faster. Q. How many times does the heart beat in a minute ?* A. The heart beats about 60 times in a minute. phr v. to beat up If someone beats you up they hit and punch you a lot. Q. What kind of children beat up smaller children ? © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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A. Bullies beat up smaller children. Q. In what kind of sports are people paid to beat each other up ? A. People are paid to beat each other up in boxing. n./adj. paranormal n. ghost/spirit n. monster n. U.F.O. If we talk about the paranormal or describe something as paranormal we mean ideas or things that might exist but which can’t be explained or proved by science. Q. Do you believe in the paranormal ? A. Yes, I believe in the paranormal. Q. Do you think people are more interested in the paranormal than they used to be ? A. Yes, I think people are more interested in the paranormal than they used to be. Q. Are children afraid of monsters ? A. Yes, most children are afraid of monsters. Q. Give me an example of a famous monster ? A. King Kong is an example of a famous monster. Q. Do you believe that it really exists ? A. No, I don't believe that it really exists. Q. Have you ever seen a ghost ? A. No, I've never seen a ghost. Q. Would you like to see one ? A. Yes, I would like to see one. Q. What is a UFO ? A. A UFO is an Unidentified Flying Object. Q. Do you think people who say they have seen a UFO are telling the truth ? A. No, I don't think people who say they've seen a UFO are telling the truth. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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© Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999 Unit 8 73 n. the media (uncountable) Q. What are the different areas of the media ? A. The different areas of the media are newspapers, television and radio. Q. Would you like to work in the media ? A. Yes, I would like to work in the media. Q. In what area ? A. In television. Q. Are any parts of the media controlled by the government in your country ? A. Yes, newspapers are controlled by the government in my country. Q. Which part of the media do you think has the most influence ? A. I think newspapers and television have the most influence. v. to criticise n. criticism If you criticise someone, you make a negative judgement about them. A criticism is usually a negative judgement. Q. Do you think criticism is good for children ? A. No, I don't think criticism is good for children. Q. Who is often criticised in the newspapers ? A. Politicians are often criticised in the newspapers. Q. Why is it worth listening to criticism ? A. It's worth listening to criticism because you might learn something. Q. Can criticism sometimes be really useful ? A. Yes, criticism can sometimes be really useful. v. to review n. critic / reviewer To review means to give a professional judgement about a book film or play. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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A critic writes reviews. Q. Do you read film reviews ? A. Yes, I sometimes read film reviews. Q. Do they influence your choice of films ? A. Yes, they influence my choice of films. Q. If you could be a critic, what kind of things would you review ? A. If I could be a critic, I would review new films. Q. Do you know any films which have been successful despite bad reviews ? A. Yes, Titanic has been successful despite bad reviews. Q. Do you prefer sensible or fashionable clothes ? A. I prefer sensible clothes. Q. What are the basic responsibilities of parents ? A. The basic responsibilities of parents are to look after their children. Q. Which kind of television programmes amuse you the most ? A. Sit-coms amuse me the most. Q. Can your radio receive foreign language programmes ? A. Yes, my radio can receive foreign language programmes.

adv. even + subject / object + verb We use even for emphasis. It often expresses the fact that something is unusual or a surprise. eg. Even English teachers sometimes make spelling mistakes. All the children got a prize in the spelling competition, even Mark who didn’t get any right. Nobody likes my cooking, not even my dog. He is so rude. He didn’t even say thank you when I gave him his present. Q. Which games are so simple that even children can play them ? A. Board games are so simple that even children can play them. Q. Do even rich people want to win the lottery ? © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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A. Yes, even rich people want to win the lottery. 74 Unit 8 Q. Do you think that even computers sometimes make mistakes ? A. Yes, I think that even computers sometimes make mistakes.

even + comparative London is a very big city, but some Asian and South American cities are even bigger. Q. Can you think of anyone who is even richer than the Queen of England ? A. Yes, Bill Gates is even richer than the Queen of England. Q. What is the hottest country you have ever been to ? A. Brazil is the hottest country I've ever been to. Q. Can you think of a country that is even hotter ? A. Yes, Egypt is even hotter than Brazil. Q. Are you worried that there will be even more unemployment and crime in the future ? A. Yes, I'm worried that there will be even more unemployment and crime in the future.

even if We use even with conditional constructions to show that we will do something despite having a reason not to do it. eg. We will go on a picnic even if it is cold and wet. I would always help my friends even if they were in trouble with the police. We usually use even if with negative conditions to show that we won’t do something despite having a reason to do it. We can use even if with all the conditional constructions you have studied. eg. 0 conditional: I never drink alcohol even if it’s my birthday. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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1st conditional: I won’t pass the exam even if I study all night. 2nd conditional: I wouldn’t buy a Rolls-Royce even if I could afford one. 3rd conditional: I wouldn’t have hit him even if he had hit me. Q. Do you think it is better not to criticise your friends’ taste in clothes even if it is really bad ? A. Yes, I think it is better not to criticise your friends’ taste in clothes even if it's really bad. Q. Can you have a good time at a party even if you don’t know anyone ? A. Yes, you can have a good time at a party even if you don’t know anyone. Q. Would you go to your best friend’s wedding even if you felt really ill ? A. Yes, I would go to your best friend’s wedding even if I felt really ill. Q. Do you try to keep up with the news from your country even if you are living abroad ? A. Yes, even if I'm living abroad, I try to keep up with the news from your country. If you answer negatively to these questions, use even if in your answer. Q. Would you pay more for your lessons if the furniture were more comfortable ? A. No, I wouldn't pay more for my lessons even if the furniture were more comfortable. Q. Would you clean my shoes if I paid you ? A. Even if you paid me, I wouldn't clean your shoes. Q. Would you dye your hair if you started going grey ? A. Yes, I would dye my hair if I started going grey.

adj. ordinary adj. special If something is special it is different, more important or better than usual. If something is ordinary, it is normal and no different from usual. eg. English people eat special food at Christmas. An ordinary English house has two floors and a small garden. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. Which days of the year are special ? A. Christmas Day and my birthday are special days of the year. Q. What kind of people need special care and attention ? A. Young children need special care and attention. Unit 8 75 Q. Are you doing anything special this weekend ? A. No, I'm not doing anything special this weekend. Q. Do you wear ordinary clothes to : a. a party ? b. school ? c. a job interview ? Q. Do you wear ordinary clothes to a party ? A. No, I don't wear ordinary clothes to a party. Q. Do you wear ordinary clothes to school ? A. Yes, I wear ordinary clothes to a school. Q. Do you wear ordinary clothes to a job interview ? A. No, I don't wear ordinary clothes to a job interview. Q. Do ordinary houses in your country have: a. a garage ? b. an attic ? c. more than one bathroom ? Q. Do ordinary houses in your country have a garage ? A. Yes, ordinary houses in my country have a garage. Q. Do ordinary houses in your country have an attic ? A. Yes, ordinary houses in my country have an attic. Q. Do ordinary houses in your country have more than one bathroom ? A. No, ordinary houses in my country don't have more than one bathroom.

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If something is simple it is easy to understand or do. Complicated is the opposite. Q. Are computers complicated machines ? A. Yes, computers are complicated machines. Q. Do you think they are simple to use ? A. Yes, I think they're quite simple to use. Q. Give me an example of: a. a game with complicated rules b. a complicated construction in English Q. Give me an example of a game with complicated rules. A. Chess is an example of a game with complicated rules. Q. Give me an example of a complicated construction in English. A. The Tird Conditional is an example of a complicated construction in English. Q. Give me an example of a simple meal. A. Cheese on toast an example of a simple meal. Q. Do you agree that the best ideas are often the most simple ? A. Yes, I agree that the best ideas are often the most simple. Q. Is running a business more complicated in practice than in theory ? A. Yes, running a business is more complicated in practice than in theory. Q. Can you think of a game that is so simple that even young children can play it ? A. Yes, noughts and crosses is a game that's so simple that even young children can play it.

n. film industry n. director n. plot n. special effects Q. Which place in the USA is famous for its film industry ? A. Hollywood is famous for its film industry. Q. Give me an example of: © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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a. a famous film director. b. a film director from your country Q. Give me an example of a famous film director. A. Steven Spielberg is an example of a famous film director. Q. Give me an example of a film director from your country. A. Luc Besson is an example of a film director from my coutry. Q. What kind of films have a lot of special effects ? A. Action ans sceince-fiction films have a lot of special effects. Q. Do action films usually have a complicated plot ? A. No, action films don't usually have a complicated plot. Q. Give me an example of a film with : a. a complicated plot. b. a simple plot. Q. Give me an example of a film with a complicated plot. A. The Usual Suspects is an example of a film with a complicated plot. Q. Give me an example of a film with a simple plot. A. Rocky is an example of a film with a simple plot. Q. If they made a film of your life, would it have a simple or a complicated plot ? A. If they made a film of my life, it would have a complicated plot.

v./n. plant n. crop n. lawn n. pitch Q. What sports are played on a pitch ? A. Football and cricket are played on a pitch. Q. Do most gardens have lawns in your country ? A. Yes, most gardens have lawns in my country. Q. Have you ever planted any trees or flowers ? A. Yes, I've planted some flowers. Q. In what season do farmers plant their crops ? A. Farmers plant their crops in spring. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. What are some common crops in your country ? A. Carrots and onions are common crops in my country. 76 Unit 8

n. floor n. ground n. ground floor Q. Where do potatoes grow ? A. Potatoes grow in the ground. Q. Which animals live under the ground ? A. Moles live under the ground. Q. What is the difference between the floor and the ground ? A. The difference between the floor and the ground is that the floor is inside and the ground is outside. Q. How many floors does this building have ? A. This building has 3 floors. Q. Which one are we on ? A. We are on the second floor. Q. What can usually be found on the ground floor of a hotel ? A. The reception can usually be found on the ground floor of a hotel.

v. to lift n. lift n. escalator Q. Are you strong enough to lift this table ? A. Yes, I'm strong enough to lift that table. Q. What kind of animal is strong enough to lift a tree ? A. An elephant is strong enough to lift a tree. Q. Is it worth using a lift to go up one floor ? A. No, it isn't worth using a lift to go up one floor. Q. Do you wish this building had a lift ? A. Yes, I wish this building had a lift. Q. What kind of buildings have escalators ? A. Department stores often have escalators. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. If I asked you for a lift, what would I want ? A. If you asked me for a lift, you would want me to take you somewhere in my car.

n. barbecue n. picnic = outdoor meal upstairs downstairs indoor(s) outdoor(s) Q. Are we upstairs or downstairs ? A. We're upstairs. Q. What do we call a meal we eat outdoors ? A. We call a meal we eat outdoors a picnic. Q. What do we call a meal we cook outdoors ? A. We call a meal we eat outdoors a barbecue. Q. What kind of rooms are usually found upstairs in a house ? A. Bedrooms are usually found upstairs in a house. Q. Do you know a good place for a picnic near here ? A. No, I don't know a good place for a picnic near here.

v. to slip* adj. slippery v. to slide n. slide Q. What is the difference between slip and slide ? A. The difference between slip and slide is that slip is by accident and slide is on purpose. Q. Have you ever slipped over in the street ? A. No, I've never slipped over in the street. Q. What kind of animals feel slippery ? A. Frogs feel slippery. Q. When is the ground slippery ? A. The ground is slippery when it's very icy. Q. What kind of animals slide along the ground ? A. Snakes slide along the ground. Q. Where would you find a children’s slide ? © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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A. You would find a children’s slide in the playground. 77 Unit 8

n. position v. to position A position is the place where someone or something is. If you position something, you put it in a particular place. Q. Why might someone be in a kneeling position ? A. Someone might be in a kneeling position if they were praying. Q. If you won a silver medal in a race, what position would you have finished in ? A. If you won a silver medal in a race, you would've finished in the second position. Q. In what sport do you position the ball carefully before hitting it with a club ? A. You position the ball carefully before hitting it with a club in golf. Q. When you have a dinner party, do you position your guests carefully ? A. Yes, when I have a dinner party, I position my guests carefully.

n. level We use the word level to describe the measurement of something. eg. You are studying intermediate level English. The police can check the level of alcohol in your blood. Q. What level of English are you studying ? A. I'm studying intermediate level English. Q. Has your level of English improved since you started studying at this school ? A. Yes, my level of English has improved since I started studying at this school. Q. Are there any cities in your country that have dangerous levels of air pollution ? A. Yes, Rome has dangerous levels of air pollution. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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adj. level As an adjective, level means at the same height or position. Q. Who wins if the scores are level at the end of a football match ? A. Noone wins if the scores are level at the end of a football match. Q. Are pavements usually level with the road ? A. No, pavements aren't usually level with the road. Q. What do these expressions mean ? a. sea level A. Sea level means the average level of the sea. b. eye-level A. Eye-level means the level of the eyes. c. level-headed A. Level-headed means sensible or calm. by (2) When we say that an action happened by a particular time, it will happen no later than that time. eg. If you send the letter today, it will get there by Monday. (It might get there before Monday, but not later.) By the age of ten, Mozart was a famous musician. (When he was ten he was already famous.) Q. Are you usually in bed by midnight ? A. Yes, I'm usually in bed by midnight. Q. Are you usually awake by 8 o’clock ? A. Yes, I'm usually awake by 8 o'clock. Q. Have most people stopped growing by the age of twenty ? A. Yes, most people have stopped growing by the age of twenty. Q. Can you think of anyone who was already rich by the age of twenty ? A. Yes, Michael Jackson was already rich by the age of twenty. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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by the time + clause eg. By the time you finish your homework, dinner will be ready. (Your dinner will be ready at about the same time you finish your homework.) We were late so by the time we got to the cinema, the film had already started. Q. Will it be dark by the time you get home ? A. Yes, it'll be dark by the time I get home. Q. Are most people married by the time they are forty ? A. Yes, most people are married by the time they are forty. 78 Unit 8 Q. Have most babies learnt to talk by the time they are two ? A. Yes, most babies have learnt to talk by the time they are two. Q. Do you think that by the time they retire, most people are too old to enjoy their freedom ? A. Yes, I think that by the time they retire, most people are too old to enjoy their freedom.

the future perfect construction : subject + will + have + past participle We use the the future perfect to say an action will finish or happen before a particular time in the future. We normally use by or by the time with this tense. eg. If you don’t hurry up the film will have started by the time we get to the cinema. I haven’t finished that letter yet but I will have posted it by this evening so they will have received it by this time next week. Q. Give me an example of something most people will have done by the time they are : a. 18 b. 30 © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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c. 70. Q. Give me an example of something most people will have done by the time they are 18. A. Most people will have tried alcohol by the time they are 18. Q. Give me an example of something most people will have done by the time they are 30. A. Most people will have had a job by the time they are 30. Q. Give me an example of something most people will have done by the time they are 70. A. Most people will have retired by the time they are 70. Q. Will we have finished this book by the end of the week ? A. No, we won't have finished this book by the end of the week. Q. What about by the end of next month ? A. Yes, I think we will have finished this book by the end of next month. Q. Will you have completed your course by the end of the year ? A. I will have completed my course by the end of the year. exercise Fill in the gaps using the future perfect. 1. We are planning a big party in July because Paul will have finished (to finish) his exams by then. 2. The company is doing very well. We will have made (to make) a large profit by the end of the year. 3. I’m sending the information tonight, so they will have received (to receive) it by early next week. 4. If we don’t leave now, the film will have started (to start) by the time we get there.

phr v. to be made out of n. iron n. brick n. concrete n. steel Q. What kind of things are made out of: a. bricks ? b. concrete ? © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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c. steel ? Q. What kind of things are made out of bricks ? A. Houses are made out of bricks. Q. What kind of things are made out of concrete ? A. Roads are made out of concrete. Q. What kind of things are made out of steel ? A. Bridges are made out of steel. Q. Do you find that most concrete buildings are ugly ? A. I find that most concrete buildings are ugly. Q. What are traditional houses in your country made out of ? A. Traditional houses in my country are made out of bricks. Q. What is this building made out of ? A. This building is made out of bricks.

n. fence n. gate n. lock n. bar Q. How many locks do you have on your front door ? A. I have two locks on my front door. Q. What is the difference between a wall and a fence ? A. The difference between a wall and a fence is that a wall is usually made of bricks or concrete and a fence is usually made of wood or metal. 79 Unit 8 Q. What kind of buildings are protected by a high fence ? A. Prisons are usually protected by a high fence. Q. What is the difference between a door and a gate ? A. The difference between a door and a gate is that a door is usually in a wall and a gate is usually in a fence. Q. What kind of buildings have bars across their windows ? A. Prisons have bars across their windows.


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v. to chase phr v. to run away v. to jump Q. What kind of animals chase cats ? A. Dogs chase cats. Q. What kind of animals are chased by cats ? A. Mice are chased by cats. Q. Would you run away from : a. a cat ? b. a tiger ? Q. Would you run away from a cat ? A. No, I wouldn't run away from a cat. Q. Would you run away from a tiger ? A. Yes, I would run away from a tiger. Q. In which sports is the ability to jump an advantage ? A. The ability to jump is an advantage in basketball. Q. In what kind of films are there often car chases ? A. There are often car chases in action films. Q. If I said that a loud noise made me jump, what would I mean ? A. If you said that a loud noise made you jump, you would mean it frightened you.

v. to block n. block n. hole If you block a hole up, you put something in it to close it. eg. They blocked up the hole in the wall with concrete. Q. In which sport do you hit a ball into a hole in the ground ? A. You hit a ball into a hole in the ground in golf. Q. What kind of food has holes in it ? A. Ring doughnuts and cheese have holes in them. Q. What can cause: a. a blocked up sink ? b. a blocked up nose ? © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. What can cause a blocked up sink ? A. Hair and pieces of food can cause a blocked up sink. Q. What can cause a blocked up nose ? A. The flu can cause a blocked up nose. Q. Why would someone block out a bad experience or memory ? A. Someone would want to block out a bad experience or memory because they don't want to remember it. Q. What are the following: a. an office block ? A. An office block is a building full of offices. b. a block of flats ? A. A block of flats is a building full of flats. c. a mental block ? A. A mental block is when you can't remember something for a short time.


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n. agreement n. contract An agreement is a decision made between two people, companies or countries. A contract is a written agreement which has to be signed. Q. Has your country made any agreements with other countries ? A. No, my country hasn't made any agreements with other countries. Q. Have you ever made an agreement that you regretted afterwards? A. No, I've never made an agreement that I regretted afterwards. Q. Do people usually sign a contract when they start a new job ? A. Yes, people usually sign a contract when they start a new job. Q. Do you always read a contract carefully before you sign it ? A. Yes, I always read a contract carefully before I sign it. v. to deal in n. dealer dealt dealt If you deal in something, you buy and sell it. Some people deal drugs or arms illegally. Q. Which famous computer company deals in software ? A. Microsoft deals in software. Q. What would be a good thing to deal in if you wanted to make money fast ? A. If you wanted to make money fast, stocks and shares would be a good thing to deal in. Q. Do you think drug dealing is a serious crime ? A. Yes, I think drug dealing is a serious crime. Q. What is suitable punishment for drug dealers ? A. I think imprisonment is a suitable punishment for drug dealers. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. What do people deal in at a stock exchange ? A. People deal in stocks and shares at a stock exchange.

n. deal v. to make a deal v. to do a deal Q. Do you think all business deals are honest ? A. No, I don't think all business deals are honest. Q. What do business people sign after doing a deal ? A. Business people sign a contract after doing a deal. Q. If you paid £10,000 for an old computer, would it be a good deal or a bad deal ? A. If you paid £10,000 for an old computer, it would be a bad deal.

phr v. to deal with If a situation needs attention and you give it your attention, you deal with it. eg. A lawyer deals with legal problems. Q. Who would deal with your legal problems ? A. A lawyer would deal with your legal problems. Q. Would you enjoy a job where you had to deal with the public all day ? A. No, I wouldn't enjoy a job where I had to deal with the public all day. Q. How would you deal with: a. a baby that wouldn’t stop crying ? A. I would deal with a baby that wouldn’t stop crying by singing to it. b. a friend who was depressed ? A. I would deal with a friend who was depressed by buying them a drink. c. a person who suddenly felt ill ? A. I would deal with a person who suddenly felt ill by phoning for an ambulance. 81 Unit 9 Q. Are you good at dealing with problems when you are in a bad mood ? © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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A. No, I'm not good at dealing with problems when I'm in a bad mood. Q. Is it better to deal with bad experiences instead of blocking them out ? A. Yes, it's better to deal with bad experiences instead of blocking them out.

n. speech n. lecture Q. Have you ever made a speech ? A. Yes, I have made a speech. Q. What was it about ? A. American history. Q. How many people were listening ? A. About 50 people were listening. Q. Who traditionally makes a wedding speech in your country ? A. The best man and the father of the bride traditionally make a wedding speech in my country. Q. Where would you go to hear a lecture ? A. I would go to university to hear a lecture. Q. Have you ever fallen asleep during a boring lecture ? A. Yes, I have fallen asleep during a boring lecture. n. subject The subject of a conversation or an article is the thing we are talking or writing about. Q. What kind of subjects are popular in women’s magazines ? A. Fashion and relationships are popular in women’s magazines. Q. Have you ever written an article ? A. Yes, I've written an article. Q. On what subject ? A. On the problem of homeless people in London.


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Q. Do you prefer amusing articles or ones that deal with serious subjects ? A. I prefer amusing articles. Q. Why might someone change the subject of a conversation ? A. Someone might change the subject of a conversation because they are very bored.

v. to discuss n. discussion n. debate A discussion is talking or writing about a particular subject. A debate is like a formal argument about a particular subject, often ending in a vote or a decision. Q. What kind of subjects are discussed in teenage magazines ? A. Fashion and relationships are discussed in teenage magazines. Q. Who do you discuss your most private problems with ? A. I discuss my most private problems with my best friend. Q. Do they have political discussions on television ? A. Yes, they have political discussions on television. Q. Did you ever have debates at school ? A. Yes, we often had debates at school. Q. Do you think political debates are boring ? A. No, I don't think political debates are boring.

adj. enthusiastic n. enthusiasm If someone is enthusiastic about something, they show that they find it very interesting and enjoyable. Q. Do you think that students learn faster if they have enthusiasm for the subject ? A. Yes, I think that students learn faster if they have enthusiasm for the subject. Q. Are you as enthusiastic now as you used to be about your birthday ? © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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A. No, I'm not as enthusiastic now as I used to be about my birthday. Q. What do we call someone who follows a particular team or sport with enthusiasm ? A. We call someone who follows a particular team or sport with enthusiasm a fan. 82 Unit 9

adj. keen expr. to be keen on something expr. to be keen to do something If you are keen on something, you really enjoy doing it. If you are keen to do something, you want to do it as quickly as possible. Q. What kind of books are you keen on reading ? A. I'm keen on reading biographies. Q. What kind of television programmes are children keen on ? A. Childen are keen on cartoons. Q. What places in your country are tourists usually keen to visit ? A. Tourists are usually keen to visit the Eiffel Tower. Q. Which country are you most keen to visit ? A. I'm most keen to visit Australia. Q. Are you keen to finish this book ? A. Yes, I'm keen to finish this book.

n. addiction n. addict adj. addicted (to) eg. If you are addicted to smoking you can’t give it up even if you really try. Q. Which drugs and medicines can people become addicted to ? A. People can become addicted to alcohol and nicotine. Q. What is an alcoholic addicted to ? A. An alcoholic is addicted to alcohol.


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Q. Do you think drug addiction causes serious social problems ? A. Yes, I think drug addiction causes serious social problems. Q. If you found out that someone you knew was a drug addict, would you try to help them ? A. Yes, if I found out that someone I knew was a drug addict, I would try to help them. If someone is very enthusiastic and keen on something we can say they are addicted. Q. Do you know anyone who is addicted to : a. chocolate A. Yes, my young sister is addicted to chocolate. b. television A. Yes, my brother is addicted to television. c. computer games A. Yes, I'm addicted to computer games.

n. obsession adj. obsessed (with) If you are obsessed with something, you can’t stop thinking about it. Q. What kind of things are teenagers obsessed with ? A. Teenagers obsessed with relationships and fashion. Q. What idea is a very jealous person obsessed with in a relationship? A. A very jealous person is obsessed with an idea that their girlfriend or boyfriend is having an affair. Q. Do you know anyone who is obsessed with money ? A. No, I don't know anyone who is obsessed with money. Q. What do we call someone who is obsessed with their appearance? A. We call someone who is obsessed with their appearance vain.

v. to wish (2) Remember, we use wish + subject + past tense to express a regret about a present situation. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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eg. I wish I had enough time to go on holiday. I will miss you when I move to America. I wish you were coming with me. To talk about situations in the past that you regret, we use : wish + had + past participle eg. I wish I hadn’t bought this watch, it is always stopping. I wish I had studied French instead of German at school. Q. What does someone who has failed an exam wish ? A. Someone who has failed an exam wishes that they had studied harder. Q. Which team do you wish had won the last world cup ? A. I wish Brazil had won the last world cup. 83 Unit 9 Q. Is there anyone you wish you had never met ? A. No, there isn't anyone I wish I had never met. Q. Is there anything you wish you had done when you were younger? A. Yes, I wish I had studied harder at school when I was younger. wish + subject + would We use this construction when we want something to change but we know it probably won’t soon. eg. I wish you would clean the bath after you use it. I wish it would stop raining. Q. Do you wish your teachers would speak more slowly ? A. Yes, I wish my teachers would speak more slowly. Q. Do you wish your friends would call you more often ? A. Yes, I wish my friends would call me more often. Q. Tell us about someone’s annoying habit using the construction ‘wish + would’. A. I wish my father would stop smoking. Q. What is the difference between these two sentences : a. I hope my boss will give me a pay rise. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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b. I wish my boss would give me a pay rise. A. 'I hope my boss will give me a pay rise' means that there is a chance that he will but 'I wish my boss would give me a pay rise' means it probably won't happen.

adj. aware to be aware of something to be aware that + clause If you are aware of something, you know that it is happening. eg. He was aware that driving without a seat belt was illegal. The government is aware of the problem of unemployment. Q. Are you aware of the rules of this school ? A. Yes, I'm aware of the rules of this school. Q. Are young people aware of your country’s traditions ? A. Yes, young people are aware of my country’s traditions. Q. Why do people smoke even though they are aware of the dangers ? A. People smoke even though they are aware of the dangers because they are addicted. Q. Do you think that English people are aware of how difficult English is for foreigners ? A. No, I don't think English people are aware of how difficult English is for foreigners. Q. Should a computer screen be positioned above the level of your eyes ? A. No, a computer screen should be positioned at eye-level. Q. What kind of buildings have large gates outside ? A. Famous people's houses have large gates outside. Q. What kind of animals run away when people go near them ? A. Foxes and rabbits run away when people go near them. Q. What kind of people have to get used to making regular speeches ? A. Politicians have to get used to making regular speeches.


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v. to represent n. ambassador eg. An ambassador represents his/her country abroad. Our company was represented by Andrew Forbes at the meeting. NB. to represent is often used in the passive voice. Q. Who represents your country abroad ? A. An ambassador represents my country abroad. Q. Have you ever represented your school or university in a competition ? A. Yes, I represented my school at cricket. Q. Who would represent your country at a very high-level international meeting ? A. The President would represent my country at a very high-level international meeting. 84 Unit 9

n. symbol n. sign A symbol is a simple picture which represents a word, an idea, an organization or a religion. eg. The Olympic symbol is five colored circles linked together. A sign can be found in the street or on a wall in a building. It gives us information. eg. A no-smoking sign is usually a cigarette in a red circle with a line through it. A sign can also be anything that shows us something is going to happen. eg. Dark clouds are usually a sign of rain. New leaves on trees is usually the first sign of spring. Q. Can you describe the road sign which tells you that you must stop at a main road ? A. Yes, it's a red hexagon with STOP written in white letters.


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Q. What are the first signs of : a. flu ? A. The first signs of flu are a sore throat and a blocked nose. b. spring ? A. The first signs of spring are blossom on the trees and the weather getting warmer. c. someone getting angry ? A. The first signs of someone getting angry are a read face and a loud voice. Q. What is the symbol of: a. the Christian religion ? A. A cross is the symbol of the Christian religion. b. peace ? A. A dove is the symbol of peace. c. love ? A. A heart is the symbol of love. Q. What is the chemical symbol for water ? A. The chemical symbol for water H2 O. Q. What kind of people communicate using sign language ? A. Deaf people communicate using sign language.

n. trademark n. brand name A trademark is a symbol or words that represent a company. A brand name is a particular company name such as Levis, Ford or Coca-Cola. Q. Which companies have famous trademarks ? A. MacDonald's and Mercedes Benz have famous trademarks. Q. Do you prefer any particular brand name when buying: a. clothes A. Yes, I prefer Levis when buying clothes. b. perfume A. Yes, I prefer Calvin Klein when buying perfume. c. beer A. Yes, I prefer Budweiser when buying beer. Q. Do you think it is worth paying more for famous brand names ? A. Yes, I think it's worth paying more for famous brand names. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. Does this school have a trade mark ? A. Yes, this school has a trade mark. It's a big letter A.

adv. hardly Hardly is a negative adverb. We use it to mean almost not or almost nothing. eg. The film was so boring that I hardly remember anything. (almost nothing) We hardly ever eat in restaurants. (almost never) Hardly anyone bought a ticket for the party. (almost no one) NB. Hardly is not the adverb of the adjective hard. compare: He works hard. (He works a lot.) He hardly works. (He almost never works.) Q. Do some people try to lose weight by hardly eating anything ? A. Yes, some people try to lose weight by hardly eating anything. Q. Is that the best way ? A. No, it isn't the best way. Q. Have you got any clothes you hardly ever wear ? A. No, I haven't got any clothes that I hardly ever wear. Q. Have you got any CD’s you hardly ever play ? A. Yes, I hardly ever play my Celine Dion CD. Q. If you went to a party and there was hardly anyone there, would you stay ? A. No, if I went to a party and there was hardly anyone there, I wouldn't stay. 85 Unit 9 Q. Would you lend money to someone you hardly knew ? A. No, I wouldn't lend money to someone I hardly knew. Q. Give me an example of a place where it hardly ever rains. A. It hardly ever rains in Africa.


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adj. absolute adj. total adv. absolutely adv. totally These words are synonyms of complete and completely. Q. Do you know anyone whose kitchen is an absolute mess ? A. Yes, my best friend's kitchen is an absolute mess. Q. Do you think that it is absolutely necessary to know how to use a computer in an office job ? A. Yes, I think it's absolutely necessary to know how to use a computer in an office job. Q. If a total stranger smiled at you on a bus, would you smile back ? A. Yes, if a total stranger smiled at me on a bus, I would smile back. Q. Have you ever promised to do something and then totally forgotten about it ? A. No, I've never promised to do something and then totally forgotten about it.

perfect continuous tenses 1. You have already studied the present perfect continuous construction : have + been + present participle We use this tense to talk about a continuous action that starts sometime in the past and continues to the present. eg. They have been waiting for ten minutes. I’m really tired because I have been playing football all afternoon. 2. the past perfect continuous construction : had + been + present participle This tense is used in the past in the same way as the present perfect continuous is used for the present. eg. They had been waiting ten minutes when the bus finally arrived. I had been looking for a job for 6 months when I finally found that job at MacDonald’s. NB. Remember, we always use past perfect tenses with another action in the past. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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exercise Finish these sentences using the past perfect continuous. 1. The streets were wet because it had been raining. 2. I was very late and my friend had been waiting for an hour when I arrived. 3. He was sacked because he had been stealing money from his company. 4. They had been going out/had been living together for a month when they got married. 86 Unit 9 Answer these questions using the past perfect continuous. Q. How long had you been studying English before you came to this school ? A. I had been studying English for about 2 years before I came to this school. Q. How did you come to school today ? A. I came to school by bus today. Q. How long had you been waiting when your bus/train arrived ? A. I had been waiting for about 10 minutes when my bus arrived. Q. How long had you been looking for a school when you found this one ? A. I had been looking for a school for 2 weeks when I found this one. 3. the future perfect continuous Construction : will + have + been + verb + ing We use this tense for an action that continues until a time in the future. We use the future perfect continuous with time expressions such as when or by the time + clause. eg. I’ve been here since 9 o’clock so I will have been working for 8 hours by the time I leave tonight. exercise Give some information using the future perfect continuous. 1. My son is getting a lot of good experience at the factory, he will have been working there for a year by the end of September. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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2. My grandmother will have been waiting for her operation for two years when she finally goes into hospital next week. 3. I hope he is not tired, he will have been working for ten hours by the time he arrives. Q. How long will you have been studying at this school when your course finally finishes ? A. I will have been studying at this school for 2 years when my course finally finishes. Q. My sister has been working in Japan for 11 months, so how long will she have been working there by this time next month ? A. She will have been working there for 1 year by this time next month.

v. to spoil adj. spoilt n. appetite spoilt spoilt If you spoil something you make it unsatisfying or unsuccessful. eg. The argument between Glen and Paul spoilt the party. Spoilt children are selfish and impatient because their parents give them everything they want. Q. Have you ever spoilt a meal by putting too much salt on it ? A. Yes, I have spoilt a meal by putting too much salt on it. Q. What kind of things can spoil a : a. picnic ? A. Bad weather can spoil a picnic. b. holiday ? A. Bad service at a hotel can spoil a holiday. c. party ? A. A fight can spoil a party. Q. Do you think rich children are more likely to be spoilt than ordinary ones ? A. Yes, I think rich children are more likely to be spoilt than ordinary ones. Q. Do you usually have a big appetite or a small one ? A. I usually have a big appetite.


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Q. What kind of things can you eat between meals without spoiling your appetite ? A. I think you can eat fruit between meals without spoiling your appetite. 87 Unit 9

adj. mature n./adj. grown-up v. to sulk adj. immature adj. childish A mature or grown-up person always behaves like an adult. An immature or childish person behaves like a child sometimes. To sulk means to behave like an angry child because you can’t get what you want. Q. Give me a synonym for adult. A. Grown-up is a synonym for adult. Q. What kind of things do children ask grown-ups to help them with? A. Children ask grown-ups to help them with their homework. Q. Do you think sulking is immature ? A. Yes, I think sulking is immature. Q. Do grown-ups ever sulk ? A. Yes, grown-ups sometimes sulk. Q. Do you ever sulk when you lose an argument ? A. No, I never sulk when I lose an argument. Q. Do you think that teenage girls are more mature than teenage boys ? A. Yes, I think that teenage girls are more mature than teenage boys.

phr v. to fall out with someone phr v. to make up with someone Q. Have you ever fallen out with a good friend ? A. No, I've never fallen out with a good friend. Q. Do children often fall out with each other and then make up again? © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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A. Yes, children often fall out with each other and then make up again. Q. Have you ever helped two friends make up after they had had an argument ? A. Yes, I've helped two friends make up after they'd had an argument. Q. Have any famous couples fallen out recently ? A. Yes, Mick Jagger and Jerry Hall have fallen out recently. Q. Have they made up yet ? A. No, I don't think they've made up yet.

v. to serve n. service Q. Who serves food in a restaurant ? A. Waiters and waitresses serve food in a restaurant. Q. What kind of food is often served with hamburgers ? A. Chips are often served with hamburgers. Q. If you were unsatisfied with the service in a restaurant who would you complain to ? A. If I were unsatisfied with the service in a restaurant, I would complain to the manager. Q. What do we mean by: a. room service ? A. Room service means food and drinks brought to your hotel room. b. motorway services ? A. Motorway services mean places on a motorway where you stop, have a rest and also get something to eat.

v. to include adj. included adj. including eg. The price of your hotel room includes breakfast. When I went to the USA, I visited a lot of famous places including Disneyland and the Grand Canyon. Q. Do prices in supermarkets include tax ? A. Yes, prices in supermarkets include tax. Q. What is usually included in the price of a package holiday ? © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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A. Accommodation and travel are usually included in the price of a package holiday. Q. Are batteries usually included when you buy children’s toys ? A. No, batteries aren't usually included when you buy children’s toys.

adv. immediately If you do something immediately, you do it without delay. Q. When you go to bed, do you always fall asleep immediately ? A. No, when I go to bed, I don't always fall asleep immediately. Q. When you wake up in the morning do you get out of bed immediately ? A. No, when I wake up in the morning, I don't get out of bed immediately. Q. Have you ever done something then immediately wished you hadn’t ? A. Yes, I kissed my best friend's girlfriend last week. 88 Unit 9 expr. as soon as As soon as is an expression we use to link two clauses together. It means ‘immediately after’ or ‘without delay’. Q. Do you always pay bills as soon as you get them ? A. No, I don't always pay bills as soon as I get them. Q. Tell me something you would like to do as soon as possible ? A. I'd like to go on holiday as soon as possible. Q. What should you do as soon as you hear a fire alarm ? A. As soon as you hear a fire alarm, you should look for the nearest exit. phrasal verbs and expressions with leave phr v. to leave behind If you leave something behind, you forget to take it. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. What kind of things are often left behind on buses and trains ? A. Umbrellas and wallets are often left behind on buses and trains. Q. What would you do if you left your wallet behind in a restaurant ? A. If I left my wallet behind in a restaurant, I would phone them and ask them if anyone has found it. to be left behind sometimes means to be slower or less able than someone else. Q. Were there any classes at school where you were left behind by the other students ? A. No, there weren't classes at school where I was left behind by the other students. Q. What should a student do at this school if they are being left behind by the rest of the class ? A. If a student is being left behind by the rest of the class, they should change their level.

phr v. to leave out expr. to feel left out When someone or something is left out, it is not included. Q. If you were planning a trip around the world, which countries would you include and which would you leave out ? A. If I were planning a trip around the world, I would include Brazil, China and Italy and leave out France, Australia and Argentina. Q. If all your friends had a party and didn’t invite you, would you feel left out ? A. If all your friends had a party and didn’t invite me, I would feel left out.

expr. to leave (something/someone) alone n. company If someone is in a bad mood it is better to leave them alone. Q. What do people want when they are feeling lonely ? A. People want company when they're feeling lonely. Q. If you were feeling depressed, would you prefer to have some company or to be left alone ? © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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A. If I were feeling depressed, I would prefer to have some company. Q. What about if you were in a bad mood ? A. If I were in a bad mood, I would prefer to be left alone. Q. In what kind of situation do people like to have company ? A. People like to have company when they go to the pub.

adj. left expr. to be left (over) n. leftovers If something is left, it is not used. If you make too much food for dinner, the extra food is left over. Q. If you make 10 cakes and 7 are eaten, how many are left ? A. If you make 10 cakes and 7 are eaten, 3 are left. Q. If you go on holiday abroad, do you usually have some foreign currency left over afterwards ? A. Yes, if I go on holiday abroad, I usually have some foreign currency left over afterwards. Q. Is there usually food left over from a dinner party ? A. Yes, there is usually food left over from a dinner party. Q. Do you usually throw away leftover food ? A. Yes, I usually throw away leftover food.


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Unit 10 89 Unit 10

other another, (the) other and the others We can use these words before a noun or instead of a noun (ie. as a pronoun). 1. another is usually used with singular nouns a. before a noun eg. Q. Would you like another piece of cake ? b. pronoun A. No thank you, I don’t think I could eat another. Q. Can you speak another foreign language ? A. Yes, I can speak Japanese. Q. Have you ever studied at another English school ? A. No, I've never studies at another English school. Q. If you lost your book, would you buy another ? A. Yes, if I lost my book, I would buy another. 2. the other is used when there is only one more choice or possibility. a. before a noun (after the or a possessive adjective) eg. There are ten English players in the team, the other player is Swedish. b. pronoun (after the or a possessive adjective ) eg. Use this phone, the other isn’t working. Q. Which countries are on the other side of the world from your country ? A. Australia and New Zeland are on the other side of the world from my country. Q. Are you left-handed or right-handed ? A. I'm left-handed. Q. Can you write with the other hand ? A. No, I can't write with the other hand. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. Is one of your feet bigger than the other ? A. No, myfeet are the same size. 3. others plural pronoun only (after the or possessive adjective) eg. I only answered three questions in the exam, the others were too difficult. Q. I am one of your teachers, who are the others ? A. The others are Helen and Martin. Q. England is a European country, tell me some of the others. A. Some of the others are Italy, France, Belgium and Germany. NB. We can say ‘the others’ when we are a talking about the other people in a group. eg. I have met Michael and Angela but I don’t know the others.

n. mortgage n. interest n. deposit A loan for a house is called a mortgage. Q. Do you own your own house ? A. No, I don't own my own house. Q. Can you buy a house with a mortgage in your country ? A. Yes, you buy a house with a mortgage in my country. Q. Do you have to pay interest when you borrow money from a bank ? A. Yes, you have to pay interest when you borrow money from a bank. Q. In what other situations do you have to pay interest ? A. You also have to pay interest when you have a credit card. 90 Unit 10 Q. Do you have to pay a deposit before you rent a flat ? A. Yes, you have to pay a deposit before you rent a flat. Q. Is it cheaper in the long term to rent or buy a house with a mortgage ? A. It's cheaper in the long term to buy a house with a mortgage. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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n. superstition adj. superstitious If you are superstitious, you believe that certain things happen that cannot be explained by science or that certain things are lucky or unlucky. eg. The number 13 is unlucky. If you break a mirror it will bring you seven years bad luck. Q. Are you superstitious ? A. Yes, I'm very superstitious. Q. What animals or numbers are people superstitious about in your country ? A. People are superstitious about the number 13 and black cats in my country. Q. Give me an example of a popular superstition from your country? A. An example of a popular superstition from my country is that it's unlucky to walk under a ladder.

adj. conscious n. consciousness adj. unconscious Conscious means awake. Unconscious means asleep or unaware of what is happening around you. If you are conscious of something, you are aware of it. Q. Are you conscious or unconscious ? A. I'm conscious. Q. Have you ever hit your head so hard that you lost consciousness? A. No, I've never hit my head so hard that I lost consciousness. Q. Are you conscious of the danger every time you fly ? A. Yes, I'm conscious of the danger every time I fly. Q. Are people usaully conscious or unconscious when they have an operation ? © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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A. People are usaully unconscious when they have an operation.

adj. self-conscious If someone feels self-conscious they feel embarrassed or nervous in front of other people. Q. What kind of things make you feel self-conscious ? A. A spot on my nose makes me self-conscious. Q. Do you feel self-conscious when you have just had your hair cut ? A. Yes, I feel self-conscious when I've just had my hair cut. Q. Would you feel self-conscious if you had to make a speech ? A. Yes, I would feel self-conscious if I had to make a speech.

n. brain n. the mind adj. mental The brain is a physical part of your body. The mind is the conscious part of your brain. Q. Do you think that the brain is the most complicated part of the body ? A. Yes, I think the brain is the most complicated part of the body. Q. Do you have an artistic or a scientific mind ? A. I have an artistic mind. Q. Do you think we completely understand how the mind works ? A. No, I don't think we completely understand how the mind works. Q. What kind of things can cause mental problems ? A. Drugs can cause mental problems. 91 Unit 10 Here are some expressions with the word mind: expr. to make up your mind = to make a decision expr. to change your mind = to make a decision then to change it.


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Q. Have you made up your mind about what career you want ? A. No, I haven't made up my mind about what career I want. Q. Have you ever made an important decision and then changed your mind afterwards ? A. No, I've never made an important decision and changed my mind afterwards.

v. to mind 1. to mind if We use to mind if to ask someone if a particular situation is a problem for them. eg. Do you mind if people smoke while you are eating ? Would you mind if your teacher was late for class every day ? NB. If someone asks you a question using to mind, you must answer: ‘No, I don’t mind,’ if you agree. ‘Yes, I (do) mind,’ if you disagree. Q. Do you mind if people smoke while you are eating ? A. Yes, I mind if people smoke while I'm eating. Q. Would your parents mind if you married a foreigner ? A. No, my parents wouldn't mind if I married a foreigner. Q. Do you think the public would mind if the government put taxes up by 10% ? A. Yes, I think the public would mind if the government put taxes up by 10%. 2. to mind if (polite question) We use the verb to mind if when we ask someone politely if we can do something. eg. Would you mind if I opened the window ? Do you mind if I smoke ? Q. Ask me a polite question using to mind + if. A. Do you mind if I open the window? 3. to mind doing (polite question)


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We use to mind + gerund to ask someone to do something in a polite way. eg. Would you mind opening the window? (Could you open the window, please ?) Would you mind smoking outside? Q. Ask me a polite question using to mind + gerund. A. Would you mind helping me with my homework?

expr. I don’t mind. expr. I don’t care. eg. What would you like to do tomorrow ? I don’t mind. polite (I am happy to let you choose.) I don’t care. impolite (I’m not interested in doing anything.) n. psychology n. psychologist adj. Psychological Psychology is the study of the mind. A psychologist studies the mind. Q. What do we call someone who studies the human mind ? A. We call someone who studies the human mind a psychologist. Q. Tell me the name of a famous psychologist. A. Sigmund Freud is a famous psychologist. Q. What kind of psychological problems do people suffer from ? A. People suffer from paranoia and depression. 92 Unit 10 n. conscience Your conscience is the part of your mind that tells you if what you are doing is right or wrong. If someone has a guilty conscience, they feel guilty about something they have done. Q. Have you got a guilty conscience at the moment ? A. No, I haven't got a guilty conscience at the moment. Q. If you stole something, would you suffer from a guilty conscience ? A. Yes, if I stole something, I would suffer from a guilty conscience. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. What kind of things give you a guilty conscience ? A. Breaking other people's things can give you a guilty conscience.

reported speech (2) We have already studied reported speech. However, it is worth looking again at the rules for how to change direct speech into reported speech. Remember: ♦we use said or told as reporting verbs. ♦we do not use speech marks (“ ”) ♦we often change the tense of the sentence ♦pronouns (I, she etc.) often have to change ♦expressions of time often have to change eg. “No one has spoken to me today.” she said. She told me that no one had spoken to her that day. Exercise To practise reported speech again, change these sentences from direct to reported speech. 1. “I am very angry.” he said. He said that he was very angry. 2. “I will be here tomorrow.” the girl told her mother. The girl told her mother that she would be there the next day. 3. “She has eaten all the food again!” he said. He said that she had eaten all the food again. reported questions When we are reporting questions we have to make other changes. 1. to ask we use this verb instead of to say or tell 2. word order Some questions begin with verbs (eg. are you ..., have they ...). When we report questions, the subject goes before the verb, as in a normal sentence. eg. “Where are the keys?” she asked. She asked me where the keys were. (not: where were the keys.) © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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“Where would you like to sit?” he asked. He asked me where I would like to sit.

93 Unit 10 3. do/did We do not use do or did eg. “Where do you live?” He asked me where I lived. 4. if When there is no question word (such as when, how, what, where, etc.), we use if. eg. “Is the photocopier working ?” he asked. He asked if the photocopier was working. “Do you like tomato soup?” he asked. He asked me if I liked tomato soup. exercise Report these questions. 1. “What are you doing?” asked Roger. Roger asked me what I was doing. 2. “Is John in?” the man asked. The man asked if John was in. 3. “Do you want to dance?” she asked. She asked me if I wanted to dance. 4. “Are you going to San Francisco?” he asked. He asked me if I was going to San Francisco. 5. “What is the time?” she asked them. She asked them what the time was. 6. “Have you read the newspaper?” his mother asked him. His mother asked him if he had ever read the newspaper. Q. (to student A) Ask him/her a question with the word what. A. What is your name? Q. (to student B) What did he/she ask you ? A. He asked me what my name was. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. (to student A) Ask him/her a question with the word where. A. Where is you bag? Q. (to student B) What did he/she ask you ? A. He asked me where my bag was. Q. (to student A) Ask him/her a question with Do you... A. Do you like French films? Q. (to student B) What did he/she ask you ? A. He asked me if I liked French films. Q. (to student A) Ask him/her a question with Are you ... A. Are you going back to your country soon? Q. (to student B) What did he/she ask you ? A. He asked me if I was going back to my country soon.

n. fear (of something) adj. terrified adj. terrifying Fear is the noun of afraid If you are terrified of something, you are really frightened of it. Q. What is your greatest fear ? A. My greatest fear is the dark. Q. What kind of animals are people often terrified of ? A. People are often terrified of spiders and snakes. Q. Have you ever had a terrifying experience ? A. No, I've never had a terrifying experience. 94 Unit 10

n. terror n. terrorist n. terrorism Terror means great fear. A terrorist is a person who uses violence and terror, especially for political reasons. Q. Have you ever felt real terror ? A. No, I've never felt real terror. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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Q. Are there any terrorist organisations in your country ? A. Yes, there are some terrorist organisations in my country. Q. What are they fighting for ? A. They are fighting for their freedom. Q. Do you know the names of any foreign terrorist organisations ? A. Yes, ETA and the Tamil Tigers are the names of some foreign terrorist organisations. Q. What would be a mature way to deal with criticism of your work ? A. A mature way to deal with criticism of my work would be to listen to the criticism and then try to do better. Q. And an immature way ? A. An immature way would be to ignore the criticism. Q. Do you think that the people from the countryside are more superstitious than the people from the city ? A. Yes, I think that the people from the countryside are more superstitious than the people from the city. Q. How would you feel if the person you were going to marry changed their mind ? A. If the person I was going to marry changed their mind, I would feel really sad and disappointed.

v. to explode phr v. to blow up n. explosion To explode is intransitive. eg. The bomb exploded at 9 o’clock. To blow up is transitive. eg. The bomb blew up the building it was hidden in. Q. What do terrorists use to get what they want ? A. Terrorists use bombs to get what they want. Q. Why do old buildings get blown up in a city ? A. Old buildings get blown up in a city because they are unsafe. Q. What is the difference between to blow up and to explode ? A. The difference between to blow up and to explode is that blow up is a transitive verb and explode is an intransitive verb. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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v. to scream v. to shake shook shaken Q. When do people scream ? A. People scream when they are really frightened. Q. Have you ever woken up screaming from a nightmare ? A. Yes, I have woken up screaming from a nightmare. Q. When do people’s hands shake ? A. People’s hands shake when they are frightened or nervous. Q. When does a dog shake itself ? A. A dog shakes itself when it's wet. Q. When does the ground shake ? A. The ground shakes when there's an earthquake.

v. to shake your head v. to shake hands Q. What does it mean when someone shakes their head ? A. It means 'no' when someone shakes their head. Q. Is it normal to shake hands when you meet someone new in your country ? A. Yes, it's normal to shake hands when you meet someone new in my country. Q. When doing a business deal, is it better to shake hands or sign a contract ? A. When doing a business deal, I think it's better to sign a contract. 95 Unit 10

n. peace adj. peaceful Q. What is the opposite of war ? A. The opposite of war is peace.


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Q. What organisation tries to find peaceful answers to international problems ? A. The United Nations tries to find peaceful answers to international problems. Q. Do you know a place that is really peaceful ? A. Yes, a quiet park is really peaceful. Q. Do you think there will ever be a time when the whole world will be at peace ? A. No, I don't think there will ever be a time when the whole world will be at peace. Q. In which cities have terrorists exploded bombs ? A. Terrorists have exploded bombs in London. Q. Have you ever screamed during a film at the cinema ? A. No, I've never screamed during a film at the cinema. Q. Do you shake your head to say “no” in your country ? A. Yes, we shake our head to say “no” in my country. Q. Which is more difficult, to go to war or to make peace ? A. To make peace is more difficult than to go to war.


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Irregular Verbs infinitive simple past past participle beat beat beaten blow (up) blew (up) blown up break broke broken burn burnt burnt fall fell fallen forgive forgave forgiven lead led led rise rose risen send sent sent set set set shake shook shaken shoot shot shot sink sank sunk slide slid slid spoil spoilt spoilt strike struck struck


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Phrasal Verbs and Verb Expressions be left over If something is left over, it is not used. be used to If you are used to something, you do it often so it is normal or easy for you. beat up To beat someone up means to hit and punch them a lot. blow up To blow up means to damage or destroy something with an explosion. break into If a burglar breaks into your house, he forces his way in. bring up If you bring up a child, you look after them until they are grown up cope with If you cope with a situation, you deal with it well. deal with If you deal with a situation, you give it your attention. drop (someone) off If you drop someone off, you take them to a place and leave them there. fall out (with) If you fall out with a friend, you don’t like each other any more. feel left out You feel left out if people are doing something that doesn’t include you. get over When you start to feel better after some bad news or an illness, you are getting over it. get used to If you get used to something, it starts off being difficult but becomes easier. go off When an alarm starts ringing, it goes off. go over To go over means to look at or study something again. keep up with If you go at the same speed as another thing, you keep up with it. lead to If something causes another thing to happen, it leads to that thing. leave alone When someone wants to be on their own, you leave them alone. leave behind If you leave someone behind, you don’t take them with you. leave out If you leave someone out, you don’t include them. look forward to If you know there is something in the future that you really want to do, you look forward to it. make (something) up If you invent a story or an excuse, you make it up. make sense If something makes sense, we understand it or belive it is right. make up (with) If you become friends with someone again, after falling out, you make up with them. pick (something) up If you pick something up, you take it from the floor. pick (someone) up If you pick someone up, you collect them and take them somewhere. run away People run away from things they are frightened of. run over If you hit someone in a car, you run them over. tell (someone) off If you criticise someone in an angry way, you tell them off.


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Articles We use the indefinite article (a/an) in the following situations. 1. When we are talking about someone or something for the first time or when we are not talking about a particular thing.* eg. I went to a good restaurant last night. It was a difficult examination. My father has bought a new car. I want to buy a pair of trousers. 2. When we say what someone’s job is. eg. He is a doctor and his wife is a policewoman. 3. In definitions. eg. A potato is a vegetable that grows underground. A tiger is a rare animal. 4. When we are talking about a single thing but we are not counting. eg. I would like a cup of coffee, please. NOT I would like one cup of coffee please. Do you know a good restaurant near here ? I passed my driving test a week ago. He spent an hour doing his homework. We use the definite article (the) in the following situations. 1. When we have already identified the noun we are talking about.* eg. My parents have a dog and a cat. The dog is called Fido and the cat is called Tom. 2. When it is clear from the situation which thing or person we mean. Often because there is only one possibility. eg. I am going shopping in the city centre. Can you turn off the light ? I’ve put the milk in the fridge. Man first landed on the moon in 1969. 3. With buildings, shops and services which we visit regularly, such as supermarkets, banks, pubs, and medical services. compare: My sister works in a bank. I’ve run out of money so I need to go to the bank. eg. I am going to the supermarket. My daughter doesn’t feel well so she is going to see the doctor. I think the library is closed on Saturdays. I often go to the cinema, but I never go to the opera. *see Avalon Book 2, appendix 3

We don’t usually use articles in the following situations. 1. When we talk about things generally we often use plural nouns without an article. This is very common in English. Compare : Dogs are usually bigger than cats. My parents have a dog and a cat. My brother is frightened of spiders. There is a spider in the bath. eg. Airports are very busy places. Young people are more likely to take drugs than old people.


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2. When we are talking about something as a general idea, we don’t use articles. eg. Criminals are sent to prison. When I leave school I want to go to university. Education is an important part of growing up. Art often deals with subjects such as sex, love, jealousy and death. 3. With proper nouns such as continents, countries, cities, regions, mountains, islands or people’s names. eg. I am going to Lake Garda in Italy. Mount Rushmore is in America. However, we do use the definite article with groups of mountains or islands and countries with extra words in their name. eg. the Himalayas, the Bahamas, the People’s Republic of China, the United Kingdom We aslo use the definite article with the names of seas, oceans and rivers. eg. the Atlantic (Ocean), the Mediterranean (Sea), the (River) Nile 4. We don’t usually use articles with the days of the week, months, seasons or years. eg. Monday, February, Spring, 1997 However, when talking about decades or centuries, we use the definite article. eg. the Nineties, the 20th Century


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Modal Verbs Expressing Certainty Modal verbs to express certainty in the present - must and can. We use must and can to say we are certain about something because we have evidence. i. We use must to say that something is true. eg. Peter has been off work for a whole week. He must be quite ill. (I am certain he is quite ill.) ii. We use cannot or can’t to say that something isn’t true. eg. Peter can’t be ill because I saw him playing football this morning. (I am certain he is not ill.) Modal verbs to express certainty in the past - must and can’t. We can use must and can’t to express certainty about the past. construction: must + have + past participle can’t + have + past participle eg. I haven’t got my wallet. I must have left it at home. You can’t have left your wallet at home because you had it in the restaurant. Modal verbs to express possibility in the past - might. Might + have + past participle expresses possibility instead of certainty. eg. He is very late. He must have got lost. = I am certain. He is very late. His car might have broken down. (I am not certain but it is a possibility.) Modal verbs to express obligation in the past - should. When someone did something badly or in the wrong way in the past, we use construction should + have + past participle to tell them a better or correct way to do it. eg. I didn’t understand how to do that exercise. You should have asked your teacher. I hurt my back lifting that wardrobe. You shouldn’t have tried to move it on your own.


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Embedded Questions Questions after ‘Do you know … ?’ When we ask a question that begins ‘Do you know what/where/how many etc. … ?’, the rest of the sentence follows the rules for reported questions: eg. Q. Do you know where the library is ? NOT: Do you know where is the library ? A. Yes, I know where the library is. No, I don’t know where the library is. There are other verbs that follow these rules: understand eg. Q. Do you understand why we are studying this grammar ? A. Yes, I understand why we are studying grammar. find out eg. Q. How can you find out what someone’s phone number is ? hear eg. Q. Did you hear what he just said ? A. Yes, I heard what he just said. see eg. Q. Can you see what is in her bag ? A. No, I can’t see what is in her bag. explain eg. Q. Can you explain what the difference between the past simple and the present perfect is ? A. Yes, I can explain what the difference between the past simple and the present perfect is. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999


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Exercises, Unit 1 102

Unit 1 A. Join the separate parts to make conditional sentences and say which conditional they are (0,1st/2nd ). eg. If I were you, if I cheated in an exam. 1. If people drink too much, they get hangovers. 0 2. If I don’t catch any fish, we won’t have any dinner. 1st 3. People put on weight if they eat too much. 0 4. If she didn’t love you, you wouldn’t get flowers from her. 2nd 5. My dad will kill me if he sees this mess. 1st 6. If I were you, I would talk to a lawyer . 2nd 7. I won’t lend you my car again if you damage it. 1st 8. Dancers lose their abilities if they don’t practise. 0 9. I wouldn’t feel guilty if I cheated in an exam. 2nd 10. You make the boss angry when you are late for work. 0 B. Reported Speech Change from direct speech to reported speech. eg. “I know that I’m too old,” he said. He said that he knew that he was too old. 1. “My sister wrote me a lovely letter,” she said. She said that her sister had written her a lovely letter . 2. “I will call you when I get home,” she said. She said she would call me when she got home. 3. “My new car has been damaged,” he said. He said that his car had been damaged. 4. “I don’t think England will win the game,” said Andy. Andy said that he didn't think England would win the game . 5. “My parents don’t want to buy me a car,” she said. She said that her parents didn't want to buy her a car . 6. “We are very happy that you can come to the event,” they said. They said that they were very happy that we could come to the event. C. First make a sentence with wish, then write a sentence in the second conditional to show how it might be different. e.g. I have to work very hard. I wish I didn’t have to work very hard. If I didn’t have to work very hard, I would spend more time with my family. 1. I can’t cook well. I wish I could cook well. If I could cook well, I would invite my family for a dinner party. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999 Exercises, Unit 1 103 2. I am very poor. I wish I wasn't so poor.


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If I wasn't so poor, I would go on a trip around the world. 3. I have a bad cold. I wish I didn't have a bad cold. If I didn't have a bad cold, I would go for a walk with my friend. 4. That jacket is so expensive. I wish that jacket wasn't so expensive. If that jacket wasn't so expenssive, I would buy it. D. Change these sentences from passive to active, or from active to passive. 1. Someone cleans this room every day. This room is cleaned every day. 2. This room is cleaned (by someone) every day. Someone cleans this room every day. 3. My bicycle was stolen last Sunday. Someone stole my bicycle last Saturday. 4. Someone stole my bicycle last Saturday. My bicycle was stolen last Sunday. 5. Someone broke the stereo two weeks ago. The stereo was broken two weeks ago. 6. A lot of wine is made in this country. They make a lot of wine in this country. 7. Two people were bitten by the dog. The dog bit two people. 8. They will repair the car next Friday. The car will be repaired next Friday. E. Change from direct to reported speech, or from reported to direct speech. eg. “I haven’t seen your keys and don’t have any idea where they are,” she said. She said she hadn’t seen my keys and didn’t have any idea where they were. 1. “I can’t help you but my friend will be able to,” he said. He said that he couldn't help me but his friend would be able to. 2. “My sister has lost her job and is living with me,” he said. He said that his sister had lost her job and was living with him. 3. “I will meet you later if I’m not busy,” she said. She said that she would meet me later if she wasn't busy. 4. “I’m not feeling very well, so I can’t come to work,” he said. He said that he wasn't feeling well, so he couldn't come to work. 5. “I don’t understand why they haven’t told you,” she said. She said that she didn't understand why they hadn't told me. F. Choose the best word(s) 1. He’s so ..................... . He thinks he’s the most intelligent person in the world. a. selfish b. boast c. big-headed d. temper 2. He never stops ..................... about how much money he has. a. to tell b. boasting c. to boast d. telling 3. It isn’t a good time to ask him because he’s in a horrible ..................... . a. situation b. feeling c. behaviour d. mood 4. Sometimes, he’s such ..................... that I have to laugh. a. stupid b. a stupid c. silly d. an idiot 5. She always behaves so ..................... because she thinks she’s more important.


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a. big-headed b. pigheaded c. arrogantly d. boast 6. She ..................... with the students and left the room a. gets angry b. shouted a lot c. lost her temper d. broke her mood 7. He’s so ..................... that he doesn’t share anything with anyone. a. stubborn b. modest c. selfish d. stupid 8. The journalist ..................... the news story. a. boasted b. lied c. exaggerated d. said G. Sentence Transformations 1. The weather was so bad that there were a lot of accidents. (were) A lot of accidents were caused by the bad weather. 2. I lost my temper because he was so arrogant. (behaviour)His arrogant behaviour made me lose my temper. 3. Crime is sometimes caused by unemployment. (causes) Unemployment is one of the causes of crime. 4. I didn’t want to play sport, but my teacher said that I had to. (force) My teacher used force to make me play/forced me to play sport. 5. My teachers didn’t encourage me enough at school. (get) I didn’t get enough encouragement from my teachers at school. 105 H. Choose the right word. 1. He is very modest and never .................................................... about his well-paid job. a. tells b. speaks c. boasts d. big-headed 2. Sometimes my .................................................... changes with the weather. a. mood b. temper c. mind d. subject 3. He was so .................................................... that he shared the money with his friends. a. greedy b. arrogant c. selfish d. generous 4. .................................................... people don’t think enough about other people. a. greedy b. arrogant c. selfish d. generous 5. I lost her book and .................................................... a story that it had been stolen. a. told b. made up c. said d. lied 6. People say that pigs are .................................................... animals. a. modest b. selfish c. pigheaded d. greedy 7. My mother used to .................................................... when I lied. a. punch me b. bully me c. tell me off d. encourage me I. Make a prediction with going to or will depending on the evidence. eg. There are a lot of dark clouds in the sky. It’s going to rain. The Africans are getting really good at football. I think an African team will win the next World Cup. 1. The Americans are sending soldiers, planes and warships to that country. (war) There is going to be war. 2. The Australian cricket team is really good at the moment. (competition) I think the Australians will win the competition. 3. He keeps getting to work late. (job) I think he will lose his job/will be sacked.


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4. My best friend has decided to study law. (lawyer) He is going to be/become a lawyer. J. Choose the right words. 1. The most important person in a court is the ....................... . a. lawyer b. criminal c. judge d. policeman 2. Jack The Ripper was of the most famous ........................ in England. a. criminal b. killer c. murders d. murderers 3. The police often look for ....................... such as blood and fingerprints. a. identity b. evidence c. proof d. signs 4. The old woman ....................... my future by studying my hand. a. guessed b. gave c. said d. predicted 5. My parents always ....................... me eat vegetables. a. forced b. wanted c. made d. told 6. The policeman ....................... him to get out of the car and put his hands in the air. a. ordered b. said c. made d. shouted 7. I was angry with him for a few days but then I ...................... him. a. punished b. forgave c. excuse d. apologised © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999


Unit 2 © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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A. To be worth + gerund Make sentences with ‘to be(not) worth + gerund because…’ about these situations. eg. I’ve heard it’s a really lovely place. (Go there.) It’s worth going there because I’ve heard it’s a really lovely place. 1. We will have a conversation class. (Bring your books.) It's not worth bringing our books because we will have a conversation class. 2. It’s always hot there. (Take our coats.) It's not worth taking our coats because it's always hot there. 3. She’s a very important woman. (Treat her well.) It's worth treating her well because she's a very important woman. 4. She’s very stubborn. (Try to change her mind.) It's not worth trying to change her mind because she's very stubborn. 5. I’m sure everything will be fine. (Worry about it.) It's not worth worrying about it because I'm sure everything will be fine. 6. It will help you a lot. (Buy a good English-English dictionary.) It's worth buying a good English-English dictionary because it will help you a lot. B. Use these linking words to join the two clauses together. and because while if when so before after 1. She called me while I was having a bath. 2. She’s really tired because she stayed up really late last night. 3. She gets changed after getting home. 4. She met an old friend when she was in the supermarket. 5. She’ll get angry if you are rude to her. 6. She cleans her teeth before going to bed. 7. She wants to find a job and make a lot of money. 8. She doesn’t like her job so she is looking for another one. C. treat + someone + adverb / be + adjective + to someone Change these sentences from one form to the other. eg. He treated me politely. He was polite to me. 1. She always treats me kindly. She was always kind to me. 2. He was very bad to his wife. He treated his wife badly. 3. They treat me quite well. They are quite good to me. 4. She is never impolite to them. She never treats them impolitely. 5. She always treats them politely. She is always polite to them. 6. They have never been kind to us. They have never treated us kindly. 7. I will always be good to you. I will always treat you well. D. In what situation would you ... 1. feel frightened. I would feel frightened if I saw a ghost. 2. complain. I would complain if something I bought was faulty. 3. feel nervous. I would feel nervous at an important job interview. 4. lose your temper. I would lose my temper if my students weren't listening to me. 5. get treated in hospital. I would get treated in hospital if I suffered from an illness.


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E. Write two examples of a temporary situation and two examples of a permanent situation using the right tense. 1. I work in an office. 2. I'm working at a petrol station this summer. 3. John lives in London. 4. John is living in Cardiff from June until September. F. Affect/Effect - choose the right word. 1. Pollution affects the environment. 2. Drinking too much can have a bad effect on your health. 3. These drugs have some bad effects. 4. Your qualifications and experience affect what job you get. 5. The death of his father affected him badly. G. Present Perfect Continuous. Finish these questions and write answers about yourself. 1. How long have you been studying at this school ? I have been studying at this school for 2 years. 2. How long have you been sitting in this classroom ? I have been sitting in this classroom for 1 hour. 3. How long has this teacher been teaching you ? I have been taught by this teacher for half a year. H. Making words 1. Everyone was annoyed by his arrogant behaviour. BEHAVE 2. Not sharing your Easter egg was very selfish. SELF 3. I got a lot of encouragement from my parents. ENCOURAGE 4. We used to have to stay behind after school as a punishment. PUNISH 5. He told me that the painting was completely worthless. WORTH 6. I’m going to hospital for some treatment on my knee. TREAT 7. My sister’s sarcastic sense of humour annoys me. SARCASM 8. Dogs can be useful because of their intelligence. INTELLIGENT I. Make sentences in the Present Perfect Continuous about these situations: eg. She arrived at the bus-stop ten minutes ago. (wait) She’s been waiting there for ten minutes. 1. They came to this country six months ago. (live) They have been living in this country for six months. 2. He got a job with Nolava Services two months ago. (work) He has been working for Nolava Services for two months. 3. We bought this computer over a year ago. (use) We have been using this computer for over a year. 4. They got into the pool twenty minutes ago. (swim) They have been swimming in the pool for twently minutes. 5. She went to bed four hours ago. (sleep) She has been sleeping for four hours. J. Change ‘but’ to ‘however’ in these sentences. Remember to use the right punctuation. eg. The food was lovely, but we had to wait an hour and a half for it.


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The food was lovely. However, we had to wait an hour and a half for it. 1. I tried to look intelligent, but nobody took me seriously. I tried to look intelligent. However, nobody took me seriously. 2. We would like to have a three month holiday, but we can’t afford it. We would like to have a three month holiday. However, we can’t afford it. 3. They spent £5,000 on advertising, but no one bought their product. They spent £5,000 on advertising. However, no one bought their product. 4. She always behaves badly, but, she never gets into trouble. She always behaves badly. However, she never gets into trouble. K. Write the causes of these effects using a verb in the Present Perfect Continuous. eg. My cat has lots of cuts on its face. It has been fighting with my neighbour’s cat. 1. His eyes feel tired. He has been watching TV for too long. 2. She is very drunk. She has been drinking alcohol. 3. The plants don’t need any more water. Someone has been watering the plants a lot. 4. His legs are aching. He has been running. L. Find one unnecessary word in each line. 1. The last time when I went on holiday, I went to Italy. 2. I was stayed there for two weeks, and visited three 3. of cities, Rome, Florence and Pisa. Unfortunately 4. I couldn’t go to the Venice because there was not 5. enough time. Since then, lots of my friends they 6. have told me that Venice is the most beautiful a city 7. they have ever been to, and so that I would like to go 8. there one day in the future. My dream is to be go 9. through the canals in a gondola, with drinking a bottle 10. of the wine. Of course, it would be expensive but 11. I would be have memories of this trip for ever. Don’t 12. you think so it would be worth it ? M. Choose the right word. 1. She always makes me laugh, I really like her ........................................... . a. sarcasm b. sarcastic c. sense of humour d. theory 2. The newsreader looked very ........................................... as he read the report. a. serious b. stupid c. sarcastic d. intelligent 3. Einstein had many ........................................... about science. a. intelligence b. intelligent c. effects d. theories 4. Public transport is often the most ........................................... way to travel to work. a. best b. quickly c. practical d. fast 5. I saw the product ........................................... in a magazine. a. advertised b. advert c. shown d. reported 6. I’ve told you a million times not to ........................................... . a. lie b. exaggerate c. exaggeration d. count


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7. My new computer has a one-year ........................................... . a. promise b. advertisement c. guaranteed d. guarantee N. Write an example of something you ... 1. fold paper/clothes 2. hang (up) a coat/phone 3. try to avoid doing smoking/drinking alcohol 4. have trouble doing pronoucing certain words in English 5. own a house/a car 6. want to own lots of money/a garden with a swimming pool © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999



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A. Present Perfect Continuous (recent habits or repeated activities) Finish the sentences using a verb in the Present Perfect Continuous. 1. My daughter has been learning French and Russian at school. 2. He’s very tired because he has been working hard at the office. 3. She’s angry with him because he has been using her toothbrush. 4. I think she’ll pass the exam because she has been studying very hard. 5. I have been eating too much greasy food recently, so I’m a bit fat. 6. My young son has been having nightmares recently. B. Choose the right word 1. The sun .............................. in the East and .............................. in the West. a. set / rise b. comes up / goes down c. rise / set d. goes up / comes down. 2. If the population keeps .............................. there won’t be enough food for everyone in the world. a. increase b. increasing c. decrease d. decreasing 3. Many scientists think that dinosaurs became ............................ because of their small brains. a. died b. exist c. extinct d. dead 4. Many people believe that life .............................. on other planets. a. exists b. is c. happens d. does 5. This plate isn’t clean. You haven’t washed it .............................. . a. well b. cleanly c. properly d. nicely 6. You have to be .............................. eighteen to see that horror film. a. more than b. over c. age d. under 7. It was very hard for her when her husband died, but she .............................. got over it . a. sudden b. suddenly c. gradual d. gradually 8. I drove to the station to .............................. my brother. a. give up b. pick up c. look up d. stay up C. Transitive and intransitive verbs Which of these sentences has a transitive or intransitive verb (T/I). 1. He dropped the glass on the floor. (T) 2. I’ve never fallen off my bicycle. (I) 3. Unemployment is rising fast in France. (I) 4. The government has raised taxes again. (T) 5. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. (I) 6. She put her book on the table. (T) 7. He walked to the chair and sat down. (I) 8. I’ve failed all my exams. (T) D. Find the six sentences that don’t make sense and change them. 1. She is drink. She is drunk. 2. I’m in a really bad mood. correct 3. He is too strong to carry the table. He isn't strong enough to carry the table. 4. My mother and I have a very good communication.


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My mother and I are in a good relationship. 5. She asked the teacher to go over the exercise. correct 6. I go my country when I will finish English. I will go my country when I finish English. 7. I usually cook myself. I usually cook by/meals/the dinner myself. 8. The party was so good that she went home. The party was so bad that she went home. E. Unless We will go to the park if it isn’t raining. = We will go to the park unless it’s raining. Change these conditional sentences using ‘unless’. 1. I won’t play football if I don’t feel well. I won't play footaball unless I feel well. 2. I never borrow money if I don’t really need it. I never borrow money unless I need it. 3. The computer won’t work if we don’t have it repaired. The computer won’t work unless we have it repaired. 4. I won’t eat chicken if it isn’t cooked properly. I won’t eat chicken unless it is cooked properly. 5. He won’t pass the exam if he doesn’t study hard. He won’t pass the exam unless he studies hard. F. Choose the right word. 1. I don’t think that ................................. will ever become extinct. a. people b. humans c. dinosaurs d. beings 2. People wear helmets to ................................. their heads. a. save b. help c. warn d. protect 3. The burglar ................................. the gallery and stole a valuable painting. a. broke into b. broke c. broke down d. broke in 4. He turned on the ................................. because it was so cold. a. light b. fire c. alarm d. protection 5. My alarm clock ................................. at seven o’clock this morning. a. started b. got up c. went off d. woke up 6. This fish is still ................................. , it hasn’t been cooked properly. a. fat b. bad c. dead d. raw 7. You have to ................................. oranges and bananas before eating them. a. peel b. cook c. taste d. burn 8. A healthy ................................. should have all the right vitamins. a. food b. diet c. human d. orange 9. People often ................................. a diet to lose weight. a. have b. are on c. go on d. do 10. Teachers should explain grammar ................................. so that students will understand. a. clearly b. easily c. clear d. easy G. Write six examples of proper nouns. 1. John Smith, Madonna, Tony Blair 2. Microsoft, Toshiba, Wrangler


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3. New York, Lublin, Warszawa 4. the Red Sea, the Lake District, the Vistula River 5. the Taj Mahal, the Eiffer Tower, the Trynitarska Tower 6. Monday, December, Easter H. Write an example of something... 1. that warns us of danger. a road sing 2. that doesn’t exist any more. dinosaurs, the Dodo bird 3. that a burglar would steal. a valuable paining/a hifi system 4. that is protected. a head/a house/forests 5. that you wear when sunbathing. sunglasses/swim suit 6. that tastes delicious. cakes/chocolate I. Finish the sentence with a phrasal verb or expression with ‘over’. 1. In tennis you have to hit the ball over a net. 2. It can take a week to get over a bad cold. 3. Your teacher will go over the answers to this exercise. 4. You must be over seventeen to drive in England. 5. We flew over London in a helicopter. 6. I stopped suddenly to avoid running over a cat. 7. Her English has improved over the last year. 8. There are over ten thousand Chinese people living in London. J. Choose sudden/suddenly/gradual/gradually to finish these sentences. 1. Everyone was surprised by the sudden noise. 2. His English has gradually improved over the last five months. 4. There has been a sudden rise in unemployment since 1985. 5. I don’t know why she suddenly lost her temper and hit him. 6. Life has gradually got worse for poor people in England. 7. The weather was really bad at the beginning of our holiday, but it gradually got better over the two weeks. 8. The weather has been hot and sunny recently, but yesterday it suddenly changed. K. Write an example of something ... 1. that tastes disgusting. spinach 2. that is greasy. beef 3. that people use to communicate with each other. a telephone/letters 4. that should be cooked properly. meat/potatoes 5. happens suddenly. a fire/storm/flood 6. happens gradually. getting over an illness/shock L. Choose a verb and then put it in the right tense. 1. The flowers will get some water if it rains tonight. 2. My parents will kill me if I fail my exams. 3. If I am tired after work tonight, I won’t play football. 4. I would read the instructions before putting it inside if I were you. 5. What will your boss say if you take the day off ? 6. Who will you ask for help if you ran out of money ? M. Finish the sentences by using a verb in the past simple and a verb in the past continuous.


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1. They were sleeping (to sleep) when the man upstairs started (to start) shouting. 2. They met (to meet) each other while they were studying (to study) German History. 3. I was working (to work) in the garden when my husband told (to tell) me the news. 4. It was snowing (to snow) when the children got up (to get up) on Christmas morning. 5. The bird was eating (to eat) a worm when the cat saw (to see) it. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

Exercises, Unit 4 © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

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A. Choose the right words 1. Coal is one of Britain’s most important natural ...............................… . a. products b. resources c. energy d. power 2. It is very ...............................… to hurt animals. a. bad b. cruel c. kind d. bully 3. This car uses solar ...............................… instead of petrol. a. energy b. force c. power d. resource 4. Most people think that L.H. Oswald ...............................… President Kennedy. a. hunted b. shot c. banned d. died 5. Journalists have to work ...............................… pressure. a. with b. under c. in d. over 6. Some people ...............................… with stress by taking exercise. a. cope b. do c. cause d. help 7. Moving house can be a very ...............................… experience. a. stress b. stressful c. stressed d. stressing 8. A ...............................… is a word with a similar meaning as another word. a. antonym b. synonym c. same d. pronoun B. Synonyms and antonyms Write a synonym and an antonym for the following words. synonym antonym 1. Happy glad unhappy 2. Fast quick slow 3. Big large/huge small/little 4. Right correct incorrect/wrong 5. Unkind impolite kind/polite 6. Raise rise drop/fall 7. Rare uncommon common C. Sentence Transformations 1. I try not to drive through the centre of town on Saturdays. avoid I avoid driving through the centre of town on Saturdays. 2. This flat is my temporary home. live I live in this flat temporarily. 3. He was not tall enough to be in the army. short He was too short to be in the army. 4. You are not old enough to see this film. young You are too young to see this film. 5. There is no need to rush when you do this exercise. take You can take your time over doing this exercise. 6. It annoys me that he is always so pessimistic. makes His being so pessimistic makes me annoyed. D. Choose the right word. 1. He was ................................. by his grandmother because both his parents were in prison. a. grown up b. grown c. bought up d. brought up 2. It’s very ................................. to keep looking at yourself in a mirror. a. nice b. useful c. vain d. vanity 3. It’s not ................................. that men earn more money than women.


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a. fair b. good c. true d. nice 4. Jealousy and greed aren’t good ................................. in a person. a. personality b. effects c. characteristics d. influences 5. John Smith’s ................................. was written by Tony Blair. a. book b. autobiography c. life d. biography 6. People can change their ................................. by having plastic surgery. a. mind b. personality c. appearance d. characteristics 7. I can’t believe you’re going to ................................. your hair green. a. cut b. dye c. colour d. change 8. My friend is very worried about going ................................. in his thirties. a. bald b. out c. curly d. ugly E. Synonyms and Antonyms. Write a synonym and antonym for the following words. 1. Clever wise stupid 2. Stressed tense relaxed 3. Greedy selfish generous 4. Big-headed arrogant modest 5. Punish slap/smack forgive 6. Delicious tasty disguisting 7. Bright light dark F. Make nouns from the following adjectives and then use them to finish the sentences. happy sad rude kind selfish lazy 1. It was with great saddness that I heard about his death. 2. I can’t believe his rudeness, he really should apologise. 3. Thank you for your kindness during this difficult time for my family. 4. Despite his laziness we finished all the work on time. 5. I love children but I’m often surprised by their selfishness. 6. Your happiness is the only thing that is important to me. G. Synonyms and Antonyms. Write a synonym and antonym for the following words. 1. Enjoy like dislike 2. Probably possibly improbably 3. Tall high small 4. Loud noisy quiet 5. Nervous worried relaxed 6. Strange weird normal 7. Shout scream whisper H. Although and even though Finish these sentences with although or even though by using a verb in the right tense. 1. Although I have seen that film, I’d like to see it again. 2. Even though you are tired, we must finish this work tonight. 3. Although he knows very little grammar, his vocabulary is huge. 4. Even though we were playing quite badly we still won the game. 5. Although my train was half an hour late it arrived on time in Manchester.


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I. Make adjectives from the following nouns and verbs by adding the suffix ‘able’ Then use them to finish the sentences. fashion change comfort drink understand believe enjoy avoid 1. People’s moods can be very changeable when they are drunk. 2. He didn’t give a very believeable excuse for being late. 3. Most of the problems are avoidable if we plan carefully. 4. Very fashionable clothes aren’t always the most comfortable. 5. You must boil the water to make it drinkable. 6. Drinking isn’t very enjoyable if you don’t feel well. 7. It’s understandable that the bus is late because the traffic is so bad. J. to influence/have an influence - to affect/have an effect Change from a verb-clause to a noun-clause or a noun-clause to a verb- clause. eg. The information didn’t affect my opinion. The information didn’t have an effect on my opinion. 1. The hot weather has affected my mood. The hot weather has an effect on my mood. 2. Newspaper reports influence public opinion. Newspaper reports have an influence on public opinion. 3. People’s appearance has an effect on what we think about them. People’s appearance affects what we think about them. 4. The new laws won’t influence our future plans. The new laws won’t have an influence on our future plans. 5. Advertising has a huge influence on the products people buy. Advertising influences the products people buy. K. Advantages and disadvantages of (+ noun/gerund) Write an advantage or disadvantage of the following things. eg. Driving to work (disadvantage) A disadvantage of driving to work is that it can be difficult to find somewhere to park. 1. Computers (advantage) An advantage of computers is that that make our lives easier. 2. Living in a big city (disadvantage) A disadvantage of living in a big city is that you might have problems travelling to work. 3. Studying English in England (disadvantage) A disadvantage of studying English in England is that it's quite expensive. 4. Fax machines (advantage) An advantage of fax machines is that you can send messages quickly. 5. Travelling first class (advantage and disadvantage) An advantage of travelling first class it that it's comfortable whereas an disadantage of it is that it costs more.

L. Although, even though, in spite of, despite Write a second sentence which means the same as the first. eg. Even though he asked really nicely, he couldn’t persuade her.


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Despite asking her really nicely, he couldn’t persuade her. 1. Although he loves good food, he is a very bad cook. In spite of being a bad cook, he loves good food. 2. Despite the disadvantages, he wants to go mountain climbing in Holland. Even though there are many disadvantages, he wants to go mountain climbing in Holland. 3. Even though she is optimistic, she’s a bit worried about her driving test. Despite being optimistic/her optimism, she's a bit worried about her driving test. 4. They went fishing despite the bad weather. Even though the weather was bad, they went fishing. 5. Despite his terrible temper, he’s usually very kind. Although he has terrible temper, he's usually very kind.


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A. Choose the right words. 1. The weather in early spring can be very .................................... in the UK. a. changing b. change c. changeable d. changed 2. .................................... computers have made many jobs quicker and easier, they still have disadvantages. a. despite b. however c. even d. although 3. He grew up in a very poor .................................... of the city. a. region b. society c. centre d. area 4. It’s a very .................................... region, with a lot of pollution and environmental damage. a. factory b. industrial c. agricultural d. nature 5. It was .................................... lovely day that we decided to go walking in the mountains. a. so b. really c. very d. such a 6. There are .................................... many homeless people in the area that the government has decided to build special accommodation for them. a. so b. really c. very d. such a 7. During the Nineteenth Century, Britain changed from an agricultural to an industrial .................................... . a. region b. society c. area d. population 8. .................................... being one of the most popular presidents ever, Bill Clinton was always getting into trouble. a. despite b. however c. even d. although B. Choose so or such+a/an for the following sentences. 1. He was such an idiot that we had to sack him after only a week on the job. 2. The region around Chernobyl is so polluted that no one lives there any more. 3. I used to be so lazy that I never got out of bed before midday. 4. It was such as easy exam that I finished an hour early. 5. She was such a dangerous criminal that the judge ordered her to be put in a special prison. 6. The hill was so steep that we had to get off and push our bikes. C. Choose such as or like and add some examples to finish these sentences. 1. They sell a lot of alcoholic drinks, like spirits, wine and beer. 2. A lot of interesting animals, like deer, foxes and wolves, can be seen in that region. 3. He has a lot of films on video, such as Titanic and Gone With The Wind. 4. Many countries produce wine, like France, Portugal and the USA. 5. My country has many famous dishes, such as gołąbki, schabowy and bigos. 6. My country has a lot of social problems, like unempoloyment, alcoholism and drugs. 7. Some fruit and vegetables, such as bananas, oranges and apples, are always peeled before eating. D. to be + used to + noun/gerund What are/aren’t these people used to + noun/gerund ? eg. An English woman who eats with chopsticks for the first time. i. She isn’t used to (eating with) chopsticks. ii. She is used to (eating with) a knife and fork.


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1. A poor man who won £10,000,000 a week ago. i. A poor man who won £10,000,000 a week ago isn't used to having so much money. ii. A poor man who won £10,000,000 a week ago is used to having little money. 2. A little girl who is having her first day at school. i. A little girl who is having her first day at school isn't used to being on her own. ii. A little girl who is having her first day at school is used to being with her parents. 3. A tiger which has just been caught and put in the zoo. i. A tiger which has just been caught and put in the zoo isn't used to living in a cage. ii. A tiger which has just been caught and put in the zoo is used to living free. 4. A new student in this school. i. A new student in this school isn't used to being asked questions. ii. A new student in this school is used to studying grammar and making exercises. E. Get used to + noun/gerund means that something which is new or difficult for us becomes easier or more normal (we learn how to cope with it). Use get used to to rewrite these sentences. Make sure you use the correct tense. eg. She has started her new university course in Spain where the timetable is different. She’s getting used to her new timetable. 1. At the beginning he had trouble sleeping alone, but it was easier after a few weeks. He got used to sleeping alone. 2. I’ve only been in this city for a week, but life here will seem normal to me soon. I will get used to life here soon. 3. I hate this place, and I’m sure I will never like it. I'm sure I will never get used to this place. 4. Slowly, I’m starting to understand this computer software. Slowly, I'm getting used to understnding this computer software. 5. When you get married you have to learn to make decisions with your partner. When you get married you have to get used to making decisions with your partner. F. Sentence Transformation Change the sentence to another form . You must use the word in brackets. eg. A car hit me while I was walking home. (run) I was run over by a car while I was walking home. 1. Despite the bad weather, the ship left on time. (although) Alhough the weather was bad, the ship left on time. 2. He’s starting to feel comfortable in his new job. (used to) He's getting used to feeling comfortable in his new job. 3. Although he was lazy, he passed the exam. (despite) Despite being lazy, he passed the exam. 4. I need to revise the present and past perfect before the exam. (over) I need to go over the present and past perfect before the exam.


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5. The temperature dropped suddenly while they were climbing the mountain. (n. fall) There was a sudden fall in the temperature while they were climbing the mountain. G. Choose the right word(s). 1. My favourite .................................... in the film ‘Star Wars’ is Darth Vader. a. person b. characteristic c. character d. personality 2. One of the main .................................... of cities is that there is so much pollution. a. trouble b. disadvantages c. difficulty d. problem 3. You can’t borrow my car .................................... you promise to clean it after you use it. a. unless b. but c. if d. except 4. He is .................................... vain he always thinks he’s the most fashionable. a. such a b. so c. such as d. too 5. Many scientists believe that a .................................... temperature killed the dinosaurs. a. sudden drop in b. suddenly fall of c. so falling d. such a low 6. Despite .................................... , they worked in the garden all afternoon. a. raining b. it was raining c. of the rain d. the rain 7. Although .................................... , the food in that place is very nice. a. the bad service b. the service is bad c. of bad service d. being bad service 8. He never has any money, even though .................................... . a. hard work b. he works hard c. working hard d. his hard work. H. Extra words ? These sentences are wrong because they have one extra word. Underline the extra words . eg. He lost his job, then he had to move out of his flat and now he’s a homeless. 1. One of the advantages of this diet is that it’s as delicious as a normal food. 2. The food was so a delicious that I ordered two main courses. 3. The unemployed people get help from the government in some European countries. 4. The gradual rise in the number of car accidents is often exaggerated about on TV 5. The film was so boring me that I left the cinema before it finished. 6. Many people were made homeless because of an earthquake struck the area. 7. Many strange animals can be found in Australia, like kangaroos and koalas are some examples. 8. The Titanic sank down in less than two hours after it hit an iceberg. I. Choose the right words. 1. During the Second World War thousands of ships were .................................. by submarines. a. sunk b. sinking c. sink d. sank 2. The ............................ I grew up in was famous in the city for being poor and dangerous. a. region b. neighbourhood c. centre d. part 3. .................................. to flooding, all trains have been cancelled. a. because b. reason c. due d. as 4. In this job, it is important to have a daily .................................... . a. habit b. routine c. regular d. organisation


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5. Don’t worry, you can .................................... on him to do a good job. a. trust b. sure c. rely d. believe 6. I have .................................... from migraines ever since I started this job. a. pain b. suffered c. hurt d. irritated 7. Most lawyers are .................................... but there are some who aren’t. a. believe b. trustworthy c. trust d. rely 8. The government .................................... free hospital treatment for the unemployed. a. gives b. lets c. provides d. gives J. Make a different word using the one in capitals to finish these sentences. 1. She wanted her parents to take her ambitions more seriously. SERIOUS 2. When I was a teenager I used to argue with my parents a lot. USE 3. She was a beautiful woman, but famous for her vanity. VAIN 4. His big red sports car is good fun, but not very practical. PRACTICE 5. Don’t worry, he is completely trustworthy, you can rely on him to keep that information secret. TRUST 6. He left his last job because it was too stressful. STRESS 7. The war had a disastrous effect on the economy. DISASTER 8. A lot of TV programmes are subtitled for deaf people. TITLE 9. There are eight important daily newspapers in the UK. DAY 10. I find most TV adverts really irritating. IRRITATE K. Choose the best words. 1. He is used to ................................... hills, because he comes from the mountains. a. steep b. high c. height d. steeply 2. I’ve never seen ................................... pen . a. so small a b. such a tiny c. a so tiny d. such as a tiny 3. This new job is very different from my last one, but I ................................... to it. a. am getting up b. get used c. used d. am getting used 4. There are many different kinds of ..................................., such as racism and sexism. a. prejudice b. society c. judgement d. evidence 5. She is ................................... . She always imagines the worst possible future. a. so optimistic b. such a pessimist c. so pessimist d. such pessimist 6. The burglar ................................... the house while we were on holiday. a. stole b. robs c. broke into d. moved 7. The boss will get angry with him ................................... he does the work properly. a. if b. unless c. despite d. except 8. If you go on the Cambridge Diet, you will ................................... very quickly. a. lose weight b. take off calories c. put off weight d. lose weigh Li. Choose the right words from the list below to finish this article. The earthquake 1) ................................... the city in the 2) ................................... evening during the 3) ................................... hour 4) ................................... thousands of people were travelling home after work. It is 5) ................................... that more than a hundred people died and 6) ................................... two thousand were 7) ................................... hospital. It was 8) ................................... huge disaster that


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thousands of people were 9) ................................... homeless in the 10) ................................... . 1) a. hits b. damaged c. struck d. affected 2) a. six o’clock b. late c. Friday d. early 3) a. rush b.crowded c. busy d. hurry 4) a. during b. then c. however d. while 5) a. guessed b. believed c. believing d. thinking 6) a. more b. over c. near d. further 7) a. needed the b. carried into c. taken to d. suffered in 8) a. so b. such as c. a very d. such a 9) a. made b. became c. got d. got used to 10) a. country b. area c. part d. region Lii. Choose the right words from the list below to complete this article. As a result of the earthquake 11) ................................... daily life came to a 12) ................................... stop. Public transport 13) ................................... also 14) ................................... affected. All train services 15) ................................... cancelled and all flights from the international airport were 16) ................................... . When the sun 17) ................................... the next morning it was clear that thousands of homeless people would need to be provided 18) ................................... emergency accommodation. The government had to 19) ................................... on international organisations to bring in food and medicine. The city would take a long time to 20) ................................... the disaster. 11) a. usual b. every c. normal d. each 12) a. sudden b. quick c. fast d. full 13) a. did b. were c. had d. was 14) a. severely b. a lot c. such d. bad 15) a. were b. had c. was d. have been 16) a. later b. delayed c. cancel d. slow 17) a. came up b. rises c. rise d. got up 18) a.with b. of c. to d. for 19) a. trust b. ask c. rely d. need 20) a. be over b. go over c. get over d. run over


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A. Choose must, can’t or might(not), depending on how sure you are, to make judgements from the evidence. 1. It’s 4.00 in the morning in his country. So, he must be sleeping now. He can't be at work. 2. He’s always completely tired when I see him on the train in the evening. So, he must work very hard. He can't have an easy job. 3. He isn’t answering the phone but I know he’s at home. So, he might be listening to some loud music, or he might not want to talk to anyone. 4. That book is sold in over one hundred different countries. It must be read by millions of people every year. 5. Why do they want to look inside my suitcase? They might be looking for drugs. 6. It looks like gold, but it can't be made of gold because it’s too light. 7. She has always wanted a son and now she has one. She must be so happy. 8. That can't be her husband because he’s on a business trip. It must be someone else. B. Must / can’t / might(not) + present Make judgements about the present using must, can’t or might(not) from the evidence. eg. He’s got four houses and ten cars. He must have lots of money. He can’t be poor. 1. He’s homeless. He must be very unhappy. 2. She isn’t at school today. She might be ill. 3. He’s always in a good mood on his way to work. He can't have a hard job. 4. The streets are dirty when I go home, but they’re always clean when I get up. Someone must clean the streets at night. 5. She’s very quiet today. She migh be worried about something. C. Use must have, can’t have or might have and put the verb in the right form. eg. He only got 15% in the exam. He can’t have studied (study) very hard. Their team won the game 10 - 0. They must have played (play) really well. 1. He didn’t go to the party. He might have been (be) tired or ill. I’m not sure. 2. My wife didn’t say happy birthday to me this morning. She might have forgotten (forget). 3. His car broke down and he had to walk 10 miles. He can't have been (be) very happy. 4. Where is my car? It must have been moved (move) by the traffic police. (passive) 5. I saw a dog this morning which looked just like David’s. It can't have been (be) David’s dog, because it died recently. 6. Where did I leave my keys? - I’m not sure, I might have left (leave) them in the kitchen. 7. Why is he so late? He left home on time.


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I don’t know, but his train might have been delayed (delay) because of the snow. (passive) D. Sentence Transformation Rewrite the first sentence. Use a maximum of five new words, including the word in brackets, and keep the meaning the same. e.g. My boss got angry with me for arriving late. I was told off by my boss for arriving late. (off) 1. A car hit her while she was crossing the road. She was run over a car while she was crossing the road. (run) 2. I tried calling him at home, so I’m sure he isn’t there. He can't be at home, because I tried calling him there. (be) 3. There was an advertisement for a teaching job in the newspaper yesterday. A teaching job was advertised in the newspaper yesterday. (advertised) 4. All the trains were delayed because the drivers went on strike. All the trains were delayed due to drivers’ strike. (due) 5. I’m still finding my new timetable a bit strange. I haven't got used to my new timetable yet. (got) 6. It is possible that the price influenced her choice. The price might have influenced her choice. (might) E. Suggest what should/shouldn’t have been done in these situations. eg. I’ve got a terrible hangover. You shouldn’t have drunk so much last night. 1. I’m late for work. You shouldn't have stayed up late last night. 2. I am really sunburnt. You should have put on some suntan oil. 3. I’m really tired. You shouldn't have worked so much. 4. I ran out of petrol on my way to work yesterday. You should have checked petrol before driving to work. F. Choose an emphasising word and write put it in the spaces. such already still only just yet so 1. Are you still here ? I thought you went home an hour ago. 2. I can’t afford that dress. I only have £150. 3. Haven’t you finished yet ? You told me it would only take a few minutes. 4. That is such a lovely present. Thank you so much! 5. You should have been here a few minutes ago. He’s already gone out. 6. He started working in the company two months ago but he is already a manager. G. Choose the right words. 1. No one can say with ..................................... who killed JF Kennedy. a. sure b. truth c.true d. certainty 2. ..................................... the two wines, I think this one is better. a. drinking b. opinion c. comparing d. preferring 3. He was driving too fast and ..................................... control of the car. a. lost b. out of c. took d. couldn’t


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4. Dinner is the ..................................... meal of the day for most English families. a. mainly b. main c. important d. evening 5. The tourists ..................................... the guide around the museum. a. lead b. asked c. showed d. followed 6. Racing-car drivers try to ..................................... each other during the race. a. pass b. guide c. follow d. lead 7. The government has increased taxes ..................................... 1%. a. to b. at c. for d. by 8. English university students usually take their exams in June and get their ............................. in August. a. degrees b. results c. qualifications d. pass H. Choose the past simple or the past perfect for the verbs in brackets in these sentences. 1. We hadn't eaten (to not eat) jellyfish before we visited (to visit) China. 2. They had already sold (to sell) all the tickets when we got (to get) to the concert. 3. She thought (to think) that he was (to be) the most amazing man she had met (to meet). 4. I had seen (to see) such high mountains until I went (to go) to Nepal. 5. He had been (to be) a professional boxer for only one year when he won (to win) the competition. I. Choose the best word(s) 1. The .......................................... on the front page of the newspaper said ‘Ireland wins complete independence.’ a. heading b. title c. headline d. subtitle 2. This one is too strong. I prefer .......................................... cheese. a. mild b. soft c. weak d. light 3. He had failed his driving test three times when he .................................. passed last month. a. already b. finally c. just d. only 4. Our long-......................... plan is to take control of the whole market. a. time b. future c. term d. distance 5. He came first in the 100m race .......................................... his bad ankle. a. however b. despite c. although d. even 6. When I take exercise, I feel really relaxed .......................................... . a. after b. later c. afterwards d. then 7. When children go out alone, they should always tell an adult where they are going .......................................... . a. beforehand b. before c. earlier d. early 8. The police said that the accident was the .......................................... of thick fog. a. due b. because c. cause d. result J. Sentence Transformations 1. She is very excited about her trip to Thailand. (forward) She is looking forward to her trip to Thailand. 2. We were provided with food by the local people. (us) The local people brought us food. 3. I am sure he did not pay for the coffee because he didn’t have any money.


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(have) He can't have paid for the coffee because he didn’t have any money. 4. It was a bad idea for him to cook sausages for a group of vegetarians. (have) He shouldn't have cooked for a group of vegetarians. 5. The fire resulted in $3 million worth of damage. (was) $3 million worth of damage was the result of the fire. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999 K. Make suggestions using shall I / we 1. There is a very good new restaurant near here. Shall we go to that new restaurtant? 2. We don’t have enough money to get a taxi. Shall we take a bus? 3. This pub is really boring. Shall we go to another pub? 4. I don’t know how to use this ticket machine. Shall I help you? 5. We have lost our way. Shall we ask the way? 6. We don’t know what time the party starts. Shall we ask what time the party starts? L. Choose one word that can go with the three words. eg. political ... solar ... nuclear ... power 1. social ... money ... back ... problem 2. ... winter .... cheese ... weather light 3. ... newspaper ... routine ... meal daily 4. transport ... alarm ... education ... system 5. human ... horse ... car ... race 6. in ... out of ... lose ... control 7. ... meal ... road ... course 8. run ... get ... go ... over (phr v.) M. Look forward to + noun / gerund eg. I / see you again/summer. I’m looking forward to seeing you again next summer. 1. They / go to France/next month. They are looking forward to going to France next month. 2. I not / talk to my bank manager/ this afternoon. I'm not looking forward to talking to my bank manger this afternoon. 3. We / the party /Saturday. We are looking forward to the party on Saturday. 4. I not / get up/ 6.00am / tomorrow morning. I'm not looking forward to getting up at 6.00 am tomorrow morning. 5. We not / the exam / Friday morning. We are not looking forward to the exam Friday morning. © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999


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A. Make sentences with the third conditional, imagining that things were different from what really happened. eg. He didn’t enjoy the party because he didn’t know anyone. He would have enjoyed the party if he had known someone. 1. He lost his key, so he had to break a window. He would have had to break a window if he hadn't lost his key. 2. I missed the start of the film because I didn’t arrive on time. I wouldn't have missed the start of the film if I had arrived on time. 3. I was very careful, so I didn’t make any mistakes. I would have made some mistakes if I hadn't been very careful. 4. The police were able to arrest the murderer because they found some important evidence. The police wouldn't have been able to arrest the murderer if they hadn't found any important evidence. 5. She wasn’t allowed to use a calculator, so it took her a really long time. It wouldn't have taken her a really long time if she had been allowed to use a calculator. B. Complete these sentences in the third conditional. 1. I wouldn't have known (not know) about the party if my sister hadn't told (not tell) me. 2. If no one had told (tell) me about the party, I would have stayed (stay) at home. 3. Our team would have won (win), if we had played (play) better. 4. We would have missed (miss) the train, if we hadn't run ( not run). 5. She wouldn't have been (not be) so angry if you had apologised (apologise). C. Choose the right words. 1. One of Eddison’s most famous ......................................... was the electric light. a. inventions b. inventor c. invent d. invents 2. Some scientists are optimistic that they will ...................................... find a cure for AIDS. a. finally b. eventually c. final d. in the future 3. I don’t think doctors will ......................................... find a cure for cancer. a. finally b. eventually c. never d. ever 4. The best way to ......................................... with new fashions is to read fashion magazines. a. keep up b. get up c. stay up d. move up 5. I .................................. dinner a six o’clock tonight. a. will be having b. will have c. have d. going to have 6. A lion cannot run as fast .................................. a cheetah. a. than b. as c. that d. of © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999 7. If you .................................. that computer last year it would have cost you twice as much. a. have bought b. would buy c. bought d. had bought 8. .................................. we go and see a film tonight ? a. will b. shall c. why not d. won’t


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D. Choose either the future simple, the future intention (be going to) or the future continuous for these sentences. 1. I think that we will have to (have to) use solar power when the oil runs out. 2. This product is excellent. It is going to make (make) a lot of money for the company. 3. I will be starting (start) my new job this time next week. 4. It’s not worth going to the cinema. The film will start (start) about now. 5. Most people don’t really know what they will be doing (do) in a year’s time. E. Sentence transformations. 1. A Ferrari is faster than a Jaguar. (as) A Jaguar is is not as fast as a Ferrari. 2. Britain is not as big as France. (than) France is bigger than Britain. 3. Nuclear power is more dangerous than people used to think. (as) Nuclear isn't as safe as people used to think. 4. English is not as difficult as most other European languages. (than) English is easier than most other European languages. 5. It is quicker to send messages by e-mail than by fax. (as) It isn't as quick to send messages by fax as by e-mail. F. Choose one word that can go with the three words. 1. send a ... receive a ... take a ... message 2. keep ... get ... make ... up (phr v.) 3. hard ... look for ... out of ... work 4. industrial ... agricultural ... hilly ... area 5. university ... long-... short-... term 6. generous ... greedy ... selfish ... person/behaviour 7. transitive ... intransitive ... regular ... verb G. Write an example of ... 1. suitable shoes for walking in the mountains. boots 2. a suitable place to store old furniture. basement/attic 3. new technology. iPods 4. a really excellent film/play you have seen recently. Children Of Men 5. a perfect job for you. tourist guide 6. something you intend to do when you finish studying. find a well-paid job 7. a synonym of ‘by accident’. accidentally 8. an antonym of ‘by accident’. on purpose 9. a word you find difficult to pronounce in English. immediately 10. a famous book or film you found disappointing. War And Peace H. Write the right word in the space. 1. He looked for work for six months before he found a job in a hotel. 2. While he was out of work he learnt Chinese. 3. He resigned from his job because his boss treated him so badly. 4. He planned his career carefully and by the time he was 45 he had become a famous doctor. 5. Most of the workers/emplyees decided to strike.


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6. At the age of fifty, he decided to retire early and spend time with his family. 7. He was late so often that his boss finally decided to sack him. 8. When my father retired, he received a monthly pension from his old company. I. Choose the right words. 1. I was really looking forward to that film but when I finally saw it I found it really .................. . a. disappointed b. disappoint c. disappointing d. disappointment 2. Skiing is not a ............................... sport for old people. a. satisfactory b. suitable c. perfect d. satisfying 3. My brother planned to have a ............................... in law but failed the exams. a. job b. work c. employment d. career 4. When I finish studying, I ............................... to travel around the world. a. wish b. going c. intend d. am looking forward 5. People from Scotland have got a very strong ............................... . a. voice b. arms c. accent d. pronunciation 6. If you are ............................... you often drop or break things accidentally. a. idiot b. silly c. clumsy d. sensible 7. If you are going on holiday, it is ............................... to get insurance before you go. a. stupid b. sensible c. responsible d. irresponsible 8. In my new job, I am responsible ............................... advertising. a. of b. for c. to d. the J. Use the Past Perfect to show causes/influences of later actions. eg. He failed the exam because he hadn’t studied very hard. She had invited so many people to the party that there wasn’t anywhere to sit down. 1. I had slept (sleep) really well the night before, so I felt fine the next day. 2. She knew my name because she had seen (see) me many times on TV. 3. I had never flown (never/fly) before, so I was quite frightened. 4. We didn’t see the concert because they had already sold (already/sell) all the tickets when we arrived at the concert hall. 5. When I met him after work he was tired, because he had been (be) busy all day. 6. I had trouble understanding how to use his camera, because I had always used (always/use) an automatic one before. 7. She was angry with me, because I had behaved (behave) stupidly the night before. K. Complete these sentences with the Present Perfect or Past Perfect. eg. We rushed to the station, but the train had left (leave) when we got there. He doesn’t feel hungry any more because he has eaten (eat) three bowls of soup. 1. She’s an old friend. I have known (know) her for a really long time. 2. They couldn’t get into the concert because they had lost (lose) their tickets. 3. I had seen (see) the film before, so I didn’t enjoy it very much. 4. I won’t go with you to the cinema tonight, because I have seen (see) that film before. 5. They had been (be) in the café for an hour and a half when I arrived. 6. I have never met (never/meet) you before, but I remember your face from a magazine.


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7. No! I’m not lending you my car to drive home! You have drunk (drink) more than ten beers ! L. (not) as + adjective/adverb + as eg. He usually drives more slowly than me. He doesn’t usually drive as quickly as me. 1. I’m younger than her. I’m not as old as she. 2. I cook worse than him. I don’t cook as well as he. 3. This restaurant is cheaper than that one. This restaurant isn’t as expensive as that one. 4. I danced better than everybody. Nobody danced as well as I. 5. Your backpack is lighter than mine. Your backpack isn’t as heavy as mine. 6. I’m more pessimistic than him. I’m not as optimistic as he. M. Sentence Transformation. Use the word in brackets to rewrite these sentences. eg. The disaster killed hundreds of people. There were hundreds of deaths due to the disaster. (deaths) 1. I’m sure she wasn’t ill because I saw her dancing at a nightclub. I saw her dancing at a nightclub, so can't have been ill. (can’t) 2. The guide led us across the mountains. We were led across the mountains by the guide. (were) 3. I missed the beginning of the film at the cinema last night. When I arrived at the cinema last night, the film had already started. (already) 4. He burnt the cat with his cigarette because he wasn’t paying attention. If he had been paying attention, he would not have burnt the cat with his cigarette. (would) 6. I find this hot weather really amazing because it’s normally quite cold at this time of year. I am amazed by this hot weather because it’s normally quite cold at this time of year. (by) 7. His careless driving nearly caused a serious accident. His careless driving nearly resulted in a serious accident. (result) 8. We’re very exited about the party on Saturday. We’re really looking forward to on Saturday. (forward) N. There is one unnecessary word in 9 of these lines. One line is correct. Dear Justin This is just a short note for to say how much we enjoyed 1 that staying with you in Brighton. We both had a really 2 nice time, and would like to thank you for you looking 3 after us so well. When we get the photos back I will be 4 send to you some of them. I hope the one of you with 5 the seagull on your lunch-box comes out but even if it 6 doesn’t, I won’t never forget the expression on your face! 7


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Anyway, you are welcome to come and visit to us in Perth 8 any time when you want. Brian and I would love to have 9 a chance to repay your all kindness. Thanks again and see 10 you soon - hopefully ! Geraldine.


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A. Word transformations Change the word at the end to fit the sentence. 1. You got an excellent mark in your exam ? That’s wonderful! WONDER 2. I can’t understand people who kill animals for amusement. AMUSE 3. She handed in her resignation the day after the meeting. RESIGN 4. This work is not satisfactory . It will have to be done again. SATISFY 5. There is no problem with your work. It is perfectly satisfactory. PERFECT 6. In an interview, they are trying to judge your suitableness for the job. SUITABLE 7. We found the film very disappointing. DISAPPOINT 8. After looking for her flat for two hours, we eventually went to a hotel. EVENT B. Choose the right words. 1. In the UK there are five normal ......................... and more than forty on satellite television. a. channels b. programmes c. documentaries d. media 2. The word ......................... rhymes with shoe. a. though b. through c. goes d. thorough 3. Yesterday, I ......................* early because I had to go to the station to pick up my daughter. a. have got up b. got up c. had got up d. was got up 4. The police are ................................ for keeping law and order. a. responsible b. sensible c. responsibility d. purpose 5. England were ................................. by Germany in the European Cup semifinal. a. lost b. scored c. won d. beaten 6. The heart ..................................... between 60 and 80 times in a minute. a. hits b. beats c. rhythms d. scores 7. Ghosts and spirits are examples of the ..................................... . a. paranormal b. strange c. unusual d. monster 8. If you are on a backpacking holiday, it is best to wear ..................................... shoes. a. fashionable b. sensible c. silly d. responsible C. Some of these sentences need the verb ‘to be’. Make sure you use the right tense where necessary. 1. The police is/are aware of the problem. 2. I’m sure it will – rain tonight. 3. We were allowed to take two weeks holiday last year. 4. They are often late for school. 5. Two brothers – own the company. 6. If you put the ladder there, it will – fall down. 7. We were irritated because we had to wait a long time. 8. There was a man who came to the party – wearing a green suit. 9. We are disappointed by the students’ results in the exam. 10. People are often influenced by the media. D. Write words that rhymes in the spaces. 1. walk talk 2. heart part 3. word third 4. house mouse 5. might fight 6. flood blood


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7. through shoe 8. hair chair E. Complete these conditional sentences with even using the words in brackets. eg. I won’t forgive her ......................................... (apologise). I won’t forgive her even if she apologises. 1. I never wear gloves, even if it is (cold). 2. I wouldn’t buy a Rolls-Royce, even if I could afford it (afford). 3. They still want to go to the park, even if it is raining (rain). 4. You’ll never pass the exam, even if you study (study). 5. I wouldn’t have gone to the party, even if he had invited me (invite). F. Give two examples of ... 1. special food people eat at Christmas/New Year. fish, barszcz 2. occasions when you wear special clothes. fancy-dress party, job interview 3. ordinary food from your country. scrambled eggs, toast on becon 4. complicated grammatical constructions. The Third Conditional, Past Perfect Continuous 5. simple games noughts and crosses, hangman 6. common birds pigeon, sparrow 7. films with a lot of special effects Armageddon, Next G. Choose the right words. 1. The rules of chess are very ................................... . a. complicated b. simple c. ordinary d. special 2. Tennis is sometimes played on a ................................... . a. lawn b. grass c. pitch d. plant 3. The main ................................... on my farm is corn. a. plant b. plot c. crop d. food 4. A barbecue is a meal cooked ................................... . a. idoors b. indoor c. outdoors d. outdoor 5. The roads can be very ................................... when it’s cold. a. slide b. slippery c. ice d. slip 6. The exam was so easy that ................................... the worst students passed. a. some b. even c. so d. although 7. I ................................... hit anyone, even if they hit me first. a. would b. will c. won’t d. wouldn’t 8. We went to the cinema and ................................... a good film. a. have seen b. had seen c. saw d. were seeing H. Put the verbs below into the correct tense. 1. He usually looks (look) forward to his birthday but he isn't looking forward (look forward) to it this year because he will be (be) 40. 2. She has worked/has been working (work) here since last February and I think (think) she will be (be) here for the next two or three years. 3. When I was travelling (travel) home yesterday, I met (meet) an old school friend on the bus. I am going to see (see) him again tonight for a chat. 4. The train had already left (already/leave) when we got (get) to the station and while we were waiting (wait) for the next one, we had (have) dinner in a nearby restaurant.


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5. ‘How long have you been waiting (you/wait) to see the doctor ?’ ‘I have been sitting (sit) here for an hour and a half.’ 6. While I was sleeping (sleep), someone broke into (break) into the house and stole (steal) my stereo. I have only been living (only live) here for three days. I. Word Transformations. 1. Sometimes criticism is good for people. CRITIC 2. Ghosts and UFO’s are examples of the paranormal. NORMAL 3. Snakes are very slippery animals. SLIP 4. The comedian was so amusing that the audience were all laughing. AMUSE 5. A picnic is a meal you eat outdoors. DOOR 6. Margaret Thatcher wrote her autobiography soon after she lost power. BIOGRAPHY 7. The President of the USA is the most powerful person in the world. POWER 8. He was very irresponsible with the money he won and he spent it in a year. RESPONSIBLE J. Use one of the time expressions below to make these sentences make sense. by by the time when 1. If I post this letter today, it should arrive by Monday. 2. Mozart was famous all over Europe by the age of ten. 3. Mozart was famous all over Europe by the time he was ten. 4. We were so late for dinner that when we got there they were already eating dessert. 5. I will tell her when I see her tomorrow. 6. By the time I am forty, I will be a millionaire. 7. I will have finished this job by this time next week. K. Future Perfect Will + have + Past Participle Put the verbs into the Future Perfect and add a time expression where necessary. eg. He / be / married / 25 years / next Wednesday. They will have been married for 25 years by next Wednesday. 1. The film / finish / we / arrive. The film will have finished by the time we arrive. 2. They / not / finish / the work / Sunday. They won't have finished the work by Sunday. 3. She / be / here / a year / this December. She will have been here for a year by this December. 4. He / save / over £10,000 / the end of the year. He will have saved over £10,000 by the end of the year. L. Some lines in this text have an extra, unnecessary word. Find the extra words and underline them. Dear Sir or Madam, 1. I am writing to you about the advertisement for a job as 2. a tourist-guide, showing to visitors around the great temple. 3. Despite of being out of work at this moment, I am used to 4. be employed in a castle for twelve years. I was such as a


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5. good employee that my wages went up to 20% at the end 6. of each year. Finally, I decided to leave and look for the another job, 7. although that the money was good. After that, I found a job as 8. a waiter in a restaurant, where I worked for over the six months. 9. While I was there I had to control of all the food which was served. 10. I have just resigned from that job because of I was ill, but I saw 11. the ad for the temple job yesterday and I felt it was too perfect for me. 12. I am looking forward to hearing about from you very soon, Yours faithfully, Y. Knot M. Rewrite the underlined sentences using the word ‘even’. eg. His dog ate everything in the kitchen. It ate the plants, too. His dog ate everything in the kitchen, even the plants. 1. Everybody danced at the party. My grandfather danced, too. Everybody danced at the party, even my grandfather. 2. Nobody liked the dinner. My dog didn’t like it either. Nobody liked the dinner, even my dog. 3. The thieves took everything. They took the carpets, too. The thieves took everything, even the carpets. 4. Everybody helped to clean the car. My two-year-old son helped, too. Everybody helped to clean the car, even my two-year-old son. 5. Nobody in the classroom knows the answer. The teacher doesn’t know, either. Nobody in the classroom knows the answer, even the teacher. 6. When we were on holiday he used a lot of my things. He used my toothbrush too. When we were on holiday he used a lot of my things, even my toothbrush.


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A. Choose the right words. 1. Most tall buildings are made out of ....................................... . a. brick b. iron c. steel d. concrete 2. There was a wooden .................................. around the garden. a. wall b. gate c. fence d. bar 3. She used to live in a ................................... of flats but she has moved to a cottage in the country. a. group b. building c. block d. floor 4. Cats love to ................................... mice. a. run away from b. jump c. chase d. fight 5. We have agreed on the deal but we haven’t signed the ....................................... yet. a. agreement b. dealer c. contract d. paper 6. I had to make a ....................................... at the wedding. a. speak b. talk c. lecture d. speech 7. After the ....................................... on the new law, the MP’s voted. a. discussion b. talk c. agreement d. debate 8. They were very keen ................................ sign the contract. a. on b. to c. for d. when B. Write two examples of ... 1. things you are keen on doing. riding a bicycle, listening to classical music 2. something you are keen to do in the future. to visit Portugal, to climb Rysy mountain 3. sports you are enthusiastic about. football, volleyball 4. things people are often addicted to. alcohol, drugs 5. things that people deal in. cars, furniture 6. problems politicians have to deal with. strikes, unemployment 7. things teenagers are often obsessed with. fashion, relationships C. Use the correct tense after the verb ‘wish’ in these sentences. 1. I wish I had (have) more money, then I could afford that holiday. 2. I wish I hadn't bought (buy) this watch, it doesn’t work properly. 3. I wish you had told (told) yesterday, I could have helped you then. 4. I wish I had studied (study) harder for the exam, I only got 10%. 5. I wish I was (be) taller. 6. I wish you would clean up (clean up) after you use the kitchen. 7. I wish it would stop (stop) raining, then we could go for a picnic. 8. I wish I had booked (to book) that holiday earlier, all the hotels are full now. D. Write a sentence with ‘wish’ to express a regret about the following situations. eg. I spent too much money on holiday last month. I wish I hadn’t spent so much money on holiday last month. 1. He left his wallet on the train. He wishes he hadn't left his wallet on the train. 2. We really didn’t like Sanya, it was a horrible place for a holiday. We wish we hadn't gone to Sanya for a holiday. 3. He signed the contract without reading it.


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He wished he had read the contract before signing it. 4. They are very unhappy about their new school but they have already paid for a full term. They wish they hadn't paid for a full term at their new school. 5. They didn’t know that they weren’t allowed to park in that road and they got a fine. They wish they had known that they weren't allowed to park in that road. 6. A mother is annoyed with her son becuase he keeps throwing dirty clothes on the floor. (What does she say to him?) ‘ I wish you would stop throwing dirty clothes on the floor .’ E. Write the answer to these questions. 1. Describe the symbol of the Olympic Games ? . The Olympic symbol is five coloured circles linked together. 2. What do we call the person who represents your country abroad ? We call the person who represents your country abroad an ambassador. 3. What are the first signs of spring ? The first signs of spring are blossom on the trees and the weather getting warmer. 4. Describe a no-smoking sign. A no-smoking sign is usually a cigarette in a red circle with a line through it. 5. What is the chemical symbol for water ? The chemical symbol for water H2 O. 6. What is the symbol for the Christian religion ? A cross is the symbol for the Christian religion? 7. What kind of people might use sign language? Deaf people might use sign language. 8. Give three examples of companies with world-famous trademarks. Three examples of a companies with world-famous trademarks are Coca-Cola, Puma and Levis. F. Choose the right words. 1. He became ....................................... to heroin and lost his job. a. obsessed b. enthusiastic c. keen d. addicted 2. I wish I ....................................... that speech more carefully, it was awful. a. planned b. have planned c. had planned d. plan 3. He is still ....................................... with her even though their relationship finished two years ago. a. obsessed b. enthusiastic c. keen d. addicted 4. The lambs weren’t ....................................... of the wolf as it hid in the grass licking its lips. a. known b. sure c. aware d. seeing 5. A star is the ....................................... of the Jewish religion. a. sign b. trademark c. symbol d. represent 6. Levis, Coca-Cola and MacDonald’s are famous ....................................... . a. symbols b. signs c. brand names d. shops 7. The lecture was so boring that I ....................................... remember anything. a. almost b. hardly c. nearly d. never 8. The smell of burnt food ....................................... my appetite.


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a. cut b. spoilt c. gave d. took G. Perfect continuous tenses. Put the verbs in brackets in the right tenses. 1. I had been waiting (wait) for 45 minutes when the dentist finally told (tell) me to come in. 2. My eyes are really hurting because I have been working (work) at a computer all day. 3. Simon will have been living (live) in Tooting for three years by this time next year. 4. The leaders of the two countries had been discussing (discuss) the problem for ten hours when they finally decided (decide) to sign the agreement. 5. We will have been writing (write) this book for over a year by the time we finish (finish) it. H. Choose one word that goes with the three words. 1. make a ... ... in ... with deal 2. ... a contract ... a deal no-smoking ... sign 3. chemical ... Olympic ... religious ... symbol 4. ... of flats office ... mental ... block 5. ... star ... director ... industry film 6. tourist ... ... book museum ... guide I. From the first sentence, write a sentence using wish to express regret and then another sentence in the third conditional. eg. He failed all his exams. (study) He wishes he had studied harder. If he had studied harder, he wouldn’t have failed his exams. 1. She missed her job interview. i. (wake up) She wishes she had woken up earlier. ii. If she had woken up ealier, she wouldn't have missed her job interview. 2. He is addicted to smoking. i. (start) He wishes he hadn't started smoking. ii. If he hadn't started smoking, he wouldn't have been addicted to it. 3. She spoilt her appetite. i. (eat a bar of chocolate) She wishes she hadn't eaten a bar of chocolate. ii. If she hadn't eaten a bar of chocolate, she wouldn't have spoilt her appetite. J. Choose one of the right time clauses below for these sentences. as soon as by by the time 1. He was totally drunk by the time he left the pub. 2. Call me as soon as you get home. 3. Most people are quite mature by the age of twenty. 4. By the time he was 30, he had already been to prison twice. 5. I want this fax sent to the ambassador as soon as possible. 6. He will have been dealing in antique furniture for 40 years by the time he retires next year. 7. If you post the letter immediately, it should arrive by next Wednesday. K. Choose the right words. 1. They ......................................... because Simon was so selfish. a. fell off b. fell over c. fell out d. fell down


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2. Breakfast is ......................................... in the price of the room. a. included b. including c. free d. served 3. Angela always ......................................... when her parents tell her off. a. childish b. immature c. spoils d. sulks 4. Simon, take off that stupid hat ......................................... ! a. as soon as b. immediately c. quickly d. already 5. Peter, I wish you ......................................... stop sulking. a. could b. would c. to d. were 6. Captain Aubrey ................................... sailing for three weeks when he dicovered the Island. a. had been b. has been c. will have been d. was 7. When I went to China I saw many beautiful places, ...................................... the Great Wall and the Forbidden City. a. as b. included c. such d. including 8. After the fight they made ......................................... with each other. a. out b. up c. in d. of L. Complete the sentences with an expression or phrasal verb using the verb to leave. 1. Everyone was suprised that David Beckman was left out of the football team. 2. There is some beer left from the party last night. 3. Umbrellas are often left behing on buses and trains. 4. Some people want to be left alone when they are in a bad mood. 5. You will be left behind by the other students unless you come to school more regularly. 6. Don’t throw away that leftover food, I’m going to give it to the rat. 7. Simon always feels left out at parties because nobody talks to him.


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A. other/another/the other/the others 1. Don’t sit on that chair, it’s broken. There is another one next to the table. 2. My other teacher said that you were ill. 3. There are no other words you can use, only this one. 4. There will be another train in 10 minutes. 5. There is a newsagent on the other side of the street. 6. One of the men was tall, and the other one was quite fat. 7. You are nicer than other people in this office. 8. This one is better than all the others. 9. Our other car is not as big as this, but it’s more comfortable. 10. We can win this match, so don’t be frightened of the other team. B. Write an example of ... 1. something you need a mortgage to buy. a house 2. a superstition from your country. a black cat, walking under a ladder 3. a country even bigger than the USA. Russia 4. a place even colder than Alaska. The North Pole 5. a reason why someone might feel self-conscious. job interview 6. something you hardly ever do. read car magazines 7. meat often served cold. beef 8. a synonym of the word immature childish C. Transformation exercises. Rewrite the sentence using a construction with make. 1. I was angry because the teacher shouted at me. The teacher made me angry when he shouted at me. 2. It was such a sad film that I cried. The film was so sad that it made me cry. 3. The criminal was forced into the car by the policeman. The police made the criminal go into the car. 4. I was really happy when I got your message. Your message made me happy. 5. I tidied up my room because my mother told me to. My mother made me tidy up my room. 6. The river has become polluted due to factory waste. Factory waste has made the river polluted. D. Use the right linking word in the following sentences. 1. Captain Aubrey shouted the order and the sailors fired the big guns. 2. I ordered a pizza but I wasn’t hungry. 3. I rang the bell many times, however, nobody answered the door. 4. I’m on a diet but, I’m going to eat this chocolate cake despite/in spite of the calories.* 5. He stayed up to watch the film even though/although he had seen it twice before. 6. They had been waiting all day to see the President drive by despite/in spite of the freezing cold. 7. You are not allowed inside a mosque unless you take off your shoes. 8. Bangladesh often suffers from floods whereas in countries such as the Sudan and Ethiopia there is hardly ever enough rain.


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E. Complete the following sentences with an expression using the word ‘mind’. 1. He took a long time to make up his mind but finally he decided to study German. 2. I am hot. Would you mind if I opened the window? 3. It’s very cold in here, do you mind closing the window? 4. He knew he had made a bad decision but it was too late to change his mind. 5. Do you mind if I smoke ? No, I don't. F. Are these Underlined verbs transitive or intransitive ? If they are transitive, rewrite the sentence in the passive voice. If they are intransitive, rewrite the sentence using a transitive verb with a similar meaning. 1. The surgeon operated on the patient’s brain. The patient's brain was operated on. 2. The public forgave the President for his bad behaviour. The President was forgiven for his bad behaviour. 3. Taxes have risen by 10%. The Parliament has raised the taxes by 10%. 4. My grandmother brought me up in a small town in Utah. I was brought up by my grandmother in a small town in Utah. G. Rewrite these sentences in reported speech. 1. “You will never pass the exam unless you work hard.” She told me that I would never the exam unless I worked hard. 2. “I have never been to Scotland.” He said that he had never been to Scotland. 3. “We are going to discuss the subject of drug addiction.” She said that they were going to discuss the subject of drug addiction. 4. “I was talking with my friends when my mobile phone started to ring.” He said that he had been taking to his friend when his mobile phone had started to ring. 5. ‘I still haven’t made up my mind what job to do.’ She said that she still hadn't made up her mind what job to do. H. Rewrite these questions in reported speech. 1. “Where are the keys?” asked the manager. The manager asked where the keys were. 2. “What are you doing tonight?” He asked me what I was doing tonight. 3. “Does this photocopier work ?” the young man asked ? The young man asked if the photocopier worked. 4. “Is this the way to get to London ?” the tourist asked. The tourist asked if that was the way to get to London. 5. “Do you know the way to Liverpool street?” the taxi driver asked me. The taxi driver asked me if I knew the way to Liverpool street. I. Choose ‘used to’, ‘to be used+noun/gerund’ or ‘to get used to+noun/gerund’ and put them in the right tense. 1. It took me a long time to get used to Chinese food when I lived Hong Kong.


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2. I have been doing this job for only a week so I haven't got used to it yet. 3. When I was a child, I used to go (go) fishing with my father. 4. She got used to driving (drive) on the left when she worked as a taxi driver in London. 5. My father has been a farmer all his life so he is used to getting up (get up) early every day. 6. My mother used to be (be) a secretary before she got married. 7. Although the secretaries have been using the new computer software for over a month, they still haven't got used to it. J. Modal verbs in the past. Complete the following sentences by using a suitable modal verb in the past. 1. This chicken is still raw inside, you should have cooked it properly. 2. She’s got a fear of heights so she must have been terrified when you took her up the Eiffel Tower. 3. I might have spoken to Simon at the party, but I can’t remember because I was so drunk. 4. It’s too late now, you should have told me earlier. 5. Dinosaurs might have died because the world’s weather completely changed, or something else might have killed them. 6. I had my wallet just now so I can't have left it at home, someone must have stolen it. K. Choose the right word 1. You usually have to pay a 10% .................................. before you rent accomodation. a. loan b. interest c. deposit d. level 2. My sister has always had a ................................. of spiders. a. fear b. frightened c. scream d. terrorist 3. He lost ................................. after the accident. a. self-conscious b. conscious c. unconscious d. consciousness 4. People don’t feel pain during an operation because they are .................................... . a. self-conscious b. conscious c. unconscious d. consciousness 5. The huge bomb went off in the basement and ............................. the building. a. exploded b. explosion c. shook d. blew up 6. The word ‘brought’ rhymes with ...................................... . a. coughed b. through c. sport d. though 7. I was treated by a ........................................ for my fear of heights. a. psychology b. psychologist c. psychological d. surgeon. 8. After our huge argument, she told me she didn’t ........................... if I lived or died. a. care b. know c. mind d. think

Book 3 Spelling Exercises Unit 1


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behaviour generous stubborn encouragement evidence prediction identity forgive excuse punishment pigheaded big-headed Unit 2 valuable precious jewellery situation temporary permanent intelligence impractical advertisement guaranteed exaggeration serious Unit 3 population increase exist extinct protection sunbathe delicious disgusting vegetarian communication gradually suddenly Unit 4 natural resource nuclear pressure stressful personality optimistic pessimistic appearance avoidable influence persuasion Unit 5 industrial agriculture inefficient earthquake submarine routine irritating trustworthy synagogue prejudiced multi-cultural system Unit 6 certainty emphasise completely suggestion guide finally whereas control mainly ahead Unit 7 wonderful invention eventually technology receive disappointing unsuitable satisfactory excellent career pronounce pronunciation Unit 8 resign intention accidentally responsibility hilarious documentary literature rhyme rhythm criticise special complicated Unit 9 position agreement discussion enthusiastic addiction obsessed represent appetite including immediately absolutely immature Unit 10 deposit superstition conscious conscience psychiatrist psychological terrifying explosion peaceful paranormal purpose calorie © Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999


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Index A absolute 85 absolutely 85 accent 66 accidentally 67 addict 82 addicted 82 addiction 82 advantage 39 advertise, to 20 advertisement 20 advertising 20 affect, to 16 afraid 34 after that 48 afterwards 59 agreement 80 agricultural 41 agriculture 41 ahead 56 alarm 26 alarm clock 26 already 54 although 39 amazed 60 amazing 60 ambassador 83 amuse, to 70 amuse yourself, to 70 amusing 70 another, (the) other and the others 89 antonym 34 appearance 37 appetite 86 area 41 armed forces 8 arrogant 5 article 36 as soon as 88 autobiography 36 avoid, to 21 avoidable 38 aware 83 awful 42 B bad for you 31 bald 37 ban 32 ban, to 32 bar 78


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barbecue 76 battery 87 be in control, to 55 be keen on, to 82 be keen to do, to 82 be left (over), to 88 be made out of, to 78 be out of control, to 55 be responsible for, to 68 be used to, to 43 be worth + gerund, to 13 be worth, to 13 be/get in trouble, to 21 beat, to 72 beat up, to 72 beforehand 59 behave, to 5 behaviour 5 believe in, to 49 big-headed 5 biography 36 blind 71 block 79 block, to 79 blood 9 blow up, to 94 boast 5 bold 53 brain 90 brand 84 brand name 84 break into, to 26 break-in 26 brick 78 bring up, to 34 bully 11 bully, to 11 burglar 26 burn, to 26 burnt 26 by (2) - different meanings 77 by - different uses 57 by accident 67 C calorie 27 cancel, to 45 cancelled 45 CAPITALS 53 career 65 cause 7 cause, to 7 certain 51 certainty 51 change your mind, to 91


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changeable 38 channel 70 character 36 characteristic 36 chase, to 79 chemical 84 chemical symbol 84 childhood 45 childish 87 city centre 41 clauses 14 clear 28 clearly 28 clever 34 climb, to 43 clumsy 67 coal 31 comedian 70 comfortable 38 common sense 68 communicate, to 28 communication 28 company 88 comparatives using as 64 compare, to 54 complete 55 complete, to 55 completely 55 complicated 75 composition 36 concrete 78 conscience 92 conscious 90 consciousness 90 continuous tenses for temporary situations 16 contract 80 control 55 control, to 55 cope with, to 33 cost of living 23 course 8 court 9 critic 73 criticise, to 73 criticism 73 crop 75 cruel 32 curly 37 current 70 current affairs 70 customer 65 D daily 48


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danger 25 deaf 71 deal 80 deal in, to 80 deal with, to 80 dealer 80 debate 81 decrease, to 23 delay, to 45 delayed 45 delicious 27 deposit 89 despite 39 dessert 8 diet 27 dinosaur 25 director 75 disadvantage 39 disappoint, to 64 disappointment 64 disaster 46 discuss, to 81 discussion 81 disgusting 27 do a deal, to 80 documentary 70 downstairs 76 drinkable 38 drop 24 drop someone off, to 25 dubbed 47 due to 47 dye, to 37 E earthquake 46 effect 16 efficient 45 emphasis 53 emphasise, to 53 employ, to 66 employee 66 employer 66 encourage, to 7 encouragement 7 energetic 31 energy 31 enjoyable 38 enthusiasm 81 enthusiastic 81 escalator 76 even 73 even if 74 even though 39 eventually 62


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evidence 9 exaggerate, to 21 exaggeration 21 excellent 65 excuse 12 exist, to 25 explode, to 94 explosion 94 extinct 25 F fair 37 fall out, to 87 fall, to 23 false 35 fantastic 42, 60 fashionable 38 fat 27 fatherhood 45 fear 93 feel left out, to 88 fence 78 fiction 36 film industry 75 finally 58 fingerprint 9 fire 26 fist 11 float, to 45 flood 46 floor 76 fold, to 20 follow, to 56 force 7 force, to 7 forgive, to 11 future continuous, the 63 future perfect 78 future perfect continuous 86 G gas 31 gate 78 generous 6 genius 18 gentle 15 get over, to 30 get used to 44 get used to, to 44 ghost 72 glad 34 go off, to 26 go over, to 30 good for you 31 gradual 30


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gradually 30 greasy 27 greed 6 greedy 6 ground 76 ground floor 76 grown-up 87 guarantee 20 guarantee, to 20 guaranteed 20 guide 56 guide book 56 guide, to 56 H hang up, to 20 hanger 20 happiness 36 hardly 84 hardware 62 have trouble, to 22 hayfever 48 head of state 50 headline 47 heart 72 hilarious, to 70 hill 43 hilly 43 hole 79 homeless 42 however 19 huge 42 human 25 human being 25 hunt, to 32 hunting 32 hurricane 46 I I don’t care 91 I don’t mind 91 I.D. 10 identify, to 10 identity 10 identity card 10 idiot 18 illegal 47 immature 87 immediately 87 impatient 47 impractical 20, 47 in danger of 25 in spite of 40 include, to 87 included 87


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including 87 increase, to 23 indoor 76 industrial 41 industry 41 inefficient 45, 47 influence 38 influence, to 38 intelligence 18 intelligent 18 intend, to 67 intention 67 interest 89 intransitive 24 invent, to 62 invention 62 inventor 62 iron 78 irresponsible 68 irritate, to 48 irritated 48 irritating 48 italics 53 J jewellery 13 judge 9 judge, to 50 judgement 50 jump, to 79 just 54 K keen 82 keep up with, to 63 keyboard 62 kill, to 9 kind 32 kindness 36 L ladder 43 later 48 lawn 75 laziness 36 lead, to 56 lead to, to 56 leader 56 leave alone, to 88 leave behind, to 88 leave out, to 88 lecture 81 left 88 leftovers 88 level 77


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lift 76 lift, to 76 lightning 46 like 43 likeable 38 linking words and clauses 14 literature 36 lock 78 long-term 51 look for work, to 65 look forward to, to 60 lose control, to 55 loveable 38 lover 36 lungs 72 lyrics 36 M main 55 main course 8 mainly 55 make (something) up, to 12 make a deal, to 80 make a suggestion, to 59 make sense, to 28 make someone do something, to 7 make up, to 87 make up your mind 91 mature 87 media, the 73 mental 90 message 63 migraine 48 mild 46 mind doing, to 91 mind if, to 91 mind, to 91 modal verbs in the past 52 modest 5 monster 72 mood 6 mortgage 89 mosque 49 motherhood 45 mountainous 41 multi-cultural 51 murder, to 9 murderer 9 N natural resource 31 neighbourhood 46 non-fiction 36 nuclear power 31


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O obsessed 82 obsession 82 oil 31 on purpose 67 on time 45 optimist 34 optimistic 34 order 8 order, to 8 ordinary 74 out of work 65 outdoor 76 over 30 own 22 own, to 22 P paranormal 72 partly 56 pass, to 56 past perfect (2) cause and effect 68 past perfect continuous 85 peace 95 peaceful 95 peel 27 peel, to 27 pension 66 perfect 65 permanent 15 personality 34 persuade, to 38 persuasion 38 pessimist 34 pessimistic 34 pick (out), to 25 pick someone up, to 25 pick something up, to 25 picnic 76 pigheaded 6 pitch 75 plant 75 plant, to 75 plastic surgery 37 plot 75 population 23 position 77 position, to 77 power 31 powerful 31 practical 20 practice 18 pray, to 49


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precious 13 predict, to 10 prediction 10 Predictions using to be going to 10 Predictions using will 10 prefix 47 prejudiced 50 present perfect continuous 16, 85 pressure 32 product 20 programme 70 pronounce, to 66 pronunciation 66 proper 29 proper nouns 30 properly 29 protect, to 26 protection 26 prove, to 9 provide, to 50 psychological 91 psychologist 91 psychology 91 punch, to 11 punish, to 8 punishment 8 put someone under pressure, to 32 R racism 51 racist 51 raise, to 24 raw 27 receive, to 63 referee 37 region 41 regular 48 regularly 48 reliable 49 religion 49 religious 49 rely, to 49 remote control 55 replace, to 20 reported speech (2) - reported questions 92 represent, to 83 resign, to 66 responsibilty 68 responsible 68 result 58 result in/from, to 58


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retire, to 66 retirement 66 review, to 73 reviewer 73 rhyme 71 rhyme, to 71 rhythm 71 rise, to 23 rough 15 routine 48 rudeness 36 run away, to 79 run over, to 30 rush 34 rush, to 34 S sack, to 66 sadness 36 sarcasm 17 sarcastic 17 satellite 28 satisfaction 65 satisfactory 65 satisfy, to 65 score 72 scream, to 94 self-conscious 90 self-employed 66 selfishness 36 send, to 63 sense of humour 17 sensible 68 serious 19 seriously 19 serve, to 87 service 45, 87 set, to 23 severe 46 sexism 51 sexist 51 shake hands, to 94 shake, to 94 shake your head, to 94 shall 59 share, to 6 shoot, to 32 short-term 51 sight 71 sign 84 silly 18 simple 75 sink, to 45 situation 15 slap, to 11


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slide 76 slide, to 76 slip, to 76 slippery 76 smack, to 11 smoke 23 soap opera 70 social 41 society 41 software 62 solar power 31 sound 71 special 74 special effects 75 speech 81 spirit 72 spoil, to 86 spoilt 86 starter 8 state 50 state, the 50 steel 78 steep 43 step 43 still 53 stone 13 store, to 62 storm 46 straight 37 stress 33 stressed 33 stressful 33 strike 46 strike, to 46 stubborn 6 stupid 18 sub-heading 47 subject 81 submarine 47 subtitled 47 suburbs 41 subway 47 such a + adj. + noun + that 42 such as 43 sudden 30 suddenly 30 suffer, to 48 suffix 35 suggestion 59 suitable 64 sulk, to 87 sunbathe, to 27 sunbathing 27 sunburn 27 sunrise 23


246

sunset 23 suntan 27 superstition 90 superstitious 90 symbol 84 synagogue 49 synonym 34 system 50 T take control, to 55 take it easy, to 35 take your time, to 35 technology 63 tell (someone) off, to 12 temper 6 temple 49 temporary 15 tense 33 term 51 terrified 93 terrifying 93 terror 94 terrorism 94 terrorist 94 the mind 90 the past perfect (1) 57 then 48 theory 18 thief 26 third conditional 60 thunder 46 tiny 42 title 36 total 85 totally 85 trademark 84 transitive 24 transitive and intransitive verbs 24 treat, to 14 treatment 14 trial 9 trouble 21 trouble and problem compared 22 true 35 trust, to 48 trustworthy 48 type, to 62 U U.F.O. 72 umpire 37 unavoidable 47


247

uncommon 47 unconscious 90 under pressure, to be 32 underlining 53 unfair 37 unfriendly 47 unkind 32 unless 29 unlikely 47 unsatisfactory 65 unsuitable 64 unusual 48 upstairs 76 V vain 37 valley 43 valuable 13 vanity 37 vegetarian 27 vitamin 27 voice 66 W washable 38 weather forecast 10 whereas 54 while 54 will and shall - making suggestions 59 wish (2) 82 wish + subject + would 83 wonderful 60 word processor 62 work 65 worthless 13


248

Avalon Direct English [Book 3]

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