Autonomia in the 1970s: The Refusal of Work, the Party and Power

Autonomia in the 1970s: The Refusal of Work, the Party and Power i

Patrick Cuninhame

Autonomy is the a!ility to i"e an ade#uate rule to desire, and not the art of !erudin the world$ %ranco &erardi '&ifo(i

)ot only is it freedom, !ut an anthro*oloical anthro*oloical rowth that causes an accumulation of desires, of necessities, of will+ it is, *rinci*ally, a collecti"e *henomenon, it is dee*ly coo*erati"e$ Autonomy is of the common$ Antonio )eri ii

ntroduction

The talian new social s ocial mo"ement of the 1970s, Autonomia Autonomia 'Autonomy(, was a key collecti"e actor in late twentieth-century talian *rotest and social conflict$ t *layed a sinificant role in the conflictual and relati"ely ra*id transformation of taly from a recently industrialised nation to a *ost.%ordist, *ost.industrial society$ The e/*erience of Autonomia has hihlihted the chanin nature of collecti"e identity, *olitical oranisation and social contestation in ad"anced, ur!anised ca*italist societies$ t re*resents, furthermore, a still unfinished cha*ter in recent talian history due to the failure of the *olitical class to reach a i

Pu!lished in Cultural Studies Review 's*ecial issue on the talian ffects2 conference( conference( 34ni"ersity of 5el!ourne6, ol$ ol$ 11, )o$ 8, e*tem!er 800, **$77.9;$  acknowlede and thank the hel* of the followin *eo*le in writin, editin and re"isin re"isin this article: Carolina Carolina &allesteros, Atealy and Penny ?ohnson$  would *articularly like to thank te"e te"e Wriht Wriht for *resentin in my my a!sence the *a*er on which which this article is !ased at the talian ffects: Radical Thouht, &io*olitics and Cultural u!"ersion2 conference at ydney 4ni"ersity in e*tem!er 800; and for all the encouraement and ad"ice he has "ery kindly offered me o"er the years$

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*olitical solution on the fate of the remainin *olitical *risoners and e/iles from the @ears @ears of Bead$ The emerency leislation of the 1970s continues to undermine the democratic fa!ric of !oth state and society$ The lack of a satisfactory solution for all sides of the "irtual ci"il war that e/isted in taly in the late 1970s has fostered silences, omissions and distortions in talian intellectual and academic life on a crucial *eriod, hel*in to lea"e unsol"ed and un*unished the @tratey of Tension !om!ins of 19D9-E;, alleedly committed !y the state itself$ o one of my aims is to un*ack the myths and cons*iracy theories surroundin Autonomia and the 1970s to clarify !etter its role as a mo"ement in"ol"ed in the conflicts of a *eriod of almost continuous *olitical and economic u*hea"al and of *rofound cultural and social chane$

With reference to the de!ates surroundin the oriins and nature of social mo"ements, it is surmised that the @cultural "ersion of new social mo"ement theory 'Alain Touraine and Al!erto 5elucci( o"erem*hasises the cultural as*ects of new social mo"ements, while minimisin their *rimarily *olitical oals, forms of oranisation and im*act on the state and ci"il society$ society$ The @*olitical "ersion '5anuel Castells and ?Fren >a!ermas( inores the cultural im*act of new social mo"ements at the sym!olic le"el, considerin them as @*artial *henomen *henomena, a, una!le una!le to effect effect the the state unless unless in alliance alliance with with the the *arties *arties and and trade trade unions unions of of the historical left$ &oth "ersions tend to inore the historical links !etween @old and @new social mo"ements in order to em*hasise the t he @newness of the latter$ latter$ Classical 5ar/ism has tended to treat social mo"ements as *otentially reactionary and in any case marinal to the central la!our-ca*ital conflict, while neo.5ar/ism, in its structuralist and =ramscian "ersions 'rnesto Baclau and Chantal 5ouffe, Ga"id Plotke(, has similar limitations to those













undermine the *olitical sinificance of new social mo"ements since the 19D0s when com*ared to institutional *olitics$ 5oreo"er, the centrality of the issue of @newness in the de!ate !etween new social mo"ement theory and 5ar/ism seems s eems to !e a di"erence com*ared to other more im*ortant as*ects$  arue that the academically im*osed di"ision !etween !etween cultural culturally ly oriented oriented new social social mo"ements mo"ements and and *oliti *olitical cal @class @class strule strule is false, false, as is the attem*t to di"ide these mo"ements into @!ad residualH"iolentH*olitical residualH"iolentH*olitical and @ood emerentHnon."iolentHcultural emerentHnon."iolentHcultural elements$

Autonomist 5ar/ism has attem*ted to !ride this ulf, althouh it can !e criticised for attem*tin to conflate contradictory *henomena such as feminism and youth counter.culture with class *olitics, and, in the case of the talian workerism 'o*eraismo( from which it s*rins, for failin to o !eyond the @workers centrality focus of classical 5ar/ism$ Ges*ite these limitations, howe"er, it re*resents a form of *olitical and socioloical analysis that has emered from within the talian new social mo"ements themsel"es and is therefore directly related to their social com*osition and forms of oranisation and mo!ilisation$ t em*hasises the autonomy of the workin class from ca*ital, that is of @li"in la!our la!our  from @dead la!our$ iii t "alorises difference and identifies as central to the class strule those sectors seen !y classical 5ar/ism, neo.5ar/ism and @*olitical new new social mo"ement theory as @marinals: homemakers, students, youth, @*recarious workers, the unem*loyed and @Third World *easants, that is, those who tend to oranise @s*ontaneously and autonomously from the structures of the official left, often as mo"ements$ %inally, it uses oral history and socioloical research throuh the re"i"al of 5ar/s @workers en#uiry to enerate hy*otheses from the raw material of e"eryday rassroots strule, rather than @to*.down













Autonomia reached its *eak as an incisi"e socio.*olitical force durin the u*sure in *rotest and conflict durin 1977, !ut !ut ra*idly disinterated followin the wa"es of arrests of thousands of militants !etween 1979 and 19EI, accused of formin @armed ans to su!"ert the state$ Accordin to one e/.*olitical *risoner, o"er ninety *er cent of those arrested chose to testify aainst their former comrades as @re*entant or @disassociated witnesses$i" After this *eriod of criminalisation, durin which some 1,000 militants were *re"enti"ely incarcerated in @s*ecial *risons for for e/tensi"e *eriods !efore standin trial, the remnants of Autonomia re"i"ed in the mid 19E0s as the @antaonist mo"ement$ " ome two hundred acti"ists from the 1970s still li"e in Juridical lim!o as unofficial refuees in Paris with little *ros*ect of an amnesty$"i )e"ertheless, i"en the continuin acti"ity of mainly counter.cultural youth social mo"ements in taly, taly, *articularly the @centri sociali 's#uatted social centres(,"ii and des*ite 'or !ecause ofK( the disa**earance of the )ew Beft oranisations of the 1970s, how can the continuin resonance of Autonomia in contem*orary talian society !e e/*lainedK

Lne of the central characteristics of the new social mo"ements, se*aratin them from the s*heres of institutional or @re"olutionary *arty *olitics, or indeed from other forms of collecti"e action such as interest rou*s and *rotest cam*ains, is that of @autonomy$ n the collecti"e sense, it sinifies the need of different rou*s of actors to *rotect and ad"ance their own aendas without !ein su!sumed !y the demands of a wider collecti"ity, whether ci"il society, the workin class or other social mo"ements$ Althouh the em*hasis was on the collecti"e, autonomy was also seen as an indi"idual demand and *ractice: the di"ersity of the needs of the indi"idual could not !e su!ordinated to the "oluntarism of













e/*ression in the direct, *artici*ati"e democracy of the assem!ly and the refusal of deleation or of any form f orm of re*resentati"e, institutionalised democracy$

The first *ro!lem, howe"er, is one of descri*tion: which Autonomia Autonomia are we dealin withK The Workers Workers Autonomy of the self.oranised self. oranised factory assem!lies of Porto 5arhera, 5ilan, Turin and Rome, of @workers autonomy autonomy aainst work and ca*italist command as e/*ressed throuh the factory system and its wae differentialsK The Lrani
Workers autonomy and the refusal of work

ou learnt how to read a wae sli*, how to see wae differentials, to see what were the work *rocesses$ >ow, also, to understand the work *rocesses in a chemicals factory, factory, which is not easy com*ared to manufacturin factories$ What were the *oints, for e/am*le, of













The historical core of Autonomia, Autonomia, namely the theory and *ractice of workers autonomy autonomy and the refusal of work, lasted from the early 19D0s to the reat defeats of the early 19E0s$ The de"elo*ment of the autonomous workers mo"ement was closely related to the e"olution of talian workerism, its emerence ha"in !een researched in their Journals, Quaderni Rossi and Classe and Classe Operaia in Operaia in the early 19D0s, !efore it !ecame an identifia!le collecti"e *henomenon durin the @>ot Autumn wildcat strike.wa"e of 19D9$ >owe"er, the autonomous workers mo"ements mo"ements main oranism, the Autonomous Workers Workers Assem!lies, had an often conflictual relationshi* with the %actory Councils, /i one of the main ains from the >ot Autumn as formally constituted in the 1970 Workers Charter$

The autonomous workers saw themsel"es as a @resistance mo"ement aainst industrial and technoloical restructurin and its *olitical !asis, the @>istorical Com*romise !etween the PC and the Christian Gemocrats$ arious arious forms of the refusal of work, wildcat strikes and industrial sa!otae were the @wea*ons in this strule$ The hih*oint was what )eri termed the @Workers Party of 5irafiori, the strike and occu*ation of the iant %AT %AT *lant in Turin !y the @Red &andannas, the most militant autonomous workers, in 5arch 197I$ /ii Also im*ortant was the relationshi* with non.industrial workers, *articularly in the rowin ser"ice sector and the radicalised sections of the *rofessions, as well as with un*aid la!our, like the @house @ house workers of the @workerist section of the womens womens mo"ement, the mo"ements of the unem*loyed in the south, and the uni"ersity and school students mo"ements$















@socialised worker/i" in the new *ost.%ordist @diffused factory: the decentralisation of the industrial economy into a network of medium and small factories, includin @!lack economy sweatsho*s '@la"oro nero( and the e/*loitation of family fa mily work, which *ermitted the creation of a non.unionised, fle/i!le and @intellient work force$ The increasinly !itter strule of the autonomous workers with the PC and its associated C=B trade union confederation led to the disinteration of workin class solidarity within the factories and the e/*ulsion !y manaement and unions of autonomist acti"ists$ /" Political re*ression com!ined with the rowin tensions caused !y *ost.%ordist automation, the decentralisation of *roduction and its resultant mass redundancies, culminatin in the de!acle of the @5arch of the ;0,000 *ro.manaement workers and the defeat of the Lcto!er 19E0 %AT %AT strikeMthe e"ent sinifyin the end of the *ost.19DE @lon wa"e of *olitical and social u*hea"al$

Colin Crouch and Alessandro Pi<












conflict and *olitics !y *ositin the locus of the @social factory *o*ulated !y the @socialised worker: 3T6he @factory where the workin class worked was the society as a whole, a social factory$ The workin class had to !e redefined to include nonfactory workers N students, women and the unem*loyed in taly, !ut also similar strules elsewhere in uro*e and the 4nited tates as well as those of *easants in the Third World$/"ii The autonomous workers mo"ement, des*ite its clear links with the historical oranisations of the industrial workin class, needs to !e seen, therefore, as a new social mo"ement in that it oranised amon the most marinalised sectors of the industrial workin class, includin south talian mirants, women and youner workers, who were in contact with and were culturally far closer to the students, feminists and counter.cultural youth of the new social mo"ements, than the more @uaranteed unionised workers$ While the autonomous workers mo"ement remained mass workerO!ased until its demise in 19E0, it also contained non.industrial and unwaed workers and, increasinly, the @socialised worker of the *ost.%ordist hinterland, as @W @Workers orkers Autonomy !ecame Autonomia$ Autonomia$

5ar/ em*hasised the alienation of waed la!our from the la!ourer, causin the worker to !ecome relati"ely *oorer '!oth morally and economically( the more wealth he *roduces, *roduces,













ca*italism as a system for the e/*ro*riation of human time$ Thus, ca*italist work was understood !y that *art of Autonomia closest to the 1977 5o"ement and the @marinality of mass youth unem*loyment as more the anthro*oloical e/*ro*riation of @time for life than the economic alienation of the worker from her *roduct$ //

The autonomous workers strule for e#uality in *ay and conditions for !lue. and white. collar workers, for @less work and more money, for the democratisation of la!our relations and the unions, and aainst technoloical restructurin, union !ureaucracy, the *ost.%ordist @diffused factory, the la!our @!lack market and, a!o"e all, ca*italist work as alienated acti"ity hel*ed to chane the nature of the talian work*lace and its institutions$ 4ndou!tedly, 4ndou!tedly, its re"olutionary *roJect of autonomous worker control o"er *roduction was defeated !y the effects of the *ost.%ordist transformation of the economy and the reim*osition of union heemony in *lace of workers autonomy as a result of *olitical re*ression and the @historic @his toric com*romises *olitics of austerity$ What has !een its leacy for contem*orary talian industrial and social relationsK Can it !e considered a new social mo"ement or was it sim*ly the e/tremist win of the last stand of the industrial mass workin class, the oldest social mo"ementK

The autonomous workers mo"ement should !e rearded as a new social mo"ement for its













model of localised factory committees and assem!liesMwith some *artici*ation in the %actory Councils, !ut with no more than city.wide coordination and a minimal national coordination networkMmade it similar to the @localised network model of the new social mo"ements$ The strenth of this model was to make it far more rece*ti"e to the needs of workers and chanes in the work*lace than the union !ureaucracies, while minimisin links with the hierarchical and nationally oranised )ew Beft rou*s$ >owe"er, the lack of a national co.coordinatin ca*acity com*ara!le to the unions ultimately left it "ulnera!le to re*ression and in an isolated, minoritarian *osition$ After 197I and the switch of em*hasis in the strule aainst the @diffused factory, its social com*osition !ecame almost identical with that of Autonomia, most of whose militants were in"ol"ed in work*lace strules as well as those for @social a**ro*riation$ >owe"er, for the antaonist youth of Autonomia and the 1977 5o"ement, !ein a @worker, once the essence of *roletarian identity, was more a condition to !e a"oided and certainly secondary to the counter.cultural and feminist influences on identity formation$ Con"ersely, Con"ersely, *articularly amon a mon the older @mass workers and those allied with the neo.Beninist *osition of Lrani












down, infuriatin the *u!lic *rosecutor who was des*erate to *ro"e that this @tank did in fact e/ist$ As it should ha"e done, lets !e frank$ %erruccio Gendena//i

Workin class autonomy and self.oranisation self. oranisation im*ly a reJection of the historical oranisational forms of the class, namely the *olitical *arty and the trade union, considered to !e !ureaucratic, centralised and hierarchical instruments of mediation and control rather than "ehicles of strule aainst ca*ital$ %ollowin the %AT %AT occu*ation in 5arch 197I and the disinteration of the )ew Beft rou*s, the #uestion of oranisation was at the centre of an inconclusi"e de!ate, first within Potere L*eraio 'W ' Workers Power( and then Autonomia$ Was the loose network of localised collecti"es and committees that identified with the *roJect of Workers Workers Autonomy to !ecome centralised as a national *arty, *arty, while a"oidin the sectarianism and !ureaucratism of the )ew Beft *arties, so as to effecti"ely challene the PC for workin class heemony and e"entually state *owerK Lr was it to remain *art of the !roader @5o"ement of autonomous workers, women, students and ur!an youth, to radicalise them still further and so transform society from the rassroots, o!"iatin the need to @sei
The crisis of the )ew Beft @"anuard *arty model, as ado*ted !y !oth Potere L*eraio and















di"ersity of the mo"ement, !ut also its disarticulation as a coherent, homoenous *olitical force$ &oth attem*ted to !reak from the )ew Befts ideoloical !asis for oranisation !y creatin structures ada*ted to the local conditions of class com*osition and forms of strule$

A third form, @armed Autonomia, Autonomia, emered after 197D, o**osin the hermetically cellular @armed *arty model of the Red &riades '&riate Rosse( and %ront Bine 'Prima Binea( with the semi.clandestine @*arallel structure$ "en !efore the colla*se of the 1977 5o"ement, the intensification of neo.fascist "iolence and the criminalisation of the antaonist mo"ements after the @5oro Affair,//ii a section of Autonomia had !eun to reoranise itself into @*arallel structures, *art leal *olitical oraniowe"er, the failure of @armed Autonomias Autonomias attem*t to *ractice a form of mass armed strule led some to lea"e and Join the formerly decried @armed *arties, on the rounds they were the only effecti"e effecti"e forms of resistance to state re*ression













criminalisation of Autonomia, alon with most of the new social mo"ements and *olitical oranisations to the left of the PC$ The re*ressi"e and marinalisin roles of the PC, the Judiciary and the media, the e/*erience of mass incarceration in the @s*ecial *risons, the effects of laws *ermittin reductions in sentences in return for @re*entance or @disassociation, the e/ile of o"er two hundred of Autonomias Autonomias most acti"e intellectuals and militants, and the demo!ilisation of the new social mo"ements and their withdrawal into *ri"ate life 'a *henomenon descri!ed in talian as riflusso( riflusso( were all im*ortant factors in Autonomias relati"ely ra*id disinteration as a mass mo"ement after 1979$

Autonomia emered as a loosely coordinated network of localised collecti"es from the remnants of the )ew Beft @"anuard *arties, whose oranisational model was essentially in continuity with the Lld Beft$ Within the !roader @area of autonomy, Lranised Workers Workers Autonomy, in its different reional forms, unsuccessfully attem*ted to reconstruct itself as a *olitical *arty$ @Armed Autonomia Autonomia attem*ted to *ractice a semi.clandestine s emi.clandestine form of mass













measures of a du!ious constitutional nature, initially used more aainst Autonomia and other antaonistic social mo"ements than the terrorist rou*s themsel"es$ n such a *olitical climate of fear, re*ression and the effecti"e sus*ension of !asic human and ci"il rihts, Autonomia ra*idly dissol"ed, althouh a small core of collecti"es remained acti"e, *articularly in Rome and Padua$

n 5arch 1977, the *eak of the 1977 5o"ement, Autonomia was "isi!ly the main *olitical force to the left of the PC, the remnants of the )ew Beft rou*s either still o*eratin in a dislocated fashion or *resent as indi"idual acti"ists 'cani 'cani sciolti( sciolti( within the 1977 5o"ement, contestin Lranised Workers Workers Autonomys Autonomys attem*t to heemonise it$ Autonomia at its *eak had a wides*read network of local *u!lications and radio stations and was ca*a!le of mo!ilisin well o"er 100,000 militants and sym*athisers for maJor national demonstrations, such as the !anned 5ay Gay march in 5ilan$ >owe"er, its hu!ris was to !e !rief and, as a mo"ement, it !ecame the "ictim of its own oranisational success,













n conclusion, Autonomias Autonomias attem*t to oranise the social conflicts e/*ressed !y a new eneration of actors contained an unresol"ed tension !etween the @mo"ementist desire to accentuate the autonomy of these conflicts throuh a decentralised, hori












outh counter.cultures and antaonist communication: @creati"e autonomia and the 1977 mo"ement

&olona was the ha**iest moment of this !roader Autonomia, N it 3was6 the only town where there was not a stron Red &riades *resence $$$ nstead 3social Autonomia6 was *rominent culturally and intellectually$ intellectually$ t had a sort of leadershi* $$$ also in the *hysical !attle, !ut not in terrorism$ The !roader church of of Autonomia Autonomia worked "ery well in &olona, &olona, so much so that 3Lranised Autonomia6 Autonomia6 was rather marinalised N  disliked 3Lranised Autonomia6 intensely then, as  intensely disliked the Red &riades $$$ !ecause  thouht there was a *lan, a uto*ia that they were *uttin o"er our shoulder, that we were their donkeys$ nrico Palandri//"i

n the cycle of *olitical and social conflict !etween 197I and 19E0Mthe *ara!ola of















intact from such an uncom*romisin confrontation$ Whereas 19DE saw an e/*losion of antaonist mo"ements, !eha"iours and mentalities that s*read throuhout talian society s ociety,, synchronisin with a *rofound *rocess of lo!al social, economic and cultural crisis and chane, the 1977 5o"ement, as the culmination of that *rocess in taly, re*resented finally an im*losion of that tendency and its dis*ersion throuhout society in an indi"idualised rather than a collecti"e form$ The out!urst of *olitical, social and cultural inno"ation and creati"ity re*resented in and !y the 1977 5o"ement ultimately fell into a "oid of re*ression and terrorism, its actors una!le to maintain the tremendous momentum of %e!ruary and 5arch$ The issues that had dominated Autonomias Autonomias aenda since 197IMthe refusal of work, new oranisational forms, anti.fascism, armed strule and the













role of uni"ersities$///i The mo"ement seemed s*lit !etween a #uest for *ersonal creati"ity and freedom, on one hand, and the *rotest aainst austerity measures and rationalisation, on the other$ t was characterised !y the students awareness of their own social marinality and imminent unem*loyment$ t also contained a stron anti.nuclear mo"ement, whose success can !e Juded !y the fact that today, in 800, there are still no nuclear reactors in taly$///ii t e"oked a stronly re*ressi"e reaction from the state, with "iolent *olice action aainst lare demonstrations, and forci!le e"ictions from s#uatted youth centres and uni"ersity occu*ations$ Crude measures, such as the !annin of all *u!lic demonstrations for three months, the killin of a student !y the Cara!inieri '*aramilitary *olice force( and the use of tanks in &olona, and the slayin of a feminist *acifist !y *lain clothes *olice













fact, the 1977 5o"ement had more success in cam*ainin around more immediate en"ironmental issues, *articularly aainst nuclear *ower, antici*atin the emerence of the 19E0s @reen mo"ement$ Althouh Althouh the mo"ement de"elo*ed localised communicati"e networks !ased on alternati"e radio and *eriodical Journalism, and was characterised !y its remarka!le linuistic inno"ation, which allowed it to constantly !ewilder and wron foot its *olitical enemies, it was una!le to *re"ent its *olitical isolation$

The mo"ements relations with Autonomia were *ro!lematic and Lranised Workers Workers Autonomys attem*t to heemonise its strateic direction led to constant friction with the feminists, @creati"e Autonomia and the remnants of the )ew Beft rou*s$ Lranised













The 1977 5o"ement itself re*resented the emerence of a @metro*olitan culture with its attendant @new indi"idualism$///"i talian youth su!cultures effecti"ely mered with similar currents in Western societies, indeed ins*irin new "ersions of antaonist youth cultures and forms of *olitical action in su**osedly more @ad"anced @a d"anced countries in the followin decades$ >owe"er, it also re*resented the definiti"e decline of the @re"olutionary 5ar/ist form of *olitical action, !ased on collecti"e solidarity, solidarity, unity and ideoloy, only heihtened !y the slide of a sinificant section of that *olitical tradition into terrorism in the late 1970s$ >ence, the mo"ement has !een defined as a @*ost.*olitical and e"en @anti.communist mo"ement$///"ii >owe"er, des*ite its reJection of many of the *remises of the historic communist mo"ement 'includin the Lld and )ew Befts and much of @Lranised













Autonomy, Autonomy, in *articular that of Toni Toni )eri, is a system of thouht which in a certain sense has theori
Autonomy is rich !ut also a !i dou!t !ecause one doesnt know if autonomy will *re"ail$ That de*ends on res*onsi!ility, on indi"idual acti"ity and it de*ends on militancy$ militancy$ Antonio )eri///i/

The relati"ely !rief e/*erience of Autonomia in 1970s taly em!odied the am!iuity of re"olutionary action in the *ost.industrial, *ost.modern era$ The refusal of work was to !e















The refusal of clandestinity was *art of the di"idin line !etween Autonomia and the terrorist formations to which the oranisation and *ractice of "iolence could not !e deleated, in the same way that work*lace and social strules could not !e deleated to the trade union or the *olitical *arty$/li et et the "ery "ariety of *ositions within Autonomia and the 1977 5o"ement o"er the use of *olitical "iolence, ranin from the non."iolence













skills in the linuistic and communicational fields and chastened !y their recent e/*erience of re*ression, their @new indi"idualism also found an outlet in the mediatisation of talian society in the 19E0s and the rise of &ettino Cra/i, il"io &erlusconi, 4m!erto &ossi, the @new social riht/liii and neo.li!eralism$/li"













recent term for the "ersion of Western neo.5ar/ism rooted in the *ractice of the twentieth. century Council Communist u*risins, %rench and 4.dissident Trotskyism, a!o"e all in the e/traordinary e/*erience of talian workerism and Autonomia, Autonomia, and now transformed !y the inno"ati"e *ost.workerist thouht of )eri, 5ichael >ardt, Paolo irno, 5auri












i

@Autonomia  la ca*acit di darsi una reola adeuata al desiderio, e non larte di tenere il !roncio

al mondo$ Settantasette mondo$ Settantasette 3discontinued6, 3discontinued6, Uhtt*:HHwww$taonet$itH77we!$htm Uhtt*:HHwww$taonet$itH77we!$htm$ $ 'All translations from talian and *anish into nlish are mine unless otherwise indicated$( ii

%ernando Gel Corro, @Toni )eri y un mundo desmesurado #ue se #uedo sin teorXa del "alor

3inter"iew6, Autonomia 3inter"iew6, Autonomia Social , 800;, Uhtt*:HHusuarios$lycos$esH*eteY!aumannHRe*ortaJeZ80del U htt*:HHusuarios$lycos$esH*eteY!aumannHRe*ortaJeZ80del Z80Corro$htm$ Z80Corro$htm$













Manifesto, Manifesto,
Lften s#uatted and sometimes conceded *u!lic !uildins, such as disused schools or factories,

"ii

taken o"er !y rou*s of youth, usually from the area anta-onista 'the anta-onista 'the successors of Autonomia( Autonomia( or anarchists '!ut also extra1comunitari immirants and e"en foot!all fans( to use as meetin *laces and centres of cultural, social and *olitical acti"ities, i"en the lack of the *ro"ision of such facilities !y local o"ernment$ A social *henomenon once uni#ue to taly, where s#uatted housin is















at %AT %ATss 5irafiori *lant in Turin, with a similar economic role to other immirant workers in













&erardi$

//













Autonomous Social Movements and te 6ecoloni*ation of Everyday Life, Life , >umanities Press, )ew













Lavorare meno per lavorare tutti, a tutti, a sloan of the Autonomous Workers Workers 5o"ement, Autonomia

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Autonomia in the 1970s: The Refusal of Work, the Party and Power

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