1.
INTRODUCTION
A headlamp is a lamp attached to the front of a vehicle to light the road ahead. While it is common for the term headlight to be used interchangeably interchangeably in informal discussion, headlamp is the term for the device itself, while headlight properly refers to the beam of light produced and distributed by the device. Headlamp performance has steadily improved throughout the automobile age, spurred by the great disparity between daytime and nighttime traffic fatalities: the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration states that nearly half of all traffic-related fatalities occur in the dark, despite only 25% of traffic travelling during darkness Other vehicles, such as trains and aircraft, are required to have headlamps. Bicycle headlamps are often used on bicycles, and are required in some jurisdictions. They can be powered by a battery or or a small generator mechanically mechanically integrated into the workings of the bicycles. 1.1. The Problem and its Scope
Vehicles that don’t don ’t have headlamps causes accidents in the road during night driving, that is why it iiss very important for a vehicle to have headlamps to light the road ahead, in this project a simple prototype of headlamp has been made to observed how headlamps works and to find alternative solution for manually operated head lamps. 1.1.1. :
Title of the existing conventional system Manually operated headlight
1.1.1.1.
:
Purpose of the system
To switch from high to low beam and vice-versa 1.1.1.2.
:
Importance of the system
To avoid temporary blindness of the opposite approaching vehicle 1.1.1.3.
:
History of development
The earliest headlamps were fueled by acetylene or oil, and were introduced in the late 1880s. Acetylene lamps were popular because the flame is resistant to wind and rain. The first electric headlamps were introduced in 1898 on the Columbia Electric Car from the Electric Vehicle Company of Hartford, Connecticut, and were optional. Two f actors limited the widespread use of electric headlamps: the short life of filaments in the harsh automotive environment, and the difficulty of producing dynamos small enough, yet powerful enough to produce sufficient current. 1.1.2. :
Rationale
A headlamp is a lamp attached to the front of a vehicle to light the road ahead.
1.1.3. :
Literature background
There are two different beam pattern and headlamp construction standards in use in the world: The ECE standard, which is allowed or required in virtually all industrialised countries except the United States, and the SAE standard that is mandatory only in the US. Japan formerly had bespoke lighting regulations similar to the US standards, but for the left side of the road. However, Japan now adheres to the ECE standard. The differences between the SAE and ECE headlamp standards are primarily in the amount of glare permitted toward other drivers on low beam (SAE permits much more glare), the minimum amount of light required to be thrown straight down the road (SAE requires more), and the specific locations within the beam at which minimum and maximum light levels are specified.
1.2.
System methodology 1.2.1. :
Designing of the existing conventional system
Headlights were used in vehicles to lit the way during night driving. Headlights can be switched from high beam to low beam and vice-versa, this helps the driver to see clearly the way ahead. 1.2.1.1. :
Objective of the design To be informed how the manually operated headlight works.
1.2.1.2. :
Specification requirements
1 12v/35w bulb 1 bulb socket 1 12v battery pack for powering bulb 1 light switch
1.2.2. :
Modeling of the existing conventional system
1.2.2.1. :
Field of Engineering involved
Electronics Engineering, Electrical Engineering 1.2.2.2.
Processes or flow in executing the desired system output 1. Gather all materials needed 2. The 12v/35w bulb has 3 wires HIGH-YELLOW, LOW-WHITE, BLUE-COMMON 3. Connect it to the 12v battery pack and to l ight switch.
2.
INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS 2.1.
Evaluation The system is manually operated which requires driver’s attention
2.2.
Problems you observe and possible solutions
The headlamp was unable to automatically switch the beams from high to low, an automatic system must be installed.
2.3.
Findings
Automatic Headlight On (AHO) has to be equipped with automatic light beam switch.
2.4. Conclusions Therefore an automatic system is needed to help drivers.Without giving much attention In switching light beams. TIME FRAME FOR CHAPTER 1 AND CHAPTER 2 FROM :
JULY 13, 2017
TO
AUGUST 10, 2017
:
BSME-4A
:
SHORT WHITE SLIDING FOLDER
BSME-4B
:
SHORT BLUE SLIDING FOLDER
3.
SYSTEM MODIFICATION
“Manually Operated Headlight Beams”
NAME OF RESEARCHERS Arado, Darryl Balijon, Rondee Calope, Anthony Platino, Mark Anthony
“Automatic Headlight Beam Switch for Two-
wheelers using Photocell (LDR)”
NAME OF RESEARCHERS Arado, Darryl Balijon, Rondee Calope, Anthony Platino, Mark Anthony
INTRODUCTION
In a bind to make roads safer for two-wheelers in India, the government has reportedly decided to mandate 'Automatic Headlamp On' (AHO) in two-wheelers from 2017. T his means, from April 2017, two-wheelers in India, like some of the high-end bikes and the daytime running lights (DRLs) that we find in cars, will come with headlights that stay on as long as ignition is on. Headlights of vehicles pose a great danger during night driving. The drivers of most vehicles use high, bright beam while driving at night. This causes a discomfort to the person travelling from the opposite direction and therefore experiences a sudden glare for a short period of time. This is caused due to the high intense headlight beam from the other vehicle coming towards the one from the opposite direction. Essentially, the two-wheeler manufacturers will now remove the on/off switch seen on the right handlebar located between the engine kill switch and the electric start button. This means, henceforth new bike owners will not be able to switch off the headlamp when the bike is turned on, which will help in improving overall vi sibility. DRLs or AHOs are currently mandatory in several developed markets and the government is trying to mandate this rule in India as well. This has been a feature in European countries since 2003.With regards upon this mandate in India, motorcycles in the Philippines, namely Honda Motorcycles also adapted this 'Automatic Headlamp On' (AHO) in two-wheelers for safety purposes. In this project, an automatic headlight switcher which uses a photoresistor (LDR) as a sensor has been designed to switch the headlight of on-coming vehicle to avoid human eye effects. This automatically switched the high beam into low beam, therefore reducing the glare effect by sensing the light intensity value of approaching vehicle and also eliminated the requirement of manual switching by the driver which was not done at all times. The system device was able to automatically switch the headlight to low beam when it sensed a vehicle approaching from the opposite side using photoresistor (LDR) as a sensor.This system has been already merely found in cars but rarely in two-wheelers.
1.2. The Problem and its Scope
As per some international surveys around the world, most of accidents occur at night time. These accidents are mainly because of driver inattentiveness while driving. Thus an autonomous car will ensure a safe and easy driving without much human intervention. The effect at night time due to high intensity beam too is responsible for fatal accidents. Thus, an automatic beam switcher helps to switch the high beam to low beam even when driver is inattentive, thereby preventing accidents. The project aims at developing a device or a system to sense the intensity of headlight from opposing vehicle and switching the intensity of headlight automatically based on readings from sensor. The operation of system doesn’t
depend on human actions.This system will detect light from opposite direction as well as the city lights.
1.2.1. :
Rationale
The project aims at designing a system to be used in such autonomous motorcycle. The project is to develop an automatic headlight beam intensity switcher. Such a system will sense the beam status of opposing vehicle and switch the beam intensity of headlight. A sensor based mechanism is utilized to develop the system. The beam intensity switcher plays a very important role while driving. During night time, when two vehicles approach each other in opposite direction the high intensity headlight creates an effect called “Troxler effect”. This effect creates a temporary blindness for some seconds thus resulting in unfortunate accidents. Thus, the high beam of both the vehicles must be switched to low so as to have a comfortable driving. The use of such a device in vehicles can prevent accidents at night time due to driver inattentiveness and provides an ease of driving. We have used the Arduino UNO board as our m icrocontroller and application specific sensors. In our project we have designed a device which is a combination of software and hardware coding. The light sensor takes the “lux ” reading of the headlight rays from the opposing vehicle and checks for a threshold value assigned in the coding. Based on the threshold value the beam switches from high to low state and vice-versa when both the vehicles pass by each other. The same process takes place in opposite vehicle too. This device can be implanted on the front part of the car at an appropriate position and angle. 1.2.2. :
Literature background
Light is electromagnetic radiation within a certain portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. The word usually refers to visible light, which is visible to the human eye and it is responsible for the sense of sight. Visible light is usually defined as having wavelengths in the range of 400 –700 nanometers (nm), or 400×10−9 m to 700×10−9 m, between the infrared (with longer wavelengths) and the ultraviolet (with shorter wavelengths). Light can be produced by nature or by humans. "Artificial" light is typically produced by lighting systems that transform electrical energy into light. The human eye is a very sensitive organ. It works almost an entire day without any rest. The human eyes are adaptable to a particular range of vision. There are two visions namely the scotopic and photopic vision. Human eyes actually behave differently in different conditions. During bright surroundings, our eyes can resist up to 3 cd/m2 . This is the photopic vision. During dark and unlit conditions, our eye switches to scotopic vision which has a range of 30 -45 μcd/m2 . It takes 4 seconds for our eyes to change from photopic vision to scotopic vision.
This is also an example of Troxler effect [1]. As the brightness increases, the strain to focus on an object increases. This will i ncrease the response time of that person. The requirement of headlight is very common during night travel. The same headlight which assists the driver for better vision during ni ght travel is also responsible for many accidents that are being caused. The driver has the control of the headlight which can be switched from high beam (bright) to low beam (dim). The headlight has to be adjusted according to the light requirement by the driver [2]. During pitch black conditions where there are no other sources of light, high beam is used. In all other cases, low beam is preferred. But in a twoway traffic, there are vehicles plying on both sides of the road. So when the bright light from the headlight of a vehicle coming from the opposite direction falls on a person, it glares him for a certain amount of time. This causes disorientation to that driver. This discomfort will result in i nvoluntary closing of the driver’s eyes momentarily. This fraction of distraction is the prime cause of many road accidents [3]. The prototype that has been designed to reduce this problem by actually dimming down the bright headlight of our vehicle to low beam automatically when it senses a vehicle at close proximity approaching from the other direction. The entire working of the dimmer is a simple electronic circuitry arrangement which senses and switches the headlight according to the conditions required [4].,”” OKRAH. S.K, et al. System methodology 1.2.1. :
Designing of the modified system
In this project, an automatic headlight switcher which uses a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) sensor has been designed motorcycles to avoid human eye effects. This automatically switched the high beam into low beam, therefore reducing the glare effect by sensing the light intensity value of approaching vehicle. 1.2.1.1. :
Objective of the design To help vehicle drivers avoid temporary blindness and also
eliminate the requirement of manual switching by the driver which was not done at all times.
1.2.1.2. : 1 Arduino uno board 1 1000ohms resistor
Specification requirements
1 220ohms resistor 1 5v relay 1 solar cell (sensor) 1 12v/35w bulb 1 bulb socket 1 12v battery pack for powering bulb 1 9v battery pack for powering Arduino uno :
Modeling of the existing conventional system
1.2.2.1. :
Field of Engineering involved
Mechanical Engineering, Electronics Engineering, Computer Engineering, Electrical Engineering
1.2.2.3.
Processes or flow in executing the desired system output
Schematic Diagram
CODE: int relayPin = 3; int ldrPin=0; int ldrVal=analogRead(ldrPin);
void setup() { Serial.begin(9600); pinMode(3, OUTPUT);
}
void loop() { ldrVal=analogRead(ldrPin); Serial.println(ldrVal); if ( ldrVal < 800 ) {
digitalWrite(relayPin, LOW); delay (500); }
if ( ldrVal > 800 ) { digitalWrite(relayPin, HIGH); delay (500);
}
}
OUTPUT
