PCDG 77
\cjcrcmkigs fchisfgtivgs
Fcmkcräg. Pékmikgs `c fgvg`a, rcgkkiûm g fg gkkiûm `c çki`as, fcoägs, axi`gmtcs, tcdpcrgturg y gkkiûm dckçmikg. (gpfikgkiûm `cf kärkufa `c [immcr cm cf prakcsa `c fgvg`a) Fas `ctcrhcmtcs Pipas `c `ctcrhcmtcs? y pra`uktas pgrg cf fgvg`a `c fg rapg? (Kadpamcmtcs `c fas disdas y gkkiûm quc rcgfizgm. ^rckgukiamcs, im`ikgkiamcs `c usa schÿm cf tipa, y kgrgktcrästikgs `c fas disdas gsä kada `cf tipa sukic`g` g cfidimgr) Pékmikgs y prckgukiamcs `c fgvg`a. Pékmikgs Pékmikgs y prckgukiamcs `c pfgmkbg`a, tcdpcrgturgs g`ckug`gs. Makiamcs `c ctiquctg`a `c rapg \cgf @ckrcta ;;:>/792;, `c ;> `c mavicdlrc, par cf quc sc gpruclg fg \chfgdcmtgkiûm Pékmika-[gmitgrig `c Fcoägs \cgf @ckrcta 88>/7999, `c 8 `c dgya, par cf quc sc gpruclg fg \chfgdcmtgkiûm tékmika-sgmitgrig pgrg fg cfglargkiûm, kirkufgkiûm y kadcrkia `c `ctcrhcmtcs y fidpig`arcs
Aloctivas
Kamakcr fg rcgkkiûm `c fgs prcm`gs gmtc çki`as, fcoägs y axi`gmtcs Gprcm`cr fgs gftcrgkiamcs quc fg tcdpcrgturg y fg gkkiûm dckçmikg pravakgm cm fas tcoi`as Cstu`igr fgs tékmikgs y prckgukiamcs g tcmcr cm kucmtg cm cm cf fgvg`a y pfgmkbg`a `c fg rapg \ckamakcr fgs `istimtgs im`ikgkiamcs cm cf ctiquctg`a `c fg rapg
c`itarigf } kcp
7. FCMKC\ FCM KC\ÄG. ÄG. PÉK PÉKMIKG MIKG[ [ @C FGZ FGZG@A, G@A, \CG \CGKKIÛ KKIÛM M G FG GKKIÛM @C ÇKI@A[, ÇKI@A [, FCOÄG[, ARI@GMPC[, PCD^C\GPS\G PCD^C\GPS\ G Y GKKIÛM DCKÇMIKG. (G^FIKGKIÛM @CF KÄ\KSFA @C [IMMC\ CM CF ^\AKC[A @C FGZG@A ) 7.7 \cgkkiûm `c fas tcoi`as g fg gkkiûm `c fas çki`as G. Pipas `c çki`as Gf bglfgr `c fas çki`as vgdas g rcgfizgr umg lrcvc rcjcrcmkig g gqucffas quc sam utifizg`as cm hcmcrgf `c dgmcrg dçs bglitugf. Gsä pa`cdas `cstgkgr fas sihuicmtcs? -
Cf çki`a sufjÿrika sufjÿrika ticmc umg jucrtc gkkiûm `csbi`rgtgmtc y ma safa cxtrgc cf ghug `c fgs sustgmkigs quädikgs y `c fas tcoi`as gmidgfcs y vchctgfcs, sima quc par kamtgkta `irckta kgusg fg `cstrukkiûm `c cstas, g`cdçs `c sustgmkigs kada gzÿkgrcs, pgpcf y jilrgs tcxtifcs vchctgfcs. Cs par csta par fa quc sc utifizg u tifizg pgrg `csckgr sustgmkigs.
-
Cf kfara ticmc gpfikgkiamcs duy vgrig`gs cm fg im`ustrig quädikg, kada cm fg jglrikgkiûm `c pra`uktas arhçmikas kfarg`as (dgtcrigf pfçstika a simtétika, safvcmtcs, imscktiki`gs, bcrliki`gs), cm fg im`ustrig `c fg kcfufasg y `cf pgpcf y cm fgs fgvgm`crägs kada ghcmtc `c lfgmquca.
-
Cf çki`a axçfika axçfika sirvc pgrg trgtgr axi`gkiamcs `c bicrra, kurti`a kurti`a `c kucras, kucras, kgtgfizg`ar, rcgktiva `c fglargtaria y lfgmqucg`a `c tcxtifcs. Kada vcmtgogs pa`cdas `cstgkgr quc `isucfvc fgs dgmkbgs `c timtg jérrikg, gsä kada cf ûxi`a `c bicrra. ^ar atrg pgrtc, kada imkamvcmicmtcs, gf usgrfa pgrg `isafvcr ûxi`a `c bicrra jardg salrc cf dctgf umg kgpg `c pafva gdgriffa quc cs prckisa cfidimgr, quc`gm`a `c ta`as da`as um `csghrg`glfc kafar gdgriffa-vcr`asa.
L. Cjcktas `c fas çki`as salrc fas `ijcrcmtcs tipas `c tcoi`as tcxtifcs Zgdas g cmudcrgr g kamtimugkiûm fas cjcktas hcmcrgfcs quc arihimgm fas çki`as salrc kg`g tipa `c tcoi`a, cm jumkiûm `c su kadpasikiûm. @c cstc da`a pa`cdas `cstgkgr fas sihuicmtcs? -
[alrc fas tcoi`as `c gfha`ûm y fima, sus jilrgs rcsuftgm `g÷g`gs par fg gkkiûm `c `istimtas çki`as dimcrgfcs.
-
[alrc fas tcoi`as `c rgyûm y fgs pafigdi`gs, sus jilrgs rcsuftgm `g÷g`gs cm hcmcrgf par ta`a tipa `c çki`as.
-
[alrc fas tcoi`as `c sc`g, sus jilrgs sam rcsistcmtcs g fas çki`as çki`as arhçmikas, arhçmikas, gumquc rcsuftg rcsuftg `g÷g`g par fas çki`as dimcrgfcs.
-
[alrc tcoi`as `c fgmg, gkräfikas y pafiéstcr fas çki`as cm hcmcrgf ma pra`ukcm cjcktas, cjcktas, y sus jilrgs rcsistcm su gkkiûm.
7.< \cgkkiûm `c fas tcoi`as g fg gkkiûm `c fgs fcoägs Fg fcoäg cs um pra`ukta karrasiva quc `clc trgtgrsc kam kui`g`a parquc cs `g÷ima pgrg fg sgfu`. [u gkkiûm karrasivg puc`c `g÷gr fas tcoi`as si sc utifizg kada cfcdcmta lfgmqucg`ar `c dgmcrg
<>>
Pcdg 77
c`itarigf } kcp
duy bglitugf, ffchgm`a g kamschuir quc fgs prcm`gs quc cm um primkipia crgm `c kafar lfgmka pgscm g tcmcr um tama hrisçkca. Fg fcoäg rcgkkiamg kam fgs dgmkbgs `ijäkifcs y rcstas `c sukic`g` pcrsistcmtcs, kamvirtiém`afgs cm sustgmkigs safulfcs `c jçkif cfidimgkiûm dc`igmtc ghug y `ctcrhcmtcs. Cs g`ckug`g pgrg fg fidpiczg y lfgmquca `c prcm`gs lfgmkgs a `c kafarcs kfgras `c gfha`ûm y `c tcoi`as simtétikas. Cf usa `c fcoäg pcrditc lfgmqucgr y `csimjcktgr fg rapg fgvgm`a cm ghug jräg, g umg tcdpcrgturg imjcriar g fas 0> ¾K g fg quc dukbas atras `ctcrhcmtcs ma kamsihucm cfidimgr ta`as fas hérdcmcs. Ma sc puc`c utifizgr fcoäg pgrg fgvgr myfam, sc`g y fgmg, yg quc `cstruyc sus jilrgs. ^ar cstc dativa cs kamvcmicmtc utifizgr atra tipa `c pra`uktas kam fgs kamkcmtrgkiamcs g`ckug`gs pgrg kg`g usa y quc ticmc dcmas ricshas g fg barg `c ffcvgr g kgla su dgmipufgkiûm.
Kada cocdpfa, pgrg lfgmqucgr umg prcm`g `c gfha`ûm sc fc puc`c gpfikgr fcoäg, pcra cm kugmta sc altcmhg fg lfgmkurg `cscg`g bgy quc mcutrgfizgr fg rcgkkiûm quädikg `c fg fcoäg cm c m cf tcoi`a, sudcrhicm`a fg prcm`g cm ghug jräg. Kada rckadcm`gkiamcs g fg barg `c utifizgr fcoäg cm cf fgvg`a `c prcm`gs pa`cdas cmkamtrgr fas sihuicmtcs? -
Ma glusgr `c fg fcoäg, yg quc arihimg arihimg um `cshgstc `c fgs jilrgs imtcriarcs y cxtcriarcs `c fgs prcm`gs, fiditgm`a fg vi`g ÿtif `c fgs disdgs.
-
Ma usgr usgr fcoägs bipakfarg`g sim sim `ifuir, yg quc pravakg ghuocras ghuocras cm cm fgs prcm`gs.
-
Ma utifizgr fcoägs cm tcfgs yg `g÷g`gs a `cskafari`gs, `cskafari`gs, yg yg quc ma gktugrç `c dgmcrg umijardc. umijardc.
-
Ma fgvgr fgs prcm`gs rcdaog`gs cm fcoäg kam fgs quc ma fa bgm cstg`a, yg quc fas fas rcstas `c `ikba pra`ukta pa`rägm `ctcriargr fg rapg ma trgtg`g.
-
[cpgrc fg rapg par kafarcs y tipa `c sukic`g`, yg quc fgs fcoägs puc`cm `ctcriargr `ctcriargr fgs prcm`gs `c kafar.
7.; \cgkkiûm `c fas tcoi`as g fg gkkiûm `c fas axi`gmtcs Fas axi`gmtcs sam sustgmkigs quc axi`gm g atrg sustgmkig cm rcgkkiamcs cfcktra-quädikgs. Cm cstgs rcgkkiamcs sc pra`ukc um imtcrkgdlia `c cfcktramcs, y cf ghcmtc axi`gmtc sc rc`ukc, par fa quc sc rc`ukcm cfcktramcs `c um rcgktiva. [u gkkiûm lfgmqucg`arg `crivg `c su kgpgki`g` pgrg radpcr fas cmfgkcs `alfcs `cf kgrlama. Fg dgyaräg `c fas kafargmtcs `c arihcm arhçmika prakc`cm `c fg cxistcmkig `c `alfcs cmfgkcs kamouhg`as, fas axi`gmtcs gtgkgm cstas `alfcs cmfgkcs y fas radpcm, `c jardg quc sc cfidimg cf kafar. Cf axähcma puc`c `ckafargr sulstgmkigs arhçmikgs kam dgyar `ijikuftg`. [crç pucs um `ckafargmtc `c kafarcs `élifcs. Cm kadpgrgkiûm g fg fcoäg, cf axähcma ticmc dcmar pa`cr `ckafargmtc pcra cs duy vçfi`a pgrg quitgr cf kafar `c fgs dgmkbgs cm rapg tc÷i`g.
7.0 \cgkkiûm `c fas tcoi`as g fg gkkiûm `c fg tcdpcrgturg Gmtcs `c rcgfizgr cf fgvg`a `c umg prcm`g bgy quc fccr fg tcdpcrgturg `c fgvg`a rckadcm`g`g cm fgs imstrukkiamcs `c fgs ctiquctgs. Kam cffa cvitgrcdas pasilfcs `ctcriaras cm fgs prcm`gs.
Fcmkcräg. Pékmikgs `c fgvg`a y pfgmkbg`a
<>7
c`itarigf } kcp
Mardgfdcmtc, fas kafarcs paka jirdcs cm prcm`gs `cfikg`gs sc fgvgrçm cm ghug jräg a kada dçxida g ;>¿5 fgs jilrgs simtétikgs `c kafarcs jirdcs sc fgvgrçm kam ghug tilig, kam um dçxida `c 0>¿5 y fg rapg lfgmkg a fgs prcm`gs `c kafarcs kfgras quc ma `csti÷cm sc fgvgrçm cm ghug kgficmtc kam um dçxida `c :>¿. G kamtimugkiûm vgdas g gmgfizgr lrcvcdcmtc fg tcdpcrgturg `c fgvg`a `c `istimtas tcoi`as? -
Gfha`ûm? fgs prcm`gs kam 7>> % `c gfha`ûm sam duy rcsistcmtcs rcsistcmtcs gf fgvg`a g cfcvg`gs cfcvg`gs tcdpcrgturgs, y g`ditcm ghug jräg a kgficmtc. Bgy quc tcmcr kui`g`a, yg quc si fg tcdpcrgturg `cf ghug cs duy cfcvg`g, fgs prcm`gs cmkahcm y p uc`cm `ckafargrsc. Fgs prcm`gs cstgdpg`gs a `c kafar `c gfha`ûm 7>> % mckcsitgm um pridcr fgvg`a safgs pgrg cvitgr `cstc÷ir atrgs prcm`gs y gschurgrsc quc sam `c kafarcs jirdcs.
-
Fgmg? cf ghug `clc scr gpcmgs tilig, yg quc fgs tcdpcrgturgs cfcvg`gs fg gpcfdgzgm. ^grg rcgfizgr cf fgvg`a g dgma, sc jratg sugvcdcmtc cm um prcpgrg`a `c ghug oglamasg y sim cstruogr sc gkfgrg kam ghug fidpig g fg disdg tcdpcrgturg `c fgvg`a.
-
Fima? gf ihugf quc cf gfha`ûm, gfha`ûm, puc`c fgvgrsc cm fg fgvg`arg sim sim imkamvcmicmtcs, imkamvcmicmtcs, kam ghug ghug kgficmtc y kcmtrijuhg`a.
-
Gkräfikas? sc utifizg ghug tcdpfg`g tcdpfg`g pgrg su fgvg`a, sim salrcpgsgr salrcpgsgr fas ;3¿.
7.3 \cgkkiûm `c fas tcoi`as g fg gkkiûm dckçmikg `cf fgvg`a [i sc ffcmg `cdgsig`a fg fgvg`arg, fg rapg quc`grg sukig, pcra si pamc pakg rapg hgstgrç cmcrhäg y ghug `c dgmcrg immckcsgrig. Fg dc`i`g i`cgf `c kgrhg cs ffcmgr bgstg fgs ;/0 pgrtcs cf tgdlar, kam fa quc kamschuidas quc fg rapg puc`g davcrsc filrcdcmtc dicmtrgs `urg cf fgvg`a. Fas grtäkufas quc gf daogrsc g`quicrcm dukba pcsa, kada zgpgtiffgs, c`rc`amcs, dgmtgs, ctk. ma bgm `c scr fgvg`as cm fgs fgvg`args `adéstikgs cm fg dc`i`g `c fa pasilfc, par fa quc sc `clcm utifizgr fgvg`cras `c usa im`ustrigf. Cf salrcpcsa `c cstc tipa `c kgrhg bgkc quc cf datar `c fg fgvg`arg trglgoc kam csjucrza, pu`icm`a pra`ukirsc `cspcrjcktas cm fgs prcm`gs. ^grg cvitgr `cspcrjcktas cm fgs prcm`gs bgy quc imtra`ukir fg rapg sucftg y cxtcm`i`g, gftcrmgm`a piczgs hrgm`cs y pcquc÷gs. Pgdliém `clcdas tcmcr cm kucmtg cf prahrgdg `c fgvg`a g`ckug`a pgrg fgs prcm`gs quc vgdas g fgvgr, gsä kada tcmcr prcscmtc cf kcmtrijuhg`a. Bgy tcoi`as, kada fg fgmg, quc ma g`ditcm kcmtrijuhg`a y atras, kada fgs prcm`gs `cfikg`gs, safa fa g`ditc g duy lgo gs rcvafukiamcs.
7.: Gpfikgkiûm `cf kärkufa `c [immcr cm cf prakcsa `c fgvg`a Cf prakcsa `c fgvg`a `c rapg cs umg jumkiûm quc cstç `ctcrdimg`g fg tcdpcrgturg `c fgvg`a, `urgkiûm `cf kikfa, tipas y `asijikgkiamcs `c pra`uktas quädikas y fg dckçmikg gpfikg`g `urgmtc cf prakcsa5 fg dgmipufgkiûm `c kugfquicrg `c cstas jgktarcs, bgrç quc cf rcsuftg`a `cf fgvg`a atarhuc um kicrta rcsuftg`a y csta cs cxgktgdcmtc fa quc cf @r. [immcr pfgsdû cm su `cmadimg`a kärkufa `c [immcr.
G. Pcdpcrgturg G dgyar tcdpcrgturg fg cjcktivi`g` pgrg rcdavcr fg sukic`g` gudcmtg, pcra bgy quc tcmcr cm kucmtg quc sc bglfg `c sukic`g` y m a `c dgmkbgs, fgs kugfcs cm gfhumas kgsas sc jiogm kam gftgs tcdpcrgturgs, pcra vafvicm`a g fg sukic`g`, g dc`i`g quc gudcmtgdas fg tcdpcrgturg cm fg
<><
Pcdg 77
c`itarigf } kcp
jgsc fgvg`a, fg rcsistcmkig `c fg sukic`g` vg `isdimuycm`a, sudgm`a quc g`cdçs fgs tcdpcrgturgs gftgs duftipfikgm fg gkkiûm `c fas pra`uktas fidpig`arcs quc sc usgm cm cf fgvg`a. Pgdliém `clcdas tcmcr cm kucmtg quc kugm`a fg tcdpcrgturg sc cfcvg, fg hrgsg sc puc`c safulifizgr dçs jçkifdcmtc.
L. Picdpa Pi cdpa `c kikfa Cf ghug, fg ghitgkiûm y fas pra`uktas quädikas imtcrgktÿgm kam fg rapg `urgmtc cf prakcsa `c fgvg`a, cf ticdpa quc `urc fg jgsc `c fgvg`a `ctcrdimgrç cf hrg`a `c imtcrgkkiûm quc dgmtcmhg fg dczkfg kam fgs prcm`gs. Kugmta dgyar scg cf ticdpa `c kikfa fg rcdakiûm `c sukic`g` gudcmtg `urgmtc cf prakcsa, pcra bgy quc tcmcr cm kucmtg quc tgdliém fgs prcm`gs sujrcm kicrta `cshgtc, par fa quc bgy quc luskgr um ticdpa dc`ia ûptida.
K. Wuädikas Fas `ctcrhcmtcs, sugvizgmtcs, lfgmqucg`arcs y ta`as fas `cdçs pra`uktas quc puc`gm scr gpfikg`as, imtcrgktÿgm `c kicrtg dgmcrg pgrg ir cfidimgm`a fg sukic`g` y gfhumgs dgmkbgs. Bgy quc tcmcr cm kucmtg quc kg`g pra`ukta trglgog dcoar lgoa kicrtgs kgrgktcrästikgs (tcdpcrgturg, pB `cf ghug, `urczg `cf ghug, tipa `c sukic`g` `c fg prcm`g, ctk.). Kugmta dgyar scg fg kamkcmtrgkiûm `cf pra`ukta quädika, dcoar scrç cf prakcsa `c rcdavcr sukic`g`, sim cdlgrha bgy um dadcmta quc kugm`a sc cxkc`c cm fg `asijikgkiûm ffchgrcdas g um pumta `c imjfcxiûm `am`c fas rcsuftg`as cdpczgrçm g `ckgcr prahrcsivgdcmtc g dc`i`g quc fg kamkcmtrgkiûm gudcmtc, primkipgfdcmtc par fg kgmti`g` `c cspudg quc sc hcmcrgrç `urgmtc cf prakcsa. G`cdçs bgy pra`uktas quc si sc ghrchgm cm dgyar kgmti`g` quc fg rckadcm`g`g kam cf ticdpa `g÷grç fgs prcm`gs.
@. Dckçmik Dckçmikgg Cs fg gkkiûm jäsikg quc sc fc gpfikg g fg rapg `urgmtc fg jgsc fgvg`a. Kugm`a cf fgvg`a sc rcgfizg g dgma, fg gkkiûm dckçmikg vicmc `ctcrdimg`g par fg kgmti`g` `c rakc, kadprcsiûm y cstirgdicmta quc sc fc gpfiquc g fg prcm`g, y kugm`a sc fgvg cm dçquimg fg dckçmikg sc `ctcrdimg par cf `içdctra `c fg fgvg`arg, cf pcsa `c fg kgrhg, cf mÿdcra `c pgfctgs quc tcmhg cf tgdlar, kada cstém kafakg`gs `ikbgs pgfctgs y fg kgmti`g` `c ghug quc sc utifikc cm cf prakcsa.
<. FA[ @CPC\ @CPC\HCMPC[? HCMPC[? PI^A[ @C @CPC\H @CPC\HCMPC[ CMPC[ Y ^\A@SKPA ^\A@SKPA[[ ^G\G CF FGZG@A @C FG \A^G? (KAD^AMCMPC[ @C FA[ DI[DA[ Y GKKIÛM WSC \CGFI_GM. \ CGFI_GM. ^\CKGSKIAMC[, ^\CKGSKIAMC [, IM@IKGKIAMC[ IM@IKGKIAM C[ @C S[A [CHßM CF PI^A, Y KG\GKPC\Ä[PIKG[ KG\GKPC\Ä [PIKG[ @C FA[ DI[DA[ G[Ä KADA @CF PI^A [SKIC@G@ G CFIDIMG\) <.7 @cjimikiamcs Fas `ctcrhcmtcs sam sustgmkigs quc, g`cdçs `c kamtcmcr lfgmqucgmtcs, sckucstrgmtcs a gfkgfimas, kamticmcm tcmsiagktivas quc pravakgm fg cdufsiûm `c fgs hrgsgs. Pa`as fas tcmsiagktivas pasccm
Fcmkcräg. Pékmikgs `c fgvg`a y pfgmkbg`a
<>;
c`itarigf } kcp
kicrtg gkkiûm `csimjcktgmtc. [am pra`uktas quc kadlimg`as kam cf ghug sc cdpfcgm pgrg fidpigr. @c gkucr`a kam cf \cgf @ckrcta 88>/7999, `c 8 `c dgya, par cf quc sc gpruclg fg \chfgdcmtgkiûm tékmika-sgmitgrig pgrg fg cfglargkiûm, kirkufgkiûm y kadcrkia `c `ctcrhcmtcs y fidpig`arcs? -
@ctcrhcmtc? cs ta`a ta`a pra`ukta kuyg kadpasikiûm kadpasikiûm bg si`a cspckigfdcmtc cspckigfdcmtc cstu`ig`g cstu`ig`g pgrg kafglargr gf `csgrraffa `c fas jcmûdcmas `c `ctcrhcmkig y quc sc lgsg cm kadpamcmtcs cscmkigfcs (ghcmtcs tcmsiagktivas) y, hcmcrgfdcmtc, kadpamcmtcs kadpfcdcmtgrias (kag`yuvgmtcs, rcjarzgmtcs, kgrhgs, g`itivas y atras kadpamcmtcs gkkcsarias). [c imkfuycm imkfuycm cm cstc hrupa pra`uktas kuyg jimgfi`g` jimgfi`g` primkipgf cs cf cf fgvg`a, kada fas `cstimg`cstimg`as gf fgvg`a `c vgoiffgs, gf fgvg`a `c rapg, gf fgvg`a `c supcrjikics y ta`as gqucffas atras g lgsc `c tcmsiagktivas quc puc`gm tcmcr atrg jimgfi`g` kadpfcdcmtgrig, kada fas quc ticmcm gkkiûm `csimjcktgmtc.
-
Fidpig`ar? cs cf pra`ukta pra`ukta kuyg jimgfi`g` primkipgf cs fg fidpiczg y dgmtcmidicmta `c aloctas y supcrjikics tgfcs kada sucfas, dg`crgs, pfçstikas, gzufcoas, kristgfcs, sgmitgrias, dctgfcs, tcoi`as a kucras. Cstas pra`uktas puc`cm kamtcmcr, cmtrc atras kadpamcmtcs, `isafvcmtcs, çfkgfis, çki`as, kcrgs, g`itivas y atras guxifigrcs. [c imkfuycm, gsidisda, fas pra`uktas `cstimg`as g purijikgr a gradgtizgr cf gdlicmtc y fas fidpig`arcs utifizg`as tgdliém kada `csimjcktgmtc.
<.< Kadpamcmtcs G. Cscmkigfcs Ghcmtc tcmsiagktiva? ta`a kadpucsta quädika quc, `isucfta cm um fäqui`a, sc glsarlc prcjcrcmtcdcmtc cm umg imtcrjgsc, fa quc `ctcrdimg um kamoumta `c prapic`g`cs jisikaquädikgs `c imtcrés prçktika, cm lgsc g fgs kugfcs sc kfgsijikg cm? g) Iûmikas? -
Gmiûmikas.
-
Kgtiûmikas.
l) Ma iûmikas. k) Gmjatérikas. Cf `cjimir fas ghcmtcs tcmsiagktivas kada kadpamcmtcs jum`gdcmtgfcs `c fas `ctcrhcmtcs, ma idpfikg mckcsgrigdcmtc quc cstém prcscmtcs cm fg jardufgkiûm cm praparkiûm dgyaritgrig. Fg lia`chrg`glifi`g` cs fg kgpgki`g` `c lia`chrg`gkiûm `c fas ghcmtcs tcmsiagktivas. Fg lia`chrg`gkiûm cs fg `chrg`gkiûm dafckufgr `cf ghcmtc tcmsiagktiva, rcsuftgmtc `c umg gkkiûm kadpfcog `c fas arhgmisdas vivas `cf dc`ia gdlicmtc. Cf parkcmtgoc `c lia`chrg`glifi`g`? cs fg kgmti`g` parkcmtugf `cf ghcmtc tcmsiagktiva lia`chrg`g`a schÿm fas déta`as ajikigfcs cm vihar.
<>0
Pcdg 77
c`itarigf } kcp
L. Kadpfcdcmtgr Kadpfcdcmtgrias ias -
\cjarzgmtcs? sam umas kadpamcmtcs kadpfcdcmtgrias quc dcoargm dcoargm kicrtgs prapic`g`cs kgrgktcrästikgs `c fas kadpamcmtcs jum`gdcmtgfcs.
-
G`itivas? sam kadpamcmtcs kadpfcdcmtgrias `c um `ctcrhcmtc `ctcrhcmtc a `c um fidpig`ar quc gpartgm prapic`g`cs g`ikiamgfcs g fg gkkiûm cspckäjikg `c fidpiczg.
-
Kgrhgs? sam fas pra`uktas utifizg`as pgrg fahrgr cf tipa `c prcscmtgkiûm y kamkcmtrgkiûm kamkcmtrgkiûm `cscg`gs `cscg`gs `c um `ctcrhcmtc a um fidpig`ar.
-
Kag`yuvgmtcs? sam kadpamcmtcs kadpamcmtcs kadpfcdcmtgrias `c um `ctcrhcmtc a `c um fidpig`ar, quc gpartgm prapic`g`cs pgrtikufgrcs g fgs `c fas kadpamcmtcs jum`gdcmtgfcs cm fg gkkiûm cspckäjikg `c fidpiczg.
-
Oglûm `c fgvgr? cs cf pra`ukta quc sc alticmc `c fg rcgkkiûm `c fas çki`as `c um gkcitc u atra kucrpa hrgsa kam um çfkgfi y quc sc `cstimg gf fgvg`a `c rapg u aloctas `ivcrsas.
<.; Kfgsijikgkiûm par cf usa usa g quc cstçm `cstimg`as Cf \cgf @ckrcta 88>/7999, `c 8 `c dgya, par cf quc sc gpruclg fg \chfgdcmtgkiûm tékmika-sgmitgrig pgrg fg cfglargkiûm, kirkufgkiûm y kadcrkia `c `ctcrhcmtcs y fidpig`arcs, cstglfckc umg kfgsijikgkiûm ma cxbgustivg `c fas pra`uktas alocta `c cstg \chfgdcmtgkiûm par cf usa g quc cstçm `cstimg`as. g) ^ra`uktas pgrg cf fgvg`a `c vgoiffgs? l) ^ra`uktas pgrg cf fgvg`a `c rapg? 7. @ctcrhcmtcs. <. [ugvizgmtcs. ;. ^ra`uktas pgrg cf prcfgvg`a. 0. G`itivas (gmtikgfkçrcas, lfgmqucgmtcs). k) Oglamcs `c fgvgr. `) ^ra`uktas `c dgmtcmidicmta y fidpiczg? c) ^ra`uktas pgrg fidpiczg `c fg im`ustrig gfidcmtgrig (sucfas, (sucfas, pgrc`cs, dgquimgrig, cmvgscs, cmvgscs, kistcrmgs, kçdgrgs jriharäjikgs y atras cfcdcmtas `c pra`ukkiûm, gfdgkcmgdicmta y trgmspartc `c gfidcmtas). j) ^ra`uktas `c dgmtcmidicmta y fidpiczg fidpiczg `cstimg`as g atrgs atrgs gpfikgkiamcs im`ustrigfcs im`ustrigfcs y g atras atras usas prajcsiamgfcs.
<.0 Kadpamcmtcs quc ticmcm fas `ctcrhcmtcs G. Pcmsiagktiva Cs cf primkipgf kadpamcmtc y kamstituyc fg pgrtc gktivg `c fas `ctcrhcmtcs.
Fcmkcräg. Pékmikgs `c fgvg`a y pfgmkbg`a
<>3
c`itarigf } kcp
[am sustgmkigs quädikgs arhçmikgs kuyg primkipgf jumkiûm cs rc`ukir fg tcmsiûm supcrjikigf `cf ghug, dczkfçm`asc kam cffg y gudcmtg`a gsä su pa`cr budcktgmtc. Gyu`g tgdliém cm fg cdufsiûm `c fgs sukic`g`cs g`bcri`gs. Fas tcmsiagktivas puc`cm scr `c vgrias tipas, y um `ctcrhcmtc puc`c kamtgr kam dçs `c um tipa cm su kadpasikiûm. ^a`cdas `istimhuir fas sihuicmtc tcmsiagktivas?
g. Gmiûmikas Cm `isafukiûm gkuasg hcmcrgm iamcs kam kgrhg mchgtivg. Jardgm dukbg cspudg, y ticmcm hrgm kgpgki`g` cdufsiamgmtc
l. Kgtiûmika Kgtiûmikass Cm `isafukiûm gkuasg hcmcrgm iamcs kam kgrhg pasitivg. Picmcm hrgm pa`cr `csimjcktgmtc, y sugvizgmtc pgrg cf tcxtif. [am imkadpgtilfcs kam fas tcmsiagktivas gmiûmikas, par tgmta ma puc`cm cstgr prcscmtcs cm cf disda `ctcrhcmtc, yg quc sus kgrhgs sc gmufgrägm y pcr`crägm su kgpgki`g`.
k. Ma iûmikas Cm `isafukiûm gkuasg ma prcscmtgm mimhÿm tipa `c kgrhg. [c utifizgm pgrg rchufgr fg kgmti`g` `c cspudg pra`uki`g par fas f as `ctcrhcmtcs gmiûmikas
`. Gmjatérikas [c vgm g kadpartgr kada tcmsiagktivas gmiûmikas a kgtiûmikas `cpcm`icm`a `c si cf dc`ia cm quc sc cmkucmtrgm cs çki`a a gfkgfima.
L. Kag`yuvgmtcs a luif`crs Cstas kadpucstas rcjucrzgm rcjucrzgm fg gkkiûm `ctcrsivg a fidpig`arg `cf tcmsiagktiva, gudcmtgm fg gfkgfimi`g` y pratchcm gf `ctcrhcmtc `c fgs ghugs duy `urgs. ^a`cdas `istimhuir fas sihuicmtcs?
g. Jasjgtas Fas jasjgtas glfgm`gm cf ghug gf sckucstrgr fas iamcs kçfkikas y dghmésikas, gktugm`a kada um cdufsiamgmtc `c fg hrgsg.
l. [ifikgtas Fas sifikgtas gktÿgm kada imbili`arcs `c fg karrasiûm
k. Kgrlamgtas Fas kgrlamgtas ticmcm kgpgki`g` gdartihug`arg `c fas kgdlias `c pB
<>:
Pcdg 77
c`itarigf } kcp
`. Cmzidgs [am dafékufgs pratcikgs, kam kgpgki`g` pgrg `ihcrir `ctcrdimg`as kadpucstas arhçmikas. ^ar csa sc gpravckbg cm gfhumas `ctcrhcmtcs pgrg cfidimgr `ctcrdimg`as tipas `c dgmkbgs
c. C@PG Picmc um gfta pa`cr sckucstrgmtc
j. ^crlargtas y pcrkgrla pcrkgrlamgtas mgtas Cstas pra`uktas `c gkkiûm axi`gmtc ticmcm um cjckta `c lfgmquca y cfidimgm dgmkbgs axi`glfcs, kada par cocdpfa dgmkbgs `c vima, jrutg a kgjé, y fa bgkcm g trgvés `c um `csprcm`idicmta `c axähcma.
h. Kitrgtas Fas kitrgtas sirvcm kada sckucstrgmtcs y sam jçkifdcmtc lia`chrg`glfcs
K. Guxifigrcs `c prcscmtgkiûm @ctcrdimgm cf gspckta `cf pra`ukta gkglg`a. Cmtrc fas dçs jrckucmtcs cmkamtrgdas, ghug pgrg `ctcrhcmtcs fäqui`as y sufjgta sû`ika pgrg `ctcrhcmtcs sûfi`as.
@. G`itivas [c cmticm`c par g`itiva, kugfquicr sustgmkig quc sc g÷g`c cf `ctcrhcmtc cm su kadpasikiûm, kam imtcmkiûm `c gpartgr prapic`g`cs gocmgs g fg gkkiûm fidpig`arg, sam cocdpfas `c g`itivas, fas kafargmtcs, fas sugvizgmtcs, fas pcrjudcs, ctk.
<.3 ^rapic`g`cs `c fas `ctcrhcmtcs [c cmkucmtrgm lçsikgdcmtc ; prapic`g`cs cm fas `ctcrhcmtcs? -
Budcktgmtc? cs fg kgpgki`g` `c rc`ukir fg tcmsiûm supcrjikigf supcrjikigf `cf ghug, pgrg jgkifitgr quc sc daocm daocm fas tcoi`as
-
@ispcrsiûm? cf `ctcrhcmtc `ctcrhcmtc radpc radpc fgs dgmkbgs a sukic`g` `c fas tcoi`as `ispcrsgm`a fgs pgrtäkufgs dçs jimgs quc kadpamcm csg dgmkbg
-
[uspcmsiûm? fgs pgrtäkufgs `ispcrsgs `ispcrsgs `clcm dgmtcmcrsc cm suspcmsiûm suspcmsiûm y ma gkudufgrsc, mi g`bcrirsc atrg vcz cm fas tcoi`as
<.: @ctcrhcmtcs `c prcfgvg`a Cstas `ctcrhcmtcs ffcvgm cm su kadpasikiûm tcmsiagktivas y g vckcs ghcmtcs budcktgmtcs pgrg jgkifitgr quc fg prcm`g sc daoc. Cm cstas pra`uktas fa dçs idpartgmtc cs cf pa`cr budcktgmtc. [am ghcmtcs budcktgmtcs fas gfkabafcs y sus `crivg`as.
Fcmkcräg. Pékmikgs `c fgvg`a y pfgmkbg`a
<>8
c`itarigf } kcp
Fas `ctcrhcmtcs `c prcfgvg`a `clcm imkfuir sustgmkigs gmtidgmkbgs, csta cs parquc cm cf prcfgvg`a sc cfidimg hrgm pgrtc `c fg sukic`g`.
<.8 @ctcrhcmtcs `c fgvg`a Cm fg jgsc `c fgvg`a fas `ctcrhcmtcs kadlimgm fas tcmsiagktivas gmiûmikas kam fas ma iûmikas pgrg kamtrafgr fg kgmti`g` `c cspudg quc sc pra`ukc, a tcmsiagktivas kgtiûmikas par su gkkiûm sugvizgmtc kam fgs jilrgs G`cdçs cs jrckucmtc fg utifizgkiûm `c cmzidgs pgrg pa`cr jgkifitgr fg cfidimgkiûm `c dgmkbgs pratcikgs y hrgsgs.
<.2 Cmoughuc Fg jgsc `c cmoughuc kamsistc cm cfidimgr fas rcstas `c pra`ukta y `c sukic`g`, `cspués `c fg jgsc `c fgvg`a y dc`igmtc cf grrgstrc `c cstas rcstas rcstas kam ghug Cm cstg jgsc sc puc`cm g÷g`ir `ijcrcmtcs pra`uktas `c lfgmquca, `csimjcktgmtcs, `cscmhrgsgmtcs, mcutrgfizgmtcs a sugvizgmtcs, gfhumas fas gmgfizgrcdas g kamtimugkiûm.
G. Fcoäg [c kadcrkigfizg kamkcmtrg`g a `ifui`g, `cli`a g su jucrtc afar cm akgsiamcs sc fc g÷g`c pcrjudc. Picmc fg kgpgki`g` `c lfgmqucgr fas tcoi`as, pcra cm `asis cfcvg`gs puc`c `g÷gr fas tcoi`as, csta sc `clc g fg mgturgfczg gfkgfimg `c fg fcoäg. [c trgtg `c um pra`ukta tûxika y karrasiva.
L. ^crlargta ^crlargta sû`ika Cm umg `isafukiûm gkuasg filcrg axähcma, quc gktÿg kada axi`gmtc salrc fgs dgmkbgs, bgkicm`a quc fas tcoi`as gpgrcmtcm um lfgmka dçs mäti`a. [c puc`c utifizgr cm tcoi`as `c kafar parquc ma fas gftcrg. Gktÿg par tgmta kada um lfgmqucgmtc ûptika `c tcoi`as. Cf pcrlargta sû`ika kadicmzg g filcrgr axähcma g pgrtir `c fas :> ¾K y fg tcdpcrgturg ûptidg cs `c 2>-9> ¾K.
K. ^crûxi`a ^crûxi` a `c bi`rûhcma Pgdliém kamaki`a kada ghug axihcmg`g, cs um jucrtc axi`gmtc y ticmc um cjckta lfgmqucgmtc. Pgdliém cs um `csimjcktgmtc parquc cf axähcma quc filcrg par cjcrvcskcmkig, `cstruyc fas dikaarhgmisdas gmgcralias cstriktas.
<>2
Pcdg 77
c`itarigf } kcp
@. Axähcma gktiva Cs um pra`ukta quc kg`g vcz cs dçs utifizg`a, ticmc um cjckta fidpig`ar cstglfc y ma `ctcriarg fas tcoi`as, y sc sucfc utifizgr kada kadpamcmtc `c pra`uktas `csimjcktgmtcs, lfgmqucgmtcs y gmtidgmkbgs
C. Çki`a Çki`a gkétika [c sucfc utifizgr kada pratcktar `cf kafar cs kamvcmicmtc g÷g`ir cstc pra`ukta cf ÿftida gkfgrg`a.
J. Mcutrgfizgmtc Cstc tipa `c pra`ukta cvitg quc sc jardcm dgmkbgs gdgriffgs par fg gkudufgkiûm `c kfara, sc sucfc g÷g`ir cm fas ÿftidas gkfgrg`as y cfidimg fas rcstas `c kfara y gfkgfimi`g`
<.9 [ugvizgmtcs Fas sugvizgmtcs sam g`itivas hrgsas quc ffcvgm cm su kadpasikiûm tcmsiagktivas kgtiûmikas. [c jiog salrc fg supcrjikic `c fgs jilrgs, pratchiém`afas y kamjiricm`a g fg rapg sugvi`g` trgs cf fgvg`a. [ucfcm ffcvgr pcrjudc imkarparg`a quc `cog um lucm afar cm fas tcoi`as. G`cdçs jgkifitg cf pfgmkbg`a `c fgs prcm`gs cvitgm`a fg jardgkiûm `c cfcktriki`g` cstçtikg quc sc pra`ukc `urgmtc cf fgvg`a.
<.7> [cfckkiûm `c `ctcrhcmtcs Cf kamkursa `c g`quisikiûm `c pra`uktas `c fgvg`a tcm`rç cm kucmtg? -
Kadpasikiûm
-
^rapic`g`cs y gkkiûm
-
Cjikgkig cm cf fgvg`a
-
Kamkcmtrgkiûm
-
@asijikgkiûm g`ckug`g
-
Cstglifi`g` `urgmtc cf gfdgkcmgdicmta
-
Picdpa `c gkkiûm
-
Pcdpcrgturg g`ckug`g
-
Ghrcsivi`g` `c fas tcoi`as
-
\icsha pgrg fas trglgog`arcs
-
\cspcta gf dc`ia gdlicmtc
-
Kastc `cf pra`ukta.
Bglrç `c rcgfizgrsc umg pruclg `c fgvg`a quc kamsistc cm fgs `as jgscs sihuicmtcs? g) Jgsc pridcrg. [c trgtg `c umg jgsc cfidimgtari cfidimgtarig, g, kamsistc cm fgvgr trcs vckcs kam cf prahrgdg lçsika, umg tcfg tcstiha, quc tcm`rç fgs disdgs kgrgktcrästikgs quc fg rapg baspitgfgrig y tcm`rç
Fcmkcräg. Pékmikgs `c fgvg`a y pfgmkbg`a
<>9
c`itarigf } kcp
vgrigs dgmkbgs ihugfcs g fgs sukic`g`cs dçs bglitugfcs cm cf B aspitgf. Fas pra`uktas quc ma kamsihgm cfidimgr csgs sukic`g`cs scrçm cfidimg`as y rckbgzg`as. l) Jgsc schum`g. Kamsistc cm fgvgr umg tcfg tcstiha um hrgm mÿdcra `c vckcs vckcs pgrg vgfargr fg pra`uktivi`g`, cf `cshgstc `c fgs prcm`gs y cf kastc ckamûdika. [c tcm`rç cm kucmtg fg rcsistcmkig `cf tcoi`a, fg sugvi`g`, fg lfgmkurg ctk.
Fg fgvgm`cräg baspitgfgrig `clc safikitgr fas pra`uktas g`ckug`as pgrg um prahrgdg lçsika `c fgvg`a quc sc goustc g fgs kgrgktcrästikgs `c fgs prcm`gs g fgvgr. Cf jglrikgmtc prcscmtgrç fas prahrgdgs y cstas scrçm cvgfug`as par fg fgvgm`cräg.
<.77 [cfckkiûm `c `csimjcktgmtcs Fg `csimjckkiûm ticmc dukbg idpartgmkig cm um Baspitgf, y par supucsta fg `csimjckkiûm cm fg rapg, quc sc ffcvg g kgla par fg kadlimgkiûm `c kgfar y f g gkkiûm `c fas pra`uktas. Dukbas `ctcrhcmtcs ffcvgm cmtrc sus kadpamcmtcs ghcmtcs `csimjcktgmtcs, pcra cm akgsiamcs cs mckcsgria g÷g`ir gf prakcsa `c fgvg`a um pra`ukta `csimjcktgmtc. Fas `csimjcktgmtcs `clcrägm kudpfir fas sihuicmtcs rcquisitas?
<7>
-
Stifizgrsc cm fg `asis g`ckug`g g`ckug`g pgrg cvitgr su cjckta tûxika, irritgmtc a karrasiva
-
Ma `clc `cogr rcstas rcstas cm fas fas tcoi`as quc pu`icrgm `ctcriargrfas `ctcriargrfas a `g÷gr fg picf `c fgs pcrsamgs quc utifikcm fg rapg yg `csimjcktg`g
-
@clc tcmcr umg gkkiûm lgktcriki`g y cspariki`g
-
Ma kafarcgrç fgs prcm`gs prcm`gs mi `cogrç `cogrç dgmkbgs dgmkbgs cm cm fas fas tcoi`as tcoi`as
-
@clcrç gktugr cjikgzdcmtc g fgs tcdpcrgturgs `c fgvg`a
-
Picmc quc scr cstglfc
-
@clcrç scr imafara, y si si ticmc afar éstc scrç ghrg`glfc
-
@cli`a g fg kgmti`g` `c pra`ukta pra`ukta quc sc vg g g`quirir `clc scr scr ckamûdika ckamûdika
Pcdg 77
c`itarigf } kcp
;. PÉKMIKG[ Y ^\CKGS ^\CKGSKIAMC[ KIAMC[ @C FGZG@A ;.7 Mardgs hcmcrgfcs y jgscs `cf fgvg`a G. Mardgs hcmcrgfcs `cf fgvg`a Fgvgr cs fg gkkiûm `c quitgr fgs f gs dgmkbgs c idpurczgs `c fas tcoi`as. Smg vcz pcsg`g fg rapg, sc gmatgrç cf pcsa y cf tipa `c fgvg`a g rcgfizgr y sc ffcvg g fas ladlas ratgtivas `c fgs fgvg`args. Smg vcz quc bcdas kcrrg`a licm fg kadpucrtg sc scfckkiamg cf prahrgdg quc dcoar sc g`ckuc g fgs mckcsi`g`cs, kadcmzçm`asc cf fgvg`a bgstg su tcrdimgkiûm kam cf kcmtrijuhg`a. Cf scfcktar `c prahrgdgs cs umg cskgfg mudcrg`g `cs`c cf > bgstg um mÿdcra `ctcrdimg`a. Pgdliém `clcrç scfckkiamgrsc fg tcdpcrgturg, cf scfcktar `c fgs disdgs askifgrç cmtrc kcra y mavcmtg hrg`as, ffchgm`a gfhumas da`cfas g fas 7<> hrg`as kugm`a sc cxihc umg dçxidg cstcrifizgkiûm. ^ar ÿftida tgdliém `clc prahrgdgrsc cf scfcktar `cf tipa `c tcoi`a. Cf fgvg`a cstçm`gr sucfc `urgr cm tarma g scscmtg dimutas, `c fas kugfcs kugrcmtg y kimka scrigm `c fgvg`a bgstg cf kcmtrijuhg`a y quimkc dimutas `c sckg`arg, kgsa `c utifizgr cstc gpgrgta. Ma alstgmtc puc`c cxistir um prakc`idicmta prcvia `c cfidimgkiûm `c dgmkbgs a `c prcfgvg`a kugm`a fg rapg cstç duy sukig, cm kuya kgsa cf ticdpa imvcrti`a vgrigrç schÿm fgs mckcsi`g`cs.
Lçsikgdcmtc puc`cm ghrupgrsc cm trcs fas `ijcrcmtcs tipas `c prahrgdgs? prahrgdgs fgrhas (kam prcfgvg`a y kcmtrijuhg`a), prahrgdgs mardgfcs (sim prcfgvg`a), y prahrgdgs cspckigfcs pgrg tcoi`as `cfikg`as (cm fas quc sc fiditg fg ghitgkiûm dckçmikg y cf kcmtrijuhg`a).
Lçsikgdcmtc ta`a cf fgvg`a sc rcgfizgrç g dçquimg, ma alstgmtc bg `c tcmcrsc cm kucmtg quc kam fas tcoi`as `cfikg`a cf fgvg`a `clcrç scr g dgma a cm scka, pgrg cffa cs duy idpartgmtc gtcm`cr g fas sädlafas `c fgs ctiquctgs `c fgvg`a, `am`c sc im`ikgrç si sc puc`c a ma fgvgr g dçquimg y fg tcdpcrgturg dçxidg g fg quc pa`cdas fgvgr csc tcoi`a, si g`ditc a ma kcmtrijuhg`as imtcmsas, si cf fgvg`a cm scka puc`c rcgfizgrsc kam `isafvcmtcs karricmtcs a safa kam cscmkigs dimcrgfcs, si sc puc`c a ma utifizgr fcoäg `urgmtc cf prakcsa `c fgvg`a, ctk.
L. Jgscs `cf fgvg`a G kamtimugkiûm cxpamcdas cf sistcdg `c fgvg`a trg`ikiamgf cm dçquimgs gutadçtikgs, `am`c sc rchufgm dgmugfdcmtc fas prahrgdgs. Fgs jgscs `cf fgvg`a sam fas kikfas par fas quc pgsg. ^gsgdas pucs g trgtgrfas g kamtimugkiûm?
g. Jgsc `c prcfgvg`a Kamstituyc cf pridcr kikfa `cf fgvg`a. Cm `ikbg jgsc fg cmtrg`g `cf ghug cs pcquc÷g, cmtrc cf <> y cf ;> %. Kugm`a pamcdas cm jumkiamgdicmta fg fgvg`arg, `clcdas imtra`ukir cm cf `asijikg`ar `ctcrhcmtc y fcoäg, `c jardg quc gf scfckkiamgr fg apkiûm `cf prcfgvg`a cf ghug grrgstrc fas kitg`as pra`uktas ffcvçm`afas `ircktgdcmtc gf tgdlar `c fg fgvg`arg g trgvés `c fg kulctg.
Fcmkcräg. Pékmikgs `c fgvg`a y pfgmkbg`a
<77
c`itarigf } kcp
Smg vcz quc fas pra`uktas sc cmkucmtrgm yg `ifui`as cm cf imtcriar `cf tgdlar, cf disda sc cdpiczg g lgfgmkcgr y pgsg`as umas dimutas cf ghug sc kgficmtg bgstg cf mivcf quc sc bgyg scfckkiamg`a, `cpcm`icm`a `cf tipa `c rapg quc cstcdas fgvgm`a. ^astcriardcmtc y umg vcz cstç cf ghug g fg tcdpcrgturg im`ikg`g, sc pra`ukc atrg cmtrg`g `c ghug, bgstg su tatgf kalcrturg, akgsiamgm`a quc cf tgdlar gfkgmkc um cfcvg`a davidicmta `c ratgkiûm. Jimgfizg`a fa cxpucsta gmtcriardcmtc, cdpiczg cf tcrkcr kikfa `cf prcfgvg`a, quc sc kgrgktcrizg parquc sc prakc`c g cxpufsgr cf ghug y sc pra`ukc um pcquc÷a kcmtrijuhg`a, y umg vcz quc cf ghug yg bg si`a cxpufsg`a sc prakc`c g um lrcvc gkfgrg`a `c fg rapg, cmtrgm`a cf ghug `c fg disdg jardg quc fg `cskritg gmtcriardcmtc, sim ffchgr g kulrir fg tatgfi`g` `c fg kulctg, vafvicm`a cf tgdlar g gfkgmzgr um cfcvg`a davidicmta `c ratgkiûm bgstg quc prakc`c `c mucva g fg cxpufsiûm `cf ghug y g um mucva kcmtrijuhg`a. Gmtcs `c gkglgr fg jgsc quc cstgdas trgtgm`a sc prakc`c g um schum`a gkfgrg`a `c ihugf jardg quc fg sc÷gfg`g gmtcriardcmtc.
l. Jgsc `c fgvg`a Cstg jgsc ticmc trcs kikfas. Kada bcdas `ikba cm fg jgsc `cf prcfgvg`a cf ghug cmtrg cm tgdlar kam fas pra`uktas `ifui`as, pra`ukiém`asc fgs disdgs jgscs quc cm cf prcfgvg`a, cs `ckir, lgfgmkca `cf tgdlar kugm`a cstç ffcma `c ghug, kcmtrijuhg`a `c fg rapg, gkfgrg`a. Cf kikfa `c gkfgrg`a y kcmtrijuhg`a sc rcgfizg `as vckcs. Gf kadcmzgr cf tcrkcr gkfgrg`a, y prcvigdcmtc bglcr `cpasitg`a cm cf `asijikg`ar sugvizgmtc, cf ghug fa grrgstrg bgkig cf imtcriar `cf tgdlar pgrg quc sc idprchmc ta`g fg rapg. Jimgfdcmtc cf ghug cs `csgfaog`g y sc rcgfizg um kcmtrijuhg`a fgrha, tcrdimgm`a cmtamkcs cf prahrgdg `c fgvg`a.
;.< Fgvg`a g dgma Cf fgvg`a g dgma `c prcm`gs `cfikg`gs rckilc um trgtgdicmta `ijcrcmtc cm fgs fgvgm`crägs, ma sicm`a bgstg gbarg cstu`ig`a. Kugm`a sc cmtrchg cm rckcpkiûm rapg pgrg fa quc sc imstg cf fgvg`a g dgma, fg cmkgrhg`g `c rckcpkiûm glrc umg jikbg kam cf kamtcmi`a `c fa quc sc cmtrchg y fg pcrsamg g quicm pcrtcmckc, gsä kada cf scrvikia quc rcquicrc. Smg vcz kudpfidcmtg`a fa gmtcriar sc prakc`c g cockutgr fa safikitg`a par umg pcrsamg quc tcmhg cxpcricmkig cm cstc tipa `c fgvg`a. Fgs prcm`gs `clcm cstgr sicdprc dgrkg`gs pgrg quc ma sc kamjum`gm kam fg `c ` c atras kficmtcs. Bgy prcm`gs quc sam duy `cfikg`gs y rcquicrcm fg dçxidg gtcmkiûm, sicm`a mckcsgria kamakcr cm prajum`g` qué rcquisitas cxihc csc tipa `c rapg, quc cm kgsa `c `u`g, sicdprc mas gyu`grç kamsuftgr fg ctiquctg `c fg prcm`g, `am`c vicmc cstglfcki`a cf trgtgdicmta gkamscog`a par cf jglrikgmtc. ^uc`c akurrir quc jgftc fg imjardgkiûm quc mckcsitgdas, cmtamkcs tcm`rcdas quc vcr fg kadpasikiûm `cf tcoi`a pgrg vcr su g`ckug`a trgtgdicmta. G kamtimugkiûm, prakc`crcdas g `ctgffgr kûda sc rcgfizg cf fgvg`a `c gfhumgs prcm`gs y `c fgs pckufigri`g`cs `c kg`g umg `c cffgs?
<7<
Pcdg 77
c`itarigf } kcp
G. Ocrscys Cs umg prcm`g idprcskim`ilfc cm badlrcs, mi÷as y duocr, par fa quc jardg pgrtc `c kugfquicr hugr`grrapg. Fg kamscrvgkiûm `c cstg prcm`g rcquicrc um cspckigf kui`g`a y pgrg cffa sc utifizg um pra`ukta cspckäcspckäjika gprapig`a pgrg cf tipa `c jilrg `c quc cstç kadpucsta cstc tcoi`a?
g. @c fgmg Cf fgvg`a `c cstc tipa `c tcoi`a cs rçpi`a y sc jratg kam fgs ycdgs `c fas `c`as. Fg tcdpcrgturg `cf ghug bglrç `c scr tcdpfg`g y sc ghrchgrç g fg disdg um fäqui`a mcutra y cm cf ÿftida gkfgrg`a `cf ghug sc fc g÷g`irç umg kukbgrg`g `c vimghrc pgrg quc cf kafar `c fg prcm`g ma picr`g su lriffa.
l. @c sc`g [c utifizg fg disdg tékmikg `c fgvg`a quc pgrg fas ocrscys `c fgmg, fg ÿmikg pgrtikufgri`g` sc rcjicrc g fg tékmikg `c sckg`a, yg quc pgrg cstc tipa `c prcm`gs cs kamvcmicmtc su sckg`a g fg sadlrg y si cs pasilfc kafhg`a `c umg pcrkbg pgrg cvitgr `cjardi`g`cs cm fg disdg.
k. @c gfha`ûm [i cstç hgrgmtizg`a cf kafar `c fg prcm`g, sc sudcrhc cm ghug kgficmtc y cm cf ÿftida gkfgrg`a sc fc g÷g`c umg kukbgrg`g `c vimghrc gf ihugf quc cm fgs prcm`gs `c fgmg. ^astcriardcmtc ^astcriardcmt c sc `cogm sckgr, sicdprc g fg sadlrg, y cxtcm`i`as salrc umg tagffg.
L. Pcoi`as `c fgmg ^grg fgs prcm`gs `c vcstir kamjckkiamg`gs cm tcoi`a `c fgmg, cs kamvcmicmtc su fidpiczg cm scka, yg quc si cstçm jarrg`gs ma cs pasilfc su fgv g`a.
K. Hglgr`imgs @clcm scr fidpig`gs cm scka cm fgs `cpcm`cmkigs bglifitg`gs pgrg cstas dcmcstcrcs, y sûfa cs pasilfc cf fgvg`a `c gqucffgs quc cstém kamjckkiamg`gs kam gfha`ûm, sicdprc y kugm`a fg jçlrikg `am`c bgyg si`a kamjckkiamg`g cstg prcm`g, fc bgyg gpfikg`a um trgtgdicmta pgrg idpc`ir quc cmkaog.
@. Duscfimg Dus cfimg `c gfha`ûm [am tcoi`as `c gfha`ûm duy fihcras pgrg fas kugfcs sc cdpfcg um tipa `c oglûm ajcrtg`a par cf dcrkg`a kam fg `cmadimgkiûm `c ‖Fghgrta—. ^astcriardcmtc sc fc gkfgrg rcpcti`gs vckcs y sc cskurrc sugvcdcmtc pgrg cvitgr fg raturg `c fgs jilrgs `cf tcoi`a.
C. Duscfimg `c sc`g Fg prcm`g kamjckkiamg`g kam cstc tipa `c tcoi`a sc fgvg cm ghug tilig quc kamtcmhg um `ctcrhcmtc cspckigf, fa jratgrcdas sugvcdcmtc kam fgs ycdgs `c fas `c`as, g kamtimugkiûm fa gkfgrgrcdas kam ghug jräg y cmraffgrcdas cm umg tagffg pgrg cskurrirfg.
Fcmkcräg. Pékmikgs `c fgvg`a y pfgmkbg`a
<7;
c`itarigf } kcp
J. Myfam [c fgvg kam ghug jräg y `ctcrhcmtc sugvc y sc gkfgrg dukbgs vckcs pgrg cvitgr rcstas `c oglûm cm fg prcm`g. ^grg sckgrfg, kafakgrcdas fg prcm`g prcjcrcmtcdcmtc cm umg pcrkbg, y kugm`a sc trgtc `c kgdisgs, cs kamvcmicmtc su glatamg`urg.
H. Glrihas Mardgfdcmtc fg fidpiczg `c cstc tipa `c prcm`gs sucfc scr cm scka, pcra ma alstgmtc, si g kamsckucmkig `c fg ffuvig rcsuftgscm daog`as, sc `cogrçm sckgr cm umg pcrkbg jucrg `cf gfkgmkc `c kugfquicr tipa `c jucmtc `c kgfar, y prcvigdcmtc glrakbg`as pgrg quc ma sc grruhucm mi `cjardcm. \cspckta gqucffas tcoi`as quc par su kadpasikiûm ma sc puc`cm fgvgr, rckadcm`çm`asc su fidpiczg cm scka, dcrckc `cstgkgr cf Dugré, cf Krcpé, cf Pgjctçm y cf Pcrkiapcfa.
B. Dgmtgs ^uc`cm scr `c fgmg, gfha`ûm a jilrg tupi`g. [c puc`cm fgvgr g dgma a dçquimg, cm cstc ÿftida kgsa bgm `c tcmcrsc cm kucmtg fgs sihuicmtcs pgutgs? -
Stifizgr fg ditg` ditg` `c umg `asis `asis mardgf `c oglûm mcutra. mcutra.
-
G÷g`ir sugvizgmtc cm cf ÿftida gkfgrg`a.
-
Stifizgr cm cm fg dçquimg fgvg`arg um prahrgdg prahrgdg `c kgrhg dc`ig dc`ig y kikfa karta. karta.
-
Kcmtrijuhgr y sckgr, g tcdpcrgturg da`crg`g.
I. Kartimgs Cxistcm `c vgrigs kfgscs? -
Zisiffas
-
Kartimgs
-
Cstarcs
Fas visiffas y fas cstarcs sc fgvgm imkfusa cm fgvg`args usgm`a oglûm mcutra y ghug kgsi jräg. [c usgrç um prahrgdg karta y dukbg ghug, par fa sc kgrhgrç paka fg fgvg`arg. Ma sc kcmtrijuhgm, mi sc cskurrcm kam fgs dgmas.
;.; Fgvg`a `c fas tcoi`as `c kafar Fg pridcrg jgsc `cf prakcsa `c fgvg`a, tgf y kada bcdas cxpfikg`a gmtcriardcmtc, cs fg scfckkiûm y kfgsijikgkiûm `c fg rapg sukig. Fas kritcrias `c kfgsijikgkiûm dçs idpartgmtcs sam lçsikgdcmtc `as? cf hrg`a `c sukic`g` y cf kafar `c fas tcoi`as, `c tgf jardg quc ma sc dczkfgrç rapg kgsi fidpig kam rapg duy sukig, mi tgdpaka tcoi`as lfgmkas kam tcoi`as `c kafar.
<70
Pcdg 77
c`itarigf } kcp
Cxistcm atras kritcrias duy idpartgmtcs g tcmcr cm kucmtg, kada cf tipa `c tcoi`a, quc `ctcrdimgrç umg fidpiczg cm scka a um fgvg`a mardgf, dçs a dcmas imtcmsa, pucsta quc ma cs fa disda fgvgr umg prcm`g `c purg fgmg, quc atrg `c hgsg a `c gfha`ûm. Cf fgvg`a cm scka sc cdpfcg kugm`a cxistc ricsha `c quc g kamsckucmkig `cf ghug fg prcm`g cmkaog a picr`g su kafar. [c ffcvg g kgla kam cspudg sckg quc sc cxticm`c cm fg prcm`g, prcvigdcmtc kcpiffg`g pgrg quitgrfc pcfas, pafva, a kugfquicr atra kucrpa cxtrg÷a quc sc fc bgyg g`bcri`a, y trgs vgrias dimutas, `istimtas schÿm cf hrg`a `c sukic`g` y cf tipa `c tcoi`a, sc vucfvc g kcpiffgr pgrg quitgr fg cspudg y sc prakc`c g su pfgmkbg`a. Fg jioczg `cf kafar cs atra `c fas kritcrias g tcmcr cm kucmtg, pucs si fgvgdas kamoumtgdcmtc prcm`gs quc `ckafargm par ma tcmcr licm jiog`as fas timtcs, kam prcm`gs `c kafarcs duy sûfi`as, cxistirç um gfta äm`ikc `c pralglifi`g`cs `c dgmkbgr csgs atrgs prcm`gs g kamsckuc kamsckucmmkig `c fg `ckafargkiûm, tcmicm`a g`cdçs cm kucmtg quc fg dgmkbg ma scräg umijardc par ta`g fg prcm`g gftcrgm`a badahémcgdcmtc su kafar, sima quc scräg cm zamgs pumtugfcs kam dçs a dcmas imtcmsi`g`, `coçm`afg imutifizglfc. Cm kgsa `c `u`g rcspckta `c fg cstglifi`g` `c fas kafarcs, sc `clcm bgkcr pruclgs `c safi`cz `c kafarcs `c fg prcm`g. ^grg cffa sc budc`ckcrç umg pcquc÷g çrcg `cf `alfg`iffa a `c fg kasturg imtcrmg, kafakgm`a um pc`gza `c tcfg lfgmkg a scrviffctg salrc éstg y sc pfgmkbgrç. [i kugfquicrg `c fas `as kafarcs dgmkbg, sc `clc fgvgr fg prcm`g par scpgrg`a cm ghug jräg y cmoughgrsc imdc`igtgdcmtc tgdliém cm ghug jräg. [i cf kafar dgmkbg `cdgsig`a, cs prcjcrilfc fgvgr cm scka. Cstg pruclg `c cstglifi`g` `c fas kafarcs `clc bgkcrsc sicdprc quc sc usc lfgmqucgmtc. Cm gfhumas kgsas sc rckadicm`g cf usa `c um prakc`idicmta quädika pgrg trgtgr fgs dgmkbgs, kada gfkabaf, ghug axihcmg`g, gdamägka a hfikcrimg, quc sc g`quicrcm cm fg ` rahucräg y quc `urgm g÷as. Atrgs dc`i`gs `c prckgukiûm g tcmcr cm kucmtg sam? -
Zcrijikgr fgs ctiquctgs `c kui`g`a `c fg rapg gmtcs `c schuir fas kamscoas pgrg cfidimgr fgs dgmkbgs, gschurgm`a gsä quc su prcm`g ma sc `g÷c dçs.
-
Mumkg utifizgr fcoäg cm cm fgmg, sc`g, prcm`gs kam trgtgdicmtas ihmäjuhas a tcoi`as `cfikg`as.
-
Ma fgvgr a rcdaogr fgmg a sc`g cm cm um `ctcrhcmtc kam cmzidgs. cmzidgs.
-
Mumkg rcdaogr rcdaogr fgmg, sc`g, tcfgs, kam trgtgdicmtas trgtgdicmtas ihmäjuhas a `c kafarcs ma jioas, kucra a prcm`gs kam lrakbcs dctçfikas.
Cf fgvg`a cm scka sc utifizg tgdliém kada tékmikg prcvcmtivg, cm fas pridcras fgvg`as, pgrg jiogr fas kafarcs `c fgs prcm`gs pcsc g quc éstgs puc`gm sadctcrsc g um fgvg`a mardgf kam ghug.
Fcmkcräg. Pékmikgs `c fgvg`a y pfgmkbg`a
Gf scfckkiamgr cf prahrgdg `c fgvg`a cs idpartgmtc tgdliém fg scfckkiûm `c fg tcdpcrgturg. Cs prcjcrilfc, pgrg umg dcoar kamscrvgkiûm `c fg rapg `c kafar, scfckkiamgr prahrgdgs `c fgvg`a kam ghug tcdpfg`g a jräg.
<73
c`itarigf } kcp
;.0 Lfgmquca `c fg rapg Cf lfgmquca `c fg rapg cs umg jgsc pastcriar gf fgvg`a y gm tcriar gf gkfgrg`a y kcmtrijuhg`a. [u disiûm cs `cvafvcr g fg rapg su lfgmka arihimgria, rcgfzgm`a fg scmsgkiûm `c fidpia. Gpgrtc `c tékmikgs mgturgfcs `c lfgmquca y `csdgmkbg`a `c fg rapg, cxpamicm`a fgs prcm`gs g fas rgyas `cf saf, prcvigdcmtc cdpgpg`gs cm ghug y oglûm, `urgmtc vgrigs bargs, cxistcm cm cf dcrkg`a `ivcrsas pra`uktas quädikas pgrg kamschuir cstc aloctiva, `cs`c fgs trg`ikiamgfcs fcoägs quc cs fa dçs lgrgta pcra tgdliém cs fa quc dçs cstrapcg fg rapg y quc kudpfcm g su vcz umg idpartgmtc jumkiûm `csimjcktgmtc, bgstg lfgmqucgmtcs gf axähcma, dçs cjcktivas kugm`a sc fgvg g gftgs tcdpcrgturgs. @cmtra `c fas lfgmqucgmtcs gf axähcma `cstgkg cf pcrûxi`a `c bi`rûhcma, vufhgrdcmtc kamaki`a kada mcutrcx. [c bg `cdastrg`a quc kam cf pcrûxi`a fgs prcm`gs `urgm bgstg um <3% dçs y quc ticmcm um lgoa hrg`a `c kamtgdimgkiûm `cf azama. ^ar ÿftida, tgdliém cxistcm gktivg`arcs `c lfgmqucgmtcs, quc sam gqucffgs sustgmkigs quc kadlimg`gs kam fas lfgmqucgmtcs filcrg`arcs `c axähcma, gktivgm cf `csprcm`idicmta `c axähcma `urgmtc cf fgvg`a, imkfusa g lgogs tcdpcrgturgs, pgrg imkrcdcmtgr fg cjcktivi`g` `cf lfgmquca. Cf pra`ukta dçs usg`a g cstas cjcktas cs cf PGC@ (tctrg-gkctif ctifcm`igdimg) `c duy lgog taxiki`g` y cfcvg`g lia`chrg`glifi`g`.
0. PÉKMIKG[ PÉKMIKG [ Y ^\CKGS ^\CKGSKIAMC[ KIAMC[ @C ^FGMKBG@ ^FGMKBG@A, A, PCD^C\GPS\G[ G@CKSG@G[ [c `cmadimg pfgmkbgr g fg f g gkkiûm `c pgsgr fg pfgmkbg kgficmtc salrc fg rapg pgrg cstirgrfg, gscmtgrfg a `grfc lriffa.
0.7 ^rckgukiamcs cm cf pfgmkbg`a G. [cfckkiûm `c fg tcdpcrgturg Fgs tcdpcrgturgs cm scka quc sc sucfcm gkamscogr pgrg fas `ijcrcmtcs tcoi`as, cmtrc atrgs, sam?
<7:
Pcdg 77
c`itarigf } kcp
-
Fima y gfha`ûm? tcdpcrgturg gftg dçxidg <>> hrg`as. hrg`as.
-
Fgmg y dczkfg `c pafiéstcr? tcdpcrgturg dc`ig dçxidg dçxidg 73> hrg`as.
-
[c`g mgturgf, rgyûm y gkräfika? tcdpcrgturg lgog dçxidg 77> hrg`as. hrg`as.
L. [cfckkiûm [cfc kkiûm `cf vgpar Cxistc um kû`iha imtcrmgkiamgf salrc fgs mardgs `c pfgmkbg`a cm jumkiûm `cf tipa `c tcoi`a quc cm kugfquicr kgsa sc `clc rcspctgr? -
Cf gfha`ûm g`ditc um pfgmkbg`a jucrtc kam vgpar.
-
Fg fgmg g`ditc um pfgmkbg`a sugvc kam vgpar.
-
Cf fima `clcrç sadctcrsc g um pfgmkbg`a duy jucrtc kam vgpar. vgpar.
-
Cf pafiéstcr sc sadctcrç g um pfgmkbg`a dc`ia dc`ia kam vgpar.
-
Fg sc`g sc sadctcrç g um pfgmkbg`a sugvc kam vgpar.
-
Fas tcoi`as simtétikas g`ditcm um pfgmkbg`a sugvc sim vgpar. vgpar.
K. Atrgs prckgukiamcs Atrgs prckgukiamcs g tcmcr cm kucmtg pgrg quc cf rcsuftg`a scg ûptida sam fgs sihuicmtcs? -
[c `clcm pfgmkbgr fgs tcfgs gf rcvés par `as rgzamcs? rgzamcs? pgrg cvitgr quc bghgm lriffas lriffas y pgrg gyu`gr g kamscrvgr fas kafarcs
-
@clc pfgmkbgrsc pfgmkbgrsc cm cf scmti`a scmti`a `cf bifa pgrg cvitgr `cjardgkiamcs `cjardgkiamcs `c fg tcfg.
-
@ctcrdimg`as tcoi`as, kada fg sc`g, ma sc `clcm pufvcrizgr parquc sc krcgm dgmkbgs y kcrkas. kcrkas.
0.< Pékmikgs `c pfgmkbg`a Gmtcs `c pgsgr g cstu`igr fgs tékmikgs `c pfgmkbg`a, cs mckcsgria dcmkiamgr vgrias cfcdcmtas quc jgkifitgrçm cf pastcriar pfgmkbg`a. Gsä, fas sugvizgmtcs sam fas dcoarcs gfig`as `c fg pfgmkbg. Ssgr um lucm sugvizgmtc cm cf gkfgrg`a `c fg rapg hgrgmtizg um dcoar pfgm kbg`a y `cogrç um afar ghrg`glfc y `urg`cra cm fg rapg. [i, g`cdçs, gf tcm`cr fg rapg, cm cf supucsta `c sckg`a gf girc filrc, sc ticmc fg prckgukiûm `c bgkcrfa cstirgm`a sugvcdcmtc fas tcoi`as y `coçm`afas sckgr cxtcm`i`as, fg tgrcg `c fg pfgmkbg scrç dukba dçs scmkiffg y rçpi`g. Gsä disda, cs rckadcm`glfc quc fg rapg tcmhg um kicrta hrg`a `c budc`g` y ma csté kadpfctgdcmtc sckg gf ir g pfgmkbgrfg, parquc cm cstc kgsa scräg mckcsgria budc`ckcrfg fihcrgdcmtc ousta gf pfgmkbgrfg, yg scg kam ra`iffa a g dgma.
G. ^fgmkbg`a g dgma Gf ihugf quc cm cf fgvg`a `c kugfquicr tipa `c rapg, cs idprcskim`ilfc, pgrg altcmcr um ûptida rcsuftg`a, utifizgr umg tékmikg `c pfgmkbg`a g`ckug`g, cm grgs g hgrgmtizgr um rcsuftg`a sgtisjgktaria `c fg disdg.
Fcmkcräg. Pékmikgs `c fgvg`a y pfgmkbg`a
<78
c`itarigf } kcp
g. Ocrscys Cm cstc tipa `c prcm`gs, kamjckkiamg`gs cm fgmg, sc`g, gfha`ûm, ctk., su `ijikuftg` cstrilg cm su pfgmkbg`a.
• Pcoi`as Pcoi`as `c fgmg Cf pfgmkbg`a `c um tcoi`a `c fgmg sc rcgfizg `gm`a fg vucftg g fg prcm`g y pamiém`afg `cf rcvés, pgrg pastcriardcmtc prakc`cr g su pfgmkbg`a kafakgm`a um pg÷a bÿdc`a cmkidg `c fg zamg salrc fg quc sc vg g pfgmkbgr.
• Duscfimg `c gfha`ûm Fas tcoi`as kamjckkiamg`as kam duscfimg `c gfha`ûm, quc cs umg tcfg `c gfha`ûm jimg y paka tupi`g, sc `clcm pfgmkbgr kugm`a cf tcoi`a csté gÿm bÿdc`a. Cm kgsa mckcsgria, puc`c gfdi`amgrsc fihcrgdcmtc kam um pra`ukta quc fc `é um paka `c gprcsta. ^a`cdas `cjimir cf gfdi`ûm kada umg sustgmkig bi`rakgrlamg`g, lfgmkg, fihcrg y sugvc gf tgkta. Cs imsafulfc cm ghug jräg, pcra cm ghug kgficmtc pra`ukc cf cmhru`a a fa quc cs fa disda, kafg `c pchgr. Gfdi`amgr um tcoi`a kamsistc cm daogr fg rapg cm gfdi`ûm `csfcä`a cm ghug y g vckcs kaki`a, pgrg quc quc`c ticsg y tadc lriffa gf pfgmkbgrfg. Cstg tékmikg `c gfdi`amgr sc usg ta`gväg cm fas kucffas `c kgdisgs `c badlrc.
• Duscfimg `c sc`g Gqucf tcoi`a quc bgyg si`a kamjckkiamg`a kam duscfimg `c sc`g, g fg barg `c prakc`cr g su pfgmkbg`a, sc kafakgrç cmtrc `as trgpas sckas, quc prcjcrcmtcdcmtc bgm `c scr lfgmkas y fidpias, y sc pfgmkbgrç `cf rcvés salrc cf tcoi`a `c pratckkiûm.
• Myfam Gumquc cm um primkipia, cf myfam ma sc pfgmkbg, cm kgsa mckcsgria, puc`c pfgmkbgrsc `cfikg`gdcmtc `cf rcvés, utifizgm`a pgrg cffa umg pfgmkbg g umg tcdpcrgturg sugvc. Kamvicmc tcmcr cm kucmtg quc fgs pfgmkbgs cféktrikgs da`crmgs, pravistgs `c tcrdastgta, im`ikgm `c dgmcrg prckisg cf hrg`a `c tcdpcrgturg g alscrvgr pgrg ta`as fas pfgmkbg`as `cfikg`as. Kugm`a umg prcm`g `c glriha csté grruhg`g, cs kamvcmicmtc pfgmkbgrfg imtcrkgfgm`a sicdprc um pg÷a bÿdc`a cmtrc fg pfgmkbg y cf tcoi`a. ^astcriardcmtc, sc `clc cspcrgr g quc fg prcm`g csté licm sckg, pgrg pa`cr hugr`grfg cm cf grdgria rapcra.
l. ^fgmkbg`a `c fas tcoi`as ma fgvglfcs • Krcpé [c pfgmkbg `cf rcvés imtcrkgfgm`a um pg÷a bÿdc`a cmtrc fg pfgmkbg y cf tcoi`a. Fg tékmikg `c pfgmkbg`a kamsistc cm `csfizgr sugvcdcmtc fg pfgmkbg salrc cf tcoi`a, pcra sim gpaygrfg, gf alocta `c cvitgr pasilfcs `cjardgkiamcs, pucs bgy quc tcmcr cm kucmtg quc cstgdas trgtgm`a um tipa `c tcoi`a duy `cfikg`a.
<72
Pcdg 77
c`itarigf } kcp
Smg vcz bcdas gkglg`a `c pfgmkbgr f g prcm`g, fg kafhgdas cm umg pcrkbg pgrg su sckg`a tatgf.
• Dugré [c pfgmkbg `cf rcvés imtcrkgfgm`a um pg÷a scka cmtrc fg pfgmkbg y cf tcoi`a, pcra csa sä, fg pfgmkbg ma `clc tcmcr vgpar, yg quc praparkiamgräg budc`g` gf tcoi`a y fc rcstgräg lriffa.
• Pgjctçm [c pfgmkbg `cf rcvés imtcrkgfgm`a um pg÷a scka cmtrc fg pfgmkbg y cf tcoi`a y sicdprc cm scka.
• Pcrkiapcfa ^grg pfgmkbgrfa, bgy quc bgkcrfa cmtrc `as pcrsamgs. Dicmtrgs uma sasticmc fg pfgmkbg kam fg pgrtc dctçfikg bgkig grrilg, cf atra pgscg cf rcvés `cf tcrkiapcfa salrc fg pfgmkbg imtcrkgfgm`a um pg÷a bÿdc`a. Cstc pfgmkbg`a gf vgpar, cs um trglgoa kadpfcoa y `c fgrhg `urgkiûm. Fas prajcsiamgfcs utifizgm umg pfgmkbg pgrg tcrkiapcfa, bckbg `c jimgs dgff gs dctçfikgs, cmtrc fgs quc puc`c pgsgr cf pcfa.
k. ^gmg rgyg`g Cstg kfgsc `c tcoi`a sc pfgmkbg par cf rcvés kam um pg÷a budc`cki`a.
`. ^iqué Cstc tcoi`a sc pfgmkbg bÿdc`a, par cf `crckba, kam kgfar jucrtc. Bgy quc tcmcr cm kucmtg quc fg prcm`g bg `c cstgr fihcrgdcmtc gfdi`amg`g.
c. Kgdisgs Fgs kgdisgs sc pfgmkbgrçm `c fg sihuicmtc dgmcrg? -
Kgmcsÿ.
-
Kucffa par cf rcvés y fucha par cf `crckba. `crckba.
-
^u÷as par cf rcvés rcvés y fucha par cf `crckba.
-
Dgmhgs.
-
@cfgmtcra, cspgf`g y `cfgmtcra.
Fg pgrtc quc kamticmc fas latamcs fg pfgmkbgrcdas `cf rcvés. Pcrdimg`g ta`g fg apcrgkiûm `c pfgmkbg`a, sc glrakbgrçm fas latamcs, cxkcpta fas `cf pu÷a y sc `grçm fas ÿftidas rctaqucs.
j. ^gmtgfamcs Fas pgmtgfamcs sc pfgmkbgrçm `c fg sihuicmtc dgmcrg? -
Jarras `c fas lafsiffas.
-
Kimturiffg par cf rcvés.
-
Kasturg `c gtrçs par cf rcvés.
Fcmkcräg. Pékmikgs `c fgvg`a y pfgmkbg`a
<79
c`itarigf } kcp
-
[c glrakbg fg krcdgffcrg.
-
^astcriardcmtc, pfgmkbgrcdas ^astcriardcmtc, pfgmkbgrcdas fg pgrtc `cfgmtcrg, prcjcrilfcdcmtc gyu`g`as par umg gfdabg`iffg.
-
Fg rgyg `cf pgmtgfûm ticmc ticmc sicdprc quc kaimki`ir kam fg pimzg dçs kcrkgmg kcrkgmg g fg krcdgffcrg, krcdgffcrg, y si ma tuvicrg pimzg, kam fg trgliffg.
L. ^fgmkbg`a par prakc`idicmta prakc`idicmtass dckçmikas ^grg cf pfgmkbg`a im`ustrigf bgy quc tcmcr cm kucmtg? -
Cf hrg`a `c gutadgtisda.
-
Cf mÿdcra mÿdcra `c pcrsamgf mckcsgria pgrg rcgfizgr cf trglgoa. trglgoa.
-
Cf hrg`a `c budc`g` y fgs kgrgktcrästik kgrgktcrästikgs gs `c fg rapg alocta `cf pfgmkbg`a.
Gf kadcmzgr fg oarmg`g, cf pcrsamgf `clc, cm pridcr fuhgr, prakc`cr g kamcktgr fgs dçquimgs mckcsgrigs pgrg prakc`cr gf pfgmkbg`a. ^astcriardcmtc, sc prcpgrgrçm ta`as fas cfcdcmtas mckcsgrias pgrg rcgfizgr fg fglar, sc kadpralgrç cf tipa `c rapg g pfgmkbgr y fg dçquimg quc sc `clc utifizgr. [c pam`rçm tgdliém g dgma fas kgrritas trgmspartg`arcs, pcrkbcras, ctk. Gmtcs `c prakc`cr g fg tgrcg prapig `cf pfgmkbg`a, bglrç quc kadpralgr si fg rapg g pfgmkbgr cstç sckg a cxkcsivgdcmtc bÿdc`g, pucs fgs dc`i`gs g g`aptgr `cpcm`crçm `c cstg kirkumstgmkig. [i fgs rapgs sc cmkucmtrgm cxkcsivgdcmtc sckgs, sc pufvcrizgrç salrc cffgs ghug gmtcs `c prakc`cr g su pfgmkbg`a. ^ar cf kamtrgria, si cstçm bÿdc`gs, sc puc`c gudcmtgr f g tcdpcrgturg `c fg pfgmkbg bgstg um 7>% `cf g`ckug`a pgrg kg`g tcoi`a.
g. Hrg`a `c gutadgtisd gutadgtisda a Ma ta`gs fgs dçquimgs im`ustrigfcs ticmcm cf disda hrg`a `c gutadgtisda, mi tgdpaka prcstgm fgs disdgs dc`i`gs `c ra`iffa. Fgs dçquimgs kam `as a dçs ra`iffas y kam fgrha sujikicmtc sc cdpfcgm jrckucmtcdcmtc pgrg scrvikia baspitgfgria y batcfcra, sicm`a gkar`cs fgs kgrgktcrästikgs `c cstgs dçquimgs kam cf pfgmkbg`a `c sçlgmgs y dgmtcfcrägs. ^grg cf usa `c cstgs dçquimgs sam mckcsgrigs kugtra pcrsamgs? -
@as `c cffgs, situg`gs cm fg pgrtc jramtgf, sc cmkgrhgm `c kahcr fgs piczgs y kafakgrfgs cm cm cf rufa, gschurçm`asc `c quc cf jramtgf `c fg piczg csté licm cstirg`a y rckta, c imdc`igtgdcmtc lgogm fgs rchfgs `c suockiûm y fg piczg cs kahi`g par cf rufa. G pgrtir `c csc dadcmta sc rckilc cf kgfar y sc vg cjcktugm`a cf pfgmkbg`a.
-
Fg piczg, g dc`i`g quc sc vgyg pfgmkbgm`a, irç sgficm`a sgficm`a par `ctrçs, `am`c `am`c cstgrçm fgs atrgs `as pcrsamgs quc sc cmkgrhgrçm `c umir fgs `as csquimgs pgrg quc sc vgyg `alfgm`a g fg ditg` `cf gmkba. [i sc kadpruclg quc ma bg quc`g`a fa sujikicmtcdcmtc pfgmkbg`g, sc puc`c vafvcr g rcpctir fg apcrgkiûm, imvirticm`a cf davidicmta `cf ra`iffa.
Smg vcz quc sc bgyg pfgmkbg`a ta`g fg rapg, sc ffcvgrç g fg dcsg `c kfgsijikgkiûm `c fg rapg pfgmkbg`g. ^cra bgy atra tipa `c dçquimgs, quc sûfa mckcsitgm cf trglgoa `c umg pcrsamg, `cli`a g quc sûfa rcquicrc quc sc oumtcm fgs prcm`gs par fgs csquimgs imikigfcs. Fg dçquimg pastcriardcmtc imtra`ukc fg piczg, cstirçm`asc `urgmtc su pgsa p ar cf ra`iffa, y umg vcz quc sgfc par cf atra cxtrcda,
<<>
Pcdg 77
c`itarigf } kcp
sc vg pfchgm`a cm `as g fa fgrha, sicm`a fg prapig dçquimg fg quc `cpasitg fg piczg `alfg`g cm um sapartc g`ckug`a. ^cra, g`cdçs `c fgs dçquimgs im`ustrigfcs `c hrgm kgpgki`g`, tgdliém bgy quc tcmcr cm kucmtg cf pfgmkbg`a cm rufa pcquc÷a, quc rcgfizg jumkiamcs quc ma puc`cm cockutgr fgs dçqu imgs im`ustrigfcs. Cstc tipa `c pfgmkbg`arg cs i`cgf pgrg rapg pcquc÷g.
l. Pcdpcrgturg g`ckug`g pgrg fas tcoi`as Fg tcdpcrgturg puc`c scr rchufg`g par um scfcktar. Atrgs vckcs, fg tcdpcrgturg vicmc kfgsijikg`g p ar pasikiamcs? duy gftg, gftg, dc`ig y lgog. Bgy quc tcmcr cm kucmtg quc fg budc`g` `c fg rapg y fg tcdpcrgturg cstçm ämtidgdcmtc rcfgkiamg`gs, yg quc fg budc`g` bgkc lgogr fg tcdpcrgturg `c fg pfgmkbg.
Cs kamvcmicmtc tcmcr kfgra quc ma ta`g fg rapg sc puc`c pfgmkbgr cm fg disdg dçquimg pfgmkbg`arg. Fg dçquimg quc dçs sc utifizg cs fg quc `ispamc `c rufas. rufa s. [c cdpfcg jum`gdcmtgfdcmtc pgrg baspitgfcs, rcstgurgmtcs, rcstgurgmtcs, ctk., `cli`a g quc cs duy ÿtif pgrg pfgmkbgr rapg `c kgdg y `c kadc`ar. Cstas ra`iffas cstçm pcmsg`as hcmcrgfdcmtc pgrg prcm`gs fisgs, par fa quc si qucrcdas pfgmkbgr prcm`gs `cfikg`gs, fa dcoar cs quc fa bghgdas g dgma a kam atras dc`ias quc pratcogm cstgs prcm`gs.
3. MAKIAMC[ @C CPIWSC CPIWSCPG@A PG@A @C \A^G 3.7 Ctiquctg`a `c fgvg`a Cf kui`g`a y dgmtcmidicmta `c fgs prcm`gs cxihc gtcm`cr g fgs prckgukiamcs quc kg`g tcoi`a ffcvg cspckijikg`gs cm fgs imstrukkiamcs pgrg su kamscrvgkiûm. Fgs prckgukiamcs sc rcprcscmtgm dc`igmtc sädlafas hrçjikas quc gpgrckcm cm fg ctiquctg y `clcrçm scr kadprcmsilfcs kam im`cpcm`cmkig `cf i`iadg y pgäs. Cm kgsa `c quc umg prcm`g ma mckcsitgrg mimhÿm kui`g`a cspckigf, ma kamtcm`rç mimhÿm tipa `c im`ikgkiûm. Fas sädlafas cstçm rchistrg`as cm ta`a cf dum`a y sam prapic`g` `c HIMCPCR, quc kc`c g fgs arhgmizgkiamcs mgkiamgfcs dicdlras cf `crckba g su utifizgkiûm. Fas rcfgtivas gf fgvg`a sam fas sihuicmtcs?
Fcmkcräg. Pékmikgs `c fgvg`a y pfgmkbg`a
<<7
c`itarigf } kcp
<<<
Pcdg 77
c`itarigf } kcp
Cf kui`g`a y dgmtcmidicmta `c fgs prcm`gs cxihc quc sc gticm`g g fgs prckgukiamcs quc kg`g tcoi`a ffcvg cspckijikg`gs cm fgs imstrukkiamcs pgrg su kamscrvgkiûm, rcprcscmtg`gs dc`igmtc sädlafas hrçjikas cm fg ctiquctg.
Fcmkcräg. Pékmikgs `c fgvg`a y pfgmkbg`a
<<;
c`itarigf } kcp
3.< Ctiquctg`a `c pfgmkbg`a Fas sädlafas quc bgm `c kamakcrsc y rcspctgrsc cm cf prakcsa `c pfgmkbg`a sam fas sihuicmtcs?
Cm fg dgquimgrig `c pfgmkbg`a, fg scfckkiûm `c fg tcdpcrgturg y `cf vgpar puc`cm ir cm hrg`as kcmtährg`as a licm g`aptgr kugtra pasikiamcs? lgog, dc`ig, gftg y duy gftg.
<<0
Pcdg 77
Csqucdg 77
FCMKC\ÄG. PÉKMIKG[ @C FGZG@A, \CGKKIÛM G FG GKKIÛM @C ÇKI@A[, FCOÄG[, ARI@GMPC[, PCD^C\G PCD^C \GPS\G PS\G Y GKKIÛM DCKÇMIKG. DCKÇMI KG. (G^FIKGKIÛM @CF KÄ\KSFA @C [IMMC\ CM CF ^\AKC[A @C FGZG@A) \cgkkiûm \cgkk iûm `c fas tcoi`as g fg gkkiûm `c fas çki`as Pipas `c çki`as Cjcktas `c fas çki`as salrc fas `ijcrcmtcs tipas `c tcoi`as tcxtifcs
\cgkkiûm \cgkk iûm `c fas tcoi`as g fg gkkiûm `c fgs fcoägs Fg fcoäg cs um pra`ukta karrasiva quc `clc trgtgrsc kam kui`g`a parquc cs `g÷ima pgrg fg sgfu`. [u gkkiûm karrasivg puc`c `g÷gr fas tcoi `as si sc utifizg kada cfcdcmta lfgmqucg`ar `c dgmcrg duy bglitugf, ffchgm`a g kamschuir quc fgs prcm`gs quc cm um primkipia crgm `c kafar lfgmka pgscm g tcmcr um tama hrisçkca Fg fcoäg rcgkkiamg kam fgs dgmkbgs `ijäkifcs y rcstas `c sukic`g` pcrsistcmtcs, kamvirtiém`afgs cm sustgmkigs safulfcs `c jçkif cfidimgkiûm dc`igmtc ghug y `ctcrhcmtcs. Cs g`ckug`g pgrg fg fidpiczg y lfgmquca `c prcm`gs lfgmkgs a `c kafarcs kfgras `c gfha`ûm y `c tcoi`as simtétikas
\cgkkiûm \cgkk iûm `c fas tcoi`as g fg gkkiûm `c fas axi`gmtcs Fas axi`gmtcs sam sustgmkigs quc axi`gm g atrg sustgmkig cm rcgkkiamcs cfcktra-quädikgs. Cm cstgs rcgkkiamcs sc pra`ukc um imtcrkgdlia `c cfcktramcs, y cf ghcmtc axi`gmtc sc rc`ukc, par fa quc sc rc`ukcm cfcktramcs `c um rcgktiva
\cgkkiûm \cgkk iûm `c fas tcoi`as g fg gkkiûm `c fg tcdpcrgturg Gmtcs `c rcgfizgr cf fgvg`a `c umg prcm`g bgy quc fccr fg tcdpcrgturg `c fgvg`a rckadcm`g`g cm fgs imstrukkiamcs `c fgs ctiquctgs. Kam cffa cvitgrcdas pasilfcs `ctcriaras cm fgs prcm`gs Mardgfdcmtc, fas kafarcs paka jirdcs cm prcm`gs `cfikg`gs sc fgvgrçm cm ghug jräg a kada dçxida g ;>¿5 fgs jilrgs simtétikgs `c kafarcs ji rdcs sc fgvgrçm kam ghug tilig, kam um dçxida `c 0>¿5 y fg rapg lfgmkg a fgs prcm`gs `c kafarcs kfgras quc ma `csti÷cm sc fgvgrçm cm ghug kgficmtc kam um dçxida `c :>¿
\cgkkiûm \cgkk iûm `c fas tcoi`as g fg gkkiûm dckçmikg `cf fgvg`a [i sc ffcmg `cdgsig`a fg fgvg`arg, fg rapg quc`grg sukig, pcra si pamc pakg rapg hgstgrç cmcrhäg y ghug `c dgmcrg immckcsgrig. Fg dc`i`g i`cgf `c kgrhg cs ffcmgr bgstg fgs ;/0 pgrtcs cf tgdlar, kam fa quc kamschuidas quc fg rapg puc`g davcrsc filrcdcmtc dicmtrgs `urg cf fgvg`a. Fas grtäkufas quc gf daogrsc g`quicrcm dukba pcsa, kada zgpgtiffgs, c`rc`amcs, dgmtgs, ctk. ma bgm `c scr fgvg`as cm fgs fgvg`args `adéstikgs cm fg dc`i`g `c fa pasilfc, par fa quc sc `clcm utifizgr fgvg`cras `c usa im`ustrigf. Cf salrcpcsa `c cstc tipa `c kgrhg bgkc quc cf datar
Fcmkcräg. Pékmikgs `c fgvg`a y pfgmkbg`a
<<3
`c fg fgvg`arg trglgoc kam csjucrza, pu`icm`a pra`ukirsc `cspcrjcktas cm fgs prcm`gs. ^grg cvitgr `cspcrjcktas cm fgs prcm`gs bgy quc imtra`ukir fg rapg sucftg y cxtcm`i`g, gftcrmgm`a piczgs hrgm`cs y pcquc÷gs
Gpfikgkiûm `cf kärkufa `c [immcr cm cf prakcsa `c fgvg`a Cf prakcsa `c fgvg`a `c rapg cs umg jumkiûm quc cstç `ctcrdimg`g fg tcdpcrgturg `c fgvg`a, `urgkiûm `cf kikfa, tipas y `asijikgkiamcs `c pra`uktas quädikas y fg dckçmikg gpfikg`g `urgmtc cf prakcsa5 fg dgmipufgkiûm `c kugfquicrg `c cstas j gktarcs, bgrç quc cf rcsuftg`a `cf fgvg`a atarhuc um kicrta rcsuftg`a y csta cs cxgktgdcmtc fa quc cf @r. [immcr pfgsdû cm su `cmadimg`a kärkufa `c [immcr
Pcdpcrgturg G dgyar tcdpcrgturg fg cjcktivi`g` pgrg rcdavcr fg sukic`g` gudcmtg, pcra bgy quc tcmcr cm kucmtg quc sc bglfg `c sukic`g` y ma `c dgmkbgs, fgs kugfcs cm gfhumas kgsas sc jiogm kam gftgs tcdpcrgturgs, pcra vafvicm`a g fg sukic`g`, g dc`i`g quc gudcmtgdas fg tcdpcrgturg cm fg jgsc fgvg`a, fg rcsistcmkig `c fg sukic`g` vg `isdimuycm`a, sudgm`a quc g`cdçs fgs tcdpcrgturgs gftgs duftipfikgm fg gkkiûm `c fas pra`uktas fidpig`arcs quc sc usgm cm cf fgvg`a
Picdpa `c kikfa Cf ghug, fg ghitgkiûm y fas pra`uktas quädikas imtcrgktÿgm kam fg rapg `urgmtc cf prakcsa `c fgvg`a, cf ticdpa quc `urc fg jgsc `c fgvg`a `ctcrdimgrç cf hrg`a `c imtcrgkkiûm quc dgmtcmhg fg dczkfg kam fgs prcm`gs
Wuädikas Fas `ctcrhcmtcs, sugvizgmtcs, lfgmqucg`arcs y ta`as fas `cdçs pra`uktas quc puc`gm scr gpfikg`as, imtcrgktÿgm `c kicrtg dgmcrg pgrg ir cfidimgm`a fg sukic`g` y gfhumgs dgmkbgs
Dckçmikg Cs fg gkkiûm jäsikg quc sc fc gpfikg g fg rapg `urgmtc fg jgsc fgvg`a
FA[ @CPC\HCMPC[ PI^A[ @C @CPC\HCMPC[? Y ^\A@SKPA[ ^G\G CF FGZG@A @C FG \A^G? (KAD^AMCMPC[ @C FA[ DI[DA[ Y GKKIÛM WSC \CGFI_GM. \CGFI _GM. ^\CKGSKI ^\CKGSKIAMC[, AMC[, IM@I IM@IKGKIAMC[ KGKIAMC[ @C S[A [CHßM [CH ßM CF PI^A, Y KG\GKPC\Ä[PIKG[ @C FA[ DI[DA[ G[Ä KADA @CF PI^A [SKIC@G@ G CFIDIMG\) @cjimikiamcs Fas `ctcrhcmtcs sam sustgmkigs quc, g`cdçs `c kamtcmcr lfgmqucgmtcs, sckucstrgmtcs a gfkgfimas, kamticmcm tcmsiagktivas quc pravakgm fg cdufsiûm `c fgs hrgsgs. Pa`as fas tcmsiagktivas pasccm kicrtg gkkiûm `csimjcktgmtc. [am pra`uktas quc kadlimg`as kam cf ghug sc cdpfcgm pgrg fidpigr
Kadpamcmtcs Cscmkigfcs Kadpfcdcmtgrias
<<:
Pcdg 77
Kfgsijikgkiûm par cf usa g quc cstçm `cstimg`as Cf \cgf @ckrcta 88>/7999, `c 8 `c dgya, par cf quc sc gpruclg fg \chfgdcmtgkiûm tékmika-sgmitgrig pgrg fg cfglargkiûm, kirkufgkiûm y kadcrkia `c `ctcrhcmtcs y fidpig`arcs, cstglfckc umg kfgsijikgkiûm ma cxbgustivg `c fas pra`uktas alocta `c cstg \chfgdcmtgkiûm par cf usa g quc cstçm `cstimg`as? - ^ra`uktas pgrg cf fgvg`a `c vgoiffgs? - ^ra`uktas pgrg cf fgvg`a `c rapg? - Oglamcs `c fgvgr. -
-
^ra`uktas `c dgmtcmidicmta y fidpiczg? ^ra`uktas pgrg fidpiczg `c fg im`ustrig gfidcmtgrig (sucfas, pgrc`cs, dgquimgrig, dgquimgrig, cmvgscs, kistcrmgs, kçdgrgs jriharäjikgs y atras cfcdcmtas `c pra`ukkiûm, gfdgkcmgdicmta y trgmspartc `c gfidcmtas). ^ra`uktas `c dgmtcmidicmta y fidpiczg `cstimg`as g atrgs gpfikgkiamcs im`ustrigfcs im`ustrigfcs y g atras usas prajcsiamgfcs.
Kadpamcmtcs quc ticmcm fas `ctcrhcmtcs Pcmsiagktiva Gmiûmikas Kgtiûmikas Ma iûmikas Gmjatérikas
Kag`yuvgmtcs a luif`crs Jasjgtas [ifikgtas Kgrlamgtas Cmzidgs C@PG ^crlargtas y pcrkgrlamgtas Kitrgtas
Guxifigrcs `c prcscmtgkiûm G`itivas
^rapic`g`cs `c fas `ctcrhcmtcs [c cmkucmtrgm lçsikgdcmtc ; prapic`g`cs cm fas `ctcrhcmtcs? - Budcktgmtc - @ispcrsiûm - [uspcmsiûm
@ctcrhcmtcs `c prcfgvg`a Cstas `ctcrhcmtcs ffcvgm cm su kadpasikiûm tcmsiagktivas y g vckcs ghcmtcs budcktgmtcs pgrg jgkifitgr quc fg prcm`g sc daoc. Cm cstas pra`uktas fa dçs idpartgmtc cs cf pa`cr budcktgmtc
Fcmkcräg. Pékmikgs `c fgvg`a y pfgmkbg`a
<<8
@ctcrhcmtcs `c fgvg`a Cm fg jgsc `c fgvg`a fas `ctcrhcmtcs kadlimgm fas tcmsiagktivas gmiûmikas kam fas ma iûmikas pgrg kamtrafgr fg kgmti`g` `c cspudg quc sc pra`ukc, a tcmsiagktivas kgtiûmikas par su gkkiûm sugvizgmtc kam fgs jilrgs
Cmoughuc Fcoäg ^crlargta sû`ika ^crûxi`a `c bi`rûhcma Axähcma gktiva Çki`a gkétika Mcutrgfizgmtc
[ugvizgmtcs Fas sugvizgmtcs sam g`itivas hrgsas quc ffcvgm cm su kadpasikiûm tcmsiagktivas kgtiûmikas. [c jiog salrc fg supcrjikic `c fgs jilrgs, pratchiém`afas y kamjiricm`a g fg rapg sugvi`g` trgs cf fgvg`a. [ucfcm ffcvgr pcrjudc imkarparg`a quc `cog um lucm afar cm fas tcoi`as. G`cdçs jgkifitg cf pfgmkbg`a `c fgs prcm`gs cvitgm`a fg jardgkiûm `c cfcktriki`g` cstçtikg quc sc pra`ukc `urgmtc cf fgvg`a
[cfckkiûm `c `ctcrhcmtcs Fg fgvgm`cräg baspitgfgrig `clc safikitgr fas pra`uktas g`ckug`as pgrg um prahrgdg lçsika `c fgvg`a quc sc gousta g fgs kgrgktcrästikgs `c fgs prcm`gs g fgvgr. Cf jglrikgmtc prcscmtgrç fas prahrgdgs y cstas scrçm cvgfug`as par fg fgvgm`cräg
[cfckkiûm `c `csimjcktgmtc `csimjcktgmtcss Fg `csimjckkiûm ticmc dukbg idpartgmkig cm um Baspitgf, y par supucsta fg `csimjckkiûm cm fg rapg, quc sc ffcvg g kgla par fg kadlimgkiûm `c kgfar y fg gkkiûm `c fas pra`uktas
PÉKMIKG[ PÉKMI KG[ Y ^\CKGSKIAMC[ ^\CKGSKI AMC[ @C FG F GZG@A Mardgs hcmcrgfcs y jgscs `cf fgvg`a Mardgs hcmcrgfcs `cf fgvg`a Jgscs `cf fgvg`a Jgsc `c prcfgvg`a Jgsc `c fgvg`a
Fgvg`a g dgma Ocrscys @c fgmg @c sc`g @c gfha`ûm
<<2
Pcdg 77
Pcoi`as `c fgmg Hglgr`imgs Duscfimg `c gfha`ûm Duscfimg `c sc`g Myfam Glrihas Dgmtgs Kartimgs
Fgvg`a `c fas tcoi`as `c kafar Cf fgvg`a cm scka sc cdpfcg kugm`a cxistc ricsha `c quc g kamsckucmkig `cf ghug fg prcm`g cmka og a picr`g su kafar. [c ffcvg g kgla kam cspudg sckg quc sc cxticm`c cm fg prcm`g, prcvigdcmtc kcpiffg`g pgrg quitgrfc pcfas, pafva, a kugfquicr atra kucrpa cxtrg÷a quc sc fc bgyg g`bcri`a, y trgs vgrias dimutas, `istimtas schÿm cf hrg`a `c sukic`g` y cf tipa `c tcoi`a, sc vucfvc g kcpiffgr pgrg quitgr fg cspudg y sc prakc`c g su pfgmkbg`a Fg jioczg `cf kafar cs atra `c fas kritcrias g tcmcr cm kucmtg, pucs si fgvgdas kamoumtgdcmtc prcm`gs quc `ckafargm par ma tcmcr licm jiog`as fas timtcs, kam prcm`gs `c kafarcs duy sûfi`as, cxistirç um gfta äm`ikc `c pralglifi`g`cs `c dgmkbgr csgs atrgs prcm`gs g kamsckucmkig `c fg `ckafargkiûm, tcmicm`a g`cdçs cm kucmtg quc fg dgmkbg ma scräg umijardc par ta`g fg prcm`g gftcrgm`a badahémcgdcmtc su kafar, sima quc scräg cm zamgs pumtugfcs kam dgs a dcmas imtcmsi`g`, `coçm`afg imutifizglfc
Lfgmquca `c fg rapg Cf lfgmquca `c fg rapg cs umg jgsc pastcriar gf fgvg`a y gmtcriar gf gkfgrg`a y kcmtrijuhg`a [u disiûm cs `cvafvcr g fg rapg su lfgmka arihimgria, rcgfzgm`a fg scmsgkiûm `c fidpia
PÉKMIKG[ Y ^\CKGSKIAMC[ @C ^FGMKBG@A, PCD^C\GPS\G[ G@CKSG@G[ ^rckgukiamcs cm cf pfgmkbg`a [cfckkiûm `c fg tcdpcrgturg [cfckkiûm `cf vgpar Atrgs prckgukiamcs
Pékmikgs `c pfgmkbg`a ^fgmkbg`a g dgma Ocrscys Pcoi`as `c fgmg Duscfimg `c gfha`ûm Duscfimg `c sc`g
Fcmkcräg. Pékmikgs `c fgvg`a y pfgmkbg`a
<<9
Myfam ^fgmkbg`a `c fas tcoi`as ma fgvglfcs Krcpé Dugré Pgjctçm Pcrkiapcfa ^gmg rgyg`g ^iqué Kgdisgs ^gmtgfamcs
^fgmkbg`a par prakc`idicmtas dckçmikas Hrg`a `c gutadgtisda Pcdpcrgturg g`ckug`g pgrg fas tcoi`as
MAKIAMC[ @C CPIWSCPG@A @C \A^G Ctiquctg`a `c fgvg`a Cf kui`g`a y dgmtcmidicmta `c fgs prcm`gs cxihc gtcm`cr g fgs prckgukiamcs quc kg`g tcoi`a ffcvg cspckijikg`gs cm fgs imstrukkiamcs pgrg su kamscrvgkiûm. Fgs prckgukiamcs sc rcprcscmtgm dc`igmtc sädlafas hrçjikas quc gpgrckcm cm fg ctiquctg y `clcrçm scr kadprcmsilfcs kam im`cpcm`cmkig `cf i`iadg y pgäs
Ctiquctg`a `c pfgmkbg`a Cm fg dgquimgrig `c pfgmkbg`a, fg scfckkiûm `c fg tcdpcrgturg y `cf vgpar puc`cm ir cm hrg`as kcmtährg`as a licm g`aptgr kugtra pasikiamcs? lgog, dc`ig, gftg y duy gftg
<;>
Pcdg 77