ASTM E1417-E1417M − 16 Standard Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: E1417/E1417M − 16

Standard Practice for

Liquid Penetrant Testing 1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1417/E1417M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revis revision. ion. A number in parentheses parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

1. Sco Scope* pe* 1.1 This practice establishes establishes the minimum requirements requirements for conducting liquid penetrant examination of nonporous metal, and nonme nonmetal tal compo components. nents. NOTE 1—This practice replaces MIL-STD-6866.

1.2 The penetrant examination examination processes processes descri described bed in this practice are applicable to in-pr practice in-process, ocess, final, and mainte maintenance nance (in-service) examinations. These processes are applicable for the de detec tectio tion n of di disco scont ntin inuit uities ies,, su such ch as lac lack k of fu fusio sion, n, corrosion, cracks, laps, cold shuts, and porosity, that are open or connected to the surface of the component under examination. 1.3 1. 3 Ca Caut utio ion n mu must st be ex exer ercis cised ed in th thee us usag agee of ele eleva vated ted temperature with components manufactured from thermoplastic materials. Also, some cleaners, penetrants, and developers can have a deleterious effect on nonmetallic materials such as plastics plas tics.. Pri Prior or to exa examin minatio ation, n, test testss sho should uld be con conduc ducted ted to ensure that none of the cleaning or examination materials are harmful to the components to be examined. 1.4 Units— The T he va valu lues es sta stated ted in ei eith ther er SI un units its or in inch ch-pound uni pound units ts are to be reg regard arded ed sep separa arately tely as sta standa ndard. rd. The values valu es stat stated ed in each system system may not be exac exactt equ equiva ivalent lents; s; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. 1.5 All are areas as of thi thiss pra practic cticee may be ope open n to agreement agreement betwee bet ween n the cog cogniz nizant ant eng engine ineeri ering ng or organ ganiza izatio tion n and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization. standard d doe doess not purport purport to add addre ress ss all of the 1.6 This standar safetyy co safet conc ncer erns ns,, if an anyy, as asso socia ciate ted d wi with th its us use. e. It is th thee responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro1

This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 Subcommittee E07.03 on on Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods. Curren Cur rentt edi editio tion n app approv roved ed Jun Junee 15, 201 2016. 6. Pub Publis lished hed Jul July y 201 2016. 6. Ori Origin ginall ally y approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E1417/E1417M – 13. DOI: 10.1520/E1417_E1417M-16.

priate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

2. Referenc Referenced ed Documents 2.1 The following following documents documents form a part of this practice to the extent specified herein: 2.2 ASTM Standards: 2 D95 Test Met Method hod for Water in Pet Petrol roleum eum Pro Produc ducts ts and Bituminous Materials by Distillation D2512 Test Meth Method od for Com Compat patibi ibility lity of Mat Materi erials als wit with h Liquid Oxygen (Impact Sensitivity Threshold and PassFail Techniques) D6304 T D6304 Test est Met Method hod for Dete Determi rminat nation ion of Water in Petr Petrooleum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration E165 Practice E165 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for General Industry E543 Specification E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing E1135 Test E1135 Test Method for Comparing the Brightness of Fluorescentt Penetr rescen Penetrants ants E1316 Terminology E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations E2297 Guide E2297 Guide for Use of UV-A and Visible Light Sources and Meters used in the Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods E3022 Practice for Measurement of Emission CharacterisE3022 tics and Req Requir uireme ements nts for LED UV UV-A -A Lamps Lamps Use Used d in Fluorescent Fluore scent Penetr Penetrant ant and Magne Magnetic tic Partic Particle le Testing 2.3 ASNT Standards: 3 ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standar Standard d for Qualification Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel SNT-TC-1A Recommended SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing

2

For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website. 3 Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. P.O. Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); reserved); Thu Jan 4 14:51:06 EST 2018 1 Downloaded/printed by Escuela Politecnica Nacional (Escuela Politecnica Nacional) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.

E1417/E1417M − 16 2.4 Military Standards:4, 5 MIL-STD-792 Ide Identi ntifica fication tion Mar Markin king g Req Requir uireme ements nts for Special Purpose Components QPL-AMS-2644 Qu Quali alified fied Pr Prod oduct uctss Lis List, t, In Inspe specti ction on Material, Penetrant MIL-STD-45662 Calibration System Requirements MIL-STD-45662 2.5 ANSI/ISO/AIA Standards: 6 ANSI/NCSL Z540-1 Genera Generall Requir Requirement ement for Calibra Calibration tion Laboratories and Measuring Test Equipment ISO 10012 Me Meas asur urem emen entt Mana Ma nage geme ment nt Syst Sy stem ems— s— Requirements Requir ements for Measu Measuring ring Measurement Measurement Proces Processs and Measuring Equipment NAS 410 Certification 410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive Test Personnel 2.6 SAE Standard: 7 AMS 2644 2644 Inspection Material, Penetrant AMS 2175A Castings, 2175A Castings, Classification and Inspection of 2.7 DoD Contracts— Unless Unless otherwise specified, the issues of the documents that are DoD adopted are those listed in the issue of the DoDISS (Department of Defense Index of Specifications and Standards) cited in the solicitation. 2.8 Order of Precedence— In In the event of conflict between the text of this practice and the references cited herein, the text of this practice takes precedence. 3. Terminology 3.1 Definitions: 3.1.1 The terminology terminology relating to liquid penetrant examination that appears in Terminology E1316 Terminology E1316 shall shall apply to the terms used in this practice. 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 3.2.1 aerospace— any any component that will be installed on a system that flies. cogni nizan zantt eng engin ineer eering ing or orga ganiz nizati ation on 3.2.2 cog Reference Terminology Standard E1316 Standard E1316..

(CEO) (C EO)— —

3.2.3 component— the t he pa part rt(s (s)) or ele eleme ment nt(s (s)) of a sy syst stem em described, assembled, or processed to the extent specified by the drawin drawing. g. examination— ation— the 3.2.4 final examin the final examination performed performed for the acceptance acceptance of the item. Any change to the item’s surface surface such su ch as mac machi hini ning ng,, gr grin indi ding ng,, we weld ldin ing, g, he heat at tr trea eatme tment nt,, or etching by subseq subsequent uent manufacturing manufacturing operat operation, ion, may render the previous examination invalid, requiring reexamination of all affected surfaces, unless otherwise approved in the contract.

3.2.5 in-process— that that which occurs durin during g manuf manufacturi acturing ng before a component is in final form. 4

Copiess of speci Copie specificati fications, ons, standards, standards, drawi drawings, ngs, and public publication ationss requir required ed by manufacturers in connection with specific acquisition functions should be obtained from the contra contracting cting activity or as directed by the contracting contracting of offic ficer. er. 5 Availab Av ailable le from Stand Standardiza ardization tion Docum Documents ents Order Desk, DODSSP, DODSSP, Bldg. 4, Sectio Sec tion n D, 700 Rob Robbin binss Ave. ve.,, Ph Phila iladel delphi phia, a, PA 191 19111 11-50 -5098, 98, htt http:/ p:// / dodssp.daps.dla.mil. 6 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. 7 Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, http://www.sae http://www.sae.org. .org.

3.2.6 in-service— refers refers to com compon ponents ents that are in use or storage for their intended function. 3.2.7 linear indication— penetrant penetrant indications indications with at least a three to one length to width ratio. 3.2.8 reprocess— repeat, repeat, after cleaning, the application and appropriate processing of penetrant, emulsifier (as required), and developer (as required). 3.2.9 rounde p enetrant ant ind indica icatio tion n who whose se rounded d indica indication— tion— penetr length to width ratio is less than three-to-one. 3.2.10 supplier— the the organization contracted to supply the material, parts, or assembly. 3.2.11 turbin any component turbinee engine critical components— components— any on turbine engine designated by the manufacturer as “critical.” 4. Signi Significanc ficancee and Use 4.1 This practice establishes establishes the basic parameters parameters for controlling trollin g the application of the liquid penetr penetrant ant method. This practice is written so it can be specified on the engineering drawing, specification, or contract. It is not a detailed how-to procedure to be used by the inspector and, therefore, must be supple sup plemen mented ted by a det detaile ailed d pro proced cedure ure tha thatt con confor forms ms to the requir req uiremen ements ts of thi thiss pra practic ctice. e. Spe Specific cificatio ation n E165 contains information to help develop detailed requirements. 5. Class Classifica ification tion 5.1 Penetr Penetrant ant examination examination processes and materials are classified in accordance with the material classification contained in AMS 2644. Penetrant systems covered by this practice shall be of the following types, methods, and sensitivity levels: 5.1.1 Type: 5.1.1.1 Type I— Fluorescent Fluorescent dye. 5.1.1.2 Type II— Visible Visible dye. 5.1.2 Method: 5.1.2.1 Method A— Water Water washable. 5.1.2.2 Method B— Post-emulsifiable, Post-emulsifiable, lipophilic. 5.1.2.3 Method C— Solvent-removable. Solvent-removable. 5.1.2.4 Method D— Post-emulsifiable, Post-emulsifiable, hydrophilic. 5.1.3 Sensitivity— (These (These lev levels els app apply ly to Type I pen penetra etrant nt systems sys tems onl only y. Type II pen penetr etrant ant sys systems tems hav havee onl only y a sin single gle sensitivity and it is not represented by any of the levels listed as follo follows): ws): 5.1.3.1 Sensitivity Level 1 ⁄ 2 —Very low. 5.1.3.2 Sensitivity Level 1— Low. Low. 5.1.3.3 Sensitivity Level 2— Medium. Medium. 5.1.3.4 Sensitivity Level 3— High. High. 5.1.3.5 Sensitivity Level 4— Ultrahigh. Ultrahigh. 5.2 Develo Developers pers shall be of the follow following ing forms: 5.2.1 Form a— Dry Dry powder. 5.2.2 Form b— Water-soluble. Water-soluble. 5.2.3 Form c— Water-suspendable. Water-suspendable. Form d— Nonaqu 5.2.4 Form Nonaqueou eouss for Type I fluo fluores rescen centt pen pen-etrant. 5.2.5 Form e— Nonaqueous Nonaqueous for Type II visible dye. 5.2.6 Form f— Specific Specific application. 5.3 Solven Solventt removers shall be of the follow following ing classes: 5.3.1 Class 1— Halogenated. Halogenated. 5.3.2 Class 2— Nonhalogenated. Nonhalogenated.


E1417/E1417M − 16 5.3.3 Class 3— Specific Specific application. 6. Gene General ral Practices Practices 6.1 Respons Unlesss othe otherwis rwisee Responsibilit ibilityy for Exam Examinati ination— on— Unles specifie spe cified d in the con contrac tractt or pur purcha chase se ord order er,, the cog cogniz nizant ant engineering organization is responsible for the performance of all examination requirements as specified herein. The cognizantt eng zan enginee ineerin ring g or organ ganizat ization ion may spe specif cify y mor moree stri stringe ngent nt requirements than the minimum specified in this practice when necessary to ensure that a component meets its functional and reliabi reli ability lity req requir uireme ements nts.. Exc Except ept as oth otherw erwise ise spe specifie cified, d, the supplier may utilize his own facilities or any other facilities suitable for the performance of the examination requirements specified herein. The purchaser reserves the right to perform any of the examinations set forth in this practice where such examinations are deemed necessary to ensure that supplies and servicess confo service conform rm to prescr prescribed ibed requi requirement rements. s. 6.2 Specifying— When When exa examin minatio ation n is req requir uired ed in acco accorrdance with this practice the orders, contracts, or other appropria pr iate te do docu cume ment ntss sh shal alll sp speci ecify fy th thee cr crite iteri riaa by wh whic ich h th thee acceptability acceptab ility of compo components nents is to be evalua evaluated. ted. Engineering Engineering drawin dra wings gs or oth other er app applica licable ble doc docume uments nts sha shall ll ind indicat icatee the acceptance criteria for the entire component; zoning may be used. Examination on a sampling basis shall not be allowed unless specifically permitted by the contract. 6.3 Personnel Qualification— Personnel Personnel perfo performing rming examinations natio ns to th this is pr prac actic ticee sh shal alll be qu qual alifie ified d an and d cer certifi tified ed in accordance with ASNT Personnel Qualification SNT-TC-1A, ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 or NAS 410 for military purposes, or as specified in the contract or purchase order. Agency Qua Qualifica lification— tion— The 6.4 Agency T he age agency ncy pe perfo rformi rming ng thi thiss practic pra cticee may be eva evalua luated ted in acco accorda rdance nce wit with h Spe Specific cificatio ation n E543.. E543

6.5 Materials: 6.5.1 Qualified O nly ma mater terial ialss li liste sted d or ap ap-Qualified Materia Materials— ls— Only proved for listing on QPL-AMS-2644 (reference AMS 2644) shall sha ll be uti utilize lized d for pen penetr etrant ant exa examin minatio ation. n. Mat Materia erials ls not conforming to the requirements of AMS 2644 may be used only when a waiver is obtained from the cognizant engineering organization. 6.5.2 Liqu Liquid id Oxyg Oxygen en (LO (LOX) X) Com Compati patible ble Mate Material rials— s— Penetr Pen etrant ant mat materia erials ls test tested ed in acco accorda rdance nce wit with h Test Met Method hod D2512 and D2512 and passing at 70 ft·lbf [95 J] or higher, shall be used on LOX wetted surfaces that cannot be thoroughly post-cleaned. Use of these materials shall be in accordance with the material supplier instructions and shall require approval of the cognizant engineering organization when such materials do not meet the requirements of AMS 2644. 6.6 Equipment and Facilities— Processing Processing equipment used in the penetrant examination process shall be constructed and arrang arr anged ed to per permit mit a uni unifor form m and con contro trolled lled ope operat ration ion.. The equipment shall meet all applicable national and local safety requirements as well as the requirements specified herein. 6.6.1 Viewing Areas— Areas Areas where parts are reviewed shall be kept clean at all times. For visible dye examination, Type II, the lighting system shall provide at least 100 fc [1076 lx] of visible light when measured at the examination surface. For

stationary fluorescent dye examin stationary examination, ation, Type Type I, the ambient visible light background shall not exceed 2 fc [21.5 lx] at the examination surface. The black lights shall provide a minimum of 1000 µW/cm 2 at the examination surface. Black lights shall meet the requirements of 7.8.4.1 of 7.8.4.1.. Viewing areas for portable fluorescent dye examination shall utilize dark canvas, photographer’s black cloth, or other methods to reduce the visible light background to the lowest possible level during examination tio n and black lig light ht int intens ensity ity sha shall ll meet the abo above ve req requir uireements. 6.6.1. 6.6 .1.1 1 Whe Where re lamp lampss are phy physic sically ally too lar large ge to dir directl ectly y illuminate illumin ate the examin examination ation surface, special lighting, such as UV pe penc ncil il li ligh ghts ts,, or UV li ligh ghtt gu guid ides es,, or re remo mote te vi visu sual al examination equipment shall be used. When using a borescope, the image viewed must have sufficient resolution to effectively evaluate the indication. Light intensity shall be measured at the expe ex pect cted ed wo work rkin ing g di dista stanc ncee an and d sh shall all be a min minimu imum m 10 1000 00 µW/cm2. 6.6.1.2 6.6.1 .2 LED UV-A UV-A lamps used for evaluation evaluation purposes purposes shall shall comply with Practice E3022 Practice E3022.. 6.6.2 Drying Oven— When When components are oven dried, the dryer dry er mus mustt be a for forced ced-ai -airr rec recircu irculati lating ng typ type. e. In aut automa omated ted systems, where parts are dried by radiant heat and forced air, the travel speed of the system shall be such as to preclude over ov erdr dryi ying ng of pa parts rts.. Th Thee fo forc rced ed air do does es no nott ha have ve to be recirculating but must preclude contamination of the parts. The tempera temp eratur turee sha shall ll be con contro trolled lled wit with h a cali calibra brated ted dev device ice capable of maintaining the oven temperature at 615°F [8.3°C] of the temperature for which it is set. The oven shall not exceed 160°F [71°C]. The temperature indicator shall be accurate to 610°F [5.6°C] of the actual oven temperature. Procedures— es— All 6.7 Written Procedur All liquid penetrant examination procedures are similar for many components, a master written procedure may be utilized that covers the details common to a variety of components. All written procedures, including techniqu ni quee sh shee eets ts fo forr sp spec ecifi ificc pa part rtss sh shal alll be ap appr prov oved ed by an indi in divi vidu dual al wh who o is a qu qual alifie ified d an and d ce cert rtifi ified ed Le Leve vell II IIII fo forr penetrant examination in accordance with the requirements of 6.3.. As a min 6.3 minimu imum, m, the fol follow lowing ing informati information on is req requir uired ed either in individual procedures, specific technique sheets, or a master procedure, or a combination thereof: 6.7.1 Details of the precleaning precleaning and etching process, includincluding the mate material rialss use used d and spe specific cificatio ation n or oth other er doc docume ument nt controlling the examination process, the drying parameters and the pro proces cessin sing g time times. s. If thes thesee ope operat ration ionss are per perfor formed med by other than examination personnel, details concerning the operation era tionss may be spe specifi cified ed in oth other er doc docume uments nts but mus mustt be referenced in the procedure(s). Reference Test Method E165 for detailed cleaning methods and instructions. 6.7.2 Classifi Classification cation of the penetr penetrant ant examination examination materials required in accordance with Section 5 and AMS 2644. 6.7.3 6.7 .3 Complete Complete pro process cessing ing par paramet ameters ers for the pen penetra etrant nt examination examin ation materia materials ls includ including ing concen concentratio trations, ns, applica application tion methods, dwell times, drying times, temperatures, and controls to pre preven ventt exc excess essive ive dry drying ing of pen penetr etrant ant or ove overhe rheatin ating g of component, compo nent, as appro appropriate. priate. Reference Practi Practice ce E165 E165 for for additional details.


E1417/E1417M − 16 6.7.4 Com 6.7.4 Complet pletee exam examinat ination ion/eva /evaluat luation ion req requir uiremen ements ts including light intensities (both examination and ambient), the accept/reject criteria and the method and location of marking. Reference Referen ce Practi Practice ce E165 E165 for for additional details. 6.7.4. 6.7 .4.1 1 Whe When n bat battery tery-po -power wered ed ligh lights ts are use used, d, defi define ne the frequency frequ ency for verif verifying ying intens intensity ity and docum documentatio entation n requir required. ed. 6.7.4.2 6.7.4 .2 When the examination is performed in accordance accordance with wi th th this is St Stan anda dard rd Pr Prac acti tice ce,, en engi gine neer erin ing g dr draw awin ings gs,, specifications, technique sheets, or other applicable documents shall indicate the accept/reject criteria by which the components are judged acceptable. 6.7.5 6.7 .5 Ide Identi ntificat fication ion of the com compon ponent entss or area areass wit within hin a component to be examined in accordance with the procedure. 6.7.6 Complet Completee postc postcleaning leaning procedures. procedures. If postcl postcleaning eaning is performed by other than examination personnel, details concerning this operation may be specified in other documents, but must be referenced in the procedure. Reference Test Method E165 for E165 for additional details.

examinations where subsequent fabrication/forming operations remove the surfaces inspected. 6.9.3 The maintenance maintenance or overh overhaul aul examination examination of turbin turbinee engine eng ine cri critica ticall com compon ponent entss sha shall ll be don donee onl only y wit with h Type I, Meth Me thod odss C or D (s (sol olve vent nt re remo mova vabl blee or po post st emu emulsi lsifie fied, d, hydrop hyd rophili hilic) c) pro process cesses es and eith either er sen sensiti sitivity vity Lev Levels els 3 or 4 penetrant materials.

Examination n Seque Sequence— nce— Final 6.8 Examinatio Final pen penetr etrant ant exa examin minatio ation n shall be performed after completion of all operations that could causee sur caus surfac face-c e-conn onnecte ected d dis discon contin tinuiti uities es or ope operat ration ionss that could expose discontinuities not previously open to the surface. Such Suc h ope operat ration ionss inc includ lude, e, but are not limi limited ted to, gri grindi nding, ng, welding, straightening, machining, and heat treating. 6.8.1 Surface Treatment— Final Final penetrant examination may be performed prior to treatments that can smear the surface but not by themse themselves lves cause surfa surface ce disco discontinui ntinuities. ties. Such treatments include, but are not limited to, vapor blasting, deburring, sanding, sandin g, buf bufffing, sandb sandblasting lasting,, lappin lapping, g, or peenin peening. g. Perfo Perforrmance of final penetrant examination after such surface treatments men ts req requir uires es tha thatt etch etching ing be inc includ luded ed in the pre preclea cleanin ning g operation unless otherwise agreed on between the cognizant engineering organization and the NDT facility.

1) 7. Speci Specific fic Practice Practicess ( Fig. 1)

6.10 Records— Results Results of all fina finall pen penetra etrant nt exa examin minatio ations ns shall be recorded. All recorded results shall be identified, filed, and made available to the cognizant engineering organization upon upo n req reques uest. t. Rec Record ordss sha shall ll pro provid videe for trac traceab eabilit ility y to the specific part or lot inspected. As a minimum, the records shall include: identification of the procedure used, disposition of the examin exa minatio ation; n; ide identi ntificat fication ion of the ins inspec pector tor’s ’s exa examin minatio ation n stamp, electronic electronic ID or signature; and the date of examin examination. ation. Recor Rec ords ds sh shall all be ke kept pt fo forr a min minimu imum m of th thre reee ye year arss or as otherwise specified in the purchase order or contract.

7.1 Surface Preparation— All All surfaces to be examined shall be clean, dry, and free of soils, oil, grease, paint and other coatin coa tings gs (ex (excep ceptt as allo allowed wed by 6.8.2), 6.8.2), corro corrosion sion prod products, ucts, scale, smeared metal, welding flux, chemical residues, or any other material that could prevent the penetrant from entering discontinuitie discon tinuities, s, suppr suppress ess dye perfo performanc rmance, e, or produ produce ce unacceptable ceptab le backg background round.. Cleanin Cleaning g method methods, s, includ including ing etchin etching, g, selected for a particular component shall be consistent with the

NOTE 2—Final penetrant examination should always precede peening.

6.8.2 Surface A ll co coati ating ngss an and d ot othe herr su surf rfac acee Surface Coatin Coatings— gs— All condit con dition ions, s, suc such h as, pai paint, nt, pla platin ting, g, cor corros rosion ion,, etc. sha shall ll be remo re move ved d fr from om th thee ar area ea to be ex exam amin ined ed pr prio iorr to pe pene netr tran antt examin exa minatio ation. n. The pen penetr etrant ant exa examin minatio ation n sha shall ll pre preced cedee any surface finish, such as anodize, except for inservice parts that may be examined without removing the anodize. 6.9 Material penetr etrant ant Material and Pro Process cess Limita Limitations— tions— Not all pen sensitivity sensiti vity levels, materials, and proce process ss metho methods ds are applicable cab le to all exa examin minatio ation n req requir uiremen ements. ts. The sen sensiti sitivity vity lev level el shall be adequate for the intended purpose of the examination. Unless there is an approval for deviation given by the cognizantt eng zan engine ineeri ering ng or organ ganizat ization ion,, the fol follow lowing ing sel selecti ections ons are mandatory or forbidden, as indicated: 6.9.1 Forms a and b (dry (dry po powd wder er an and d wa water ter so solu lubl ble) e) deve de velo lope pers rs sh shall all no nott be us used ed wi with th Typ ypee II (v (visi isibl blee dy dye) e) penetrant systems. This is not intended to prohibit the use of a Form f developer developer that has been qualified with a particular Type II system in accordance with AMS 2644. 6.9.2 6.9 .2 Type II pen penetra etrant nt exa examin minatio ation n sha shall ll not be use used d for final fin al ac accep ceptan tance ce ex exam amina inatio tion n of aer aeros ospa pace ce pr prod oduc ucts. ts. In addition, Type II penetrant examination shall not be used prior to a Type I penetrant examination of the same surface. This is nott in no inten tende ded d to el elimi imina nate te th thee us usee of in in-p -pro roce cess ss Typ ypee II

FIG. 1 Process Flow Flow Chart Chart


E1417/E1417M − 16 contaminants to be remov contaminants removed ed and shall not be detrim detrimental ental to the component or its intended function. 7.1.1 7.1 .1 One or mor moree app approp ropriat riatee cle cleanin aning g meth methods ods such as solvent solv ent clean cleaning, ing, vap vapor or deg degreas reasing, ing, ultr ultraso asonic nic clea cleanin ning, g, aqueou aqu eous-b s-based ased clea cleanin ning, g, or meth methods ods agr agreed eed upo upon n with the cogn co gniza izant nt en engi gine neer erin ing g or orga gani nizat zatio ion n sh shall all be us used ed fo forr th thee removal of oils, greases, and waxes, and as the final step before penetrant penetr ant examination. examination. If etching is requir required, ed, the parts shall be appropriately cleaned, then etched and delivered to penetrant examination. 7.1.2 7.1 .2 Chem Chemica icall clea cleanin ning g sha shall ll be use used d for the rem remova ovall of paints, varnishes, scale, carbon, or other contaminants that are nott re no remo mova vabl blee by so solv lven entt cle clean anin ing g met metho hods ds.. (Warning— Caution should be exerci exercised sed when using chemicals because they may irritate the eyes or skin.) 7.1.3 Mechan Mechanical ical cleaning shall shall be used for the removal of soils and other contaminants that cannot be removed by solvent or chemical cleaning methods. 7.1.4 7.1 .4 Gri Gritt bla blastin sting g with without out etching etching may be an acce accepta ptable ble cleaning method if it can be demonstrated that a sufficiently fine abrasive (150 grit or finer) will not cause peening and can be removed by a detergent or alkaline cleaner. 7.1.5 7.1 .5 Etching Etching,, unl unless ess oth otherw erwise ise spe specifie cified, d, sha shall ll be per per-formed when evidence exists that previous cleaning, surface treatments, or service usage has produced a surface condition that degrades the effectiveness of penetrant examination. Etching pro proces cesses ses sha shall ll be dev develop eloped ed and con contro trolled lled to pre preven ventt damage to the component under test. Etching is not required for those features such as close tolerance holes, close tolerance surf su rface aces, s, fa fayi ying ng su surf rface aces, s, etc etc., ., wh wher eree th thee fu func nctio tion n of th thee compon com ponent ent or ass assemb embly ly wou would ld be deg degrad raded. ed. Etch Etching ing is not required for intermediate examination when the surface(s) are not retained in the final part/component configuration or when the final penetrant examination is preceded by etching. 7.2 Penetrant Application— Unless Unless otherwise specified, the entire enti re sur surfac facee of the com compon ponent ent shall be cov covere ered d with penetrant. Large components may be examined in sections. Penetrant shall be applied by spraying, dipping, brushing, or other method meth od to pro provid videe cov coverag eragee as req requir uired. ed. The com compon ponent ent,, penetrant, and ambient temperatures shall all be in the range from 40 to 125°F [4 to 52°C] unless otherwise specified. 7.2.1 Penetrant Dwell Time— The The dwell time, unless otherwise specified, shall be a minimum of 10 min. For temperatures between 40 and 50°F [4.4 and 10°C], dwell time shall be a minimum of 20 min. It is recommended to rotate or otherwise move mo ve co comp mpon onen ents ts as ne neces cessa sary ry,, du duri ring ng dw dwell ell to pr prev even entt poolin poo ling g of the penetrant penetrant.. For dwell time timess gre greater ater than two hours, the penetrant shall be reapplied as required. 7.3 Penetrant Removal: 7.3.1 Method A Process— Water-washable Water-washable penetrants shall be rem remove oved d with a man manual ual or aut automa omated ted water spray, spray, or a manual wipe, or an air agitated immersion wash. 7.3.1.1 Manual Spray— For For handheld spray guns water pressure adequate to remove the penetrant shall be used but shall nott ex no excee ceed d 40 ps psii [2 [275 75 kP kPa] a].. Wat ater er tem tempe pera ratu ture re sh shal alll be between 50 to 100°F [10 to 38°C]. When hydro-air nozzles are used use d the air pre pressu ssure re shall not exc exceed eed 25 psi [172 kPa]. A coarse spray shall be used with a minimum distance of 12 in.

[30 cm], when possible between the spray nozzle and the part. Washin ashing g shall be condu conducted cted under appropriate appropriate illumin illumination. ation. Caution shall be exercised to ensure that over-washing does not occur occ ur.. If ove overr-was washin hing g occ occurs urs,, the com compon ponent ent(s) (s) sha shall ll be thoroughly dried and reprocessed. After rinsing, drain water from the component and utilize repositioning, suction, blotting with clean absorbent materials, or filtered shop air at less than 25 psi [172 kPa] to prevent pooling in cavities, recesses, and pockets. (Warning— (Warning— Over-removal of the surface penetrant shall require require that the component component be cleaned and reprocessed reprocessed.. A good indicator of over over-wash -wash or over over-remo -removal val of the surface penetrant is evidenced by the total lack of residue that may occur on all or a specific area of the part, see Test Method E165..) E165 Automated Spray Spray— — For 7.3.1.2 Automated For auto automate mated d spr spray ay sys systems tems,, the wash par paramet ameters ers shall be suc such h tha thatt the requiremen requirements ts of 7.8.3 are 7.8.3 are met. Water temperature shall be maintained between 50 to 100°F [10 to 38°C]. 7.3.1.3 Manual Wipe— Excess Excess penetrant shall be removed with wit h a cle clean, an, dry dry,, lin lint-f t-free ree clot cloth h or abs absorb orbent ent tow towelin eling. g. The remainder of the surface penetrant shall then be removed with a wat water er-da -dampe mpened ned cloth or tow towel. el. The sur surfac facee sha shall ll not be flushed with water and the cloth or towel shall not be saturated with water. The compo component nent shall be examin examined ed under appropriappropriate illu illumin minatio ation n to ens ensure ure ade adequa quate te rem remova ovall of the sur surface face penetrant. The surface shall be dried by blotting with a clean, dry towel or cloth, or by evaporation. 7.3.1.4 Immersion— Immersion Immersion wash may be utilized if the water wa ter is air ag agita itated ted an and d go good od ci circ rcul ulati ation on is mai maint ntain ained ed throug thr oughou houtt the was wash h ope operat ration ion.. Water temp tempera eratur turee sha shall ll be maintained between 50 and 100°F [10 and 38°C]. 7.3.2 Method B Process— Lipophilic Lipophilic post-emulsifiable penetrant shall be removed by air agitated water immersion or with a water spray or hydro-air spray rinse after application of an emulsifi emu lsifier er and an app approp ropria riate te emu emulsifi lsifier er dwe dwell ll time time.. Water pres pr essu sure re an and d tem tempe pera ratu ture re an and d air pr pres essu sure re sh shall all me meet et th thee requirement requi rementss specifi specified ed in in 7.3.1.1 7.3.1.1,, 7.3.1.2 7.3.1.2,, a and nd 7.3.1.4 7.3.1.4.. 7.3.2.1 Lipophilic emulsifiers shall be be applied by immersion or flowing. Lipophilic emulsifiers shall not be applied by spray or brush and shall not be agitated while on the surface of the component. Maximum dwell times, unless otherwise specified, shall be 3 min for Type I systems and 30 s for Type II systems, or as recommended by the manufacturer. Actual dwell times shall sha ll be the min minimu imum m nec necess essary ary to pro produc ducee an acc accept eptable able background on the component. 7.3.2.2 Rinsing— After A fter the app appro ropr priat iatee emu emulsi lsifier fier dw dwell ell time, emulsification shall be stopped by immersion or water spray. For spray removal of the penetrant/emulsifier mixture, the par paramet ameters ers of 7.3.1.1, 7.3.1.1, 7.3.1.2, 7.3.1.2, and 7.3.1.4 apply. apply. Dwell timee in an ag tim agita itate ted d im imme mers rsio ion n ri rins nse, e, if us used ed,, sh shall all be th thee minimum required to remove the emulsified penetrant. Examine the components under appropriate illumination after rinsing.. Clea ing Clean n and rep reproc rocess ess tho those se com compon ponent entss with exc excessi essive ve background. After rinsing, drain water from the component component and utilize repositioning, repositioning, suction, blottin blotting g with clean absor absorbent bent materials or filtered shop air at less than 25 psi [172 kPa] to prevent pooling. Caution shall be exercised to ensure that the air nozzle is held at a sufficient distance from the part to ensure


E1417/E1417M − 16 that the develo developing ping indication indication is not smeared by the air blast. If overove r-emu emulsi lsifica ficatio tion n is ob obser served ved,, the com compo ponen nentt mus mustt be cleaned and reprocessed. 7.3.3 Method C Process— Solvent-removable Solvent-removable penetrants are remove rem oved d by firs firstt wip wiping ing the exc excess ess penetrant penetrant wit with h a clea clean, n, lint-free, dry cloth or absorbent toweling. The remainder of the surfacee penetr surfac penetrant ant is then removed with a solven solvent-damp t-dampened ened lint-free lint-fr ee cloth or towel. The surface of the component component shall not be flushed with solvent and the cloth or towel shall not be saturated with solvent. The component and cloth or toweling shall sha ll be obs observ erved ed und under er app approp ropria riate te illu illumin minatio ation n to ens ensure ure adequate removal of the surface penetrant. Over-removal of the surface penetrant shall require the component to be cleaned and reproc rep rocesse essed. d. The sur surfac facee sha shall ll be dri dried ed by blo blottin tting g wit with h a lint-free, dry cloth or towel, or by evaporation. Method C can also be use used d for wat waterer-was washab hable le pen penetr etrant antss usi using ng wat water er or solvent for removal of excess penetrant. Method od D Pr Proce ocess— ss— Hydrophilic 7.3.4 Meth Hydrophilic post emulsi emulsifiable fiable penetrant shall be removed with a water prerinse, application of the hydrophilic emulsifier and then a postrinse. 7.3.4.1 Rinse— The The water prerinse shall be applied for the minimum amount of time required to achieve removal of the bulk bul k sur surfac facee pen penetr etrant ant.. The rin rinse se par paramet ameters ers of of 7.3.1.1 or 7.3.1.2 shall 7.3.1.2 shall apply. (1) For spray application of the emulsifier, a water prerinse may be omitted. 7.3.4 7. 3.4.2 .2 Hyd Hydro roph phili ilicc emu emulsi lsifier fier sh shall all be app applie lied d by immersion, immersi on, flowin flowing, g, or spray spray.. Hydro Hydrophilic philic emulsifier shall not be app applied lied by bru brush. sh. Foa Foamin ming g app applica licatio tion n of hyd hydrop rophili hilicc emulsifier is permissible when approved by the CEO. (1) For immersi immersion on applica applications, tions, the concen concentration tration,, percen percentt volume vol ume,, sha shall ll be no hig higher her than spe specifie cified d by the penetrant penetrant system supplier and shall not exceed that for which the system was qualified. While immersed, the emulsifier or part should be mildly agitated. Dwell time shall be the minimum required for adequa ade quate te sur surfac facee pen penetra etrant nt rem remova oval, l, but unl unless ess oth otherw erwise ise approved by the cognizant engineering organization, shall not exceed 2 minutes. (2) For spr spray ay or flow flowing ing app applica licatio tions, ns, the con concen centra tration tion shall sha ll not exc exceed eed 5 %. %. Spr Spray ay app applica licatio tions ns may incl include ude fixe fixed d spray nozzles, spray wands, pump sprayers, or spray bottles provided the concentration is tested and meets the requirments of 7.8.2.6. of 7.8.2.6. Dw Dwel elll tim timee sh shall all be th thee min minim imum um re requ quir ired ed fo forr adequa ade quate te sur surfac facee pen penetra etrant nt rem remova oval, l, but unl unless ess oth otherw erwise ise approved by the cognizant engineering organization, shall not exceed two minutes per surface area. 7.3.4.3 Postrinse— After After the applicatio application n and dwell of the hydrophilic emulsifier, the component being examined shall be rinse rin sed d wi with th wa water ter.. Th Thee sp spra ray y ri rins nsee pa para rame meter terss of of 7.3.1.1, 7.3.1.1, 7.3.1.2,, and 7.3.1.2 and 7.3.1.4 7.3.1.4 shall shall apply. Evidence of over-removal shall requir req uiree the par partt to be clea cleaned ned and reproces reprocessed sed.. Exc Excess essive ive background may be removed by additional (touchup) application tio n of th thee hy hydr drop ophi hilic lic em emul ulsifi sifier er pr prov ovid ided ed its ma maxi ximu mum m allowable dwell time is not exceeded. Additional rinsing of the touch-up area will be required after application and dwell of the hydrophilic emulsifier. If careful touch-up application of the hyd hydrop rophil hilic ic emu emulsifi lsifier er doe doess not pro produc ducee an acce accepta ptable ble background, the part shall be cleaned and reprocessed. Manual

systems shall require the use of appropriate black light illumination to ensure adequate penetrant removal. 7.4 Drying— The T he co comp mpon onen ents ts sh shall all be dr dried ied pr prio iorr to th thee application of dry developer, nonaqueous developer, or examination without developer. The components should be drained of excess water but not dried before the application of aqueous soluble or suspendable developers. The components shall be dried after the application of aqueous developers. 7.4.1 Drying Parameters— Components Components shall be air dried at room temperature or in a drying oven. Oven temperatures shall not exceed that specified in 6.6.2 6.6.2.. Drying time shall only be that necessary to adequately dry the part. Components shall be removed from the oven immediately after drying. Components shall not be placed in the oven with pooled water or pooled aqueous solutions/suspensions. 7.5 Developing— Unless Unless othe otherwis rwisee spec specified ified,, dev develop elopers ers shall be utilized for penetrant examination. Type I penetrants that are qualified to AMS 2644 may be used without developer under either one of the follow following ing condi conditions: tions: manufacturing manufacturing examination of aluminum and magnesium castings classified by AMS 2175A 2175A as Class 3 or 4, or with the expressed approval approval of the cog cogniz nizant ant eng engine ineerin ering g or organ ganizat ization ion.. Min Minimu imum m and maximum maximu m penetr penetrant ant bleedout times withou withoutt develo developer per shall be 10 min and 2 h respectively. When developer is used, components that are not inspected before the maximum bleedout time shall be cleaned and reprocessed. When developer is not used, components that are not inspected before the maximum bleedout time shall be reprocessed. 7.5.1 Dry Developers— Components Components shall be dry before the developer is applied. Dry developer shall be applied in such a manner as to contact all surfaces to be inspected. Excess dry developer may be removed after the development time by light tappin tap ping g or lig light ht air blow-of blow-offf not exceeding exceeding 5 psi [34 kPa kPa]. ]. Minimum and maximum developer dwell times shall be 10 min and 4 h, respectively. Dry developers shall not be used with Type II penetrants. 7.5.2 Nonaqueous Component ents, s, or are areas as reNonaqueous Developers— Compon quirin qui ring g exa examin minatio ation, n, sha shall ll be dry bef before ore app applica lication tion of the developer. Nonaqueous developer shall be applied by spraying. For Type Type I pen penetr etrant ants, s, the developer developer shall be app applied lied as a uniform thin coating over the entire surface to be inspected. For Type II penetrants, the developer shall be applied over the entire ent ire sur surface face to for form m a uni unifor form, m, whi white te coa coatin ting g to pro provid videe suita su itabl blee co colo lorr co cont ntra rast st fo forr th thee pe pene netra trant nt in indi dicat catio ions ns.. Th Thee uniformity unifo rmity and thickn thickness ess of the developer coating is impor important tant for both types of penetrant systems. If the developer coating thickness is too heavy for Type I systems such that the metallic surface is completely masked, the component shall be cleaned and reprocessed. Unless otherwise specified, the minimum and maximum development times for nonaqueous developers are 10 min and 1 h res respec pective tively ly.. For non nonaqu aqueou eouss sus suspen pendab dable le developer, the developer container shall be frequently agitated between applications. Aqueous Develo Developer— per— Aqueous 7.5.3 Aqueous Aqueous solu soluble ble deve developer loperss shall not be used with Type II penetrants or Type I, Method A penetrants. penetr ants. Aqueous Aqueous suspe suspendable ndable developers developers can be used with both Type I and Type II penetrants. Aqueous developers may be applied to the component after rinsing. Developers shall be


E1417/E1417M − 16 applied by spray, flowing, or immersion. The applied developer shall not be allowed to puddle and shall completely cover all surfaces to be inspected. Components shall be air dried or oven dried to the requirements of of 7.4.1. 7.4.1. Minimum and maximum development times, after the component is dry, are 10 min and 2 h. Aqueo Aqueous us suspendable suspendable developers developers must be either constantly constantly agitated to keep the partic particles les from settling out of suspen suspension sion or they must be thoroughly agitated prior to use to ensure that particles are in suspension. 7.6 Examination— The The int interp erpret retatio ation n are areaa sha shall ll meet the appropriate appro priate requir requirements ements of of 7.8.4.5. 7.8.4.5. Compon Component entss sha shall ll be inter in terpr prete eted d be befo fore re th thee ma maxi ximu mum m de deve velo lopi ping ng tim time, e, an and d if required by specific procedures, monitored periodically during the developing time. Compo Components nents not interp interpreted reted before the maximum developing time shall be cleaned and reprocessed. Type I Pro Processes— cesses— Inspec 7.6.1 Type Inspector tor’s ’s vis vision ion sha shall ll be dar dark k adapted for a minimum of 1 min prior to examining components. Longer times for more complete adaptation should be used if necessary. Inspectors shall not wear photochromic or permanently perman ently darkened lenses while processing or review reviewing ing parts under black light. Black lights shall meet the requirements of 7.8.4.1. 7.8.4.1. All areas of fluore fluorescence scence shall be interp interpreted. reted. Components with no indications or only nonrelevant indications shall be accepted. Components with relevant indications shall be evaluated with respect to the applicable acceptance criteria.. Compo criteria Components nents with excess excessive ive backg background round fluorescence fluorescence shall be cleaned and reprocessed. Type II Pr Proce ocesse sses— s— All 7.6.2 Type A ll in indi dica catio tions ns sh shal alll be in inter ter-preted. Components with no indications or only nonrelevant indications shall be accepted. Components with relevant indicatio cat ions ns sh shall all be ev evalu aluate ated d wi with th re resp spect ect to th thee ap appl plica icabl blee acceptance acceptan ce criter criteria. ia. Compo Components nents with excess excessive ive backg background round shall be cleaned and reprocessed. 7.6.3 Evaluation— All All indications found during the examination shall be evaluated in accordance with specified acceptance criter criteria. ia. 7.6.3.1 Indication Verification— If If allo allowed wed by the specific specific procedure, indications may be evaluated by wiping the indication with a solvent-dampened swab or brush, allowing the area to dry, and redeveloping. Redevelopment time shall be at least ten minutes, except nonaqueous redevelopment shall be three minutes min utes min minimu imum. m. If no ind indicat ication ion rea reappe ppears ars,, the ori origin ginal al indicat ind ication ion is con consid sidere ered d fals false. e. Thi Thiss pro proced cedure ure may be per per-formed twice for any given original indication. 7.6.3.2 Discontinuity Removal— When When allowed by the specific exa examin minatio ation n pro proced cedure ure,, dis discon continu tinuity( ity(ies ies)) may be removed mov ed by an app approv roved ed pro proced cedure ure suc such h as san sandin ding, g, eith either er powered or manual, or grinding to determine the depth and extent of the discontinuity(ies). After the mechanical operation, the area shall be cleaned, etched (if permitted), and reexamined. The process used for reexamination shall be at least as sensitive as the original process. 7.6.4 Sizing— If If the acceptance criteria are written in terms of indication sizes, the indication size shall be measur measured. ed. If the acceptance criteria is written in terms of discontinuity or flaw sizes, the discontinuity shall be measured. 7.6.4.1 Indication Sizing— When When sizing indications for judgmentt aga men agains instt app approp ropria riate te acce accepta ptance nce crit criteri eria, a, the pen penetr etrant ant

indication shall be carefully evaluated under appropriate lighting (white light for visible dye penetrant and black light for fluorescent fluore scent penetrant), penetrant), after the requi required red development development or redevelopment time as applicable. Measure the indication size at its largest larg est dimension with a measur measuring ing device and the appropriate appropriate light that meets the requirements of 6.6.1 of 6.6.1.. Discontinuity Sizing Sizing— — When 7.6.4.2 Discontinuity When sizing discon discontinuit tinuities ies for judgment against appropriate acceptance criteria, the area may be carefully wiped with a solvent-dampened cotton swab or br brus ush, h, en ensu suri ring ng ra rapi pid d ev evap apor orat atio ion n so th that at th thee ar area ea fo forr examination examin ation is not flooded with solven solvent. t. Immedi Immediately ately measure the discontinuity using a measuring or comparison device and the appropriate light that meets the requirements of 6.6.1 of 6.6.1.. 7.7 Postcleaning— Compon Component entss sha shall ll be clea cleaned ned aft after er examination to remove developers and other examination material residues if these are detrimental to subsequent operations or the components’ intended function. 7.8 Quality Control Provisions— This This section provides the controls necessary to ensure that the penetrant system, materials ria ls and equ equipm ipment ent pro provid videe an acc accept eptable able lev level el of per perfor for-mance. The frequencies of the required checks in Table 1 are based on a facility operating operating daily. daily. For facilities operating less frequently, the frequency of daily and weekly checks and those required at the start of each shift may be reduced accordingly, but must be performed prior to processing of parts. Monthly and quarterly checks shall be perfo performed rmed at the same frequ frequency ency as for ful full-t l-time ime ope operat ration ions. s. The NDT facility facility may per perfor form m these process control operations or contract for their performance man ce wit with h an ind indepe epende ndent, nt, lab labora orator tory y. Reco Records rds of tes tests, ts, except as noted in Table in Table 1, 1, shall be maintained and available forr au fo audi ditt by the cu cust stom omer er,, the co cogn gniza izant nt en engin gineer eerin ing g organization, or regulatory agencies. Penetrant materials that are pro provid vided ed read ready-f y-for or-us -usee and do not require require mix mixing ing to a concentration, and are not recovered, or reused, or both, such as materials packaged in aerosol containers, closed drums or materials poured into containers for use and are not reused are not subject to the in-use penetrant requirements of 7.8.2 of 7.8.2.. Materiall Confo Conformanc rmance— e— Prior 7.8.1 New Materia Prior to bein being g pla placed ced into use, the conformance of materials to the requirements of AMS 2644 shall be verified, usually by a certified report from the supplier. Use of materials not conforming to AMS 2644 shall require approval by the cognizant engineering organization prior to use and shall be allowed only when materials confor con formin ming g to AMS 264 2644 4 are inad inadequ equate ate for the par particu ticular lar application. 7.8.2 Material Checks (In-Use)— The The applicable tests specified in 7.8.2.1 through 7.8.2.9 shall be conducted on in-use materials at the intervals specified in Table in Table 1. 1. Operators shall be ale alert rt to an any y ch chan ange gess in pe perf rfor orman mance, ce, co colo lorr, od odor or,, consistency, or appearance of all in-use penetrant materials and shall sha ll con conduc ductt the appropri appropriate ate che checks cks and test testss if they have reas re ason on to be belie lieve ve th thee qu quali ality ty of th thee pe pene netr tran antt ma may y ha have ve deteriorated deteri orated.. Penetr Penetrant ant examin examination ation shall be condu conducted cted only after acceptable quality of materials has been established. 7.8.2.1 Penetrant Contamination— The The in-use penetrant materials shall be viewed as specified in Table 1 to 1 to determine if any of the following conditions are evident: precipitates, waxy deposits, white coloration, surface scum, or any other evidence


E1417/E1417M − 16 TABLE 1 Required Tests and Frequency Tests A

Penetrant Contamination Penetrant Brightness Water Content— Water-Based Penetrant (Method A) Water Content— Non-Water-Based Penetrant (Method A) Lipophilic Emulsifier Water ContentB Hydrophilic Emulsifier Immersion, Spray, or Flowing ConcentrationB Dry Developer ConditionB Aqueous Developer Contamination— Soluble and Suspendable Aqueous Developer Concentration— Soluble and Suspendable Penetrant System PerformanceC Wate Wa terr-Wa Wash shab able le Pe Pene netr tran antt Re Remo mova vabi bili lity ty Emulsifier Removability Comparative Penetrant Sensitivity Black Light IntensityB Black Light Integrity Special UV lighting Battery Powered UV-A lights Visible Light Intensity Light Meter CalibrationB Examination Area CleanlinessA Exam Ex amin inat atio ion n Ar Area ea Am Ambi bien entt Li Ligh ghtt In Inte tens nsit ity y Water Wash Pressure CheckA Water Pressure Gage CalibrationB Water Wash Temperature CheckA Water Temperature Gage CalibrationB Drying Oven CalibrationB Air Pressure Gauge Check Air Pressure Gauge Calibration

Frequency

Paragraph

Daily Quarterly Weekly

7.8.2.1 7.8.2.2 7.8.2.3

Monthly

7.8.2.4

Monthly Weekly

7.8.2.5 7.8.2.6

Daily Daily Weekly

7.8.2.7 7.8.2.8

Daily As re requ quir ired ed per 7.8.3 per 7.8.3 As required per 7.8.3 per 7.8.3 As required per 7.8.3 per 7.8.3 Daily Weekly Daily Prior to and after use Weekly Semi-annually Daily Quar Qu arte terl rly y Start of each working shift Semi-annually Start of each working shift Semi-annually Quarterly Start of each working shift Semi-annually

7.8.2.9 7.8.3 7.8.3.2 7.8.3.3 7.8.3.4 7.8.4.1 7.8.4.1 7.8.4.2 6.7.4.1,, 6.7.4.1 7.8.4.2((1) 7.8.4.2 7.8.4.3 7.8.4.4 7.8.4.5 7.8.4.5 7.8.4.6 7.8.4.6 7.8.4.6 7.8.4.6 7.8.4.7 7.8.4.9 7.8.4.9

A

Need not be recorded. The maximum time between verifications verifications or checks may be extend extended ed when substantiate substa ntiated d by technical data and approved by the Cognizant Engineering Engineering Organization. C Not required for Method C examinations. B

of co cont ntam amin inati ation on or br brea eakd kdow own. n. Wh When en an any y of th thee ab abov ovee conditions are determined to be detrimental, the material shall be discarded or otherwise corrected, as appropriate. Penetrant Brigh Brightness— tness— Bright 7.8.2.2 Penetrant Brightnes nesss test testss of inin-use use fluores fluo rescen centt pen penetra etrants nts sha shall ll be con conduc ducted ted at the int interv ervals als specified in Table 1. 1. Tests shall be in accordance with Test Method E1135 with a rep repres resent entativ ativee samp sample le of the unu unused sed penetrant serving as the reference. Brightness values less than 90 % of the unused penetrant brightness are unsatisfactory and the in-use penetrants shall be discarded or otherwise corrected, as appropriate. Water Con Content tent of Water ater-Bas -Based ed Water ater-W -Washa ashable ble 7.8.2.3 Water Penetrants— The T he wa water ter co cont nten entt of wa water ter-b -base ased d Me Meth thod od A penetrants penetr ants shall be checke checked d at the intervals specified specified in Table in Table 1 using a refractometer. The water content must be maintained according to the manufacturer’s recommendation. 7.8.2.4 Water Content of Non-W Non-Water-Based ater-Based Water-Washable Water-Washable Penetrants— Water Water content of non-water-based Method A penetrants shall be checked at the intervals specified in Table in Table 1 in 1 in accordance accord ance with Test Metho Method d D95 D95,, Test Test Metho Method d D6304, D6304, or

Karl Fischer Method as described in Annex A1. A1. If the water content of the in-use penetrant exceeds 5 %, the penetrant shall either eith er be dis discar carded ded or suf suffficie icient nt unu unused sed pen penetra etrant nt add added ed to reduce the water content to below 5 %. 7.8.2.5 Lipophilic Emulsifier Water Content— Water Water content of lip lipop ophi hilic lic emu emulsi lsifie fiers rs sh shall all be ch check ecked ed at th thee in inter terva vals ls specified specifi ed in in Table Table 1 in 1 in accordance with Test Method D95 Method D95,, Test Method D6304 D6304,, or the Karl Fischer method as described in Annex Ann ex A1 A1.. If the in-use emulsifier exceeds the water content of the original (un-used) emulsifier by more than 5 % it shall be discarded or corrected, as appropriate. yd ro ro ph ph il il ic ic E mu mu ls ls ifi ifi er er C on on ce ce nt nt ra ra ti ti on on — 7.8.2.6 H yd Concentration of the emulsifier solution shall be checked at initial makeup, during additions and at the intervals specified in Table 1 using 1 using a refractometer. A longer period may be used if a plan justifying this extension is prepared by the NDT facility and approved by the CEO. Refractometer values obtained shall be compared to actual values obtained from known concentrations tio ns of emu emulsi lsifie fierr. Fo Forr imm immer ersio sion n ap appl plica icatio tions ns,, th thee concentration, as percent of volume, shall be no higher than that specified by the penetrant system supplier and shall not exceed that for which the system was qualified. For spray or flowing applications, the concentration shall not exceed 5 %. 7.8.2.7 Dry Developer Condition— Recycled Recycled or reused dry developer shall be checked as specified in Table in Table 1 to 1 to check for fluorescence and to ensure it is fluffy and not caked. Caked dry developer develo per is unsati unsatisfacto sfactory ry and shall be replace replaced. d. To check for fluorescence, apply a thin layer of in-use developer to a 4-in. [10-cm] or greater flat test panel using the same method of applica app licatio tion n use used d for pro produc duction tion parts, and obs observ ervee und under er a black light. Dry developer exhibiting ten or more fluorescent specks in a 4-in. [10-cm] diameter circle is unsatisfactory and shall sh all be re repl plac aced ed.. Th Thee tes testt pa pane nell se selec lected ted sh shall all be no nonnfluorescent and non-reflective and have a working surface color which provides a good contrast with the developer powder. 7.8.2.8 Aqueo Solublee and Aqueous us Develo Developer per Conta Contaminat mination— ion— Solubl suspendable aqueous developers shall be checked as specified in Table Table 1 for fluo fluores rescen cence ce and cov covera erage. ge. Imm Immers ersee a clea clean n aluminum panel, about 3 by 10 in. [8 by 25 cm] in the in-use developer, dry it, and observe it under a black light. Observed fluorescence or failure to uniformly wet the panel is unsatisfactor fac tory y and the dev develo eloper per sha shall ll be dis discar carded ded or oth otherw erwise ise corrected, as appropriate. Aqueous Deve Develop loper er Con Concent centrati ration— on— Soluble 7.8.2.9 Aqueous Soluble and suspendable aqueous developer concentration shall be maintained and checked with a hydrometer or in accordance with the man manufa ufactu cturer’ rer’ss ins instru tructio ctions ns at the int interv ervals als spe specifie cified d in Table 1. 1. Concentration shall be in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendation and shall be replaced or corrected accordingly. 7.8.3 Penetrant The pen penetr etrant ant sys sys-Penetrant System Perfor Performance mance— — The tem’ss ove tem’ overall rall per perfor forman mance ce sha shall ll be che checke cked d as spe specifi cified ed in Table 1. 1. The check shall be performed by processing a known defect def ect sta standa ndard rd thr throug ough h the sys system tem usi using ng inin-use use pen penetr etrant, ant, emulsifier (if used) and developer and appropriate processing parameters. parame ters. The resulting indications indications will then be compared to the indications obtained using unused penetrant, emulsifier (if used) use d) and developer developer.. Thi Thiss com compar pariso ison n may be mad madee wit with h


E1417/E1417M − 16 records of pre records previo viousl usly y obt obtain ained ed ind indicat ication ionss or wit with h a simi similar lar known defect standard processed with unused materials from a hold-o hol d-out ut sam sample ple.. Whe When n req requir uired ed by the CEO or whe when n the sensitivity or performance of the in-use materials falls below the performance of the unused materials, the in-use materials shall be checked in accordance with paragraphs 7.8.3.2 paragraphs 7.8.3.2 through through 7.8.3.4 as 7.8.3.4 as appropriate, prior to conducting any further penetrant examinations. examin ations. Unacceptable Unacceptable materia materials ls shall be discar discarded ded or otherw oth erwise ise cor correc rected ted in acco accorda rdance nce with the man manufa ufactu cturer’ rer’ss instruction. 7.8.3.1 Known Defect Standards— The The known defect standard dar d use used d sha shall ll be app approv roved ed by the cog cogniz nizant ant eng engine ineeri ering ng organization. The user shall establish and document effective cleaning cleanin g proce procedures dures based on the manuf manufacture acturer’s r’s instructions, instructions, if ap appl plica icabl ble. e. Th Thee us user er sh shall all en ensu sure re th that at cle clean anin ing g of th thee standards between uses is adequate and that physical changes in the standard that make it unrepresentative of the indications found using the hold-out sample are detected. te rr- Wa Wa sh sh ab ab le le ( Me Me th th od od A) P en en et et ra ra nt nt 7.8.3.2 Wa te Removability— When When req requir uired ed in acco accorda rdance nce wit with h 7.8.3, 7.8.3, the removability of water-washable (Method A) penetrants shall be tested test ed usi using ng a AMS 2644-sp 2644-speci ecified fied tes testt pan panel el or any other commer com mercial cially ly ava availab ilable le gri gritt bla blaste sted d pan panel. el. The tes testt sha shall ll be perfor per formed med using a sam sample ple of unu unused sed penetrant penetrant ser servin ving g as a reference. Place a streak of the unused reference sample on one portion of a panel and a separate streak of the in-use penetrant on a separate area of the panel. Allow the panel to drain for five minut min utes es an and d th then en wa wash sh th thee pa pane nell us usin ing g th thee tem tempe pera ratu ture re,, pressure and wash times in use on the examination line. Dry the panel, coat with developer, developer, and examine under UV light. If the background background of the in-use sample is visibly greater than that of the refere reference, nce, then the in-us in-usee penetrant shall be discar discarded ded or otherwise otherw ise corre corrected, cted, as appro appropriate. priate. Emulsifier fier Remova Removability— bility— When required in accor 7.8.3.3 Emulsi accor-dance with 7.8.3 with 7.8.3,, the removability of the in-use emulsifier shall be te test sted ed us usin ing g an un unus used ed sa samp mple le of th thee sa same me br bran and d of emulsifier serving as a reference. The test shall be conducted using two test panels and processing parameters specified in AMS 2644 or any other commercially available grit blasted panel. pan el. The inin-use use emulsifier emulsifier shall be use used d wit with h the unused unused penetrant on one panel and compared to the reference system of unused emulsifier with unused penetrant on a second panel. Allow both panels to drain for five minutes and then wash using the temperature, pressure and wash times used on the examination line. Dry both panels, coat with developer, and examine under UV light. If the background is visibly greater than th an th that at of th thee re refe fere renc ncee sy syst stem em th thee em emul ulsi sifie fierr sh shal alll be discarded or otherwise corrected, as appropriate. 7.8.3.4 Comparative Penetrant Sensitivity— When When required in accordance with 7.8.3 with 7.8.3,, the comparative sensitivity of in-use penetrant shall be checked using the procedures in 7.8.3 7.8.3 except except that the che check ck sha shall ll be per perfor formed med by com compar paring ing the inin-use use penetr pen etrant ant to the ref refere erence nce (ho (holdld-out out)) unu unused sed pen penetr etrant ant by process pro cessing ing bot both h with unu unused sed emu emulsifi lsifier er,, if app applica licable ble,, and unused developer. If the comparative sensitivity of the in-use penetrant is noticeably less than the reference penetrant, the in-use penetrant is unsatisfactory for use. NOTE 3—This test is not for determining the absolute sensitivity of the

penetrant or for determining the sensitivity level of the penetrant neither of which can be performed using a starburst-type panel.

7.8.4 Equipment Checks— The The follow following ing equipment checks shall be conducted at the intervals specified in Table 1 and recorded, as required. Records shall be maintained and available for audit by the customer, cognizant engineering organization or regula regulatory tory agencies. The calibr calibration ation of equipm equipment ent shall be traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Techno echnology logy (NIST) or other recognized national standa standards, rds, where applicable. Black Ligh Lights— ts— Portable, 7.8.4.1 Black Portable, hand hand-held -held,, perm permanent anently ly mounted or fixed black lights used to inspect parts shall be checked for intensity as specified in Table in Table 1 or 1 or prior to use, and after bulb replacement. A longer period may be used if a plan justifying this extension is prepared by the NDT facility and approv app roved ed by the cog cogniz nizant ant eng engine ineeri ering ng or organ ganizat ization ion.. The 2 minimum acceptable intensity is 1000 µW/cm (10 W/m2) at 15 in. [38.1 cm] from the front of the filter to the face of the sensor. Black lights shall be checked at the intervals specified in Table 1 in 1 for cleanliness and integrity and shall be cleaned, repaired or replaced as appropriate. (1) Black lights that use an UV-A UV-A LED source shall comply with the requirements of Practice E3022 E3022.. Somee UV UV-A -A sou source rcess oth other er tha than n mer mercur cury y vap vapor or,, for NOTE—Som example, micro-discharge, LED, etc., have been shown to have emission characteristics such as excessive visible light, and UV intensity that may result in fluorescent fade, veiling glare, etc., all of which can significantly degrade examination reliability. (2) S Since ince vis visible ible ligh lightt con contami taminat nation ion may inte interfe rfere re wit with h UV-A UV -A in insp spec ectio tion, n, it is re reco comm mmen ende ded d th that at a vi visib sible le li ligh ghtt contamination be taken at the viewing surface, when the UV-A lamp lam p is on and is he held ld at th thee an angl glee an and d di dista stanc ncee us used ed fo forr interpretation. The white light reading shall not exceed 2 fc [21.5 lx]. Special UV Lighti Lighting— ng— As 7.8.4.2 Special As spe specifie cified d in Tabl Tablee 1 or prior to use, the light intensity of UV pencil lamps, UV light guides, borescopes or remote UV examination equipment shall be me meas asur ured ed at th thee ex expe pect cted ed wo work rkin ing g di dista stanc ncee an and d sh shal alll 2 2 prov pr ovid idee at lea least st 10 1000 00 µW µW/c /cm m (1 (10 0 W/m ) at th thee in inten tende ded d examination surface. When using borescopes or remote video examination examin ation equipment, equipment, the image or interp interpretatio retation n area being viewed shall have sufficient resolution to effectively evaluate the area of examination. (1) Battery powered black lights used to inspect parts shall have their intensity measured prior to and at the end of each use, inspection, shift or day as defined by the Written Procedures (see 6.7.4.1 (see 6.7.4.1). ). The minimum UV light intensity shall be 2 1000 µW/cm at 15 in. [38.1 cm]. isibl blee Lig Light hts— s— F or Type II vis ibl e dye 7.8.4.3 Visi examinations, the lighting systems shall be checked at intervals specified in Table in Table 1 to 1 to ensure a minimum of 100 fc [1076 lx] when measured at the examination surface. 7.8.4.4 Light Meters— Ultrav Ultraviolet iolet and visible light meters shall be calibrated at intervals specified in Table 1 in accordance da nce wit with h MI MIL-S L-STD TD-4 -456 5662 62,, AN ANSI SI/NC /NCSL SL Z5 Z540 40-1 -1,, or ISO 10012-1. NOTE 4—More information on UV-A.visible lights and meters can be found in ASTM E2297 ASTM E2297..


E1417/E1417M − 16 7.8.4.5 Examination Area— The The interpretation area for stationary tion ary sys systems tems for Type I pen penetr etrants ants shall be che checke cked d as specified in Table in Table 1 and 1 and shall be clean and free from excessive fluores fluo rescen centt con contam taminat ination ion and exc excessi essive ve vis visibl iblee lig light ht bac backkground. The ambient visible light background shall be checked at int interv ervals als spe specifie cified d in Tabl Tablee 1 or wh when en an any y ch chan ange ges, s, or constr con struct uction ion,, or bot both, h, in the inte interpr rpretat etation ion are areaa are mad made. e. Ambient visible light shall not exceed 2 fc [21.5 lx] at the examination surface. 7.8.4.6 Water Water Wash Opera Operating ting Pre Pressur ssures/T es/Tempera emperatur tures— es— Indicators Indica tors and controls shall be checked as specifie specified d in Table 1 to ensure proper settings. Non-compliant water pressure and tempera temp eratur turee set setting tingss sha shall ll be adj adjust usted ed to the pro proper per set setting tingss prior pri or to per perfor formin ming g pen penetr etrant ant exa examin minatio ations. ns. Ind Indicat icators ors and controls shall be calibrated at intervals specified in Table 1 i 1 in n accorda acco rdance nce wit with h MIL MIL-ST -STD-4 D-4566 5662, 2, ANS ANSI/N I/NCSL CSL Z54 Z540, 0, or ISO 10012. 7.8.4.7 Drying Oven Calibration— The The temperature controlling device and the temperature indicating device, if separate from the controller, on the drying oven shall meet the requirements of 6.6.2 and 6.6.2 and shall be calibrated at intervals specified in Table 1 in acco accorda rdance nce with the req requir uireme ements nts of MIL MIL-ST -STDD45662, ANSI/NCSL Z540, or ISO 10012. 7.8.4.8 Timers— Timing Timing devices used to measure or monitor processing times, such as dwell times and eye adaptation times, need not be calibrated. 7.8.4.9 Air Pressure Gauges— Air Air pressure gauges that are used to regulate air pressure of hydro-air spray guns, removal of water prior to drying, and blow off of dry developer shall be checked and calibrated at intervals specified in Table I and in accordance with MIL-STD-45662, ANSI/NCSL Z540, or ISO 10012.

move such identification, the records accompanying the component pon ent shall be mar marked ked or sha shall ll spe specify cify compone components nts to the applicable documents. The methods of marking are listed in 7.9.2.. Marking shall conform to MIL-STD-792, unless other7.9.2 wise specifi specified. ed. Impressio ssion n Sta Stampi mping ng Ink Sta Stampi mping, ng, Dyei Dyeing, ng, Las Laser er 7.9.2 Impre The specific Marking, Vibro Engraving, Peening or Etching— The method to be used shall be specified in the contract document (purchase order, drawing, specification, and so forth). If not specified, specifi ed, ink stampin stamping g shall be used. Marking shall be located in areas adjacent to the part number or an area specified by the contract documents. 7.9.3 Other Identi Other means of identi identification fication,, Identificatio fication— n— Other such as tagging, may be applied when the construction, finish, or functional requirements of the component preclude etching, dyeing, or stamping. Items such as bolts, nuts, or other small parts may be identified by conspicuously marking each package. 7.9.4 Symbols— Each E ach com compon ponent ent tha thatt has succ success essful fully ly passed examination shall be marked as follows: 7.9.4. 7.9 .4.1 1 Whe When n etch etching ing or stam stampin ping g is app applica licable, ble, sym symbol bolss shall sha ll be use used. d. The stam stampin ping g may con contain tain an ide identifi ntificati cation on symboll or suppl symbo supplier ier number of the facilit facility y and a unique number or sym symbol bol ide identi ntifyi fying ng the exa examin miner er.. Exc Except ept for spe special cialized ized applications, use the symbol “P” to denote 100 % examination. All components, in the lot sampled, accepted on sampling basis shall be marked with the symbol “P” enclosed by an ellipse. 7.9.4. 7.9 .4.2 2 Whe When n dye dyeing ing is use used, d, maroon maroon dye shall shall be used to denote components accepted on a 100 % examination basis. Yello ellow w dye shall be use used d to den denote ote a sam samplin pling g bas basis is whe when n sampling is permitted.

7.9 Marking and Identi Components successfully Identificatio fication— n— Components passin pas sing g the pen penetr etrant ant exa examin minatio ation n sha shall ll be ide identi ntified fied and marked as follows: 7.9.1 Marking— Marking Marking shall be applied in a manner and locatio loca tion n tha thatt is har harmles mlesss to the componen component, t, or its int intend ended ed function, and to preclude removal, smearing, or obliteration by subsequent handling. When subsequent processing would re-

8. Keywo Keywords rds 8.1 dye liquid penetrant penetrant examination; examination; dye penetr penetrant ant examination;; fluor nation fluorescent escent liquid penetrant examin examination; ation; fluor fluorescent escent penetrant penetr ant examin examination; ation; liquid penetr penetrant ant examin examination; ation; liquid penetrant penetr ant testing testing;; nonde nondestruct structive; ive; nond nondestruc estructive tive evaluat evaluation; ion; nondestruc nond estructive tive examin examination; ation; nond nondestruc estructive tive testing testing;; penetr penetrant ant examination; penetrant testing

ANNEX (Mandatory Information) A1. METHOD FOR MEASURING WA WATER CONTENT

Application ation— — This A1.1 Scope and Applic This mod modified ified Kar Karll Fisc Fischer her volumetric procedure is a practical alternative to Test Method D95 for D95 for undiluted hydrophilic emulsifiers and water contamination nati on of inin-use use lip lipoph ophilic ilic emu emulsifi lsifiers ers and Meth Method od A pen pen-etrants. The amount of sample used is adjusted to meet the water equivalent capacity of the titration agent employed (1 mL = 5 mg H 2O). For most materials required to meet the five percent (5 %) maximum allowable water content limit, 0.5 to 1.0 g sample size is sufficient.

A1.2 Appar Apparatus: atus: A1.2.1 Buret, glass, 50-mL, A1.2.2 Flask, wide-mouth Erlenmeyer type, 250-mL, A1.2.3 Pipets, volumetric, two, 10-mL, A1.2.4 Weighing scale, reads to at least two decimal places, and A1.2.5 White paper.


E1417/E1417M − 16 A1.3 Reagen Reagents: ts:

A1.4.5 Record titrant titrant reading.

Buffer fer solution solution,, Hydr A1.3.1 Buf Hydran anal al (R (Rie iede dell de Ha Haen en)) or Hydra-Point (J.T. Baker), 500 mL,

A1.4.6 Place the flask on balance balance and add about 0.5 g of test sample, and record weight. Gently swirl flask to mix sample.

A1.3.2 Titrant, Hydranal Composite 5 (Riedel de Haen) or Hydra-Point Titrant 5, 1 L, and

A1.4.7 Place flask under under buret and titrate back to the same yellow-brown color and record the reading.

A1.3.3 Methanol, reagent grade, 500 mL.

A1.4.8 A1. 4.8 Rep Repeat eat and average average % H2O readings.

A1.4 Analyt Analytical ical Procedure: Procedure:

A1.5 Calcula Calculate te Water Water Content as follo follows: ws:

A1.4.1 A1.4. 1 Charg Chargee buret with Hydr Hydranal anal titrant.

% H 2 O 5 @ consumption titrant 3 titer value 3 100# ÷ sample weight

A1.4.2 Pipet 10 mL of methanol A1.4.2 methanol into clean dry Erlenmeyer flask. A1.4.3 Pipet 10 mL of Hydranal A1.4.3 Hydranal buffer buffer into the same flask and gently swirl to mix. A1.4.4 Place white paper below buret. A1.4.4 buret. Place the flask under the buret and slowly titrate, with gently swirling the Hydranal titrant into the flask until a light yellow-brown color persists (about 3 mL).

(A1.1)

where: consum con sumpti ption on

= second second bur buret et rea readin ding g of Hyd Hydran ranal al Com Compos pos-ite 5 Titrant minus the first buret reading, mL, titer value = 5 mg/mL H2O, mg/mL, and sample sam ple weig weight ht = wei weight ght of of sample sample added added,, mg. A1.6 A1. 6 Rep Repeat eat and average average % H2O readings.

SUMMARY OF CHANGES Committee E07 has identified the location of selected editorial changes to this standard since the last issue (E1417/E1417M – 13) that may impact the use of this standard. (June 15, 2016). (1) Added Added E3022 E3022 to to the list of Reference Documents.

(2) Revised 6.6.1.2 and 7.8.4.1(1) to refer to E3022 E3022..

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ASTM E1417-E1417M − 16 Standard Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing

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