Designation: E1417/E1417M – 11
Standard Practice for
Liquid Penetrant Testing 1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1417/E1417M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Sco Scope* pe*
2. Referenc Referenced ed Documents
1.1 This practice establishes establishes the minimum requirements requirements for conducting liquid penetrant examination of nonporous metal, and nonme nonmetal tal compo components. nents.
2.1 The following following documents documents form a part of this practice to the extent specified herein: 2.2 ASTM Standards: 2 D95 Test Test Meth Method od for Wate aterr in Petr Petrole oleum um Pro Produc ducts ts and Bituminous Bitumin ous Materia Materials ls by Distilla Distillation tion D2512 Test Test Met Method hod for Com Compati patibil bility ity of Mat Materi erials als with Liquid Oxygen (Impact Sensiti Sensitivity vity Threshold and PassFail Techniques) D6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petroleum Products, Lubricating Lubricating Oils, and Additives Additives by Coulo Coulo-metric Karl Fischer Titration E165 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for for General Industry E543 Specification Specification for Agencies Perfo Performing rming Nond Nondestruc estruc-tive Testing E1135 Test Method for Comparing the Brightness of Fluorescent Penetrants E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations E2297 Guide for Use of UV-A and Visible Light Sources and Meters used in the Liq Liquid uid Penetrant Penetrant and Mag Magnet netic ic Particlee Method Particl Methodss 2.3 ASNT Standards: Standards:3 ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing Standards:4 5 2.4 Military Standards: MIL-STD-792 Iden Identifica tification tion Mark Marking ing Requ Requireme irements nts for Special Purpose Components
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NOTE 1—This practice replaces MIL-STD-6866
1.2 The penetrant examination examination processes processes descri described bed in this practicee are applicable to in-pr practic in-process, ocess, final, and mainten maintenance ance (in-service) examinations. These processes are applicable for the detection of discontinuities, such as lack of fusion, corrosion, cracks, laps, cold shuts, and porosity, that are open or connected to the surface of the component under examination. 1.3 1. 3 Ca Caut utio ion n mu must st be ex exer ercis cised ed in th thee us usag agee of ele eleva vated ted temperature with components manufactured from thermoplastic materials. Also, some cleaners, penetrants, and developers can have a deleterious effect on nonmetallic materials such as plastics plas tics.. Pri Prior or to exa examin minatio ation, n, test testss sho should uld be con conduc ducted ted to ensure that none of the cleaning or examination materials are harmful to the components to be examined. 1.4 Units—T —The he va valu lues es st state ated d in eit eithe herr SI un units its or in inch ch-pound pou nd uni units ts are to be reg regard arded ed sep separa arately tely as sta standa ndard. rd. The values valu es stat stated ed in each system system may not be exa exact ct equ equiva ivalent lents; s; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. 1.5 All are areas as of thi thiss pra practic cticee may be ope open n to agreemen agreementt between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, plie r, or spe specifi cificc dir direct ection ion fro from m the cog cogniz nizant ant eng engine ineeri ering ng organization. standard d doe doess not purport purport to add addre ress ss all of the 1.6 This standar safet sa fetyy co conc ncer erns ns,, if an anyy, as asso socia ciated ted wi with th it itss us use. e. It is th thee responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro priate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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For refere referenced nced ASTM stand standards, ards, visit the ASTM webs website, ite, www www.ast .astm.org m.org,, or contact ASTM Customer Service at
[email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website. 3 Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org. 4 Copiess of spec Copie specificat ifications, ions, standards, standards, drawi drawings, ngs, and public publications ations required by manufacturers in connection with specific acquisition functions should be obtained from the contracting activity or as directed by the contracting officer. 5 Availab vailable le from Stand Standardiza ardization tion Docum Documents ents Order Desk, DODSSP, DODSSP, Bldg. 4, Secti Se ction on D, 700 Rob Robbin binss Ave. ve.,, Ph Phila iladel delphi phia, a, PA 191 19111 11-50 -5098, 98, htt http:/ p:// / dodssp.daps.dla.mil.
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This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 Subcommittee E07.03 on on Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods. Current edition approved Aug. 15, 2011. Published September 2011. Originally approved approv ed in 1991. Last previous edition edition approved in 2005 as E1417 – 05 1 . DOI: 10.1520/E1417_E1417M-11. ´
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard. Copyright. (C) ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. box C-700, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania 19428-2959, United States Copyright ASTM International Provided by IHS under license with ASTM No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
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E1417/E1417M – 11 QPL-AMS-2644 Qualified Products List, Inspection Material, Penetrant MIL-STD-45662 Calibration System Requirements 2.5 ANSI/ISO/AIA Standards: Standards:6 ANSI/NCSL Z540-1 General General Requir Requirement ement for Calibra Calibration tion Laboratories and Measuring Test Equipment ISO 10012 Me Meas asur urem emen entt Mana Ma nage geme ment nt Syst Sy stem ems— s— Requirements Requir ements for Measu Measuring ring Measurement Measurement Proces Processs and Measuring Equipment NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive Test Personnel 2.6 SAE Standard: Standard:7 AMS 2644 Inspection Material, Penetrant AMS 2175A Casting Castings, s, Classification and Inspection Inspection of 2.7 DoD Contracts— Unless Unless otherwise otherwise specifi specified, ed, the issues of the documents that are DoD adopted are those listed in the issue of the DoDISS (Department of Defense Index of Specifications and Standards) cited in the solicitation.
3.2.10 supplier —the —the organization contracted to supply the material, parts, or assembly. 3.2.11 turbine engine critical components—any component on turbine engine designated by the manufacturer as “critical.” 4. Sign Significa ificance nce and Use 4.1 This practice establishes establishes the basic parameters parameters for controlling trollin g the app applica licatio tion n of the liq liquid uid pen penetra etrant nt meth method. od. This practice is written so it can be specified on the engineering drawing, specification, or contract. It is not a detailed how-to procedure to be used by the inspector and, therefore, must be supple sup plemen mented ted by a deta detailed iled pro proced cedure ure tha thatt con confor forms ms to the requir req uiremen ements ts of thi thiss pra practic ctice. e. Spe Specific cificatio ation n E165 contains information to help develop detailed requirements. 5. Class Classifica ification tion 5.1 Penetr Penetrant ant examination examination processes and materials are classified in accordance with the material classification contained in AMS in AMS 2644. 2644 . Penetrant systems covered by this practice shall be of the following types, methods, and sensitivity levels: 5.1.1 Type: 5.1.1.1 Type I —Fluorescent —Fluorescent dye. 5.1.1.2 Type II —Visible —Visible dye. 5.1.2 Method : 5.1.2.1 Method A—Water washable. 5.1.2.2 Method B—Post-emulsifiable, lipophilic. 5.1.2.3 Method C —Solvent-removable. —Solvent-removable. 5.1.2.4 Method D—Post-emulsifiable, hydrophilic. 5.1.3 Sensitivity—(These levels apply to Type I penetrant system sys temss onl only y. Type II pen penetr etrant ant sys systems tems hav havee onl only y a sin single gle sensitivity and it is not represented by any of the levels listed as follow follows): s): 5.1.3.1 Sensitivity Level 1 ⁄ 2 —Very low. 5.1.3.2 Sensitivity Level 1—Low. 5.1.3.3 Sensitivity Level 2—Medium. 5.1.3.4 Sensitivity Level 3—High. 5.1.3.5 Sensitivity Level 4—Ultrahigh. 5.2 Develo Developers pers shall be of the follow following ing forms: 5.2.1 Form a—Dry powder. 5.2.2 Form b—Water-soluble. 5.2.3 Form c—Water-suspendable. Form d —Nonaq 5.2.4 Form —Nonaqueo ueous us for Type I fluo fluores rescen centt pen pen-etrant. 5.2.5 Form e—Nonaqueous for Type II visible dye. 5.2.6 Form f— —Specific —Specific application. 5.3 Solven Solventt removers shall be of the follow following ing classes: 5.3.1 Class 1—Halogenated. 5.3.2 Class 2—Nonhalogenated. 5.3.3 Class 3—Specific application.
Precedence— In 2.8 Order of Precedence— In the event of conflict between the text of this practice and the references cited herein, the text of this practice takes precedence.
3. Terminology 3.1 Definitions: 3.1.1 The terminology terminology relating to liquid penetrant examination that appears in Terminology E1316 Terminology E1316 shall shall apply to the terms used in this practice. 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 3.2.1 aerospace—any component that will be installed on a system that flies. 3.2.2 cog cogni nizan zantt eng engine ineeri ering ng or orga ganiz nizati ation on (C (CEO EO)) — Reference Terminology Standard E1316 Standard E1316.. 3.2.3 component —the — the pa part rt(s (s)) or ele eleme ment nt(s (s)) of a sy syst stem em described, assembled, or processed to the extent specified by the drawin drawing. g. examination ation—the final examin 3.2.4 final examin examination ation performed for the acceptance acceptance of the item. Any change change to the item’s surface surface such su ch as mac machi hini ning ng,, gr grin indi ding ng,, we weld ldin ing, g, he heat at tr trea eatme tment nt,, or etching by subseq subsequent uent manufacturing manufacturing opera operation, tion, may rende renderr the previous examination invalid, requiring reexamination of all affected surfaces, unless otherwise approved in the contract. 3.2.5 in-process—that which occurs during manufacturing before a component is in final form. 3.2.6 in-service—re —refer ferss to com compon ponent entss tha thatt are in use or storage for their intended function. 3.2.7 linear indication—penetrant indications with at least a three to one length to width ratio. 3.2.8 reprocess—repeat, after cleaning, the application and appropriate appro priate processing of penetr penetrant, ant, emulsifi emulsifier er (as requir required), ed), and developer (as required). rounded d indic indication ation—pene 3.2.9 rounde —penetrant trant indic indication ation whos whosee length to width ratio is less than three-to-one. ` , , ` ` ` , , , , ` ` ` ` ` ` , , ` , , ` , ` , , ` -
6. Gener General al Practices Practices Responsibil sibility ity for Exam Examinat ination ion—Un 6.1 Respon —Unless less oth otherwi erwise se specified specifi ed in the con contra tract ct or pur purcha chase se ord order er,, the cog cogniza nizant nt engineering organization is responsible for the performance of all examination requirements as specified herein. The cognizantt eng zan engine ineeri ering ng or organ ganizat ization ion may spe specify cify mor moree str string ingent ent requirements than the minimum specified in this practice when necessary to ensure that a component meets its functional and
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Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. 7 Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, http://www.sae http://www.sae.org. .org.
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E1417/E1417M – 11 reliability reliabi lity req requir uireme ements nts.. Exc Except ept as oth otherw erwise ise spe specifie cified, d, the supplier may utilize his own facilities or any other facilities suitable for the performance of the examination requirements specified herein. The purchaser reserves the right to perform any of the examinations set forth in this practice where such examinations are deemed necessary to ensure that supplies and servicess confo service conform rm to prescr prescribed ibed requi requirement rements. s. 6.2 Specifying—Wh —When en exa examin minatio ation n is req requir uired ed in acco accorrdance with this practice the orders, contracts, or other appropria pr iate te do docu cume ment ntss sh shal alll sp spec ecif ify y th thee cr crite iteri riaa by wh which ich th thee acceptability acceptab ility of compo components nents is to be evalua evaluated. ted. Engineering Engineering drawin dra wings gs or oth other er app applica licable ble doc docume uments nts sha shall ll ind indicat icatee the acceptance criteria for the entire component; zoning may be used. Examination on a sampling basis shall not be allowed unless specifically permitted by the contract. 6.3 Personnel Qualification—Personnel performing examinatio na tions ns to th this is pr prac actic ticee sh shal alll be qu quali alifie fied d an and d cer certifi tified ed in accordance with ASNT Personnel Qualification SNT-TC-1A, SNT-TC-1A, ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 or NAS 410 for military purposes, or as specified in the contract or purchase order. Agency Qua Qualific lificatio ation n—Th 6.4 Agency —Thee age agenc ncy y per perfo form rming ing thi thiss practic pra cticee may be eva evalua luated ted in acco accorda rdance nce wit with h Spe Specific cificatio ation n E543.. E543 6.5 Materials: 6.5.1 Qualified —Onl nly y ma mater teria ials ls lis listed ted or ap ap-Qualified Materia Materials ls—O proved for listing on QPL-AMS-2644 (reference (reference AMS AMS 2644) 2644 ) shall sha ll be util utilized ized for pen penetr etrant ant exa examin minatio ation. n. Mat Materia erials ls not conforming confo rming to the requirements requirements of of AMS AMS 2644 may be used only when a waiver is obtained from the cognizant engineering organization. Liquid id Oxyg Oxygen en (LO (LOX) X) Com Compat patible ible Mate Material rialss — 6.5.2 Liqu Penetr Pen etrant ant mat materi erials als test tested ed in acc accord ordanc ancee with Test Meth Method od D2512 and D2512 and passing at 70 ft·lbf [95 J] or higher, shall be used on LOX wetted surfaces that cannot be thoroughly post-cleaned. Use of these materials shall be in accordance with the material supplier instructions and shall require approval of the cognizant engineering organization when such materials do not meet the requirements of AMS AMS 2644. 2644 . 6.6 Equipment and Facilities—Processing equipment used in the penetrant examination process shall be constructed and arrang arr anged ed to per permit mit a uni unifor form m and con contro trolled lled ope operat ration ion.. The equipment shall meet all applicable national and local safety requirements as well as the requirements specified herein.
6.6.1.1 6.6.1. 1 Whe Where re lamp lampss are phy physic sically ally too lar large ge to dir directl ectly y illuminate illumin ate the examin examination ation surface, special lighting, such as UV pe penc ncil il li ligh ghts ts,, or UV li ligh ghtt gu guid ides es,, or re remo mote te vi visu sual al examination equipment shall be used. When using a borescope, the image viewed must have sufficient resolution to effectively evaluate the indication. Light intensity shall be measured at the expe ex pect cted ed wo work rkin ing g di dista stanc ncee an and d sh shall all be a mi mini nimu mum m 10 1000 00 2 µW/cm . 6.6.2 Drying Oven—When components are oven dried, the dryer mus dryer mustt be a for forced ced-ai -airr rec recircu irculati lating ng typ type. e. In aut automa omated ted systems, where parts are dried by radiant heat and forced air, the travel speed of the system shall be such as to preclude over ov erdr dryi ying ng of pa part rts. s. Th Thee fo forc rced ed air do does es no nott ha have ve to be recirculating but must preclude contamination of the parts. The temperature shall be controlled with a calibrated device capable of maintaining the oven temperature at 615°F (–9.44°C) of the temperature for which it is set. The oven shall not exceed 160°F (71°C). The temperature indicator shall be accurate to 610°F (–12.22°C) of the actual oven temperature. 6.7 Written Procedur examination Procedures es—All liquid penetrant examination procedures are similar for many components, a master written procedure may be utilized that covers the details common to a variety of components. All written procedures, including techniqu ni quee sh shee eets ts fo forr sp spec ecifi ificc pa part rtss sh shal alll be ap appr prov oved ed by an indi in divi vidu dual al wh who o is a qu quali alifie fied d an and d ce cert rtifie ified d Le Leve vell II IIII fo forr penetrant examination in accordance with the requirements of 6.3.. As a min 6.3 minimu imum, m, the fol follow lowing ing informati information on is req requir uired ed either in individual procedures, specific technique sheets, or a master procedure, or a combination thereof: 6.7.1 Details of the precleaning precleaning and etching process, includincluding the mate material rialss use used d and spe specific cificatio ation n or oth other er doc docume ument nt controlling the examination process, the drying parameters and the pro proces cessin sing g time times. s. If thes thesee ope operat ration ionss are per perfor formed med by other than examination personnel, details concerning the operation era tionss may be spe specifi cified ed in oth other er doc docume uments nts but mus mustt be referenced in the procedure(s). Reference Test Method E165 for detailed cleaning methods and instructions. 6.7.2 Classifi Classification cation of the penetr penetrant ant examination examination materials required in accordance with Section 5 a and nd AMS AMS 2644. 2644 . 6.7.3 Complete 6.7.3 Complete pro process cessing ing par paramet ameters ers for the pen penetra etrant nt examination examin ation materia materials ls includ including ing concen concentratio trations, ns, applica application tion methods, dwell times, drying times, temperatures, and controls to pre preven ventt exc excess essive ive dry drying ing of pen penetr etrant ant or ove overhe rheatin ating g of component, compo nent, as appro appropriate. priate. Reference Practice E165 Practice E165 for for additional details.
6.6.1 Viewing Areas—Areas where parts are reviewed shall be kept clean at all times. For visible dye examination, Type II, the lighting system shall provide at least 100 fc (1076 lx) of visible light when measured at the examination surface. For stationary station ary fluorescent dye examin examination, ation, Type Type I, the ambien ambientt visible light background shall not exceed 2 fc (21.5 lx) at the examination surface. The black lights shall provide a minimum of 1000 µW/cm 2 at the examination surface. Black lights shall meet the requirements of of 7.8.4.1. 7.8.4.1. Viewing areas for portable fluorescent dye examination shall utilize dark canvas, photographer’s black cloth, or other methods to reduce the visible light background to the lowest possible level during examination and bla black ck ligh lightt inte intensi nsity ty sha shall ll mee meett the abo above ve req requir uireements.
6.7.4 6.7 .4 Comp Complete lete exam examinat ination ion/eva /evaluat luation ion req require uiremen ments ts including light intensities (both examination and ambient), the accept/reject criteria and the method and location of marking. Reference Practice E165 Practice E165 for additional details.
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6.7.4.1 When the examination is performed 6.7.4.1 performed in accord accordance ance with this Standard Practice, engineering drawings, specifications, technique technique sheets sheets,, or other applic applicable able documents shall indicate indica te the accept/reject criteria by which the compo components nents are judged acceptable. 6.7.5 Ide 6.7.5 Identifi ntificati cation on of the com compon ponent entss or are areas as with within in a component to be examined in accordance with the procedure. 3 Not for Resale
E1417/E1417M – 11 6.7.6 Complet Completee postc postcleaning leaning procedures. procedures. If postcl postcleaning eaning is performed by other than examination personnel, details concerning this operation may be specified in other documents, but must be referenced in the procedure. Reference Test Method E165 for E165 for additional details. Examination Seque Sequence nce—Final penetr 6.8 Examination penetrant ant examin examination ation shall be performed after completion of all operations that could causee sur caus surface face-co -conne nnected cted dis discon continu tinuitie itiess or ope operat ration ionss that could expose discontinuities not previously open to the surface. Such Suc h ope operat ration ionss inc includ lude, e, but are not limi limited ted to, gri grindi nding, ng, welding, straightening, machining, and heat treating. 6.8.1 Surface Treatment —Final —Final penetrant examination may be performed performed prior to treatmen treatments ts that can smear the surf surface ace but not by themse themselves lves cause surfa surface ce discon discontinuiti tinuities. es. Such treatments include, but are not limited to, vapor blasting, deburring, sanding, sandin g, buf bufffing, sandb sandblasting lasting,, lappin lapping, g, or peenin peening. g. Perfo Perforrmance of final penetrant examination after such surface treatments men ts req requir uires es tha thatt etch etching ing be inc includ luded ed in the pre preclea cleanin ning g operation unless otherwise agreed on between the cognizant engineering organization and the NDT facility.
stamp, electronic electronic ID or signature; and the date of examin examination. ation. Recor Rec ords ds sh shall all be ke kept pt fo forr a mi mini nimu mum m of th thre reee ye year arss or as otherwise specified in the purchase order or contract. 7. Speci Specific fic Practice Practicess ( Fig. 1) 1) 7.1 Surface Preparation—All surfaces to be examined shall be clean, dry, and free of soils, oil, grease, paint and other coatin coa tings gs (ex (excep ceptt as allo allowed wed by 6.8.2), 6.8.2), corro corrosion sion prod products, ucts, scale, smeared metal, welding flux, chemical residues, or any other material that could prevent the penetrant from entering discontinuiti discon tinuities, es, suppr suppress ess dye perfo performanc rmance, e, or produ produce ce unacceptable ceptab le backg backgroun round. d. Cleanin Cleaning g method methods, s, includ including ing etching etching,, selected for a particu particular lar component component shall be consis consistent tent with the contaminants to be removed and shall not be detrimental to the component or its intended function. 7.1.1 7.1 .1 One or mor moree app approp ropria riate te clea cleanin ning g meth methods ods such as solvent solv ent clea cleanin ning, g, vap vapor or deg degreas reasing ing,, ultr ultrason asonic ic clea cleaning ning,, aqueou aqu eous-b s-base ased d cle cleanin aning, g, or met method hodss agr agreed eed upo upon n wit with h the cogn co gniz izan antt en engi gine neer erin ing g or orga gani niza zatio tion n sh shal alll be us used ed fo forr th thee removal of oils, greases, and waxes, and as the final step before penetrant penetr ant examination. examination. If etchin etching g is required, the parts shall be appropriately cleaned, then etched and delivered to penetrant examination. 7.1.2 7.1 .2 Che Chemica micall clea cleanin ning g sha shall ll be use used d for the rem remova ovall of paints, varnishes, scale, carbon, or other contaminants that are nott re no remo mova vabl blee by so solv lven entt cle clean anin ing g me meth thod ods. s. (Warning— Caution should be exerc exercised ised when using chemicals because they may irritate the eyes or skin.)
NOTE 2—Final penetrant examination should always precede peening.
Surface Coati Coatings ngs—A 6.8.2 Surface —All ll co coati ating ngss an and d ot othe herr su surf rfac acee condit con dition ions, s, suc such h as, pain paint, t, plat plating ing,, cor corros rosion ion,, etc. sha shall ll be remo re move ved d fr from om th thee ar area ea to be ex exam amin ined ed pr prio iorr to pe pene netr tran antt examin exa minatio ation. n. The pen penetr etrant ant exa examin minatio ation n sha shall ll pre preced cedee any surface finish, such as anodize, except for inservice parts that may be examined without removing the anodize. Material and Pro Process cess Limitat Limitations ions—No 6.9 Material —Nott all pen penetr etrant ant sensitivity sensiti vity levels, materials, and proce process ss metho methods ds are applicable cab le to all exa examin minatio ation n req requir uireme ements nts.. The sen sensiti sitivit vity y leve levell shall be adequate for the intended purpose of the examination. Unless there is an approval for deviation given by the cognizantt eng zan engine ineeri ering ng or organ ganizat ization ion,, the fol follow lowing ing sel selecti ections ons are mandatory or forbidden, as indicated: 6.9.1 Forms a and b (dry (dry po powd wder er an and d wa wate terr so solu lubl ble) e) deve de velo lope pers rs sh shall all no nott be us used ed wi with th Typ ypee II (v (vis isib ible le dy dye) e) penetrant systems. This is not intended to prohibit the use of a Form f developer developer that has been qualified with a particular Type II system in accordance with AMS with AMS 2644. 2644 . 6.9.2 6.9 .2 Type II pen penetra etrant nt exa examin minatio ation n sha shall ll not be use used d for final acceptance examination of aerospace products. In addition, Type II penetrant examination shall not be used prior to a Type I penetrant examination of the same surface. This is not intended to eliminate the use of in-process Type II examinations where subsequent fabrication/forming operations remove the surfaces inspected. 6.9.3 The maintenance maintenance or overh overhaul aul examination examination of turbi turbine ne engine eng ine cri critica ticall com compon ponent entss sha shall ll be don donee onl only y with Type Type I, Meth Me thod odss C or D (s (sol olve vent nt re remo mova vabl blee or po post st em emul ulsi sified fied,, hydrop hyd rophil hilic) ic) pro proces cesses ses and eith either er sen sensit sitivit ivity y Lev Levels els 3 or 4 penetrant materials. 6.10 Records—Results of all final penetrant examinations shall be recorded. All recorded results shall be identified, filed, and made available to the cognizant engineering organization upon upo n req reques uest. t. Reco Records rds sha shall ll pro provid videe for tra traceab ceabilit ility y to the specific part or lot inspected. As a minimum, the records shall include: identification of the procedure used, disposition of the examin exa minatio ation; n; ide identifi ntificati cation on of the ins inspec pector tor’s ’s exa examin minatio ation n ` , , ` ` ` , , , , ` ` ` ` ` ` , , ` , , ` , ` , , ` -
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FIG. 1 Process Flow Chart
4 Not for Resale
E1417/E1417M – 11 7.1.3 Mechan Mechanical ical cleaning shall shall be used for the removal of soils and other contaminants that cannot be removed by solvent or chemical cleaning methods.
7.3.1.2 Automated —Forr aut automa omated ted spr spray ay sys systems tems,, Automated Spray—Fo the wash par paramet ameters ers shall be suc such h tha thatt the requirem requirements ents of 7.8.3 are 7.8.3 are met. Water temperature shall be maintained between 50 to 100°F [10 to 38°C]. 7.3.1.3 Manual Wipe—Excess penetrant shall be removed with a clean, dry, lint-free cloth or absorbent toweling. The remainder of the surface penetrant shall then be removed with a wat waterer-dam dampen pened ed clo cloth th or tow towel. el. The sur surfac facee sha shall ll not be flushed with water and the cloth or towel shall not be saturated with water. The compo component nent shall be examin examined ed under appropriappropriate illu illumin minatio ation n to ens ensure ure ade adequa quate te rem remova ovall of the sur surface face penetrant. The surface shall be dried by blotting with a clean, dry towel or cloth, or by evaporation. 7.3.1.4 Immersion—Immersion wash may be utilized if the water wa ter is air ag agita itated ted an and d go good od cir circu culat latio ion n is ma main inta tain ined ed throug thr oughou houtt the was wash h ope operat ration ion.. Water temp tempera eratur turee sha shall ll be maintained between 50 and 100°F [10 and 38°C]. 7.3.2 Method B Process—Lipophilic post-emulsifiable penetrant shall be removed by air agitated water immersion or with a water spray or hydro-air spray rinse after application of an emulsifi emu lsifier er and an app approp ropria riate te emu emulsifi lsifier er dwe dwell ll tim time. e. Wate aterr pres pr essu sure re an and d tem tempe pera ratu ture re an and d air pr pres essu sure re sh shal alll me meet et th thee requirements requi rements specified in in 7.3.1.1 7.3.1.1,, 7.3.1.2 7.3.1.2,, a and nd 7.3.1.4 7.3.1.4.. 7.3.2.1 Lipophilic emulsifiers shall be be applied by immersion or flowing. Lipophilic emulsifiers shall not be applied by spray or brush and shall not be agitated while on the surface of the component. Maximum dwell times, unless otherwise specified, shall be 3 min for Type I systems and 30 s for Type II systems, or as recommended by the manufacturer. Actual dwell times shall sha ll be the min minimu imum m nec necess essary ary to pro produc ducee an acc accepta eptable ble background on the component. 7.3.2.2 Rinsing—Af —After ter the app approp ropriat riatee emu emulsifi lsifier er dwe dwell ll time, emulsification shall be stopped by immersion or water spray. For spray removal of the penetrant/emulsifier mixture, the par paramet ameters ers of 7.3.1.1, 7.3.1.1, 7.3.1.2, 7.3.1.2, and 7.3.1.4 apply. apply. Dwell timee in an ag tim agita itate ted d im imme mers rsio ion n rin rinse se,, if us used ed,, sh shal alll be th thee minimum required to remove the emulsified penetrant. Examine the components under appropriate illumination after rinsing.. Clea ing Clean n and rep reproc rocess ess tho those se com compon ponent entss with exc excess essive ive background. After rinsing, drain water from the component component and utilize uti lize rep reposi ositio tionin ning, g, suc suctio tion, n, blo blottin tting g wit with h clea clean n abs absorb orbent ent materials or filtered shop air at less than 25 psi [172 kPa] to prevent pooling. Caution shall be exercised to ensure that the air nozzle is held at a sufficient distance from the part to ensure that the developing indication is not smeared by the air blast. If over ov er-e -emul mulsifi sificat cation ion is ob obser served ved,, the co compo mponen nentt mu must st be cleaned and reprocessed. 7.3.3 Method C Process —Solvent-removable penetrants are remove rem oved d by firs firstt wip wiping ing the exc excess ess pen penetr etrant ant wit with h a clea clean, n, lint-free, dry cloth or absorbent toweling. The remainder of the surface surfa ce penetr penetrant ant is then removed with a solve solvent-dam nt-dampened pened lint-free cloth or towel. The surface of the component shall not be flushed with solvent and the cloth or towel shall not be saturated with solvent. The component and cloth or toweling shall sha ll be obs observ erved ed und under er app approp ropria riate te illu illumin minatio ation n to ens ensure ure adequate removal of the surface penetrant. Over-removal of the surface penetrant shall require the component to be cleaned and reproc rep rocess essed. ed. The sur surfac facee sha shall ll be dri dried ed by blo blottin tting g with a
7.1.4 Gri 7.1.4 Gritt bla blastin sting g with without out etching etching may be an acce accepta ptable ble cleaning method if it can be demonstrated that a sufficiently fine abrasive (150 grit or finer) will not cause peening and can be removed by a detergent or alkaline cleaner. 7.1.5 7.1 .5 Etching Etching,, unl unless ess oth otherw erwise ise spe specifie cified, d, sha shall ll be per per-formed when evidence exists that previous cleaning, surface treatments, or service usage has produced a surface condition that degrades the effectiveness of penetrant examination. Etching pro proces cesses ses sha shall ll be dev develop eloped ed and con contro trolled lled to pre preven ventt damage to the component under test. Etching is not required for those features such as close tolerance holes, close tolerance surf su rface aces, s, fa fayi ying ng su surf rfac aces, es, etc etc., ., wh wher eree th thee fu func nctio tion n of th thee compon com ponent ent or ass assemb embly ly wou would ld be deg degrad raded. ed. Etch Etching ing is not required for intermediate examination when the surface(s) are not retained in the final part/c part/compon omponent ent configuration configuration or when the final penetrant examination is preceded by etching. 7.2 Penetrant Application—Unles —Unlesss other otherwise wise specifie specified, d, the entire enti re sur surfac facee of the com compon ponent ent shall be cov covered ered with pen pen-etrant. Large components may be examined in sections. Penetrant shall be applied by spraying, dipping, brushing, or other method meth od to pro provid videe cov covera erage ge as req requir uired. ed. The com compon ponent ent,, penetrant, and ambient temperatures shall all be in the range from 40 to 125°F [4 to 52°C] unless otherwise specified. 7.2.1 Penetrant Dwell Time—The dwell time, unless otherwise specified, shall be a minimum of 10 min. For temperatures between 40 and 50°F [4.4 and 10°C], dwell time shall be a minimum of 20 min. It is recommended to rotate or otherwise move mo ve co comp mpon onen ents ts as ne neces cessa sary ry,, du duri ring ng dw dwell ell to pr prev even entt poolin poo ling g of the penetrant penetrant.. For dwell times gre greater ater than two hours, the penetrant shall be reapplied as required. 7.3 Penetrant Removal: 7.3.1 Method A Process—Water-washable penetrants shall be rem remove oved d with a man manual ual or aut automa omated ted water spray, spray, or a manual wipe, or an air agitated immersion wash. Manual Spr Spray ay—F 7.3.1.1 Manual —For or ha hand ndhe held ld sp spra ray y gu guns ns wa water ter pressure adequate to remove the penetrant shall be used but shall not exceed 40 psi [275 kPa]. Water temperature shall be between 50 to 100°F [10 to 38°C]. When hydro-air nozzles are used use d the air pre pressu ssure re shall not exc exceed eed 25 psi [172 kPa]. A coarse spray shall be used with a minimum distance of 12 in. [30 cm], when possible between the spray nozzle and the part. Washing shall be condu conducted cted under appropriate appropriate illumin illumination. ation. Caution shall be exercised to ensure that over-washing does not occur occ ur.. If ove overr-was washin hing g occ occurs urs,, the com compon ponent ent(s) (s) sha shall ll be thoroughly dried and reprocessed. After rinsing, drain water from the component and utilize repositioning, suction, blotting with clean absorbent materials, or filtered shop air at less than 25 psi [172 kPa] to prevent pooling in cavities, recesses, and pocket poc kets. s. (Warning— Over-remo -removal val of the surfa surface ce penetr penetrant ant Warning—Over shall require require that the component component be cleaned and reprocessed reprocessed.. A good indicator of over over-wash -wash or over over-remo -removal val of the surface penetrant is evidenced by the total lack of residue that may occur on all or a specific area of the part, see Test Method E165.) E165 .) Copyright ASTM International Provided by IHS under license with ASTM No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
5 Not for Resale
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E1417/E1417M – 11 lint-free, dry cloth or towel, or by evaporation. Method C can also be use used d for wate waterr-was washab hable le pen penetr etrants ants usi using ng wat water er or solvent for removal of excess penetrant. Method d D Pr Proces ocesss—Hyd 7.3.4 Metho —Hydrophi rophilic lic post emulsifi emulsifiable able penetrant shall be removed with a water prerinse, application of the hydrophilic emulsifier and then a postrinse. 7.3.4.1 Rinse—The water prerinse shall be applied for the minimum amount of time required to achieve removal of the bulk bul k sur surfac facee pen penetr etrant ant.. The rin rinse se par paramet ameters ers of of 7.3.1.1 or 7.3.1.2 shall 7.3.1.2 shall apply. (1) For spray application of the emulsifier, a water prerinse may be omitted. 7.3.4.2 7.3.4 .2 Hydro Hydrophilic philic emulsifier emulsifier shall be applied by immersion, sio n, flow flowing ing,, or spr spray ay.. Hyd Hydrop rophili hilicc emu emulsifi lsifier er sha shall ll not be applied by brush. Foaming application of hydrophilic emulsifier is permissible when approved by the CEO. (1) For immers immersion ion applica applications, tions, the concen concentration tration,, percen percentt volume vol ume,, sha shall ll be no hig higher her than spe specifie cified d by the pen penetr etrant ant system supplier and shall not exceed that for which the system was qua qualifie lified. d. Wha Whatev tever er the nom nomina inall con concen centra tratio tion n is employed in the penetrant system, it shall be controlled to within Thiss inc includ ludes es the max maximu imum m con concen centra tration tion tha thatt the 63 %. Thi penetr pen etrant ant sys system tem was qua qualifi lified ed in QPL QPL-AM -AMS-2 S-2644 644.. Whi While le immerse imme rsed, d, the emu emulsifi lsifier er or par partt sho should uld be mild mildly ly agi agitate tated. d. Dwell time shall be the minimum required for adequate surface penetr pen etrant ant rem remova oval, l, but unl unless ess oth otherw erwise ise app approv roved ed by the cognizant engineering organization, shall not exceed 2 min. (2) For spray or flowin flowing g applic applications ations,, the concen concentratio tration n shall sha ll not exc exceed eed 5 %. %. Spr Spray ay app applica lication tionss may incl include ude fixe fixed d spray nozzles, spray wands, pump sprayers, or spray bottles provided provi ded the concen concentratio tration n is tested and meets the requir requirments ments of 7.8.2.6. of 7.8.2.6. Dw Dwell ell tim timee sh shall all be th thee min minimu imum m re requ quire ired d fo forr adequa ade quate te sur surfac facee pen penetra etrant nt rem remova oval, l, but unl unless ess oth otherw erwise ise approved by the cognizant engineering organization, shall not exceed two minutes per surface area. 7.3.4.3 Postrinse—After the application and dwell of the hydrophilic emulsifier, the component being examined shall be rinse rin sed d wi with th wa water ter.. Th Thee sp spra ray y ri rins nsee pa para rame meter terss of of 7.3.1.1, 7.3.1.1, 7.3.1.2,, and 7.3.1.2 and 7.3.1.4 7.3.1.4 shall shall apply. Evidence of over-removal shall requir req uiree the par partt to be clea cleaned ned and rep reproc rocess essed. ed. Exc Excess essive ive background may be removed by additional (touchup) application tio n of th thee hy hydr drop ophi hilic lic em emul ulsifi sifier er pr prov ovid ided ed its ma maxi ximu mum m allowable dwell time is not exceeded. Additional rinsing of the touch-up area will be required after application and dwell of the hydrophilic emulsifier. If careful touch-up application of the hyd hydrop rophil hilic ic emu emulsifi lsifier er doe doess not pro produc ducee an acce accepta ptable ble background, the part shall be cleaned and reprocessed. Manual systems shall require the use of appropriate black light illumination to ensure adequate penetrant removal. 7.4 Drying—Th —Thee com compon ponents ents shall be dri dried ed pri prior or to the application of dry developer, nonaqueous developer, or examination without developer. The components should be drained of excess water but not dried before the application of aqueous soluble or suspendable developers. The components shall be dried after the application of aqueous developers. 7.4.1 Drying Parameters—Compo —Components nents shall be air dried at room temperature or in a drying oven. Oven temperatures shall not exceed that specified in 6.6.2 in 6.6.2.. Drying time shall only be
that necessary to adequately dry the part. Components shall be removed from the oven immediately after drying. Components shall not be placed in the oven with pooled water or pooled aqueous solutions/suspensions. 7.5 Developing—Un —Unless less oth otherw erwise ise spe specifie cified, d, dev develop elopers ers shall be utilized for penetrant examination. Type I penetrants that are qualified to AMS to AMS 2644 may 2644 may be used without developer under either one of the follow following ing condi conditions: tions: manufacturing manufacturing examination of aluminum and magnesium castings classified by AMS 2175A 2175A as Class 3 or 4, or with the expressed approval approval of the cog cogniz nizant ant eng engine ineerin ering g or organ ganiza ization tion.. Min Minimu imum m and maximum maximu m penetr penetrant ant bleedout times withou withoutt develo developer per shall be 10 min and 2 h respectively. When developer is used, components that are not inspected before the maximum bleedout time shall be cleaned and reprocessed. When developer is not used, components that are not inspected before the maximum bleedout time shall be reprocessed. 7.5.1 Dry Developers—Components shall be dry before the developer is applied. Dry developer shall be applied in such a manner as to contact all surfaces to be inspected. Excess dry developer may be removed after the development time by light tappin tap ping g or lig light ht air blow-of blow-offf not exceeding exceeding 5 psi (34 kPa kPa). ). Minimum and maximum developer dwell times shall be 10 min and 4 h, respectively. Dry developers shall not be used with Type II penetrants. 7.5.2 Nonaqueous —Compo mponen nents, ts, or area areass reNonaqueous Developers —Co quirin qui ring g exa examin minatio ation, n, sha shall ll be dry bef before ore app applica licatio tion n of the developer. Nonaqueous developer shall be applied by spraying. For Type Type I pen penetr etrant ants, s, the dev develo eloper per shall be app applied lied as a uniform thin coating over the entire surface to be inspected. For Type II penetrants, the developer shall be applied over the entire ent ire sur surface face to for form m a uni unifor form, m, whi white te coa coatin ting g to pro provid videe suita su itabl blee co colo lorr co cont ntra rast st fo forr th thee pe pene netra trant nt in indi dicat catio ions ns.. Th Thee uniformity unifo rmity and thickn thickness ess of the developer coating is import important ant for both types of penetrant systems. If the developer coating thickness is too heavy for Type I systems such that the metallic surface is completely masked, the component shall be cleaned and reprocessed. Unless otherwise specified, the minimum and maximum development times for nonaqueous developers are 10 min and 1 h res respec pective tively ly.. For non nonaqu aqueou eouss sus suspen pendab dable le developer, the developer container shall be frequently agitated between applications. Aqueous Deve Develope loper r —Aqueous 7.5.3 Aqueous —Aqueous solu soluble ble deve develope lopers rs shall not be used with Type II penetrants or Type I, Method A penetrants. penetr ants. Aqueous Aqueous suspe suspendabl ndablee develo developers pers can be used with both Type I and Type II penetrants. Aqueous developers may be applied to the component after rinsing. Developers shall be applied by spray, flowing, or immersion. The applied developer shall not be allowed to puddle and shall completely cover all surfaces to be inspected. Components shall be air dried or oven dried to the requirements of of 7.4.1. 7.4.1. Minimum and maximum development times, after the component is dry, are 10 min and 2 h. Aqueo Aqueous us suspendable suspendable developers must be either constantly constantly agitated to keep the particles from settling out of suspension or they must be thoroughly agitated prior to use to ensure that particles are in suspension. 7.6 Examination—Th —Thee inte interpr rpretat etation ion are areaa sha shall ll mee meett the appropriate appro priate requi requirement rementss of of 7.8.4.5. 7.8.4.5. Compon Component entss sha shall ll be
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Copyright ASTM International Provided by IHS under license with ASTM No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
6 Not for Resale
E1417/E1417M – 11 interpr inter prete eted d be befo fore re th thee max maximu imum m de deve velo lopi ping ng tim time, e, an and d if required by specific procedures, monitored periodically during the developing time. Compo Components nents not interp interpreted reted before the maximum developing time shall be cleaned and reprocessed. Type I Pro Processes cesses—In 7.6.1 Type —Inspe specto ctor’s r’s vis vision ion sha shall ll be dar dark k adapted for a minimum of 1 min prior to examining components. Longer times for more complete adaptation should be used if necessary. Inspectors shall not wear photochromic or permanently perman ently darkened lenses while processing or review reviewing ing parts under black light. Black lights shall meet the requirements of 7.8.4.1. 7.8.4.1. All areas of fluore fluorescence scence shall be interp interpreted. reted. Components with no indications or only nonrelevant indications shall be accepted. Components with relevant indications shall be evaluated with respect to the applicable acceptance criteria. criteri a. Compo Components nents with excess excessive ive backg background round fluorescence fluorescence shall be cleaned and reprocessed. 7.6.2 Type —Alll ind indica ication tionss sha shall ll be int intererType II Pr Proce ocesse ssess—Al preted. Components with no indications or only nonrelevant indications shall be accepted. Components with relevant indicatio cat ions ns sh shall all be ev evalu aluate ated d wi with th re resp spect ect to th thee ap appl plica icabl blee acceptance acceptan ce criter criteria. ia. Compo Components nents with excess excessive ive backg background round shall be cleaned and reprocessed. 7.6.3 Evaluation—All indications found during the examination shall be evaluated in accordance with specified acceptance criter criteria. ia. 7.6.3.1 Indication Verification—If allowed by the specific procedure, indications may be evaluated by wiping the indication with a solvent-dampened swab or brush, allowing the area to dry, and redeveloping. Redevelopment time shall be at least ten minutes, except nonaqueous redevelopment shall be three minutes min utes min minimu imum. m. If no ind indicat ication ion rea reappe ppears ars,, the ori origin ginal al indicat ind ication ion is con consid sidere ered d fals false. e. Thi Thiss pro proced cedure ure may be per per-formed twice for any given original indication. 7.6.3.2 Discontinuity Removal—When allowed by the specific exa examin minatio ation n pro proced cedure ure,, dis discon continu tinuity( ity(ies) ies) may be removed mov ed by an app approv roved ed pro proced cedure ure suc such h as san sandin ding, g, eith either er powered or manual, or grinding to determine the depth and extent of the discontinuity(ies). After the mechanical operation, the area shall be cleaned, etched (if permitted), and reexamined. The process used for reexamination shall be at least as sensitive as the original process. 7.6.4 Sizing—If the acceptance criteria are written in terms of indication sizes, the indication size shall be measured. If the acceptance criteria is written in terms of discontinuity or flaw sizes, the discontinuity shall be measured. Indication n Sizin Sizing g—Wh 7.6.4.1 Indicatio —When en siz sizing ing ind indica icatio tions ns for judgment against appropriate acceptance criteria, the penetrant indication shall be carefully evaluated under appropriate lighting (white light for visible dye penetrant and black light for fluorescent fluore scent penetrant), penetrant), after the requir required ed develo development pment or redevelopment time as applicable. Measure the indication size at its largest dimension with a measuring device and the appropriate light that meets the requirements of 6.6.1. 6.6.1. 7.6.4.2 Discontinuity discontinui ntinuities ties Discontinuity Sizing—When sizing disco for judgment against appropriate acceptance criteria, the area may be carefully wiped with a solvent-dampened cotton swab or br brus ush, h, en ensu suri ring ng ra rapi pid d ev evap apor orati ation on so th that at th thee ar area ea fo forr examination examin ation is not flooded with solve solvent. nt. Immed Immediately iately measure
the discontinuity using a measuring or comparison device and the appropriate light that meets the requirements of 6.6.1 of 6.6.1.. 7.7 Postcleaning—Co —Compo mponen nents ts sha shall ll be clea cleaned ned aft after er examination to remove developers and other examination material residues if these are detrimental to subsequent operations or the components’ intended function. 7.8 Quality Control Provisions—This section provides the controls necessary to ensure that the penetrant system, materials ria ls and equ equipm ipment ent pro provid videe an acc accepta eptable ble lev level el of per perfor for-mance. The frequencies of the required checks in Table 1 are based on a facility operating daily. For facilities operating less frequently, the frequency of daily and weekly checks and those required at the start of each shift may be reduced accordingly, but must be performed prior to processing of parts. Monthly and quarterly checks shall be perfo performed rmed at the same frequ frequency ency as for ful full-t l-time ime ope operat ration ions. s. The NDT facility facility may per perfor form m these process control operations or contract for their performance man ce wit with h an ind indepe epende ndent, nt, labo laborato ratory ry.. Reco Records rds of test tests, s, except as noted in Table 1, 1, shall be maintained and available for audit by the custo customer mer,, the cognizant engineering engineering organization, tio n, or re regu gula lato tory ry ag agen enci cies es.. Pe Pene netr tran antt ma mater teria ials ls th that at ar aree
TABLE 1 Requi Required red Tests Tests and Frequ Frequency ency Tests Penetrant ContaminationA Penetrant Brightness Water Content— Water-Based Penetrant (Method A) Water Content— Non-Water-Based Penetrant (Method A) Lipophilic Emulsifier Water ContentB Hydrophilic Emulsifier Immersion, Spray, or Flowing ConcentrationB Dry Developer ConditionB Aqueous Developer Contamination— Soluble and Suspendable Aqueous Developer Concentration— Soluble and Suspendable Penetrant System PerformanceC Wate Wa terr-Wa Wash shab able le Pe Pene netr tran antt Re Remo mova vabi bili lity ty
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Copyright ASTM International Provided by IHS under license with ASTM No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
Emulsifier Removability Comparative Penetrant Sensitivity Black Light IntensityB Black Light Integrity Special UV lighting Battery Powered UV-A lights Visible Light Intensity Light Meter CalibrationB Examination Area CleanlinessA Exam Ex amin inat atio ion n Ar Area ea Am Ambi bien entt Li Ligh ghtt In Inte tens nsit ity y Water Wash Pressure CheckA Water Pressure Gage CalibrationB Water Wash Temperature CheckA Water Temperature Gage CalibrationB Drying Oven CalibrationB Air Pressure Gauge Check Air Pressure Gauge Calibration A
Frequency
Paragraph
Daily Quarterly Weekly
7.8.2.1 7.8.2.2 7.8.2.3
Monthly
7.8.2.4
Monthly Weekly
7.8.2.5 7.8.2.6
Daily Daily Weekly
7.8.2.7 7.8.2.8
Daily As re requ quir ired ed per 7.8.3 per 7.8.3 As required per 7.8.3 per 7.8.3 As required per 7.8.3 per 7.8.3 Daily Weekly Daily Prior to use Weekly Semi-annually Daily Quar Qu arte terl rly y Start of each working shift Semi-annually Start of each working shift Semi-annually Quarterly Start of each working shift Semi-annually
7.8.2.9 7.8.3 7.8.3.2 7.8.3.3 7.8.3.4 7.8.4.1 7.8.4.1 7.8.4.2 7.8.4.2.1 7.8.4.2. 7.8.4.3 7.8.4.4 7.8.4.5 7.8.4.5 7.8.4.6 7.8.4.6 7.8.4.6 7.8.4.6 7.8.4.7 7.8.4.9 7.8.4.9
Need not be recorded. The maximum time between verifications or checks may be extended when substantiate substa ntiated d by technical data and approved by the Cognizant Engineering Engineering Organization. C Not required for Method C examin examinations ations.. B
7 Not for Resale
E1417/E1417M – 11 provided ready-for-use and do not require mixing to a concentration trat ion,, and are not recovere recovered, d, or reused, reused, or bot both, h, suc such h as material mate rialss pac packag kaged ed in aer aeroso osoll con contain tainers ers,, clo closed sed dru drums ms or materials poured into containers for use and are not reused are not subject to the in-use penetrant requirements of 7.8.2 of 7.8.2..
7.8.2.6 H yd yd ro ro ph ph il il ic ic E mu mu ls ls ifi ifi er er C on on ce ce nt nt ra ra ti ti on on — Concentration of the emulsifier solution shall be checked at the intervals specified in in Table 1 using a refractometer. A longer peri pe riod od ma may y be us used ed if a pl plan an ju justi stify fyin ing g th this is ex exten tensi sion on is prepared by the NDT facility and approved by the cognizant engineering organization, or by the facilities certified Level III. Refrac Ref ractom tometer eter val values ues obt obtaine ained d sha shall ll be com compar pared ed to actu actual al values obtained from known concentrations of emulsifier. For immersion applications, the concentration, as percent of volume, shall be no higher than that specified by the penetrant system supplier and shall not exceed that for which the system was qualified. For spray or flowing applications, the concentration shall not exceed 5 %. 7.8.2.7 Dry Developer Condition—Recycled or reused dry developer shall be checked as specified in Table in Table 1 to 1 to check for fluorescence and to ensure it is fluffy and not caked. Caked dry developer develo per is unsati unsatisfacto sfactory ry and shall be replac replaced. ed. To check for fluorescence, apply a thin layer of in-use developer to a 4-in. (10-cm) or greater flat test panel using the same method of applica app licatio tion n use used d for pro produc duction tion parts, and obs observ ervee und under er a black light. Dry developer exhibiting ten or more fluorescent specks in a 4-in. (10-cm) diameter circle is unsatisfactory and shal sh alll be re repl plac aced ed.. Th Thee te test st pa pane nell se sele lect cted ed sh shal alll be no nonnfluorescent and non-reflective and have a working surface color which provides a good contrast with the developer powder. 7.8.2.8 Aqueous —Solub luble le and Aqueous Develo Developer per Conta Contaminati mination on—So suspendable aqueous developers shall be checked as specified Table 1 for fluo fluores rescen cence ce and cov covera erage. ge. Imm Immers ersee a clea clean n in Table aluminum panel, about 3 by 10 in. (8 by 25 cm) in the in-use developer, dry it, and observe it under a black light. Observed fluorescence or failure to uniformly wet the panel is unsatisfactor fac tory y and the dev develo eloper per sha shall ll be dis discar carded ded or oth otherw erwise ise corrected, as appropriate. Aqueouss Develop Developer er Concen Concentration tration—So 7.8.2.9 Aqueou —Solub luble le and suspendable aqueous developer concentration shall be maintained and checked with a hydrometer or in accordance with the man manufa ufactu cturer’ rer’ss ins instru tructio ctions ns at the int interv ervals als spe specifie cified d in Table 1. 1. Concentration shall be in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendation and shall be replaced or corrected accordingly. Penetrant System Perform Performance ance—The penetrant sys7.8.3 Penetrant tem’ss ove tem’ overall rall per perfor forman mance ce sha shall ll be che checke cked d as spe specifi cified ed in Table 1. 1. The check shall be performed by processing a known defect def ect stan standar dard d thr throug ough h the sys system tem usi using ng inin-use use pen penetr etrant ant,, emulsifier (if used) and developer and appropriate processing parameters. parame ters. The resulting indications indications will then be compared to the indications obtained using unused penetrant, emulsifier (if used) use d) and developer developer.. Thi Thiss com compar pariso ison n may be mad madee wit with h record rec ordss of pre previo viousl usly y obt obtaine ained d ind indicat ication ionss or with a sim similar ilar known defect standard processed with unused materials from a hold ho ld-o -out ut sam sampl ple. e. Wh When en re requ quir ired ed by th thee CEO or wh when en th thee sensitivity or performance of the in-use materials falls below the performance of the unused materials, the in-use materials shall be checked in accordance with paragraphs 7.8.3.2 paragraphs 7.8.3.2 through through 7.8.3.4 as 7.8.3.4 as appropriate, prior to conducting any further penetrant examinations examin ations.. Unacce Unacceptable ptable materials shall be discard discarded ed or otherw oth erwise ise cor correc rected ted in acco accorda rdance nce wit with h the man manufa ufactu cturer’ rer’ss instruction.
Materiall Confo Conformanc rmancee —Pr 7.8.1 New Materia —Prior ior to bei being ng pla placed ced into use, the conformance of materials to the requirements of AMS 2644 shall be verified, usually by a certified report from the sup suppli plier er.. Use of mate materia rials ls not con confor formin ming g to to AMS AMS 2644 shall require approval by the cognizant engineering organization prior to use and shall be allowed only when materials conforming confo rming to AMS 2644 are ina inadeq dequat uatee for the par particu ticular lar application. 7.8.2 Material Checks (In-Use)—The applicable tests specified in 7.8.2.1 through 7.8.2.9 shall be conducted on in-use materials at the intervals specified in Table in Table 1. 1. Operators shall be alert to any changes in performance, color, odor, consistency, or appearance of all in-use penetrant materials and shall conduct the appropriate checks and tests if they have reason to believe beli eve the qua quality lity of the pen penetr etrant ant may hav havee dete deterio riorate rated. d. Penetrant examination shall be conducted only after acceptable quality of materials has been established. Contamination ation—The in-u 7.8.2.1 Penetrant Contamin in-use se pene penetran trantt materials shall be viewed as specified in Table in Table 1 to 1 to determine if any of the fol follow lowing ing con conditi ditions ons are evid evident ent:: pre precipi cipitate tates, s, waxy deposits, white coloration, surface scum, or any other evidenc evid encee of con contami taminat nation ion or bre breakd akdown own.. Whe When n any of the above conditions are determined to be detrimental, the material shall be discarded or otherwise corrected, as appropriate. Penetrant Brightn Brightness ess—Br 7.8.2.2 Penetrant —Brigh ightne tness ss test testss of inin-use use fluores fluo rescen centt pen penetra etrants nts sha shall ll be con conduc ducted ted at the int interv ervals als specified in Table 1. 1. Te Tests sts sha shall ll be in acco accorda rdance nce wit with h Test Method E1135 with a rep repres resent entativ ativee sam sample ple of the unu unused sed penetrant serving as the reference. Brightness values less than 90 % of the unused penetrant brightness are unsatisfactory and the in-use penetrants shall be discarded or otherwise corrected, as appropriate. Water Con Content tent of Water ater-Bas -Based ed Water ater-W -Washa ashable ble 7.8.2.3 Water Penetrants—Th —Thee wa water ter co cont nten entt of wa water ter-b -bas ased ed Me Meth thod od A penetrants penetr ants shall be checke checked d at the intervals specified specified in Table in Table 1 using a refractometer. The water content must be maintained according to the manufacturer’s recommendation. ` , , ` ` ` , , , , ` ` ` ` ` ` , , ` , , ` , ` , , ` -
7.8.2.4 Water Content of Non-W Non-Water-Based ater-Based Water-Washable Water-Washable Penetrants—W —Water ater con conten tentt of non non-wa -water ter-ba -based sed Met Method hod A penetrants penetr ants shall be checke checked d at the intervals specified specified in Table in Table 1 in accordance with Test Method D95 D95,, Test Method D6304 Method D6304,, or Karl Fischer Method as described in Annex A1. A1 . If the water content of the in-use penetrant exceeds 5 %, the penetrant shall either eith er be dis discar carded ded or suf suffficie icient nt unu unused sed pen penetr etrant ant add added ed to reduce the water content to below 5 %. 7.8.2.5 Lipophilic Emulsifier Water Content —Water —Water content of li lipo poph phil ilic ic em emul ulsifi sifier erss sh shal alll be ch chec ecke ked d at th thee in inte terv rval alss specified in Table in Table 1 in 1 in accordance with Test Method D95 Method D95,, Test Method D6304, D6304, or the Karl Fischer method as described in Annex Ann ex A1 A1.. If the in-use emulsifier exceeds the water content of the original (un-used) emulsifier by more than 5 % it shall be discarded or corrected, as appropriate. Copyright ASTM International Provided by IHS under license with ASTM No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
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E1417/E1417M – 11 7.8.3.1 Known Defect Standards —The known defect standard dar d use used d sha shall ll be app approv roved ed by the cog cogniz nizant ant eng enginee ineerin ring g organization. The user shall establish and document effective cleaning cleanin g proce procedures dures based on the manuf manufacture acturer’s r’s instructions, instructions, if ap appl plica icabl ble. e. Th Thee us user er sh shall all en ensu sure re th that at cl clean eanin ing g of th thee standards between uses is adequate and that physical changes in the standard that make it unrepresentative of the indications found using the hold-out sample are detected. 7.8.3.2 Wa te te rr- Wa Wa sh sh ab ab le le ( Me Me th th od od A) P en en et et ra ra nt nt Removability—When required required in accor accordance dance with 7.8.3, 7.8.3, the removability of water-washable (Method A) penetrants shall be tested test ed usi using ng a AMS 26442644 -spe specifie cified d test panel or any other commer com mercial cially ly ava availab ilable le gri gritt bla blaste sted d pan panel. el. The tes testt sha shall ll be perfor per formed med using a sam sample ple of unu unused sed penetrant penetrant ser servin ving g as a reference. Place a streak of the unused reference sample on one portion of a panel and a separate streak of the in-use penetrant on a separate area of the panel. Allow the panel to drain for five minut min utes es an and d th then en wa wash sh th thee pa pane nell us usin ing g th thee te temp mper erat atur ure, e, pressure and wash times in use on the examination line. Dry the panel, coat with developer, and examine under UV light. If the background background of the in-use sample is visibly greater than that of the refere reference, nce, then the in-us in-usee penetrant shall be discar discarded ded or otherwise otherw ise corre corrected, cted, as appro appropriate. priate. 7.8.3.3 Emulsifier Removability—When required in accordance with 7.8.3 with 7.8.3,, the removability of the in-use emulsifier shall be te test sted ed us usin ing g an un unus used ed sa samp mple le of th thee sa same me br bran and d of emulsifier serving as a reference. The test shall be conducted using two test panels and processing parameters specified in AMS 2644 or any oth other er com commer mercial cially ly ava availab ilable le gri gritt bla blasted sted panel. pan el. The inin-use use emulsifier emulsifier shall be use used d wit with h the unused unused penetrant on one panel and compared to the reference system of unused emulsifier with unused penetrant on a second panel. Allow both panels to drain for five minutes and then wash using the temperature, pressure and wash times used on the examination line. Dry both panels, coat with developer, and examine under UV light. If the background is visibly greater than th an th that at of th thee re refe fere renc ncee sy syst stem em th thee em emul ulsi sifie fierr sh shall all be discarded or otherwise corrected, as appropriate. 7.8.3.4 Comparative Penetrant Sensitivity—When requir required ed in accordance with 7.8.3 with 7.8.3,, the comparative sensitivity of in-use penetrant shall be checked using the procedures in 7.8.3 7.8.3 except except that the che check ck sha shall ll be per perfor formed med by com compar paring ing the inin-use use penetr pen etrant ant to the ref refere erence nce (ho (holdld-out out)) unu unused sed pen penetr etrant ant by process pro cessing ing bot both h with unu unused sed emu emulsifi lsifier er,, if app applica licable ble,, and unused developer. If the comparative sensitivity of the in-use penetrant is noticeably less than the reference penetrant, the in-use penetrant is unsatisfactory for use.
7.8.4.1 Black Ligh —Portable table,, hand hand-hel -held, d, perm permanen anently tly Lights ts—Por mounted or fixed black lights used to inspect parts shall be checked for intensity as specified in Table in Table 1 or 1 or prior to use, and after bulb replacement. A longer period may be used if a plan justifying this extension is prepared by the NDT facility and approv app roved ed by the cog cogniz nizant ant eng engine ineeri ering ng or organ ganizat ization ion.. The 2 minimum acceptable intensity is 1000 µW/cm (10 W/m2) at 15 in. (38.1 cm) from the front of the filter to the face of the sensor. Black lights shall be checked at the intervals specified in Table 1 for cleanliness and integrity and shall be cleaned, in repaired or replaced as appropriate. Black lig light htss th that at us usee an UV UV-A -A LED so sour urce ce sh shal alll (1) Black prod pr oduc ucee a pe peak ak wa wave vele leng ngth th at 36 365 5 to 37 370 0 na nano nomet meter erss as measure meas ured d with a spe spectro ctrorad radiom iometer eter.. Whe When n req reques uested ted,, the manufacturer shall provide a certification thereof. Somee UV UV-A -A sou source rcess oth other er tha than n mer mercur cury y vap vapor or,, for NOTE—Som example, micro-discharge, LED, etc., have been shown to have emission characteristics such as excessive visible light, and UV intensity that may result in fluorescent fade, veiling glare, etc., all of which can significantly degrade examination reliability. (2) Since Since visibl visiblee light contamination contamination may interf interfere ere with UV-A UV -A in insp spect ectio ion, n, it is re reco comm mmen ende ded d th that at a vi visib sible le lig light ht contamination be taken at the viewing surface, when the UV-A lamp lam p is on and is he held ld at th thee an angl glee an and d di dista stanc ncee us used ed fo forr interpretation. The white light reading shall not exceed 2 fc (21.5 lx). Special UV Light Lighting ing—As spe 7.8.4.2 Special specifi cified ed in Table Table 1 or prior to use, the light intensity of UV pencil lamps, UV light guides, borescopes or remote UV examination equipment shall be me meas asur ured ed at th thee ex expe pect cted ed wo work rkin ing g di dista stanc ncee an and d sh shal alll prov pr ovid idee at lea least st 10 1000 00 µW µW/c /cm m2 (1 (10 0 W/m2) at th thee in inte tend nded ed examination surface. When using borescopes or remote video examination examin ation equipment, equipment, the image or interp interpretatio retation n area being viewed shall have sufficient resolution to effectively evaluate the area of examination. Battery Batt ery powered powered bla black ck lig lights hts use used d to ins inspec pectt par parts ts sha shall ll have their intensity measured prior to use. The minimum UV light intensity shall be 1000 µW/cm 2 at 15 in. (38.1 cm). NOTE—It is recommended that the initial UV light intensity be a minimum of 1500 µW/cm 2 at 15 in. (38.1 cm) to ensure that the strength of the battery will last through the examination to maintain a minimum of 1000 µW/cm 2 at 15 in. (38.1 cm). Visible Lights—Fo 7.8.4.3 Visible —Forr Type II vis visibl iblee dye exa examin minaations tio ns,, th thee lig light htin ing g sy syste stems ms sh shal alll be ch check ecked ed at in inter terva vals ls specified in Table in Table 1 to 1 to ensure a minimum of 100 fc (1076 lx) when measured at the examination surface. 7.8.4.4 Light Meters—Ultraviolet and visible light meters shall be calibrated at intervals specified in Table 1 in accordance da nce wit with h MIL-STD-45662, MIL-STD-45662 , ANSI/NCSL Z540-1, Z540-1 , or ISO 10012-1. 10012-1 .
NOTE 3—This test is not for determining determining the absolute sensitivity sensitivity of the penetrant or for determining the sensitivity level of the penetrant neither of which can be performed using a starburst-type panel.
NOTE 4—More information on UV-A.visible lights and meters can be found in ASTM E2297 ASTM E2297..
7.8.4 Equipment Checks—The following equipment checks shall be conducted at the intervals specified in Table 1 and recorded, as required. Records shall be maintained and available for audit by the customer, cognizant engineering organization or regul regulatory atory agencies. The calibration of equip equipment ment shall be traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Techno echnology logy (NIST (NIST)) or other recognized national standa standards, rds, where applicable. Copyright ASTM International Provided by IHS under license with ASTM No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
7.8.4.5 Examination Area—The interpretation area for stationar tio nary y sys systems tems for Type I pen penetr etrant antss sha shall ll be che checke cked d as specified specifi ed in in Table Table 1 and 1 and shall be clean and free from excessive fluorescent fluore scent contamination contamination and excessive visible light background. The ambient visible light background shall be checked at inte interva rvals ls spe specifie cified d in Tabl Tablee 1 or wh when en an any y ch chan ange ges, s, or 9 Not for Resale
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E1417/E1417M – 11 construct constr uction ion,, or bot both, h, in the inte interpr rpretat etation ion are areaa are mad made. e. Ambient visible light shall not exceed 2 fc (21.5 lx) at the examination surface. 7.8.4.6 Water Wash Operating Pressur Pressures/T es/Temperatures emperatures— Indicators Indic ators and controls shall be checke checked d as specifie specified d in Table 1 to ensure proper settings. Non-compliant water pressure and tempera temp eratur turee set setting tingss sha shall ll be adj adjust usted ed to the pro proper per set setting tingss prior pri or to per perfor formin ming g pen penetr etrant ant exa examin minatio ations. ns. Ind Indicat icators ors and controls shall be calibrated at intervals specified in Table in Table 1 i 1 in n accordance accord ance with MIL-STD-45662, MIL-STD-45662 , ANS ANSI/N I/NCSL CSL Z54 Z540, 0, or ISO 10012. 10012 . 7.8.4.7 Drying Oven Calibration —The temperature controlling device and the temperature indicating device, if separate from the controller, on the drying oven shall meet the requirements of 6.6.2 and 6.6.2 and shall be calibrated at intervals specified in Table 1 in acco accorda rdance nce with the req requir uireme ements nts of of MIL-STD45662,, ANSI/NCSL Z540, or ISO 10012. 45662 10012 . 7.8.4.8 Timers—Timing devices used to measure or monitor processing times, such as dwell times and eye adaptation times, need not be calibrated. 7.8.4.9 Air Pressure Gauges—Air pressure gauges that are used to regulate air pressure of hydro-air spray guns, removal of water prior to drying, and blow off of dry developer shall be checked and calibrated at intervals specified in Table I and in accorda acco rdance nce with MIL MIL-ST -STD-4 D-4566 5662, 2, ANS ANSI/NC I/NCSL SL Z54 Z540, 0, or ISO 10012. 10012 . 7.9 Marking and Identification —Components successfully passin pas sing g the pen penetr etrant ant exa examin minatio ation n sha shall ll be ide identi ntified fied and marked as follows: 7.9.1 Marking—Marking shall be applied in a manner and locatio loca tion n tha thatt is har harmle mless ss to the componen component, t, or its int intend ended ed function, and to preclude removal, smearing, or obliteration by
subsequent handling. When subsequent processing would remove such identification, the records accompanying the component pon ent shall be mar marked ked or sha shall ll spe specif cify y com compon ponents ents to the applicable documents. The methods of marking are listed in 7.9.2.. Marking shall conform to MIL-STD-792 7.9.2 MIL-STD-792,, unless otherwise specifi specified. ed. 7.9.2 Impre Impressio ssion n Sta Stampi mping ng Ink Sta Stampi mping, ng, Dye Dyeing ing,, Las Laser er Marking, Vibr Vibro o Engraving, Peening or Etching—The specific method to be used shall be specified in the contract document (purchase order, drawing, specification, and so forth). If not specified, ink stamping shall be used. Marking shall be located in areas adjacent to the part number or an area specified by the contract documents. Identificatio fication n—Other means of identi 7.9.3 Other Identi identification fication,, such as tagging, may be applied when the construction, finish, or functional requirements of the component preclude etching, dyeing, or stamping. Items such as bolts, nuts, or other small parts may be identified by conspicuously marking each package. 7.9.4 Symbols—Ea —Each ch com compon ponent ent tha thatt has suc succes cessfu sfully lly passed examination shall be marked as follows: 7.9.4. 7.9 .4.1 1 Whe When n etch etching ing or stam stampin ping g is app applica licable ble,, sym symbol bolss shall sha ll be use used. d. The stam stampin ping g may con contain tain an ide identi ntificat fication ion symboll or suppl symbo supplier ier number of the facility and a uniqu uniquee number or sym symbol bol iden identify tifying ing the exa examin miner er.. Exc Except ept for spe special cialized ized applications, use the symbol “P” to denote 100 % examination. All components, in the lot sampled, accepted on sampling basis shall be marked with the symbol “P” enclosed by an ellipse. 7.9.4.2 7.9.4 .2 When dyeing dyeing is used, maroon maroon dye shall be used to denote components accepted on a 100 % examination basis. Yello ellow w dye shall be use used d to den denote ote a samp sampling ling basis basis whe when n sampling is permitted.
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E1417/E1417M – 11 penetrant examin penetrant examination; ation; liquid penetrant testing testing;; nond nondestruc estruc-tive; nond nondestruct estructive ive evaluat evaluation; ion; nond nondestruct estructive ive examin examination; ation; nondestruc nond estructive tive examin examination; ation; nond nondestruc estructive tive testing testing;; penetr penetrant ant examination; examin ation; penetr penetrant ant examin examination; ation; penetr penetrant ant testing
8. Keyw Keywords ords 8.1 dye liquid penetrant penetrant examination; examination; dye penetr penetrant ant examination;; fluore nation fluorescent scent liquid penetrant examin examination; ation; fluore fluorescent scent penetrant penetr ant examin examination; ation; liquid penetr penetrant ant examin examination; ation; liquid
ANNEX (Mandatory Information) A1. METHOD FOR MEASURING WA WATER CONTENT
A1.1 Scope and Applicatio This modified Karl Fischer Application— n— This volumetric procedure is a practical alternative to Test Method D95 for D95 for undiluted hydrophilic emulsifiers and water contamination nati on of inin-use use lip lipoph ophilic ilic emu emulsifi lsifiers ers and Met Method hod A pen pen-etrants. The amount of sample used is adjusted to meet the water equivalent capacity of the titration agent employed (1 mL = 5 mg H 2O). For most materials required to meet the five percent (5 %) maximum allowable water content limit, 0.5 to 1.0 g sample size is sufficient.
A1.4.2 Pipet 10 mL of methanol methanol into clean dry Erlenmeyer Erlenmeyer flask. A1.4.3 Pipet 10 mL of Hydranal Hydranal buffer buffer into the same flask and gently swirl to mix. A1.4.4 Place white paper below below buret. Place the flask under the buret and slowly titrate, with gently swirling the Hydranal titrant into the flask until a light yellow-brown color persists (about 3 mL). A1.4.5 Record titrant titrant reading. A1.4.6 Place the flask on balance balance and add about 0.5 g of test sample, and record weight. Gently swirl flask to mix sample. A1.4.7 Place flask under under buret and titrate back to the same yellow-brown color and record the reading. A1.4.8 A1. 4.8 Rep Repeat eat and average average % H2O readings.
A1.2 Appar Apparatus: atus: A1.2.1 Buret , glass, 50-mL, A1.2.2 Flask , wide-mouth Erlenmeyer type, 250-mL, A1.2.3 Pipets, volumetric, two, 10-mL, A1.2.4 Weighing scale, reads to at least two decimal places, and A1.2.5 White paper .
A1.5 Calculat Calculatee Water Water Content Content as follows: follows: % H 2O 5 [consumption titrant 3 titer value 3 100] 4 sample weight (A1.1)
A1.3 Reagent Reagents: s: A1.3.1 Buf Hydran anal al (R (Rie iede dell de Ha Haen en)) or Buffer fer solution solution,, Hydr Hydra-Point (J.T. Baker), 500 mL, A1.3.2 Titrant, Hydranal Composite 5 (Riedel de Haen) or Hydra-Point Titrant 5, 1 L, and A1.3.3 Methanol, reagent grade, 500 mL.
where: consum con sumpti ption on
= second second bure burett readi reading ng of of Hydra Hydranal nal ComComposi po site te 5 Tit itra rant nt mi minu nuss th thee fir first st bu bure rett reading, mL, titer value = 5 mg/mL H2O, mg/mL, and sample sam ple weigh weightt = weig weight ht of sample sample added added,, mg.
A1.4 Analyt Analytical ical Procedure: Procedure: A1.4.1 A1.4. 1 Charg Chargee buret with Hydr Hydranal anal titrant.
A1.6 A1. 6 Repe Repeat at and and averag averagee % H2O readings.
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E1417/E1417M – 11
SUMMARY OF CHANGES Committ Comm ittee ee E0 E07 7 ha hass id iden entifi tified ed th thee lo loca catio tion n of se selec lected ted ch chan ange gess to th this is st stan anda dard rd si sinc ncee th thee la last st is issu suee 1 (E1417 – 05 ) that may impact the use of this standard. (August 15, 2011) ´
(1) Extens Extensive ive changes have been made throughout throughout this entire practice. ASTM International International takes no positi position on respecting the validi validity ty of any patent rights assert asserted ed in connec connection tion with any item mentio mentioned ned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility. This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible respon sible technical technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not receiv received ed a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below. This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address addr ess or at 610610-832832-9585 9585 (pho (phone), ne), 610610-832832-9555 9555 (fax (fax), ), or serv service@ ice@astm astm.org .org (e-m (e-mail) ail);; or thro through ugh the ASTM webs website ite (www.astm. (www .astm.org). org). Permission Permission rights to photocopy the standa standard rd may also be secure secured d from the ASTM websit website e (www (www.astm. .astm.org/ org/ COPYRIGHT/).
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