Designation: D523 – 08
Standard Test Method for
Specular Gloss 1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation D523; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original origin al adoption or, in the case of revis revision, ion, the year of last revision. revision. A number in paren parenthese thesess indicates the year of last reappr reapproval. oval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Sco Scope pe
Deg 0-Deg, of Opaque Specimens by Broad-Band Filter Reflectometry4 E430 Test Test Met Method hodss for Mea Measur sureme ement nt of Glo Gloss ss of Hig HighhGloss Surfaces by Abridged Goniophotometry
1.1 This test method covers covers the measurement of of the specular gloss of nonmetallic specimens for glossmeter geometries of 60, 20, and 85° (1-7 1-7)).2 1.2 The values stated in inch-poun inch-pound d units are to be regar regarded ded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.3 This standar standard d doe doess not purport purport to add addre ress ss all of the safet sa fetyy co conc ncer erns ns,, if an anyy, as asso socia ciate ted d wi with th its us use. e. It is th thee responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro priate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3. Terminology 3.1 Definitions: relative lumino luminous us refl reflectance ectance factor , n—the ratio of 3.1.1 relative the luminous flux reflected from a specimen to the luminous flux reflected from a standard surface under the same geometric conditions. For the purpose of measuring specular gloss, the standard surface is polished glass. 3.1.2 specular gloss, n—the relativ relativee lumino luminous us reflecta reflectance nce factor of a specimen in the mirror direction.
2. Referenc Referenced ed Documents Documents
4. Summ Summary ary of Test Test Method
2.1 ASTM Standards:3 D823 Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness of Paint, Varnish, and Related Products on Test Panels D3964 Practi Practice ce for Sel Selecti ection on of Coa Coatin ting g Spe Specim cimens ens for Appearance Measurements D3980 Practi Practice ce for Int Interl erlabo aborato ratory ry Testi esting ng of Pain Paintt and 4 Related Materia Materials ls D4039 Test Test Met Method hod for Refl Reflecti ection on Haz Hazee of Hig High-G h-Glos losss Surfaces E97 Test Test Metho Method d for Directional Reflectance Factor, 45-
4.1 Mea Measur suremen ements ts are made with 60, 20, or 85° geo geometr metry y (8, 9 9)). The geometry of angles and apertures is chosen so that these procedures may be used as follows: 4.1.1 4.1 .1 The 60° geometry geometry is use used d for int interc ercomp omparin aring g mos mostt specimens and for determining when the 20° geometry may be more applicable. 4.1.2 4.1 .2 The 20° geo geometr metry y is adv advant antage ageous ous for com compar paring ing specimens having 60° gloss values higher than 70. 4.1.3 4.1 .3 The 85° geo geometr metry y is use used d for comparin comparing g spe specim cimens ens for she sheen en or nea nearr-gra grazin zing g shi shinin niness ess.. It is mos mostt fre freque quentl ntly y applied when specimens have 60° gloss values lower than 10. 5. Signi Significanc ficancee and Use
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This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 Committee E12 on Color and App Appear earanc ancee and is the dire direct ct res respon ponsib sibili ility ty of Sub Subcom commit mittee tee E12.03 on Geometry. Curren Cur rentt edi editio tion n app approv roved ed Jun Junee 1, 200 2008. 8. Pub Publis lished hed Jun Junee 200 2008. 8. Ori Origin ginall ally y approved in 1939. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D523 – 89 (2008). DOI: 10.1520/D0523-08. 2 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this test metho method. d. 3 For refere referenced nced ASTM stand standards, ards, visit the ASTM websi website, te, www www.astm .astm.org .org,, or contact ASTM Customer Service at
[email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website. 4 Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
5.1 Glo Gloss ss is ass associ ociated ated with the cap capacit acity y of a sur surfac facee to reflect more light in directions close to the specular than in others. other s. Measu Measurement rementss by this test method correlate with visual observations of surface shininess made at roughly the corresponding angles. 5.1.1 5.1 .1 Mea Measur sured ed glo gloss ss rat rating ingss by thi thiss test method method are obtained by comparing the specular reflectance from the specimen me n to th that at fr from om a bl black ack gl glas asss st stan anda dard rd.. Si Sinc ncee sp spec ecul ular ar reflectance depends also on the surface refractive index of the specim spe cimen, en, the meas measure ured d glo gloss ss rati ratings ngs change as the sur surfac facee
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D523 – 08 refractive index changes. In obtaining the visual gloss ratings, however, it is customary to compare the specular reflectances of two specimens having similar surface refractive indices. 5.2 Other Other vis visual ual asp aspects ects of sur surface face app appear earanc ance, e, suc such h as distinctness of reflected images, reflection haze, and texture, are frequently involved in the assessment of gloss ( (1 1), (6), (7). Test Method E430 Method E430 includes includes techniques for the measurement of both bot h dis distin tinctn ctness ess-of -of-im -image age glo gloss ss and refl reflecti ection on haz haze. e. Test Method D4039 Method D4039 provides an alternative procedure for measuring reflection haze. 5.3 Litt Little le inf inform ormatio ation n abo about ut the rel relatio ation n of num numeri ericalcal-totopercep per ceptua tuall int interv ervals als of spe specul cular ar glo gloss ss has bee been n pub publish lished. ed. Howeve How ever, r, in man many y app applica licatio tions ns the glo gloss ss sca scales les of this test method have provided instrumental instrumental scaling of coated specimens that have agreed well with visual scaling (10 10)). 5.4 When specimens specimens differing differing widely in perceived gloss or color,, or both, are compared, nonlinearity color nonlinearity may be encou encountered ntered in the relationship between visual gloss difference ratings and instrumental gloss reading differences.
trated in Fig. 1, 1, and from the test surface in a convergingbeam-type instrument, as illustrated in Fig. in Fig. 2. 2. See See Fig. Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 for a gen genera eralize lized d illu illustr stratio ation n of the dim dimens ension ions. s. The tolerances are chosen so that errors in the source and receptor apertures do not produce an error of more than one gloss unit at any point on the scale (5). 6.2.1 The important important geometric dimensions dimensions of any specularspeculargloss measurement are: 6.2.1.1 6.2.1 .1 Beam axis angle(s), angle(s), usually 60, 20, or 85°. 6.2.1.2 6.2.1 .2 Accept Accepted ed angula angularr diver divergences gences from princ principal ipal rays (degree of spreading or diffusion of the reflected beam). NOTE 1—The parallel-beam parallel-beam gloss glossmeters meters possess possess the better uniformity uniformity of principle-ray angle of reflection, but the converging-beam glossmeters possess the better uniformity in extent of angular divergence accepted for measurement. NOTE 2—Polarization—An evaluation of the impact of polarization on 11)). The magnitude of the polargloss measurement has been reported (11 ization error depends on the difference between the refractive indices of spec sp ecim imen en an and d st stan anda dard rd,, th thee an angl glee of in inci cide denc nce, e, an and d th thee de degr gree ee of polari pol arizat zation ion.. Bec Becaus ausee the spe specim cimen en and sta standa ndard rd are gen genera erally lly qui quite te similar optically, measured gloss values are little affected by polarization.
6. Appar Apparatus atus
6.3 Vignetting—There shall be no vignetting of rays that lie within the field angles specified in Table in Table 1. 1. 6.4 Spectral Conditions—Results should not differ significant ca ntly ly fr from om th thos osee ob obtai taine ned d wi with th a so sour urce ce-fi -filte lterr ph phot otoc ocel elll combination combin ation that is spectrally corrected to yield CIE lumino luminous us efficiency with CIE source C. Since specular reflection is, in general, spectrally nonselective, spectral corrections need to be applied only to highly chromatic, low-gloss specimens upon agreement of users of this test method. 6.5 Measurement Measurement Mechanism—The receptor-measurement mechan mec hanism ism sha shall ll giv givee a num numeri erical cal ind indicat ication ion tha thatt is pro propor por-tional tio nal to the light flux pas passin sing g the receptor receptor field sto stop p wit with h 61 % of full-scale reading.
6.1 Instrumental Components—The apparatus shall consist of a lig light ht so sour urce ce fu furn rnis ishi hing ng an in inci cide dent nt be beam am,, me mean anss fo forr locating the surface of the specimen, and a receptor located to receive the required pyramid of rays reflected by the specimen. The receptor shall be a photosensitive device responding to visible radiation. 6.2 Geometric Conditions—The axis of the incident beam shall be at one of the specified angles from the perpendicular to the specimen surface. The axis of the receptor shall be at the mirror reflection of the axis of the incident beam. The axis of the incident beam and the axis of the receptor shall be within 0.1° of the nominal value indicated by the geometry. With a flat piece of polished black glass or other front-surface mirror in the specimen position, an image of the source shall be formed at the center of the receptor field stop (receptor window). The length of the illuminated area of the specimen shall be not more than one third of the distance from the center of this area to the receptor field stop. The dimensions and tolerance of the source and receptor receptor shall be as ind indicat icated ed in Table Table 1. The ang angula ularr dimensions of the receptor field stop are measured from the receptor lens in a collimated-beam-type instrument, as illus-
7. Referenc Referencee Standards 7.1 Primary Standards—Highly polished, plane, black glass with a refractive index of 1.567 for the sodium D line shall be assigned a specular gloss value of 100 for each geometry. The glos gl osss va valu luee fo forr gl glas asss of an any y ot othe herr re refr frac activ tivee in inde dex x ca can n be computed compu ted from the Fresnel equati equation on ( (5 5). For small differences in refractive index, however, the gloss value is a linear function of index, but the rate of change of gloss with index is different for each geometry. Each 0.001 increment in refractive index produces a change of 0.27, 0.16, and 0.016 in the gloss value assi as sign gned ed to a po poli lish shed ed st stan anda dard rd fo forr th thee 20 20,, 60 60,, an and d 85 85°° geometries, geome tries, respectively respectively.. For example, glass of index 1.527 would be assigned values of 89.2, 93.6, and 99.4, in order of increasing geometry. 7.2 Working —Ceramic ic tile, depol depolished ished ground Working Standards—Ceram opaque opa que gla glass, ss, eme emery ry pap paper er,, and oth other er sem semigl igloss oss mate material rialss having havin g hard and unifo uniform rm surfaces are suitabl suitablee when calibrated calibrated against a primary standard on a glossmeter known to meet the requir req uireme ements nts of thi thiss test meth method. od. Suc Such h sta standa ndards rds sho should uld be checked periodically for constancy by comparing with primary standards. 7.3 Sto Store re standards standards in a clo closed sed containe containerr whe when n not in use use.. Keep them clean and away from any dirt that might scratch or mar the their ir sur surfac faces. es. Never place place sta stand ndar ards ds fa face ce do down wn on a
TABLE 1 Angle Angles s and Relative Relative Dimensions of Source Image and Receptors In Plane of Measurement
Perpendicular to Plane of Measurement
u,°
2 tan u /2
Relative Dimension
°
2 tan u /2
Relative Dimension
Source image Tolerance 6
0. 75 0 .2 5
0 .0 1 3 1 0 .0 0 4 4
0 .1 7 1 0 .0 5 7
2 .5 0. 5
0 .0 4 3 6 0 .0 0 8 7
0 .5 6 8 0.114
60° receptor Tolerance 6
4. 4 0 .1
0 .0 7 6 8 0 .0 0 1 8
1 .0 0 0 0. 02 3
11.7 0 .2
0. 20 4 9 0 .0 0 3 5
2. 66 8 0 .0 4 6
20° receptor Tolerance 6
1. 8 0 .0 5
0 .0 3 1 4 0 .0 0 0 9
0 .4 0 9 0 .0 1 2
3 .6 0. 1
0 .0 6 2 9 0 .0 0 1 8
0 .8 1 9 0 .0 2 3
85° receptor Tolerance 6
4. 0 0 .3
0 .0 6 9 8 0 .0 0 5 2
0 .9 0 9 0. 06 8
6 .0 0 .3
0 .1 0 4 8 0 .0 0 5 2
1 .3 6 5 0 .0 6 8
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D523 – 08
FIG. 1 Diagr Diagram am of Paralle Parallel-Beam l-Beam Glossmeter Glossmeter Showi Showing ng Apertures and Source Mirror-Image Mirror-Image Position
FIG. 2 Diagram of Converging-Beam Glossmeter Showing Apertures and Source Mirror-Image Position
surface that may be dirty or abrasive. Always hold standards at the side edges to avoid getting oil from the skin on the standard surf su rfac ace. e. Cl Clea ean n th thee st stan anda dard rdss in wa warm rm wa wate terr an and d a mi mild ld detergent solution brushing gently with a soft nylon brush. (Do not use soa soap p sol soluti utions ons to clea clean n stan standar dards, ds, bec becaus ausee the they y can leave a film.) Rinse standards in hot running water (temperature near 150°F (65°C)) to remove detergent solution, followed by a final rinse in distilled water. Do not wipe standards. The polished black glass high-gloss standard may be dabbed gently with wit h a lin lintt-fr free ee pa pape perr to towe well or ot othe herr lin lint-f t-fre reee ab abso sorb rben entt material. Place the rinsed standards in a warm oven to dry.
subtract it algebraically from subsequent readings or adjust the instrument to read zero. 9.3 Calibra Calibrate te the instru instrument ment at the start and completion completion of every period of glossmeter operation, and during the operation at sufficiently frequent intervals to assure that the instrument response respo nse is practic practically ally constant. To calibrate, adjust the instru instru-ment to read correctly the gloss of a highly polished standard, properly positioned and oriented, and then read the gloss of a workin wor king g sta standa ndard rd in the mid mid-gl -gloss oss ran range. ge. If the ins instru trumen mentt reading for the second standard does not agree within one unit of its ass assign igned ed valu values, es, che check ck clea cleanlin nliness ess and repeat. repeat. If the instrument reading for the second standard still does not agree with wi thin in on onee un unit it of it itss ass assig igne ned d va valu lue, e, re repe peat at wi with th an anot othe herr mid-range standard. If the disparity is still more than one unit, do not use the instrument without readjustment, preferably by the manufacturer.
8. Prepara Preparation tion and Selection of Test Test Specimens 8.1 This test method does not cover preparation preparation techniques. techniques. When Wh enev ever er a tes testt fo forr gl glos osss re requ quir ires es th thee pr prep epar arati ation on of tes testt specimens, use the procedures given in Practice D823 D823.. NOTE 3—To 3—To det determ ermine ine the max maximu imum m glo gloss ss obt obtain ainabl ablee fro from m a tes testt material, such as a paint or varnish, use Methods B or C of Practice D823 Practice D823..
10. Procedur Proceduree 10.1 Pos 10.1 Positio ition n each specimen specimen in tur turn n ben beneath eath (or on) the glossmeter. For specimens with brush marks or similar texture effects, place them in such a way that the directions of the marks are parallel to the plane of the axes of the incident and reflected beams. 10.2 Take at least three readings on a 3 by 6-in. (75 by 150-mm) area of the test specimen. If the range is greater than two gloss units, take additional readings and calculate the mean
8.2 Select specimens specimens in accordance with Practice Practice D3964 D3964.. 9. Instrument Calibration 9.1 Opera Operate te the glossmeter in accordance accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. 9.2 Verify the instrument instrument zero by placing a black cavity in the specified position. If the reading is not within 6 0.1 of zero, Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved);
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D523 – 08 TABLE 3 Stand Standard ard Deviation of Gloss Determ Determinatio inations ns
after discarding divergent results as in the section on Test for Outlier Out lierss of Pra Practic cticee D3980. D3980. For lar large gerr sp spec ecime imens ns,, tak takee a proportiona propo rtionately tely greater number of readin readings. gs. 11. Dif Diffuse fuse Correction 11.1 App Apply ly dif diffus fusee cor correc rectio tions ns onl only y upo upon n agr agreem eement ent between the pro tween produc ducer er and the use userr. To app apply ly the cor correc rectio tion, n, subt su btra ract ct it fr from om th thee gl glos ossm smet eter er re read adin ing. g. To me meas asur uree th thee correction, illuminate the specimen perpendicularly and view at the incident angle with the receiver aperture specified in 6.2 in 6.2 for the corre correspond sponding ing geomet geometry ry.. To compu compute te the correc correction, tion, multiply the 45°, 0° directional reflectance of the specimen, determi dete rmined ned in acco accorda rdance nce with Test Met Method hod E97 E97,, by the effective fraction of the luminous flux reflected by the perfect diffus dif fusee refl reflecto ectorr and acce accepte pted d by the rec receiv eiver er ape apertu rture. re. The luminous flux entering the receiver aperture from the perfect white diffusor would give the following gloss indications for each of the geometries: Geometry, ° 60 20 85
A B
12.1 Report the information information following: 12.1.1 Mean specular gloss readings and the geometry used. 12.1.2 12.1. 2 If uniformity uniformity of surface is of interest, the presence presence of any specimen that exhibits gloss readings varying by more than 5 % from their mean. 12.1.3 12. 1.3 Where pre prepar paratio ation n of the test spe specime cimen n has bee been n necessa nec essary ry,, a des descri criptio ption n or ide identifi ntificati cation on of the meth method od of preparation. 12.1.4 12.1. 4 Manuf Manufacturer acturer’s ’s name and model designation designation of the glossmeter. 12.1.5 12.1. 5 Workin orking g stand standard ard or standa standards rds of gloss used.
A B
Reproducibility (Between Laboratories)B Ceramic Painted Tiles Panels 3 .5 6 .4 3 .4 3 .5 2 .0 7 .2
Type of Gloss,°
No. of Painted Panels
20 60 85
8 22 6
Degrees Degree s of Fre Freedo edom m WithinBetweenLaboraLaboratory tories 80 72 2 20 1 36 48 18
Standa Sta ndard rd Deviat Deviation ions s WithinBetweenLaboraLaboratoryA toriesB 0 .6 2 .2 0. 3 1. 2 0 .3 2 .4
Single determinations. For means of three determinations.
14. Keyw Keywords ords 14.1 appea appearance; rance; directional directional reflect reflectance ance factor; gloss; goniophotometry; high gloss; relative luminous reflectance factor; specular gloss
Single determinations. For means of three determinations.
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Standard Standa rd Deviat Deviation ions s WithinBetweenLaboraLaboratoryA toriesB 0 .4 1. 2 0 .3 1. 2 0. 2 0 .6
NOTE 4—For some types of paint, particularly semi-gloss, the measured gloss is affected by method of film preparation and drying conditions so that the reproducibility of results from such materials may be poorer than the values given in Table in Table 2. 2.
TABLE 2 Maximum Acceptable Acceptable Differences Differences for Two Results
20 60 85
20 60 85
Degrees Degree s of Fre Freedo edom m WithinBetweenLaboraLaboratory tories 40 34 40 34 16 6
13.1 On the bas 13.1 basis is of stu studie diess of this test meth method od by sev several eral labora lab orator tories ies in whi which ch sin single gle det determ ermina inatio tions ns wer weree mad madee on differ dif ferent ent day dayss on sev severa erall cer ceramic amic tile tiless and pai painte nted d pan panels els difffe di ferin ring g in vis visua ually lly pe perc rceiv eived ed glo gloss, ss, th thee po poole oled d wit within hin-laboratory and between-laboratories standard deviations were found to be those shown in Table 3. 3. Based on these standard deviations, the following criteria should be used for judging the acceptability of results at the 95 % confidence level: 13.1.1 Repeatability—Two results, each of which are single determinations obtained on the same specimen by the same operator, should be considered suspect if they differ by more than the maximum acceptable differences given in Table in Table 2. 2. 13.1.2 Reproducibility—Two results, each the mean of three determination determ inations, s, obtain obtained ed on the same specime specimen n by different different laboratories should be considered suspect if they differ by more than the maximu maximum m accept acceptable able differences differences given in in Table Table 2. This does not include variability due to preparation of panels in different laboratories.
Gloss of Perfect White Diffuser 2 .5 1 .2 0 .0 3
Repeatability (Within Laboratories)A Ceramic Painted Tiles Panels 1. 1 1. 7 0. 9 0. 9 0. 6 0. 8
No. of Ceramic Tiles
13. Pre Precisi cision on
12. Repor Reportt
Type of Gloss,°
Type of Gloss,°
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D523 – 08 REFERENCES (1) Hunter, R. S., “Methods of Determining Gloss,” Proceedings, ASTM , Vol 36, 1936, Part II, p. 783. Also, Journal of Research, Nat. Bureau Stan St anda dard rds, s, Vol 18 18,, No No.. 1, Ja Janu nuar ary y 19 1937 37,, p. 19 ( Research Paper RP958). Six somewhat different appearance attributes are shown to be variously associated with gloss. Therefore, as many as six different photometric scales may be required to handle all gloss measurement problems. (This paper is out of print). (2) Hu Hunt nter er,, R. S. S.,, an and d Ju Judd dd,, D. B. B.,, “D “Dev evelo elopm pmen entt of a Me Meth thod od of Bulletin, No Classifying Class ifying Paint Accor According ding to Gloss Gloss,” ,” ASTM Bulletin No.. 97 97,, March 1939, p. 11. A comparison is made of several geometrically different photometric scales for separating paint finishes for gloss. The geometric conditions of test later incorporated in Test Method D523 are recommended. (3) Wetlauf etlaufer, er, L. A., and Scott, W. W. E., “The Measu Measuremen rementt of Glos Gloss,” s,” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Analytical Editio Edition, n, Vol 12, November 1940, p. 647. A goniophotometric study of a number of paint finishes illuminated illuminated at 45°; a study of gloss readin readings gs affected affected by variation of aperture for 45 and 60° incidence. (4) Hunter, R. S., “The Gloss Measurement of Paint Finishes,” ASTM Bulletin, No. 150, January 1948, p. 72. History of Test Method D523. (5) Hamm Hammond ond,, H. K. K.,, III III,, and Nim Nimerr errof off, f, I., “Me “Measu asurem rement ent of Six SixtytyDegree Specular Gloss,” Journal of Research, Nat. Bureau Standards. A study of the effect of apertu aperture re variation on gloss glossmeter meter readings, readings, including definitions of terms used in connection with specular gloss measur mea sureme ement, nt, the Fre Fresne snell equ equatio ation n in a for form m rea readil dily y usa usable ble for computation, and the deviation of diffuse correction formulas. (6) Hunter Hunter,, R. S., “Gloss Evalua Evaluation tion of Materi Materials,” als,” ASTM Bulletin, No. 186, December 1952, p. 48. A study of the history of gloss methods in
ASTM and other societies, describing the background in the choice of geometry geom etry of these methods. Contains photographs photographs depicting gloss characteristics of a variety of methods. Measurement of Appearance, Wiley-Interscience, (7) Hunter, R. S., The Measurement New York, 1975, Chapter 6, “Scales for Gloss and Other Geometric Attributes,” and Chapter 13, “Instruments “Instruments for the Geometric Attributes of Object Appearance.” (8) Horning, S. C., and Morse, M. P., “Measurement of the Gloss of Paint Offıcial ıcial Digest , Federation of Paint and Varnish Production Panels,” Off Club Cl ubs, s, Ma Marc rch h 19 1947 47,, p. 15 153. 3. A st stud udy y of th thee ef effe fect ct of ge geom ometr etric ic conditions on results of gloss tests with special attention to high-gloss panels. (9) Huey, S., Hunter, R. S., Schreckendgust, J. G., and Hammond, H. K., Offıcial ıcial Digest , Vol 36, III, “Sym “Symposiu posium m on Gloss Measurement,” Measurement,” Off No. 471 471,, Apr April il 196 1964, 4, p. 343 343.. Con Contai tains ns dis discus cussio sion n of ind indust ustria riall experience in measurement of 60° specular gloss (Huey), high-gloss measurement (Hunter), evaluation of low-gloss finishes with 85° sheen measurements (Schreckendgust), and gloss standards and glossmeter standardization (Hammond). (10) Billmeyer, F. F. W., Jr., Jr., O’Donnell, F. X. D., “Visual Gloss Scaling and Multidimensional Scaling Analysis of Painted Specimens,” Color Research and Application, Vol 12, 1987, pp 315 315–32 –326. 6. Com Compar pares es visual difference ratings with instrumental measurements of specular gloss, distinctness of image gloss, and haze for series of black, gray, and white painted specimens. specimens. The data are analyz analyzed ed by multi multidimen dimen-sional scaling. (11) Budde, W., “Stability Problems in Gloss Measurements,” Journal of Coatings Technology, Vol 52, June 1980, pp. 44–48.
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