Designation Design ation:: D1762 – 84 (Reapproved 2007)
Standard Test Method for
Chemical Analysis of Wood Charcoal 1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1762; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original origin al adoption or, in the case of revis revision, ion, the year of last revision. revision. A number in paren parenthese thesess indicates the year of last reappr reapproval. oval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Sco Scope pe
5. Appar Apparatus atus
1.1 This test method covers the determination determination of moisture, moisture, volatile matter, and ash in charcoal made from wood. The test method is applicable to lumps and briquets and is designed for the evaluation of charcoal quality. The test method employs apparatus that is found in most laboratories and is adapted to routine analyses of a large number of samples. standard d doe doess not purport purport to add addre ress ss all of the 1.2 This standar safet sa fetyy co conc ncer erns ns,, if an anyy, as asso socia ciate ted d wi with th its us use. e. It is th thee responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro priate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5.1 Mill, 4 for grind grinding ing sample samples. s. 5.2 Oven, with automatic temperature control at 105 6 1°C. 5.3 Muffle Furnace, to control temperatures at 750 6 5°C and 950 6 5°C. 5.4 Analytical Balance, with a capacity of at least 100 g and a sensitivity of 0.1 mg. 5.5 Containers, airtight, such as screw-top bottles for storage of ground samples. 5.6 Sieves, as specified in Method D410 Method D410.. 5.7 Crucibles, porcelain, 41 by 37 mm with porcelain lids. 5.8 Desiccator , containing calcium chloride as drying agent.
2. Referenc Referenced ed Documents Documents
6. Sampl Samplee
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 D346 Pra Practi ctice ce fo forr Co Colle llect ctio ion n an and d Pr Prep epar arati ation on of Co Coke ke Samples Sam ples for Labor Laboratory atory Analysis Analysis D410 Method for Sieve Analysis of Coal 3 D3176 Practice for Ultimate Analysis of Coal and Coke D3180 Practice Practice for Calc Calcula ulatin ting g Coal and Cok Cokee Ana Analys lyses es from As-Determined As-Determined to Dif Differen ferentt Bases 3. Summ Summary ary of Method Method 3.1 3. 1 Th Thee sa samp mple le is gr grou ound nd in a sp spec ecifie ified d ma mann nner er an and d th thee moisture moistu re dete determi rmined ned as los losss in wei weight ght in a dry drying ing oven at 105°C. Volatile matter is determined as loss in weight at 950°C under specified conditions. Ash is determined as the residue after burning to constant weight at 750°C. 4. Sign Significan ificance ce and Use 4.1 Low quality quality wood and wood residues residues are used for wood wood charcoal. This test method is used for evaluating the charcoal to assess the methods of production and assist in developing new metho methods. ds. 1
This test method is under the jurisdiction jurisdiction of ASTM Committee Committee D07 on Wood and is the direct responsibility responsibility of Subco Subcommitte mmitteee D07.01 on Funda Fundamenta mentall Test Methods and Properties. Current Curre nt editio edition n approv approved ed . Publi Published shed April 2007. Originally approved approved in 1960. Lastt pre Las previo vious us edi editio tion n app approv roved ed in 200 2001 1 as D17 D1762 62 – 84 84 (2001 (2001). ). DOI DOI:: 10. 10.152 1520/ 0/ D1762-84R07. 2 For refere referenced nced ASTM stand standards, ards, visit the ASTM websi website, te, www www.astm .astm.org .org,, or contact ASTM Customer Service at
[email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website. 3 Withdrawn
6.1 Sample Selection—The sample shall be selected so as to be re repr pres esen entat tativ ivee of al alll of th thee mat mater erial ial co cont ntai aine ned d in a lo lot. t. Samp Sa mple le se sele lecti ction on sh shal alll be car carri ried ed ou outt in ac acco cord rdan ance ce wi with th Practices D346 Practices D346,, D3176 D3176,, and D3180 and D3180.. 6.2 Sample Preparation—Sampl —Samples es will normally be airair-dry dry charcoal lumps or briquets. Rainsoaked or wet samples shall be spread spr ead out to air air-dr -dry y bef before ore carrying carrying out the ana analys lysis. is. For purchase specifications, the moisture content of the charcoal, as received, shall be determined on samples ground to pass a No. 20 (850-µm) sieve, since excessive grinding will result in loss of mo moist istur uree du duee to th thee ge gene nera ratio tion n of he heat. at. Fo Forr lab labor orato atory ry evaluation, moisture, ash, and volatile matter shall be determined on a sample ground as follows: 6.2.1 All of the selected sample sample shall be ground; ground; no part of the sample shall be rejected. The sample shall be pulverized rapidly in a mill. Long grinding times shall be avoided because of generated heat which will cause loss of volatile material. Exce Ex cess ssiv ivee gr grin indi ding ng wi will ll pr prod oduc ucee a lar large ge am amou ount nt of fin finee particles smaller than a No. 100 (150-µm) sieve. These fine particles contribute to errors of being swept out of the crucible during dur ing the rap rapid id evo evolut lution ion of gas gases es in the det determ ermina ination tion of volatil vol atilee mat matter ter.. Par Particl ticles es that will be ret retain ained ed on a No. 20 (850-µm) sieve shall not be used. Samples with the following sieve analysis have been found satisfactory:
4
A Wiley Mill, size No. 2, with a 1-mm screen, or an equivalent mill has been found satisfactory for this purpose. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1 which you may attend.
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D1762 – 84 (2007) Passing Sieve
Retained on Sieve
Sample, %
... No. No. No. No. No.
No. 20 (850-µm) No. 40 (425-µm) No. 60 (250-µm) No. 80 (180-µm) No. 100 (150-µm) ...
0 14.5 18.7 7.0 3.4 56.4
20 (850-µm) 40 (425-µm) 60 (250-µm) 80 (180-µm) 100 (150-µm)
6.2.2 The ground sample shall be well mixed and stored in an airtight container.
7.4 Ash—Place the lids and the uncovered crucible used for the volatile matter determination, and containing the sample in the muffle furnace at 750°C for 6 h. Cool the crucibles with lids in place in a desiccator for 1 h and weigh. Repeat burning of the sample until a succeeding 1-h period of heating results in a loss of less than 0.0005 g. 8. Calculation and Report 8.1 Calculate the percentage of moisture in the sample as follows:
7. Procedure
Moisture, % 5 [~ A 2 B! / A] 3 100
7.1 Make duplicate determinations. 7.2 Moisture—Heat the muffle furnace to 750°C and place previously ignited porcelain crucibles (Note 1) and covers in the furnace for 10 min. Cool the crucibles in a desiccator for 1 h. Weigh the crucibles and add to each approximately 1 g, weighed to the nearest 0.1 mg, of the ground sample. Place the samples in the oven at 105°C for 2 h. Place the dried samples in a desiccator for 1 h and weigh (Note 2). NOTE 1—In practice, a crucible from a previous determination is used. NOTE 2—The sample shall be considered oven-dry when the decrease in weight of consecutive weighings is 0.0005 g or less. Succeeding drying periods shall be not less than 1 h.
7.3 Volatile Matter —Heat the muffle furnace to 950°C. Preheat the crucibles used for the moisture determination, with lids in place and containing the sample, as follows: with the furnace door open, for 2 min on the outer ledge of the furnace (300°C) and then for 3 min on the edge of the furnace (500°C) (Note 3). Then move the samples to the rear of the furnace for 6 min with the muffle door closed. Watch the samples through a small peep-hole in the muffle door. If sparking occurs, results will be in error (Note 4). Cool the samples in a desiccator for 1 h and weigh. NOTE 3—Individual nichrome wire baskets to hold the crucibles are convenient. NOTE 4—If the sparking sample does not check the results of its nonsparking duplicate within 60.5 %, the analysis shall be repeated.
(1)
where: A = grams of air-dry sample used, and B = grams of sample after drying at 105°C (7.2). 8.2 Calculate the percentage of volatile matter in the sample as follows: Volatile matter, % 5 [~ B 2 C ! / B] 3 100
(2)
where: C = grams of sample after drying at 950°C (7.3). 8.3 Calculate the percentage of ash in the sample as follows: Ash, % 5 ~ D / B ! 3 100
(3)
where: D = grams of residue (7.4). 8.4 Report all results to the first decimal place. Values for duplicate determinations should agree within the following: Constituent Determined Moisture Volatile matter Ash
Permissible Differences Between Duplicates, % 0.1 0.5 0.1
9. Precision and Bias 9.1 There is currently no data available with which to develop a precision and bias statement. 10. Keywords 10.1 ash; charcoal; moisture; volatile matter
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