Designation: D1452 − 09
Standard Practice for
Soil Exploration and Sampling by Auger Borings 1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1452; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original origin al adoption or, in the case of revis revision, ion, the year of last revision. revision. A number in paren parenthese thesess indicates the year of last reappr reapproval. oval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Sco Scope* pe*
2. Referenc Referenced ed Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards: 2 D653 Termino erminology logy Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contain Contained ed Fluids D1586 Test Metho Method d for Penetration Test Test (SPT) and SplitBarrel Sampling of Soils D1587 Practice D1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils for Geotechnical Purposes D2488 Practic Practicee for Descri Description ption and Ident Identification ification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure) D5434 Guide D5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsu Subsurface rface Explorations Explorations of Soil and Rock D4750 Test Met Method hod for Det Determ ermini ining ng Sub Subsur surfac facee Liq Liquid uid Levels Lev els in a Bor Boreho ehole le or Mon Monito itorin ring g Well (Ob (Obser servat vation ion 3 Well) (Withdrawn Well) (Withdrawn 2010) D5784 Guide D5784 Guide for Use of Hollow-Stem Augers for Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices D6026 Practice D6026 Practice for Using Significant Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data D6151 Practice D6151 Practice for Using Hollow-Stem Hollow-Stem Auger Augerss for Geotechnical Exploration and Soil Sampling
1.1 This practice covers covers equipment and procedures procedures for the use of earth augers in shallow depth geotechnical exploration. This practice does not apply to hollow-stem augers. Uses of hollow-stem auger drilling methods for geotechnical exploration are addressed in Test Method D6151 D6151.. 1.2 This practice does not include consideration considerationss for geoen geoen-vironmental site characteristics and installation of monitoring wells which are discussed in Guide D5784 Guide D5784.. 1.3 The values stated in inch-poun inch-pound d units are to be regar regarded ded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.4 All observed observed and calculated values values shall conform conform to the guidelines for signifi guidelines significant cant digits and rounding established established in Practice D6026 Practice D6026 unless unless superseded by this method. standard d doe doess not purport purport to add addre ress ss all of the 1.5 This standar safetyy co safet conc ncer erns ns,, if an anyy, as asso socia ciate ted d wi with th its us use. e. It is th thee responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro priate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3. Terminology
1.6 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace educat edu cation ion or exp experie erience nce and should should be use used d in con conjun junctio ction n with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
3.1 Definitions— For For common common defi definiti nitions ons of term termss in thi thiss standard, refer to Terminology D653 D653.. 4. Signi Significanc ficancee and Use 4.1 Auger borings borings often provide provide the simplest method of soil exploration and sampling. They may be used for any purpose wher wh eree di dist stur urbe bed d sa samp mple less can be us used ed an and d ar aree va valu luab able le in connection with groundwater level determination and indication of changes in strata and advancement of hole for splitbarrel penetration tests and sampling (Test Method D1586 Method D1586)) and
1
2
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.02 Subcommittee D18.02 on Sampling and Related Field Testing for Soil Evaluations. Current Curre nt editio edition n approv approved ed Feb. 15, 2009. Published Published March 2009. Origin Originally ally approved in 1957. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D1452 – 07a. DOI: 10.1520/D1452-09.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at
[email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website. 3 The last app approv roved ed ver versio sion n of this historica historicall sta standa ndard rd is ref refere erence nced d on www.astm.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
D1452 − 09 thin-walled tube sampli thin-walled sampling ng (Prac (Practice tice D1587) D1587). Equ Equipm ipment ent required is simple and readily available. Depths of auger explorations are, however, limited by groundwater conditions, soil characteristics, and the equipment used.
5.1.3.1 Clam-Shell Fig. g. 2(a) a))) co cons nsist istin ing g of tw two o Clam-Shell Type, (Fi halves hal ves,, hin hinged ged to allo allow w ope openin ning g and clo closin sing g for alternatel alternately y digging and retrieving. It is not usable deeper than about 3.5 ft (1.07 m). 5.1.3.2 Iwan Type, ( (Fig. Fig. 2(b)) 2(b)) consisting of two tubular steel segments, connected at the top to a common member to form a nearly complete tube, but with diametrically opposed openings. It is connected at the bottom by two radial blades pitched to serve as cutters which also block the escape of contained soil. Attachment of handle or extension is at the top connector.
5. Appar Apparatus atus 5.1 Hand-Operated Augers: 5.1.1 Helical Augers, (Fig. 1( 1(a)) small lightweight augers generally available in sizes from 1 through 3 in. (25.4 through 76.2 mm). Auger,, consis 5.1.1.1 Spiral-Type Auger consistin ting g of a flat thin meta metall strip, stri p, mac machin hinee twis twisted ted to a spi spiral ral con configu figurat ration ion of uni unifor form m pitch; having at one end, a sharpened or hardened point, with a means of attaching a shaft or extension at the opposite end. 5.1.1.2 Ship-Type Auger— Similar Similar to a carpen carpenter’s ter’s wood bit. It is generally forged from steel and machined to the desired size and config configuratio uration. n. It is norma normally lly provided with sharp sharpened ened and hardened nibs at the point end and with an integral shaft extendi exte nding ng thr throug ough h its len length gth for atta attachm chment ent of a han handle dle or extension at the opposite end. 5.1.2 Open Tubular Augers, ( (Fig. Fig. 1(b)) 1(b)) ranging ranging in size from 1.5 through through 8 in. (38.1 through through 203.2 mm) and having having the common characteristic of appearing essentially tubular when viewed from the digging end. Orchard-Barrel Type, (Fig. 1(c)) 5.1.2.1 Orchard-Barrel 1(c)) consisting essentiall tia lly y of a tu tube be ha havi ving ng cu cutti tting ng lip lipss or ni nibs bs ha hard rden ened ed an and d sharpened to penetrate the formation on one end and an adaptor fitting for an extension or handle on the opposite end. 5.1.2.2 Open-Spiral Type, consisting of a flat thin metal strip that has been helically wound around a circular mandrel to form a spiral in which the flat faces of the strip are parallel to thee ax th axis is of th thee au auge gere red d ho hole le.. Th Thee lo lowe werr he heli lix x ed edge gess ar aree hard-faced to improve wear characteristics. The opposite end is fitted with an adaptor for extension. 5.1.2.3 Closed-Spiral Type— Nearly Nearly ide identic ntical al to the ope opennspiral type except the pitch of the helically wound spiral is much less than that of the open-spiral type. Post-Hole Augers Augers,, gener 5.1.3 Post-Hole generally ally 2 thr throug ough h 8 in. (50 (50.8 .8 thro th roug ugh h 20 203. 3.2 2 mm mm), ), an and d ha havi ving ng in co comm mmon on a me mean anss of blocking the escape of soil from the auger.
5.2 Machine-Operated Augers: 5.2.1 Helical Augers, ( (Fig. Fig. 3( 3(a)) generally 4 through 48 in. (101.6 through 1219 mm), consisting essentially of a center shaft fitted with a shank or socket for application of power, and having havin g one to six complete 360° (6.28 (6.28-rad) -rad) spirals for conv conveyeyance an ce an and d sto stora rage ge of cu cutt so soil. il. Cu Cutte tterr bi bits ts an and d pi pilo lott bi bits ts ar aree available in moderate and hard formation types and normally repl re plac aceab eable le in th thee fie field ld.. Th They ey ar aree no norm rmall ally y op oper erate ated d by heavy-duty heavy -duty,, highhigh-torqu torquee machin machines, es, design designed ed for heavy construction work. 5.2.2 Stinger genera rally lly 3 th thro roug ugh h 30 in in.. (7 (76. 6.2 2 Stinger Augers Augers,, gene through 762 mm), are similar to the helical auger in 5.2.1 in 5.2.1,, but lighter and gener generally ally smaller. They are commo commonly nly operated by light-duty machines for post and power pole holes. 5.2.3 Disk Augers, (Fig. 3( 3(b)) generally 10 through 30 in. (254 through 762 mm), consisting essentially of a flat, steel disk with diametrically opposed segments removed and having a shank or socket located centrally for application of power. Replaceable Replace able cutter bits, located downward from the leadin leading g edges of the remaining disk, dig and load soil that is held on the disk by valves or shutters hinged at the disk in order to close the removed segments. The disk auger is specific specifically ally designed to be operated by machines having limited vertical clearance between spindle and ground surface. 5.2.4 Bucket Auger, (Fig. 3(c)) 3(c)) generally 12 through 48 in. (304.8 (30 4.8 thr throug ough h 121 1219 9 mm) mm),, con consist sisting ing ess essent entiall ially y of a dis disk k auger aug er,, wit withou houtt sha shank nk or soc socket ket,, but hin hingege-mou mounte nted d to the bottom of a steel tube or bucket of approximately the same diam di amete eterr as th thee di disk sk au auge gerr. A so sock cket et or sh shan ank k fo forr po powe werr application is located in the top center of the bucket diametral cross piece provided for the purpose.
FIG. 1 Hand Augers
2
D1452 − 09
FIG. 2 PostPost-Hole Hole Augers
FIG. 3 Machine-Operated Augers
5.3 Casing (when (when nee needed ded), ), con consis sistin ting g of pip pipee of slig slightly htly larger diameter than the auger used.
6.3 The soil auger can be used both both for boring boring the hole and for bringing up disturbed samples of the soil encountered. The structure of a cohesive soil is completely destroyed and the moisture may be changed by the auger. Seal all samples in a jar or other airtight container and label appropriately. If more than one type of soil is picked up in the sample, prepare a separate container for each type of soil.
5.4 Accessory Equipment— Labels, Labels, field log sheets, sample jars, sealing wax, sample bags, and other necessary tools and supplies. 6. Pro Procedu cedure re 6.1 Mak Makee the auger boring boring by rot rotatin ating g and advancin advancing g the desired distance into the soil. Withdraw the auger from the hole and remove the soil for examination and test. Return the empty auge au gerr to th thee ho hole le an and d re repe peat at th thee pr proc oced edur ure. e. Co Cont ntin inue ue th thee sequence until the required depth is reached.
Monitoring ng Water Level— It is ad 6.4 Monitori advi visab sable le to mo moni nito torr groundwater levels, if present, in the drill hole during and after remova rem ovall of the dri drillin lling g equ equipm ipment ent.. Gro Ground undwat water er elev elevatio ation n should be measured and documented during drilling to include datum, date and time measured. Method or equipment used to determine determ ine depth of groundwater groundwater level, such as Test Method D4750 should D4750 should also be noted. If groundwater is not encountered or if the level is of doubtful reliability, such information should also be documented. 6.4. 6. 4.1 1 Th Thee us user er is cau cautio tione ned d th that at th ther eree ar aree ma many ny fa facto ctors rs which can influence borehole water level measurements and the interpretation of borehole water level measurements. These factor fac torss are not described described or dis discus cussed sed in thi thiss pra practic ctice. e. The
6.2 Casing is required in unstable soil soil in which the bore hole fails to stay open and especially when the boring is extended below the groundwater level. The inside diameter of the casing must be slightly larger than the diameter of the auger used. The casing shall be driven to a depth not greater than the top of the next sample and shall be cleaned out by means of the auger. The auger can then be inserted into the bore hole and turned below the bottom of the casing to obtain a sample.
3
D1452 − 09 interpretation and application of borehole water level information should should be don donee by a tra traine ined d spe special cialist. ist. Installat Installation ion of piezometers should be considered where complex groundwater conditions prevail.
7.1.5 Depth of changes changes in strata, 7.1.6 7.1 .6 Des Descri criptio ption n of soi soill in each major stratum stratum in acco accorrdance with Practice D2488 Practice D2488,, 7.1.7 Grou Groundwate ndwaterr elevation and location of seepage zones, when found, 7.1.8 7.1 .8 Dat Datum, um, dat datee and time of bor boreho ehole le wat water er-lev -level el mea mea-surement and method or equipment used, and 7.1.9 Condition of augered hole hole upon removal of auger, auger, that is, whether the hole remains open or the sides cave, when such can be observed.
7. Data Sheet/Fo Sheet/Form rm 7.1 Repor Reportt infor information mation in accordance with Guide D5434. D5434. The data obtained in boring shall be recorded on the field logs and shall include the following: 7.1.1 Date of start and completion of boring, boring, 7.1.2 Identi Identifying fying number of boring, 7.1.3 Referen Reference ce datum including including direction and distance of boring bor ing rel relativ ativee to ref refere erence nce line of pro project ject or oth other er sui suitabl tablee reference points, 7.1.4 Type and size of auger used in boring, boring,
8. Keywo Keywords rds 8.1 auger borings; borings; geotech geotechnical nical exploration; exploration; sampli sampling; ng; soil explorations
APPENDIX (Nonmandatory Information) X1. EXAMPLE DAT DATA SHEET
X1.1 Fig. X1.1 provides X1.1 provides an example data sheet.
4
D1452 − 09
FIG. X1.1
5
D1452 − 09
SUMMARY OF CHANGES Committ Comm ittee ee D1 D18 8 ha hass id iden enti tified fied th thee lo loca catio tion n of sel select ected ed ch chan ange gess to th this is st stan anda dard rd sin since ce th thee las lastt is issu suee (D1452 – 07a) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Feb. 15, 2009.) (1) Added Referenced Documents. (2) Added Added Figs. Figs. 1-3. 1-3.
(3) Other minor revisions throughout.
ASTM International International takes no positi position on respecting the validi validity ty of any patent rights assert asserted ed in connec connection tion with any item mentio mentioned ned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility. This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible respon sible technical technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not receiv received ed a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below. This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address addr ess or at 610610-832832-9585 9585 (pho (phone), ne), 610610-832832-9555 9555 (fax (fax), ), or serv service@ ice@astm astm.org .org (e-m (e-mail) ail);; or thro through ugh the ASTM webs website ite (www.astm. (www .astm.org). org). Permission Permission rights to photocopy the standa standard rd may also be secure secured d from the Copyri Copyright ght Clearance Center, Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http://www.copyright.com/
6
