Ashrae - 2011-HVAC Applications

2011 ASHRAE HANDBOOK HANDBOOK

HVAC Applications

SI Edition ` ` , ` , , ` ` , , , ` , , , ` ` ` ` , ` ` ` ` ` ` , , ` ` ` ` , , ` , , ` , ` , , ` -

Copyright ASHRAE Provided by IHS under license with ASHRAE No reproduction or networking permitted without license from I HS

Supported by ASHRAE Research

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The four-volume ASHRAE Handbook is a reference for engineers working in HVAC&R and for professionals in allied fields. The print edition is revised on a four-year cycle, with one volume published each year. Tables of contents for the four most recent volumes appear on these pages, and a composite index is at the end of this volume. In addition to the CD-ROM accompanying this book, ASHRAE offers subscriptions to ASHRAE Handbook Online containing all four volumes in searchable format. The Society also produces educational materials, standards, design guides, databases, and many other useful publications. See the online bookstore of the ASHRAE Web site ( www.ashrae.org ) for information on these publications.

2011 HVAC APPLICATIONS 33.

COMFORT APPLICATIONS Chapter

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Residences Retail Facilities Commercial and Public Buildings Tall Buildings Places of Assembly Hotels, Motels, and Dormitories Educational Facilities Health-Care Facilities Justice Facilities Automobiles Mass Transit Aircraft Ships

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS Chapter 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32.

Industrial Air Conditioning Enclosed Vehicular Facilities Laboratories Engine Test Facilities Clean Spaces Data Processing and Telecommunication Facilities Printing Plants Textile Processing Plants Photographic Material Facilities Museums, Galleries, Archives, and Libraries Environmental Control for Animals and Plants Drying and Storing Selected Farm Crops Air Conditioning of Wood and Paper Product Facilities Power Plants Nuclear Facilities Mine Air Conditioning and Ventilation Industrial Drying Ventilation of the Industrial Environment Industrial Local Exhaust

Kitchen Ventilation

ENERGY-RELATED APPLICATIONS Chapter 34. 35.

Geothermal Energy Solar Energy Use

BUILDING OPERATIONS AND MANAGEMENT Chapter 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43.

Energy Use and Management Owning and Operating Costs Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing Operation and Maintenance Management Computer Applications Building Energy Monitoring Supervisory Control Strategies and Optimization HVAC Commissioning

GENERAL APPLICATIONS Chapter 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61.

Building Envelopes Building Air Intake and Exhaust Design Control of Gaseous Indoor Air Contaminants Design and Application of Controls Noise and Vibration Control Water Treatment Service Water Heating Snow Melting and Freeze Protection Evaporative Cooling Fire and Smoke Management Radiant Heating and Cooling Seismic- and Wind-Resistant Design Electrical Considerations Room Air Distribution Integrated Building Design HVAC Security Ultraviolet Air and Surface Treatment Codes and Standards

2010 REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS AND PRACTICES Chapter

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Halocarbon Refrigeration Systems Ammonia Refrigeration Systems Carbon Dioxide Refrigeration Systems Liquid Overfeed Systems Component Balancing in Refrigeration Systems Refrigerant System Chemistry Control of Moisture and Other Contaminants in Refrigerant Systems Equipment and System Dehydrating, Charging, and Testing Refrigerant Containment, Recovery, Recycling, and Reclamation

COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENT Chapter 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

Insulation Systems for Refrigerant Piping (TC 10.3) Refrigerant-Control Devices Lubricants in Refrigerant Systems Secondary Coolants in Refrigeration Systems Forced-Circulation Air Coolers Retail Food Store Refrigeration and Equipment Food Service and General Commercial Refrigeration Equipment Household Refrigerators and Freezers Absorption Equipment

FOOD COOLING AND STORAGE Chapter 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

Thermal Properties of Foods Cooling and Freezing Times of Foods Commodity Storage Requirements Food Microbiology and Refrigeration Refrigerated-Facility Design Refrigerated-Facility Loads

REFRIGERATED TRANSPORT Chapter 25.

Cargo Containers, Rail Cars, Trailers, and Trucks


26. 27.

Marine Refrigeration Air Transport

FOOD, BEVERAGE, AND FLORAL APPLICATIONS Chapter 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42.

Methods of Precooling Fruits, Vegetables, and Cut Flowers Industrial Food-Freezing Systems Meat Products Poultry Products Fishery Products Dairy Products Eggs and Egg Products Deciduous Tree and Vine Fruit Citrus Fruit, Bananas, and Subtropical Fruit Vegetables Fruit Juice Concentrates and Chilled Juice Products Beverages Processed, Precooked, and Prepared Foods Bakery Products Chocolates, Candies, Nuts, Dried Fruits, and Dried Vegetables

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS Chapter 43. 44. 45. 46.

Ice Manufacture Ice Rinks Concrete Dams and Subsurface Soils Refrigeration in the Chemical Industry

LOW-TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS Chapter 47. 48. 49.

Cryogenics Ultralow-Temperature Refrigeration Biomedical Applications of Cryogenic Refrigeration

GENERAL Chapter 50. 51.

Terminology of Refrigeration Codes and Standards

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CD-ROM with all content from 2011 HVAC Applications inside back cover

2009 FUNDAMENTALS PRINCIPLES Chapter

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Psychrometrics Thermodynamics and Refrigeration Cycles Fluid Flow Heat Transfer Two-Phase Flow Mass Transfer Fundamentals of Control Sound and Vibration

INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY Chapter 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Thermal Comfort Indoor Environmental Health Air Contaminants Odors Indoor Environmental Modeling

LOAD AND ENERGY CALCULATIONS Chapter 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

Climatic Design Information Fenestration Ventilation and Infiltration Residential Cooling and Heating Load Calculations Nonresidential Cooling and Heating Load Calculations Energy Estimating and Modeling Methods

HVAC DESIGN Chapter 20.

Space Air Diffusion

21. 22. 23. 24.

Duct Design Pipe Sizing Insulation for Mechanical Systems Airflow Around Buildings

BUILDING ENVELOPE Chapter 25. 26. 27.

Heat, Air, and Moisture Control in Building Assemblies—Fundamentals Heat, Air, and Moisture Control in Building Assemblies—Material Properties Heat, Air, and Moisture Control in Building Assemblies—Examples

MATERIALS Chapter 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.

Combustion and Fuels Refrigerants Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants Physical Properties of Secondary Coolants (Brines) Sorbents and Desiccants Physical Properties of Materials

GENERAL Chapter 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39.

Energy Resources Sustainability Measurement and Instruments Abbreviations and Symbols Units and Conversions Codes and Standards

2008 HVAC SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT AIR-CONDITIONING AND HEATING SYSTEMS

HEATING EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS

Chapter

Chapter 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

HVAC System Analysis and Selection Decentralized Cooling and Heating Central Heating and Cooling Air Handling and Distribution In-Room Terminal Systems Panel Heating and Cooling Combined Heat and Power Systems Applied Heat Pump and Heat Recovery Systems Small Forced-Air Heating and Cooling Systems Steam Systems District Heating and Cooling Hydronic Heating and Cooling Condenser Water Systems Medium- and High-Temperature Water Heating Infrared Radiant Heating Ultraviolet Lamp Systems Combustion Turbine Inlet Cooling

AIR-HANDLING EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS Chapter 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.

Duct Construction Room Air Distribution Equipment Fans Humidifiers Air-Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils Desiccant Dehumidification and Pressure-Drying Equipment Mechanical Dehumidifiers and Related Components Air-to-Air Energy Recovery Equipment Air-Heating Coils Unit Ventilators, Unit Heaters, and Makeup Air Units Air Cleaners for Particulate Contaminants Industrial Gas Cleaning and Air Pollution Control Equipment


Automatic Fuel-Burning Systems Boilers Furnaces Residential In-Space Heating Equipment Chimney, Vent, and Fireplace Systems Hydronic Heat-Distributing Units and Radiators Solar Energy Equipment

COOLING EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS Chapter 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42.

Compressors Condensers Cooling Towers Evaporative Air-Cooling Equipment Liquid Coolers Liquid-Chilling Systems

GENERAL COMPONENTS Chapter 43. 44. 45. 46. 47.

Centrifugal Pumps Motors, Motor Controls, and Variable-Speed Drives Pipes, Tubes, and Fittings Val ves Heat Exchangers

PACKAGED, UNITARY, AND SPLIT-SYSTEM EQUIPMENT Chapter 48. 49.

Unitary Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps Room Air Conditioners and Packaged Terminal Air Conditioners

GENERAL Chapter 50. 51.

Thermal Storage Codes and Standards


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2011 ASHRAE HANDBOOK 

Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning APPLICATIONS SI Edition

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. 1791 Tullie Circle, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329 (404) 636-8400

http://www.ashrae.org

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© 2011 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved.

DEDICATED TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF THE PROFESSION AND ITS ALLIED INDUSTRIES

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No part of this book may be reproduced without permission in writing from ASHRAE, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages or reproduce illustrations in a review with appropriate credit; nor may any part of this book be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, photocopying, recording, or other—without permission in writing from ASHRAE. Volunteer members of ASHRAE Technical Committees and others compiled the information in this handbook, and it is generally reviewed and updated every four years. Comments, criticisms, and suggestions regarding the subject matter are invited. Any errors or omissions in the data should be brought to the attention of the Editor. Additions and corrections to Handbook volumes in print will be published in the Handbook published the year following their verification and, as soon as verified, on the ASHRAE Internet Web site.

DISCLAIMER

ASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated, and ASHRAE expressly disclaims any duty to investigate, any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like that may be described herein. The appearance of any technical data or editorial material in this publication does not constitute endorsement, warranty, or guaranty by ASHRAE of any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like. ASHRAE does not warrant that the information in this publication is free of errors. The entire risk of the use of any information in this publication is assumed by the user. ISBN 978-1-936504-07-7 ISSN 1078-6082

The paper for this book was manufactured in an acid- and elemental-chlorine-free process with pulp obtained from sources using sustainable forestry practices. The printing used soy-based inks.



CONTENTS Contributors ASHRAE Technical Committees, Task Groups, and Technical Resource Groups ASHRAE Research: Improving the Quality of Life Preface COMFORT APPLICATIONS Chapter

1. Residences (TC 8.11, Unitary and Room Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps) 2. Retail Facilities (TC 9.8, Large-Building Air-Conditioning Applications) 3. Commercial and Public Buildings (TC 9.8) 4. Tall Buildings (TC 9.12, Tall Buildings) 5. Places of Assembly (TC 9.8) 6. Hotels, Motels, and Dormitories (TC 9.8) 7. Educational Facilities (TC 9.7) 8. Health-Care Facilities (TC 9.6, Health-Care Facilities) 9. Justice Facilities (TG9.JF, Justice Facilities) 10. Automobiles (TC 9.3, Transportation Air Conditioning) 11. Mass Transit (TC 9.3) 12. Aircraft (TC 9.3) 13. Ships (TC 9.3)

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS Chapter

14. Industrial Air Conditioning (TC 9.2, Industrial Air Conditioning) 15. Enclosed Vehicular Facilities (TC 5.9, Enclosed Vehicular Facilities) 16. Laboratories (TC 9.10, Laboratory Systems) 17. Engine Test Facilities (TC 9.2) 18. Clean Spaces (TC 9.11, Clean Spaces) 19. Data Processing and Telecommunication Facilities (TC 9.9, Mission-Critical Facilities, Technology Spaces, and Electronic Equipment) 20. Printing Plants (TC 9.2) 21. Textile Processing Plants (TC 9.2) 22. Photographic Material Facilities (TC 9.2) 23. Museums, Galleries, Archives, and Libraries (TC 9.8) 24. Environmental Control for Animals and Plants (TC 2.2, Plant and Animal Environment) 25. Drying and Storing Selected Farm Crops (TC 2.2) 26. Air Conditioning of Wood and Paper Product Facilities (TC 9.2) 27. Power Plants (TC 9.2) 28. Nuclear Facilities (TC 9.2) 29. Mine Air Conditioning and Ventilation (TC 9.2) 30. Industrial Drying (TC 9.2) 31. Ventilation of the Industrial Environment (TC 5.8, Industrial Ventilation Systems) 32. Industrial Local Exhaust (TC 5.8) 33. Kitchen Ventilation (TC 5.10, Kitchen Ventilation)



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ENERGY-RELATED APPLICATIONS 34. Geothermal Energy (TC 6.8, Geothermal Heat Pump and Energy Recovery Applications) 35. Solar Energy Use (TC 6.7, Solar Energy Utilization)

Chapter

BUILDING OPERATIONS AND MANAGEMENT 36. Energy Use and Management (TC 7.6, Building Energy Performance) 37. Owning and Operating Costs (TC 7.8, Owning and Operating Costs) 38. Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing (TC 7.7, Testing and Balancing) 39. Operation and Maintenance Management(TC 7.3,Operation and Maintenance Management) 40. Computer Applications (TC 1.5, Computer Applications) 41. Building Energy Monitoring (TC 7.6) 42. Supervisory Control Strategies and Optimization (TC 7.5, Smart Building Systems) 43. HVAC Commissioning (TC 7.9, Building Commissioning)

Chapter

GENERAL APPLICATIONS Chapter

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44. Building Envelopes (TC 4.4, Building Materials and Building Envelope Performance) 45. Building Air Intake and Exhaust Design (TC 4.3, Ventilation Requirements and Infiltration) 46. Control of Gaseous Indoor Air Contaminants (TC 2.3, Gaseous Air Contaminants and Gas Contaminant Removal Equipment) 47. Design and Application of Controls (TC 1.4, Control Theory and Application) 48. Noise and Vibration Control (TC 2.6, Sound and Vibration Control) 49. Water Treatment (TC 3.6, Water Treatment) 50. Service Water Heating (TC 6.6, Service Water Heating) 51. Snow Melting and Freeze Protection (TC 6.5, Radiant Heating and Cooling) 52. Evaporative Cooling (TC 5.7, Evaporative Cooling) 53. Fire and Smoke Management (TC 5.6, Control of Fire and Smoke) 54. Radiant Heating and Cooling (TC 6.5) 55. Seismic- and Wind-Resistant Design (TC 2.7, Seismic and Wind Restraint Design) 56. Electrical Considerations (TC 1.9, Electrical Systems) 57. Room Air Distribution (TC 5.3, Room Air Distribution) 58. Integrated Building Design (TC 7.1, Integrated Building Design) 59. HVAC Security (TG2.HVAC, Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning Security) 60. Ultraviolet Air and Surface Treatment (TC 2.9, Ultraviolet Air and Surface Treatment) 61. Codes and Standards

Additions and Corrections Index

Compositeindex to the 2008 HVAC Systemsand Equipment, 2009 Fundamentals,2010 Refrigeration, and 2011 HVAC Applications volumes

Comment Pages



CONTRIBUTORS In addition to the Technical Committees, the following individuals contributed significantly to this volume. The appropriate chapter numbers follow each contributor’s name. Eric Berg (1) Lennox Industries, Inc.

Ravisankar Ganta (14, 22, 28, 29) Shaw Group

Phil Maybee (23) The Filter Man, Ltd.

Lorenzo Cremaschi (1) Oklahoma State University

Vernon Peppers (14, 26) Peppers Engineering

Jean Tétreault (23) Canadian Heritage

John E. Wolfert (2)

Jarrod Alston (15) ARUP

Thomas Axley (27) Tennessee Valley Authority

Arthur Bendelius (15) A&G Consultants, Inc.

Erich Binder (27) Erich Binder Consulting, Ltd.

Craig Quaglini (15) ARUP

Deep Ghosh (27, 28) Southern Company

Mohammad Tabarra (15) ARUP

Matt Hargan (28) Hargan Engineering

Jeffrey Tubbs (15, 53) ARUP

John McKernan (32) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Louis Hartman (16) Harley Ellis Deveraux

Steve Brown (33) LC Systems, Inc.

Al Woody (17) Ventilation/Energy Applications, PLLC

Frank Kohout (33) McDonald's Corp.

Art Giesler (18) PermAlert ESP

Jay Parikh (33) Compliance Solutions International

Larry J. Hughes (18) Alpha Engineering, Inc.

Derek Schrock (33) Halton Company

Gary Shamshoian (18) Genetech

Scott Hackel (34) Energy Center of Wisconsin

Michael Shelton (18) Bahnson Environmental Specialties Environmental Chambers Mfg.

Steve Kavanaugh (34) University of Alabama

Itzhak Maor (3, 7) Johnson Controls Harvey Brickman (4) Tishman Realty & Const. Mark Fly (4) AAON, Inc. Tom Kroschel (4) Peter Simmonds (4) IBE Consulting William Webb (4) Lynn Werman (4) Ferris Engineering Ralph Kittler (5) Seresco, Inc. Reinhold Kittler (5) Hudson Industrial Consulting, Inc. Mark Scott (5) Wiss. Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc. Frank Mills (5, 6) Sinclair Knight Merz Peter Langowski (8) BSA LifeStructures, Inc.

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Kenneth R. Mead (8, 31, 32) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

Kevin Rafferty (34) Wapiti Engineering

Wei Sun (18) Engsysco, Inc. Charles Chun-Lun Shieh (18, 26, 27, 43, 58) Fluor Corporation

Mark Hertel (35) SunEarth, Inc.

Snehal R. Desai (9) Federal Bureau of Prisons

Craig A. Crader (19) Bick Group

Dieter Bartel (36) Manitoba Hydro

Edward D. Fitts (9, 55) Fitts HVAC Consulting

Edward L. Gutowski (19) Facilities Engineering Associates, Inc.

Janice Peterson (36) NW Energy Efficiency Alliance

Gursaran D. Mathur (10, 52) Calsonic Kansei North America

Magnus K. Herrlin (19) ANCIS Incorporated

Klas C. Haglid (37) Haglid Engineering & Associates

Hugh Ferdows (11) Sutrak Corporation

Douglas K. McLellan (19) Hewlett-Packard Co.

Michael Brambley (39) Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

Robert L. May (11) LTK Engineering Services

John Peterson (19) Hewlett-Packard Co.

Richard Dames (39) Boone County Schools

Gary Prusak (11) Bombardier Transportation

David Quirk (19) Verizon Wireless

Richard Danks (39) NASA Glenn Research Center

James J. Bushnell (11, 13) HVAC Consulting Services

Jeff Trower (19) Data Aire, Inc.

Robyn Ellis (39) St. Michael's Hospital

Raymond H. Horstman (12) Boeing Commercial Airplane Group

Joseph Marino (20) Newsday

John M. House (39) Johnson Controls

Augusto San Cristobal (13) Bronswerk Marine, Inc.

Norm Maxwell (20) Environmental Air Quality

Michael Khaw (39) Isotherm Engineering

Adam Smith (13) Bronswerk Marine, Inc.

Michael C. Connor (21, 30) Connor Engineering Solutions

Angela Lewis (39) The University of Reading

Douglass S. Abramson (14) Handy Hubby

James W. Carty (22) Kodak Project Management Division

Haorong Li (39) University of Nebraska-Lincoln

Richard A. Evans (14) Evans Associates

Cecily Grzywacz (23) National Gallery of Art

William McCartney (39) Isotherm Engineering



Sonya M. Pouncy (39) Carrier Corporation

Anton TenWolde (44)

Daniel J. Rau (55) Ruskin

Hugo Hens (44) BPh Consult bvba

Thursten Simonsen (39) Johnson Controls Vernon Smith (39) Architectural Energy Corporation David Underwood (39) Isotherm Engineering Davidge Warfield (39) RSI Steven Rosen (40) EYP Architecture & Engineering P.C. Stephen Roth (40) Carmel Software Corp.

Eugene W. Faris (57) Nailor Industries, Inc.

Sean M. O’Brien (44) Simpson Gumpertz & Heger

Kenneth J. Loudermilk (57) Trox USA

Ronald L. Petersen (45) CPP, Inc. Carolyn (Gemma) Kerr (46)

Tenison Stone (57) Honeywell

Chang-Seo Lee (46) Circul-Aire, Inc.

M. Dennis Knight (58) Whole Building Systems, LLC

William Lull (46) Garrison/Lull, Inc.

Kevin M. Cogley (59) Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dalhgren Division

Steve Taylor (47) Taylor Engineering

Michael MacDonald (41) Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Katja D. Auer (60) American Ultraviolet

Jerry Lilly (48) JGL Acoustics

Moncef Krarti (42) University of Colorado

William P. Bahnfleth (60) Pennsylvania State University

Andrew Mitchell (48) Acoustic Dimensions

Gregor Henze (42) University of Colorado

Philip W. Brickner (60)

Bill Rockwood (48) The Trane Company

Mount Sinai School of Medicine Stuart Engel (60) Sanuvox Technologies

Peter Armstrong (42) Masdar Institute of Science and Technology

Steve Wise (48) Wise Associates

Jim Braun (42) Purdue University

Carl C. Hiller (50) Applied Energy Technology Co.

David Bornside (43) Siemens Industry, Inc.

Russell K. Johnson (50) Johnson Research, LLC

John P. Castelvecchi (43) Schultz and James, Inc.

James Lutz (50) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Santos Guzman (60)

Mike Eardley (43) Cannon Design

Patricia Thomas Graef (52) Munters Corp.

Sarah Maston (43) Advanced Building Performance, Inc.

Clifford Mike Scofield (52) Conservation Mechanical Systems

Stephen B. Martin, Jr. (60) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

Peter J. Adams (44) Morrison Hershfield, Ltd.

John Clark (53) Karges-Faulconbridge, Inc.

Holly Bailey (44) Bailey Engineering Corporation

Gary Lougheed (53) National Resources Council Canada

Garth Hall (44) Raths, Raths & Johnson, Inc.

Paul Turnbull (53) Siemens Industry, Inc.

Richard L. Vincent (60) Mount Sinai School of Medicine

Paul Shipp (44) USG Corporation

James A. Carlson (55) Omaha Public Power District

Derald Welles (60) Steril-Aire, Inc.

William Rose (44) University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign

Paul W. Meisel (55) Kinetics Noise Control

David L. Witham (60) UltraViolet Devices, Inc.

Forrest B. Fencl (60) UV Resources Jaak Geboers (60) Philips Lighting BV American Ultraviolet

John M. Putnam (60) Environmental Dynamics, Inc. Dean A. Saputa (60) UV Resources

ASHRAE HANDBOOK COMMITTEE William J. McCartney, Chair ` ` , ` , , ` ` , , , ` , , , ` ` ` ` , ` ` ` ` ` ` , , ` ` ` ` , , ` , , ` , ` , , ` -

2011 HVAC Applications Volume Subcommittee: Rex E. Noble, Chair Charles E. Gulledge, III Howard J. McKew Kenneth C. Peet Norm Maxwell Mark P. Modera John P. Pennington

ASHRAE HANDBOOK STAFF W. Stephen Comstock, Publisher Director of Publications and Education Mark S. Owen, Editor Heather E. Kennedy, Managing Editor Nancy F. Thysell, Typographer/Page Designer David Soltis, Manager and Jayne E. Jackson, Publications Traffic Administrator Publishing Services



ASHRAE TECHNICAL COMMITTEES, TASK GROUPS, AND TECHNICAL RESOURCE GROUPS SECTION 6.0—HEATING EQUIPMENT, HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS 6.1 Hydronic and Steam Equipment and Systems 6.2 District Energy 6.3 Central Forced-Air Heating and Cooling Systems 6.5 Radiant Heating and Cooling 6.6 Service Water Heating Systems 6.7 Solar Energy Utilization 6.8 Geothermal Energy Utilization 6.9 Thermal Storage 6.10 Fuels and Combustion

SECTION 1.0—FUNDAMENTALS AND GENERAL 1.1 Thermodynamics and Psychrometrics 1.2 Instruments and Measurements 1.3 Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow 1.4 Control Theory and Application 1.5 Computer Applications 1.6 Terminology 1.7 Business, Management, and General Legal Education 1.8 Mechanical Systems Insulation 1.9 Electrical Systems 1.10 Cogeneration Systems 1.11 Electric Motors and Motor Control 1.12 Moisture Management in Buildings TG1 Optimization (OPT) SECTION 2.0—ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2.1 Physiology and Human Environment 2.2 Plant and Animal Environment 2.3 Gaseous Air Contaminants and Gas Contaminant Removal Equipment 2.4 Particulate Air Contaminants and Particulate Contaminant Removal Equipment 2.5 Global Climate Change 2.6 Sound and Vibration Control 2.7 Seismic and Wind Restraint Design 2.8 Building Environmental Impacts and Sustainability 2.9 Ultraviolet Air and Surface Treatment TG2 Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning Security (HVAC) SECTION 3.0—MATERIALS AND PROCESSES 3.1 Refrigerants and Secondary Coolants 3.2 Refrigerant System Chemistry 3.3 Refrigerant Contaminant Control 3.4 Lubrication 3.6 Water Treatment 3.8 Refrigerant Containment TG3 HVAC&R Contractors and Design-Build Firms (CDBF)

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SECTION 4.0—LOAD CALCULATIONS AND ENERGY REQUIREMENTS 4.1 Load Calculation Data and Procedures 4.2 Climatic Information 4.3 Ventilation Requirements and Infiltration 4.4 Building Materials and Building Envelope Performance 4.5 Fenestration 4.7 Energy Calculations 4.10 Indoor Environmental Modeling TRG4 Indoor Air Quality Procedure Development (IAQP) SECTION 5.0—VENTILATION AND AIR DISTRIBUTION 5.1 Fans 5.2 Duct Design 5.3 Room Air Distribution 5.4 Industrial Process Air Cleaning (Air Pollution Control) 5.5 Air-to-Air Energy Recovery 5.6 Control of Fire and Smoke 5.7 Evaporative Cooling 5.8 Industrial Ventilation Systems 5.9 Enclosed Vehicular Facilities 5.10 Kitchen Ventilation 5.11 Humidifying Equipment


SECTION 7.0—BUILDING PERFORMANCE 7.1 Integrated Building Design 7.2 HVAC&R Construction and Design Build Technologies 7.3 Operation and Maintenance Management 7.4 Exergy Analysis for Sustainable Buildings (EXER) 7.5 Smart Building Systems 7.6 Systems Energy Utilization 7.7 Testing and Balancing 7.8 Owning and Operating Costs 7.9 Building Commissioning TRG7 Underfloor Air Distribution (UFAD) SECTION 8.0—AIR-CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEM COMPONENTS 8.1 Positive-Displacement Compressors 8.2 Centrifugal Machines 8.3 Absorption and Heat-Operated Machines 8.4 Air-to-Refrigerant Heat Transfer Equipment 8.5 Liquid-to-Refrigerant Heat Exchangers 8.6 Cooling Towers and Evaporative Condensers 8.7 Variable Refrigerant Flow 8.8 Refrigerant System Controls and Accessories 8.9 Residential Refrigerators and Food Freezers 8.10 Mechanical Dehumidification Equipment and Heat Pipes 8.11 Unitary and Room Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps 8.12 Desiccant Dehumidification Equipment and Components SECTION 9.0—BUILDING APPLICATIONS 9.1 Large-Building Air-Conditioning Systems 9.2 Industrial Air Conditioning 9.3 Transportation Air Conditioning 9.5 Residential and Small-Building Applications 9.6 Health-Care Facilities 9.7 Educational Facilities 9.8 Large-Building Air-Conditioning Applications 9.9 Mission-Critical Facilities, Technology Spaces, and Electronic Equipment 9.10 Laboratory Systems 9.11 Clean Spaces 9.12 Tall Buildings TG9 Justice Facilities (JF) SECTION 10.0—REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS 10.1 Custom-Engineered Refrigeration Systems 10.2 Automatic Icemaking Plants and Skating Rinks 10.3 Refrigerant Piping 10.4 Ultralow-Temperature Systems and Cryogenics 10.5 Refrigerated Distribution and Storage Facilities 10.6 Transport Refrigeration 10.7 Commercial Food and Beverage Cooling, Display, and Storage 10.8 Refrigeration Load Calculations 10.9 Refrigeration Application for Foods and Beverages 10.10 Management of Lubricant in Circulation


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