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ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
Types Types of Lighting • • • • •
Incandescents/Halogens. Fluorescents. High Intensity Discharge (HID). Inductive. Light Emitting Diode.
Types Types of Lighting • • • • •
Incandescents/Halogens. Fluorescents. High Intensity Discharge (HID). Inductive. Light Emitting Diode.
Incandescent Lamps • ne of the oldest electric lighting technologies. • Light is produced !y passing a current current through a tungsten "lament. • Least e#cient $ (% to &% lumens/'att). • Lamp life *+++ hours.
Incandescent Lamps (cont,d) • High -I (++) $ arm -olor (&0++1) • Halogen &2++1 to 3&++1) • Ine4pensive • E4cellent !eam control • Easily dimmed $ no !allast needed • Immediate o5 and on • 6o temperature concerns $ can !e used outdoors • ++* 07* 8+ and %+ 'att lamps 'ill !e going a'ay per &++0 la' !eginning &+&
Tugnsten9Halogen Lamps • : type of incandescent lamp. • Encloses the tungsten "lament in a ;uart< capsule "lled 'ith halogen gas. • Halogen gas com!ines 'ith the vapori
Fluorescent Lamps • =ost common commercial lighting technology. • High E#cicacy> up to ++ lumens/'att. • Improvements made in the last 7 years. – T&> .7 inch in diameter. – T?> inch in diameter. • 3+@ more e#cient than T&.
– T7> 7/? inch in diameter. • %+@ more e#cient than T&.
Fluorescent Lamps (cont,d) • -on"gurations – Linear (? ft.* % ft.* & ft.* ft.) – A!end ("t in a & ft. 4 & ft. "4ture). – -ircular (rare* o!solete). – Fi4tures can !e %* 3* &* or lamp per "4ture.
• utput -ategories – Btandard utput (%3+ m:). – High utput (?++ m:). – Cery High utput (*7++ m:).
Bchematic of Fluorescent Lamp
Phosphor crystals
Mercury atom
Electron
Electrode
-ompact Fluorescent Lamps (-FLs) • Fluorescent lamp that is small in si
-ompact Fluorescent •Excellent color available – comparable to incandescent •Many choices (sizes, shapes, wattages, output, etc. •!ide "ange o# $"% and $olor &emperatures •Energy E##icient ('. to ) times incandescent •*ong *i#e (generally +, hours – lasts +- times longer than standard hour incandescent lamps •*ess expensive dimming now available (/+v dimming to 0 • 1vailable #or outdoor use with amalgam technology
-ompact Fluorescent Lamps (cont,d) • Ase the po'er of an incandescent for an e;uivalent amount of light. (an ?9'att -FL is e;uivalent to a 079'att incandescent.) • +*+++ hour life. (+4 an incandescent). • Baves a!out 3+ over the life of the -FL.
• ld type !allasts 'ere electromagnetic. • 6e' !allasts are electronic. – Lighter* less noisy* no lamp icer* dimming capa!ility).
allast Factor •2E3%4%&%546 &he #raction o# rated lamp lumens produced by a speci#ic lamp/ ballast combination • 1PP*%$1&%5476 8igh 9allast 3actor (+./+.'
%ncreases output 142 energy consumption
&ypical 9allast 3actor (.:/.;
$omparable light output in one/to/one replacement
*ow 9allast 3actor (.)/.:'
2ecreases light output 142 energy consumption
•3or optimal e##iciency lamps and ballasts must be properly matched. •Maximize energy savings by selecting electronic ballasts with ballast #actor that provides target illuminance.
allast -ircuit Types • Instant Btart allast $ starts lamp instantly 'ith higher starting voltage. E#cient !ut may shorten lamp life. • apid Btart $ delay of a!out +.7 seconds to startJ supplies starting current to heat the "lament prior to starting and continues during operation. Ases & to % 'atts more than an instant start !allast. • Grogrammed apid Btart 9 delay of a!out +.7 seconds to startJ starting current heats the "lament prior to starting* then cuts o5 during operation.
High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps
High Intensity Discharge Fi4tures
High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps • produces light !y means of an electric arc !et'een tungsten electrodes housed inside a translucent or transparent fused ;uart< or fused alumina (ceramic) arc tu!e "lled 'ith special gases.
High Intensity Discharge Lamps (cont,d) • :rc tu!e can !e "lled !y various types of gases and metal salts. • HID lamps are used in industrial high !ay applications* gymnasiums* outdoor lighting* paring decs* street lights. • E#cient (up to 7+ lumens/'att). • Long Life (up to &7*+++ hours). • Dra'!ac $ tae up to 7 minutes to come up to full light after po'er outage.
High Intensity Discharge Lamps (cont,d) • Types of HIDs – =ercury Capor (o!solete) – Bodium Capor • High pressure • Lo' pressure
– =etal Halide • :rc tu!e contains argon* mercury* and metal halides. • Kives !etter color temperature and -I.
=etal Halide Lamps • =ost common HID in use today. • ecent Improvements. – :llo' higher pressure temperature. – etter e#ciency* !etter -I and !etter lumen maintenance. – Gulse Btart vs. older Gro!e Btart – -eramic vs. older Muart< arc tu!e.
Light Emitting Diodes (LED) • Latest Lighting Technology. • Invented in 28&. • In the past* used as indicator lights* automotive lights* and tra#c lightsJ no' !eing introduced for indoor and outdoor lighting. • LED is a semiconductor technology. • Electroluminescence. Electrons recom!ine 'ith holes in the semiconductor* releasing photons.
Light Emitting Diodes (cont,d) • Lo'er energy consumption. • Longer lifetime (7+*+++ to ++*+++ hrs). • Bmaller si
LED eplacement Lamps for a %9ft. Fluorescent F4ture
-omparison of LED 'ith a Fluorescent Lamp !att "ating, typical 9.3. < .: *umens, initial $"% $olor &emperature *i#e Expectancy +- hrs per start ? ' hrs per start *ight output at A $
EverLED-TR
Popular T8 Brand Fluorescent
--!
')!
E=uivalent
-:
:
:
>
>
+ years + years -0 increase
- hours +@ hours 0 decrease
LED :pplications 7uccess#ully used today #or many marBets • 7igns C &ra##ic signals (most common • 2isplays (change colors #or attention • Exit 7igns (most common • %ndicators and 3lashlights • Dnder $ounter C $oves • 1ccent • ParBing arage C 5utdoor • 2ownlights • 3ood 3reezers
LED vs. HGB
ompar son>
o eram c to Halide
e a eta
$ree *E2 *ighting *"P': – Total Wattage = 36W
$eramic Metal 8alide – Total Wattage ~ 18 to !3"W
Induction Lights • • • • • • • •
Light source in 'hich the po'er re;uired to generate light is transferred from the outside of the lamp envelope !y means of electromagnetic "elds. Type of uorescent lamp $ uses radio 'aves rather than arc to e4cite phosphor coating on lamp to glo' Long lifespan due to the lac of electrodes 9 !et'een 87*+++ and ++*+++ hours depending on the lamp modelJ High energy conversion e#ciency of !et'een 8& and 2+ Lumens/att Nhigher 'attage lamps are more energy e#cientOJ High po'er factor due to the lo' loss of the high fre;uency electronic !allasts 'hich are typically !et'een 27@ and 2?@ e#cientJ =inimal Lumen depreciation (declining light output 'ith age) compared to other lamp types as "lament evaporation and depletion is a!sentJ PInstant9onQ and hot re9strie* unlie most conventional lamps used in commercial/industrial lighting applications (such as =ercury9Capor lamp* Bodium Capor Lamp and =etal Halide Lamp)J Environmentally friendly as induction lamps use less energy* and use less mercury per hour of operation than conventional lighting due to their long lifespan.
Induction Lighting &ype o# #luorescent lamp – uses radio waves rather than arc to excite phosphor coating on lamp to glow #dvantages6
• F* and %cetron6 @, to +, hours – i# used +- hours each day will last - yearsG • ood #or hard to maintain locations D$sadvantages6
• *arge light source – di##icult to control beam o# light maBing it ine##icient #or delivered and tasB lumens • Expensive / H-I adder to 8%2 • 4o industry standards #or %nduction
Induction :pplications • 1pplications where maintenance is expensive and?or di##icult • -) hour a day. days a weeB applications • 9ridges • *ow 9ay %ndustrial • 7elect 5utdoor *ighting 1pplications • *ong burning hour applications
E4it Bigns • ld incandescent e4it signs used (&) &+9'att incandescent lamps. – :t +.+?/h* energy cost for sign R &?/yr. • -FL e4it signs use + to & 'atts – Energy cost for sign R 0 to ?.7+/yr. • LED e4it signs use 3 to % 'atts – energy cost for sign R 3 to %/yr. • Ghotoluminescent sign uses + 'atts* !ut may have (slightly) radioactive material. – 6e' technology claims completely non9to4ic and recycla!le.
utdoor Lighting • lder technology for outdoor lighting – High pressure sodium – =etal Halide
• 6e'er technology – -ompact uorescents – LEDs • Bolar street lights (economical 'hen electric lines don,t need to !e run in a ne' installation).