Preface
provides the fun fundam damen ental tal techni techniqu ques es of appropriate bonded amalgam restorations. Chapter 18, Classes III and V Amalgam Restorations, presents the rationale and techniques for these restorations. The use of Class IV amalg amalgam am resto restora ratio tions ns has has been deleted and the indications for Class III restorations minimized. Chapter 19, Complex Amalgam Restorations, details the use of amalgam for very large restorations (includand ing foundations), presenting the use of pins, slots, and bonding techniques. (Discussion of the use of slots is increased from the previous edition.) Chapter 20, Class II Cast Metal Restorations, provides thorough coverage of the entire cast metal restoration pro-
cedure. Although similar to the chapter in the third edition, this this chapter provides new information on impression, temporary, and working model procedures. The procedures are well documented, with many illustrations. Finally, Chapter 21, Direct Gold Restorations, provides an update on gold foil restorations for Classes I, III, and V Theodore M. Roberson, Chair, 1979-1988 Harald O. Heymann, Chair, 1988-2000 Edward J. Swift, Jr., Chair, 2000-present Department of Operative Dentistry University of North Carolina School of Dentistry
In addition to teaching operative dentistry, the authors practice the principles and techniques presented in this book in a clinical setting and engage in clinical or laboratory research. Thus the restorative concepts presented here are supported by both clinical activity and research results. The editors express special appreciation to the followin g:
tended to Ms. Roberts for her vital role in organizing the revision effort and communicating with the publisher. Drs. Roger Barton, Tom Lundeen, Ken May, Troy Doug Strickland, Cliff Sluder, Lee Sockwell, Sturdevant, Duane Taylor, and Van Haywood, who, while inactive in this edition, have provided information still present in the fourth edition. We are grateful for their past contributions. Penny Rudolph and Kimberly Alvis at Harcourt Health Sciences for their constant support, encouragement, and expertise during the revision process. Their guidance and ideas provided increased professional appeal for the book, both in its appearance and its content.
Warren McCollum, Director of the Learning Resources Center of the UNC School of Dentistry, and his staff for their diligence in production of illustrations. Marie Roberts, Paulette Pauley, and Shannon Veccia for their capable assistance in manuscript particular, a special thanks is ex preparation. In
xvii
I ntr oduc tio n to Ope ra ti ve Dentistry,
Tooth Contacts During Mandibular Movements, 5 Neurologic Correlates and Control of Mastication, 61
TH EOD ORE M.ROBERSON
DEFINITION AND HISTORY, 3 Definition, 3
Cario logy: The Lesion, Etiology, Prevention, and Control, 63
History, 3
TH EO DO RE M.ROBERSON
FACTORS AFFECTING OPERATIVE
THOMAS F. LUNDEEN'
TREATMENT, 3
NTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS, 65 Definitions of Caries and Plaque, 66 Epidemiology of Caries, 67 Hypotheses Concerning the Etiology of Caries, 6 Ecologic Basis of Caries, 69
Indications, 3 Considerations, 4 Conservative Approach. 4 Dynamics of Operative Dentistry, 4 FACTORS AFFECTING THE FUTURE DEMAND FOR OPERATIVE DENTISTRY, 5 Demographics, 5 Economic Factors, 5 General and Dental Health of the U.S. Population, 6 Dental Manpower, 8 Projected Need for Operative Dentistry, S Public's Perception of Dentistry, 9 Patient Visits, 9 FUTURE OF OPERATIVE DENTISTRY, 9
ETIOLOGIC AGENT OF CARIES: PATHOGENIC BACTERIAL PLAQUE, 69 ntroductory Description of Plaque, 69 Plaque Communities and Habitats, 72 Development of Bacterial Plaque: an Ecologic Phenomenon, 74 Pathophysiology of Caries, 90 CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LESION, 90 Clinical Sites for Caries Initiation, 91 Progression of Carious Lesions, 92
SUMMARY, 10 2 Clinical Sign ifi can ce of Den ta l Ana tom y, Histology, Physiology , and Occl usion, 13 JOHN
R.
THOMAS
HISTOPATHOLOGY OF CARIES, 92
Enamel Caries, 92 Dentinal Caries, 95 Advanced Carious Lesions, 99
STURDEVANT F
LUNDEEN -
TROY B. SLU DE R, JR,TEETH
MANAGEMENT OF CARIES, 101
AND INVESTING TISSUES, 15
CARIES DIAGNOSIS, 102
Dentitions,l 5
Assessment Tools, 102 Caries Diagnosis for Pits and Fissures, 104 Caries Diagnosis for Smooth Surfaces, 105 Caries Diagnosis for Root Surfaces, 107 Caries Activity Tests, 109
Classes of Human Teeth: Form and Function, 15 Structures of the Teeth, 16 Physiology of Tooth Form, 32 Maxilla and Mandible, 35 Oral Mucosa, 35 Periodontium, 36 OCCLUSION, 37
CARIES PREVENTION, 109 General Health, 110 Fluoride Exposure, 110 mmunization, 112 Salivary Functioning, 112 Antimicrobial Agents, 113 Diet, 113 Oral Hygiene, 114 Xylitol Gums, 121
General Description, 38 Mechanics of Mandibular Motion, 45 Capacity of Motion of the Mandible, 48 Articulators and Mandibular Movements, 55
xix
Contents
OF ENAMEL ADVANTAGES ADHESION, 238
Pit-and-FissureSealants, 12 1 Restorations,1 23 CARIES TREATMENT,
ENAMEL ADHESION, 238
124
DENTIN ADHESION, 239
CariesControlRestoration,1 26 SUMMARY,
Challengesin DentinBonding, 240
130
Developmentof Dentin B ondin gSystem s,244 Dental
Materials,
1
Ro le of the Hyb rid L aye r,250
33
ST EP HE NC. BAYNE
Moist Versus Dry D entinSurfaces, 251
JE FF RE YY. THOMPSON
Role of Proteinsin DentinBonding,254
DU ANEF. TAYLOR*
Microleakage,254
REVIEW OF MATERIALS SCIENCE DEFINITIONS, 135
255 Biocompatibility, Relevanceof In Vitro Studies, 256
Material Categories, 1 35 Material Structure, 137
ClinicalFactorsin DentinAdhesion, 257 Ne w Clin icalInd icatio nsfor Den tinAdh esive s,258
Material Properties, 137 BIOMECHANICS DENTISTRY, 145
SUMMARY,
261
FOR RESTORATIVE 6
BiomechanicalUnit, 1 45
Fundamentals
in Tooth
Preparation,
269 TH EO DO RE M . ROBERSON
StressTransfer, 1 46 StrainWithinToothStructure(ToothFlexure), 1 46
C L I F F O R D MS. T U R D E V A N T *
Effectsof Aging, 1 46
DEFINITION OF TOOTH PREPARATION, 271
Principlesof Biomechanics,1 48 DIRECT RESTORATIVE MATERIALS, 148
NEED FOR RESTORATIONS,
DENTAL
271
OBJECTIVES OF TOOTH PREPARATION, 271
Amalgam, 1 48 Linersand Bases, 1 70
STAGES AND STEPS OF TOOTH PREPARATION, 272
DentalAdhesion, 1 77 Pit-and-F issureSealan ts, 1 87
FACTORS AFFECTING PREPARATION, 273
Composites,1 90
TOOTH
Glasslonomers,207
GeneralFactors,273
Direct-FillingGold, 21 1
Cons erva tionof ToothS tructure , 274
I
NDIRECT RESTORATIVE MATERIALS, 212
RestorativeMaterialFactors, 274
DENTAL
NOMENCLATURE,
I
mpressionMaterials, 212 Cast MetalRestorations,214
CariesTerminology,274 Nonc ariousTooth DefectsTerm inolog y,278
DentalCements, 217
Tooth Prepa rationTerm inolog y,279
MachinedRestorations,220 SAFETY
274
AND EFFICACY,
Clas sificationof ToothPrep aration s, 28 1
224
NITIAL AND FINAL STAGES PREPARATION, 283 I
StandardsPrograms, 224 Safetyfor Dental Professionals,226
I
OF
nitialToothPreparationStage, 285
FinalToothPreparationStage, 294 Fundamental Enamel
Concepts
and Dentin
of
Adhesion,
235
ADDITIONAL CONCEPTS PREPARATION, 303
IN TOOTH
JORG EPERD IGAO
AmalgamRestorations,303
EDWARDJ. SWIFT,
Com positeResto rations,303
JR. BASIC CONCEPTS
OF ADHESION,
RECENT TRENDS DENTISTRY, 237
IN RESTORATIVE
237
Bon dedResto rationsStrengt henWeakened ToothStructure,304 SUMMARY,
305
Contents
I
nstrum ents
for
Tooth
and
Equipm ent
Preparation,
FEDERAL AND STATE REGULATIONS TO REDUCE EXPOSURE RISKS FROM PATHOGENS OTHER IN BLOOD AND 350 SOURCES OF INFECTION,
307
STEPHEN C. BAYNE JEFFREY Y. THOMPSON
Preparing a Written OSHA Office Exposure Control Plan (Summary), 351
CLIFFORD M. STURDEVANT* DUANE F. TAYLOR*
HAND INSTRUMENTS
FOR CUTTING,
309
Regulations of Other Agencies, 355 Regulation of Infected Health Care Personnel, 355
Materials, 309
OSHA-REQUIRED TRAINING BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS,
Terminology and Classification, 310 Cutting Instrument Applications, 314
ON 356
Hand Instrument Techniques, 315
AIDS/HIVInfection, 356
Sharpening Hand Instruments, 316
HIV Epidemiology and Transmission, 356
Sterilization and Storage of Hand Cutting I nstruments, 322
Progression of HIV Infection Into AIDS, 356
POWERED
CUTTING
EQUIPMENT,
Symptoms and Oral Manifestations, 357
322
HIV Risks for Clinical Personnel, 357
Development of Rotary Equipment, 322
HIV Risks for Dental Patients, 358
Rotary Speed Ranges, 324
HIV Data Related to Infection Control, 358
Laser Equipment, 325 Other Equipment, 327
ROTARY
CUTTING
INSTRUMENTS,
Common Design Characteristics, 329 Dental Burs, 330 Other Abrasive Instruments, 338
MECHANISMS,
340
Evaluation of Cutting, 340
358
Viral Hepatitis Infection, Symptoms, and Clinical Findings, 359 nfection risks for Personnel from Hepatitis B and C Viruses, 359 I
Serologic Tests Related to Hepatitis A, B, and C, 360 Data Related to Control of Hepatitis B, 360
Bladed Cutting, 340
I
Abrasive Cutting, 341 Cutting Recommendations, 341
HAZARDS WITH CUTTING 342 I NSTRUMENTS, Pulpal Precautions, 342 Soft Tissue Precautions, 342
mmunization Against Hepatitis A, B, and C, 360
Tests for Hepatitis B Antibody and Boosters, 360
EPIDEMIOLOGY RISKS, 361 EXPOSURE PROTOCOL,
OF OTHER INFECTION
ASSESSMENT 361
Medical History, 362
Eye Precautions, 343
Personal Barrier Protection, 362
Ear Precautions, 343 I
329
VIRAL HEPATITI S: AGENTS, EPIDEMIOLOGY, AND INFECTION,
Transmission of Viral Hepatitis, 359
Diamond Abrasive Instruments, 336
CUTTING
Serology of HIV Infection, 357
nhalation Precautions, 343
Disposal of Clinical Waste, 364 Needle Disposal, 364
I
nfection
Control,
345
JAMES J. CRAWFORD RALPH H. LEONARD, JR.
EXPOSURE RISKS AND EFFECT OF ON DENTISTRY, 347 I NFECTIONS Environment of the Dental Operatory, 347 I
mpact of Hepatitis B, 349
I
mpact of HIV and AIDS, 350
Precautions to Avoid Injury Exposure, 364
OVERVIEW OF ASEPTIC TECHNIQUES, 364 Operatory Asepsis, 365 Procedures, Materials, and Devices for Cleaning I nstruments Before Sterilization, 369
STERILIZATION,
371
Steam Pressure Sterilization (Autoclaving), 372 Chemical Vapor Pressure Sterilization ( Chemiclaving), 373 Dry Heat Sterilization, 373 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization, 374
Contents
A d v a n t a g e s4, 8 2 D i s a d v a n t a g4e8s3, CLINICAL TECHN IQUE, 483 I n i t i aCl l i n i c aPl r o c e d u r e4s8, 3 To othP rep ara tion f o r C o m p o s i te R e s t o r4a8tio 6 ns, R e s t o r a t iTv e c h n i q uf oe r C o m p o s i te R e s t o r a t i o n4 9s ,2 R e p a i r i nCgo m p o s iRt e s t o r a t i o n4 s9,7
COMMON PROBLEMS: CAUSES AND POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS, 497 P oo riso lation o f t h e O p e r a t in g A4 r9e7a , W h iteL in eo r H a loA ro u n tdhe E n a m e l M a r g i n4,9 7 V o i d s4, 9 8 W ea ko r M iss ing P r o x i m aClo n t a c t s ( C l a sIIs, e s III,andIV),4 9 8 I n c o r r e cSth a d e4, 9 8 P o o rR e t e n t i o4n9, 8 C o n t o u r i anng dF i n i s h i nPgr o b l e m4s9, 8 CONTROVERSIALISSUES, 498 L i n e r s a nBdas e sUnd erC om po site R e s t o r a t i o 4n99 s, R e t e n t i oinnC las sV R o ot- S u rfac e P r e p a r a t i o n499 s, W e a rP r o b l e m s4 ,9 9 499 GapFormation S ignificance,
SUMMARY, 499
1 2 Classes
III, IV, and V Composite and Other
Colored Restorations, TH EO DO RE M . ROBERSON HA RA LD0. HE YM AN N
CLINICAL TECHNIQUE FOR DIRECT CLASS IV COMPOSITE RESTORATIONS,523 l l i n i c aPl r o c e d u r e5s2, 3 I n i t i aC T o o t hP r e p a r a t i o5n2,3 R e s t o r a t i Tv e c h n i q u5e2, 6 CLINICAL TECHNIQUE FOR CLASS V COMPOSITE RESTORATIONS, 528 n i t i aC l l i n i c aPl r o c e d u r e5s2, 8 T o o t hP r e p a r a t i o5n2,8 R e s t o r a t iTv e c h n i q u5e3, 3 MICROFILL COMPOSITE RESTORATIONS,534 I
C l i n i c aTle c h n i q u5e3, 4 GLASS-IONOMERRESTORATIONS,535
C l i n i c aTle c h n i q u5e3, 5 SUMMARY, 536
1 3 Classes I, 11, and VI Direct
Composite and Other Tooth537 Colored Restorations,
THEODORE M . ROBERSON
HA RA LD0. HEYMANN AND REV. RITTER
P A T R I C NI A.R . P E R E I R A CLASSES I, 11, AND VI COMPOSITE RESTORATIONS,539 PertinentM aterialQ ualitiesand 539 Properties,
Direct Tooth50 1
ANORE V. RITTER P A T R IC I A N P. RE.R E I R A CLASSES III, IV, AND V DIRECT COMPOSITE RESTORATIONS, 503
P e r t i n e nMta t e r i aQl u a l i t i easn dP r o p e r t i e 5s 0, 3 I n d i c a t i o n5s0, 3 C o n t r a i n d i c a t i o5 n0 3s , A d v a n t a g e5s0,4 D i s a d v a n t a g5e0s4, CLINICAL TECHN IQUE FOR DIRECT CLASS III COMPOSITE RESTORATIONS,504 c ar ol c e d u r e5s0, 4 I n i t ia l C l in i P T o o t hP r e p a r a t i o5n0,4 R e s t o r a t iTv e c h n i q u5e1, 4
ndications, 539 539 Contraindications, I
540 Advantages, Disadvantages, 540
PIT-AND-FISSURE SEALANTS, PREVENTIVE RESIN AND CONSERVATIVE COMPOSITE
RESTORATIONS, AND CLASS VI COMPOSITE RESTORATIONS, 540
P i t - a n d - F i s sSu er ea l a n t s5 ,4 1
C o n s e r v a t iCvoe m p o s i te aPnr de v e n t i vRee s i n R e s t o r a t i o n5 4s ,2 C l a s sV I C o m p o s iRt e s t o r a t i o n5 s4,3 CLINICAL TECHNIQU E FOR DIRECT CLASS I COMPOSITE RESTORATIONS,544
n i t i aC l l i n i c aPl r o c e d u r e5s4, 4 T o o t hP r e p a r a t i o5n4, 4 R e s t o r a t iTv e c h n i q u5e4, 8 I
CLINICAL TECHNIQUE FOR DIRECT CLASS II COMPOSITE RESTORATIONS, 550 I
CONSERVATIVE ALTERATIONS TOOTH CONTOURS OF AND CONTACTS, 599
nitial Clinical Pro cedur es,550
Alterationsof Shape of NaturalTeeth, 599
ToothPreparation,551
Alterationsof Embrasures,601
Restor ativeTechn ique, 558
Correctionof Diastemas,601
CLINICAL TECHNIQUE FOR EXTENSIVE CLASS II COMPOSITE RESTORATIONS AND FOUNDATIONS, 563
CONSERVATIVE TREATMENTS DISCOLORED TEETH, 605
ExtrinsicDiscolorations,605
ClinicalTechnique,564 SUMMARY,
BLEACHING
I and II Indirect Restorations, EDWARD J. SWIFT, JR. JOH N R. STURDEVANT AN DR EV. RITTER
608
Vital Bleaching Procedures,609 MICROABRASION MACROABRASION,
AND 612
Microabrasion, 612 Macroabrasion,613 VENEERS,
615
DirectVeneer Techniques,617
ndications,57 1
ndirectVeneer Techniques,620
I
Contraindications,571
Veneers for Metal Restorations, 628
Advantages,571
Repairsof Veneers, 630
Disadvantages,572
ACID-ETCHED, SPLINTS, 632
Laboratory-Processed C om positeInlays and Onlays,573 CLINICAL PROCEDURES,
RESIN-BONDED
Period ontallyInvolve dTeeth, 632
CeramicInlaysandOnlays, 574
Stabilizationof Teeth After Orthodontic Treatment,634
579
ToothPreparation,579 I
TREATMENTS,
NonvitalBleachingProcedures,608
Tooth569
CLASSES I AND II INDIRECT RESTORATIONS, 571 I
ntrinsicDiscolorations,606
I
567
1 4 Classes Colored
FOR
Avulsedor PartiallyAvulsedTeeth, 635
mpression,581
CONSERVATIVE
Tem poraryRestor ation,582
BRIDGES, 636
CAD/CAMTechniques,582
NaturalToothPontic, 636
Try-In and Cem entation ,583
DentureToothPontic, 638
Finish ingand Polishin gProced ures,584
Porcelain-Fused-to-MetalPon tic or All-Metal Pontic with Metal Retainers, 640
ClinicalProcedures for CAD/CAMInlays and Onlays, 587 CommonProblemsand Solutions,587 Repair of Tooth -Color edInlaysan d Onlays, 588 SUMMARY,
1 5 Additional Procedures, HARALD
589
All-PorcelainPontic, 646 16
I ntroduction
to Am algam
Restorations, THEODORE M.
651
RO BER SO N HA RAL D0. HEYMAN NANDREV.
Conservative 59 1
RITTER AMALGAM,
0.
653
History,653
HEYMANN ARTISTIC ELEMENTS,
Esthetic
593
Shapeor Form, 594 Symmetryand Proportionality,595 Positionand Alignment,596 SurfaceTexture, 597 Color,597
Translucency,598 ClinicalConsiderations,599
CurrentStatus, 653 Typesof Amalgam Restorative Materials, 653 I
mportantProperties, 654
AmalgamRestorations,654 Uses, 655 Handling,656
Contents
GENERAL
CONSIDERATIONS
AMALGAM
RESTORATIONS,
I
FOR
Restorative Technique, 717
656
Quadrant Dentistry, 735
ndications, 656
CLASS
Contraindications, 657
VI AMALGAM
RESTORATIONS,
736
Advantages, 658 SUMMARY,
Disadvantages, 658 CLINICAL I
TECHNIQUE,
658
18
737
C lasses
III and
V A m alg am
Restorations,
nitial Clinical Procedures, 658
Tooth Preparation for Amalgam Restorations, 658
741 ALDRIDGE D. WILDER, JR.
Restorative Technique for Amalgam
THEODORE M. ROBERSON
ANDRE V. RITTER
Restorations, 664 COMMON
KENNETH N. MAY, JR.*
PROBLEMS:
POTENTIAL
CAUSES
SOLUTIONS,
AND CLASSES
667
III AND
RESTORATIONS,
V AMALGAM 743
Postoperative Sensitivity, 667 Pertinent Material Qualities and Properties, 743
Marginal Voids, 667
I
Marginal Ridge Fractures, 667
Contraindications, 744
Amalgam Scrap and Mercury Collection and
Advantages, 745
Disposal, 667 CONTROVERSIAL
ISSUES,
Disadvantages, 745
667
CLINICAL
Amalgam Restoration Safety, 667
I
Bonded Amalgam Restorations, 667
CLINICAL
R estorations,
VI
745
Restorative Technique, 752
668
I, II, and
RESTORATIONS,
nitial Procedures, 745
AMALGAM
C lasses
FOR CLASS
Tooth Preparation, 745
Proximal Retention Locks, 668
17
TECHNIQUE
III AMALGAM
Spherical or Admixed Amalgam, 667
SUMMARY,
ndications, 743
TECHNIQUE
FOR CLASS
RESTORATIONS,
V
754
A m algam I
669
nitial Procedures, 754
ALDRIDGE D. WILDER, JR.
Tooth Preparation, 755
THEODORE M. ROBERSON
Restorative Technique, 758
PATRICIA N.R. PEREIRA
19
ANDRE V. RITTER
KENNETH N. MAY, JR.I
NTRODUCTION
VI AMALGAM
TO CLASSES RESTORATIONS,
I, II, AND
THEODORE M. ROBERSON KENNETH N. I NTRODUCTION,
Contraindications, 671
765
Pertinent Material Qualities and Properties, 765
Advantages, 671
I
Disadvantages, 672 TECHNIQUE
AMALGAM
Restorations, 763 ALDRIDGE D. WILDER, JR.
MAY, JR.*
ndications, 671
CLINICAL
Am algam
ANDRE V. RITTER
671
Pertinent Material Qualities and Properties, 671 I
Com plex
FOR CLASS
RESTORATIONS,
I
672
Conservative Class I Amalgam Restorations, 672 Extensive Class I Amalgam Restorations, 687
ndications, 765
Contraindications, 766 Advantages, 766 Disadvantages, 766 CLINICAL
TECHNIQUE,
Class I Occlusolingual Amalgam Restorations, 690
I
Class I Occlusofacial Amalgam Restorations, 695
Tooth Preparation, 769
CLASS
II AMALGAM
RESTORATIONS, I
696
nitial Clinical Procedures, 696
Tooth Preparation, 697
766
nitial Procedures Summary, 766
Restorative Technique, 787 SUMMARY,
795
20
C lass
II Cast
Restorations,
21
M etal
799
NTRODUCTION,
OF
Principlesof Compaction,874 Co mp acti onTec hniq uefor Go ld Foil, 876
Contraindications,801
Com pac tionTec hni que forE-Z Go ld, 877
Advantages,802
OF TOOTH PREPARATION PRINCIPLES FOR DIRECT GOLD RESTORATIONS, 877
Disadvantages,802 I nitial Proced ures,802
Fundamentalsof ToothPreparation,877
TOOTH PREPARATION FOR CLASS 11 CAST METAL RESTORATIONS, 803
Tooth Preparationfor Class II Cast Metal I nlays, 803 Too thP reparatio nfor Cast Metal Onlays, 826 FOR CAST
nterocclusalRecords,837
Tem poraryRestora tion,837 FinalImpression,843 WorkingCastsand Dies, 846
Wax Patterns, 853 Spru ing,Investing,and Casting, 856 Seating ,Adjusting,and Polishingthe Casting, 856 Trying -inthe Casting ,858 Cementation,866 Repair,866 SUMMARY,
AND PRINCIPLES 873
Cohe sionand Degas sing, 874
ndications,801
I
871
Materials and Manufacture, 873
801
RESTORATIVE TECHNIQUES METAL RESTORATIONS, 837
Restorations,
DIRECT GOLDS MANIPULATION,
MaterialQualities, 801 I
G old
GREGORY E. SMITH
JOHN R. STURDEVANT CLIFFORD M. STURDEVANT" I
Direct
867
"Th es eautho rsare inac tivethis ed ition .Se e the Acknowledgments.
I ndicationsand Contraindications,878 TOOTH PREPARATIONS RESTORATIONS, 878
AND
ClassI Tooth Prepara tionand Restoration, 878 ClassV Too thPrepa rationand Restoration, 880 Class III Too th Prepa rationand Restoration, 889 SUMMARY,
898
