Syracuse University
SURFACE Senior Teses
School of Architecture Dissertations and Teses
4-1-2012
Architectural Architectural Healing Healing Environments Environments Brian Schaller
Follow this and additional works at: hp://surface.syr.edu/architecture_theses Part of the Architecture the Architecture Commons Commons
architectural healing environments Brian Schaller Advisor: Randall Korman Secondary Ad visor: Anne M unly Spring 2012 Spring 2012 | Comp leti letion on of Undergraduate Architectural Thesis
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architectural healing e en nvironments
a rc hitec tura l healing environments
95 4.
Program 96 Relationships Mind, Body, a nd Spirit 98Program Ana lysisCalculations 100 Analyze Program Connecting to concep t
01 Title Pag e 07 1.
Statement
105
08 Introduction History of healing, therapy, healthcare 13 C ontention Evidence-ba sed design and phenomonology 14 Intentions What will be d one?
4.
Precedents 106 Typological Precedents Building/Programmatic 116 No n-typologica l Precede ntsComparisons/Analogies
19 2.
57 3.
Methodology
129
20 Evidence-based Design: Interviews, Experiements 45 Phenomenonology Interactive, Senses, Color
Site 142
58 Manhattan Natural Landcape, Statistics 62 Historical Referenc e “The G etaway” 64 Ma nhattan Psychology Statistics 67 Why a skyscrap er? Positives and Negatives 72 Site Documentation Photos and Analysis 84 Physical Site AnalysisSun Exposure, Prevailing Wind Patterns, etc.
4.
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4.
architectural healing environments
Projection 130 Ma teriality Natural vs. Articial 133 Visioning Perspectival Analysis of Garden 138 Concept Massing Diagrams 141 C onclusion What is it?
Project 144 Model Views 150 Drawings Plans, Exploded Axon 156 3D Visualizations Perspectives 160 Drawings Sections, Elevations 155 Glossary 156 Works Cited
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1 . T a b l e o f C o n t e n t s
architectural healing environments
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95 4.
Program 96 Relationships Mind, Body, a nd Spirit 98Program Ana lysisCalculations 100 Analyze Program Connecting to concep t
01 Title Pag e 07 1.
Statement
105
08 Introduction History of healing, therapy, healthcare 13 C ontention Evidence-ba sed design and phenomonology 14 Intentions What will be d one?
4.
Precedents 106 Typological Precedents Building/Programmatic 116 No n-typologica l Precede ntsComparisons/Analogies
19 2.
57 3.
Methodology
129
20 Evidence-based Design: Interviews, Experiements 45 Phenomenonology Interactive, Senses, Color
Site 142
58 Manhattan Natural Landcape, Statistics 62 Historical Referenc e “The G etaway” 64 Ma nhattan Psychology Statistics 67 Why a skyscrap er? Positives and Negatives 72 Site Documentation Photos and Analysis 84 Physical Site AnalysisSun Exposure, Prevailing Wind Patterns, etc.
4.
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architectural healing environments
Projection 130 Ma teriality Natural vs. Articial 133 Visioning Perspectival Analysis of Garden 138 Concept Massing Diagrams 141 C onclusion What is it?
Project 144 Model Views 150 Drawings Plans, Exploded Axon 156 3D Visualizations Perspectives 160 Drawings Sections, Elevations 155 Glossary 156 Works Cited
1 . T a b l e o f C o n t e n t s
architectural healing environments
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1 . S t a t e m e n t 02
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architectural healing environments
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1 . S t a t e m e n t 02
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architectural healing environments
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“The US health system is perfectly designed to produce the results we are achieving.” -Leland R. Kaiser
RURAL
RURAL
URBAN
URBAN WORKENVIRONMENT
HEALING ENVIRONMENT
HEALTHCAREENVIRONMENT
Traditional Method
Untraditional Method CULTURALENVIRONMENT
Spaces for healing represent some of the most personal and complex services provided: intimate personal information must be shared with strangers; complex and often frightening situations might occur; difcult decisions are constantly made; and the staff speaks an entirely different languag e. The building itself can help to reduce the stress experienced by patients, their families, and the teams caring for them. The rehabilitation environment is a work environment for the staff, a healing en vironment for
patients and families, a business environment for the provision of healthca re, and a cultural environment for the organization to fulll its mission and vision. In order to realize these environments, facility designs must be linked to the organization’s goals and objectives (Kellert). Traditional models of rehabilitation centers bring the people out of their environment in urba n areas to the rural areas. The be lief is that by taking the pa tientsaway from the nega tive distractions of urban environments and into the
positive distractions of rural environments, the healing process will occur quicker and more effectively. An untraditional approac h is to bring these natural elements, from the traditional app roach, into the urban environment. Historically, areas for rehabilitation are placed outside of the urba n fabric. This foc us demo nstrates the effort to disengage sufferers from the physical complexity and stimuli of an urban habitat. The removal sets a distance between the urban patient and their everyday life. Arguably, this displacement provides a chal-
BUSINESSENVIRONMENT
lenge to the longevity of the succe ss the individual has mad e in rehab . The environment of the rehabilitation center and the patient’s home is compa ratively a dramatic difference . Mentally one beg ins to a ssociate their “healed self” with the facility and their “old self” with their home. The shift sets a p ossibility of imbalance and even relapse of the issues treated.
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“The US health system is perfectly designed to produce the results we are achieving.” -Leland R. Kaiser
RURAL
RURAL
URBAN
URBAN WORKENVIRONMENT
HEALING ENVIRONMENT
HEALTHCAREENVIRONMENT
Traditional Method
Untraditional Method CULTURALENVIRONMENT
Spaces for healing represent some of the most personal and complex services provided: intimate personal information must be shared with strangers; complex and often frightening situations might occur; difcult decisions are constantly made; and the staff speaks an entirely different languag e. The building itself can help to reduce the stress experienced by patients, their families, and the teams caring for them. The rehabilitation environment is a work environment for the staff, a healing en vironment for
patients and families, a business environment for the provision of healthca re, and a cultural environment for the organization to fulll its mission and vision. In order to realize these environments, facility designs must be linked to the organization’s goals and objectives (Kellert). Traditional models of rehabilitation centers bring the people out of their environment in urba n areas to the rural areas. The be lief is that by taking the pa tientsaway from the nega tive distractions of urban environments and into the
positive distractions of rural environments, the healing process will occur quicker and more effectively. An untraditional approac h is to bring these natural elements, from the traditional app roach, into the urban environment. Historically, areas for rehabilitation are placed outside of the urba n fabric. This foc us demo nstrates the effort to disengage sufferers from the physical complexity and stimuli of an urban habitat. The removal sets a distance between the urban patient and their everyday life. Arguably, this displacement provides a chal-
BUSINESSENVIRONMENT
lenge to the longevity of the succe ss the individual has mad e in rehab . The environment of the rehabilitation center and the patient’s home is compa ratively a dramatic difference . Mentally one beg ins to a ssociate their “healed self” with the facility and their “old self” with their home. The shift sets a p ossibility of imbalance and even relapse of the issues treated.
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architectural healing environments
“ A s t h e b a b y b o o m e r s a g e , t h e y a r e g o i n g t o a sk f o r b e t t e r h o sp i t a l e n v i ro n m e n t s a n d e x p e c t t o se e f e a t u r e s t h a t m a k e t h e m m o r e f r ie n d l y a n d l e ss in st i t u t io n a l .” sa y s A n j a l i J o se p h , t h e c e n t e r ’ s d i re c t o r o f r e se a r c h .
“ W e build the b uildings that end up shap ing us”- Winston Church ill
Why is it important right now in today’s society to hone into this problem? With the growing population and increased employment of medicine to treat illness, it is important to consider natural remedies that are clearly being looked over because a lack in awareness of its succ essful prope rties. I strongly believe tha t if we were to present the evidence of the affect architecture has on healing people and its quality to promote healthy lifestyles, there would be a drastic change in the mindset the world has on architecture and health.
Over the past decade, new attitudes toward health and healing have begun to dictate an increasing number of de cisions about how people choose to live (Kellert,). As a result, the commercial, medical, and industrial worlds are slowly being asked to a dap t to these new trends. The eld of architecture is also being
asked to change. How can the built environment support the new directions toward a hea lthy lifestyle?
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architectural healing environments
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“ A s t h e b a b y b o o m e r s a g e , t h e y a r e g o i n g t o a sk f o r b e t t e r h o sp i t a l e n v i ro n m e n t s a n d e x p e c t t o se e f e a t u r e s t h a t m a k e t h e m m o r e f r ie n d l y a n d l e ss in st i t u t io n a l .” sa y s A n j a l i J o se p h , t h e c e n t e r ’ s d i re c t o r o f r e se a r c h .
“ W e build the b uildings that end up shap ing us”- Winston Church ill
Why is it important right now in today’s society to hone into this problem? With the growing population and increased employment of medicine to treat illness, it is important to consider natural remedies that are clearly being looked over because a lack in awareness of its succ essful prope rties. I strongly believe tha t if we were to present the evidence of the affect architecture has on healing people and its quality to promote healthy lifestyles, there would be a drastic change in the mindset the world has on architecture and health.
Over the past decade, new attitudes toward health and healing have begun to dictate an increasing number of de cisions about how people choose to live (Kellert,). As a result, the commercial, medical, and industrial worlds are slowly being asked to a dap t to these new trends. The eld of architecture is also being
asked to change. How can the built environment support the new directions toward a hea lthy lifestyle?
02
10
architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
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It is the contention of this thesis that a study of the phenomenological approach to how one experiences space and by incorporating evidenc e-based d esign c riteria that are ac knowledged for improving wellbeing, quality of life, and reducing distress in people, a healing environment will emerge. The experience d environment will facilitate a temporal awareness of one’s self and the design criteria’s attention to the experienced setting will allow for a healing environment to emerge within the architecture. I am not proposing that architecture c an heal, but rather the architecture ca n stimulate a healing environment.
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architectural healing environments
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It is the contention of this thesis that a study of the phenomenological approach to how one experiences space and by incorporating evidenc e-based d esign c riteria that are ac knowledged for improving wellbeing, quality of life, and reducing distress in people, a healing environment will emerge. The experience d environment will facilitate a temporal awareness of one’s self and the design criteria’s attention to the experienced setting will allow for a healing environment to emerge within the architecture. I am not proposing that architecture c an heal, but rather the architecture ca n stimulate a healing environment.
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architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
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Breakfast Walkor Stretch
Outings
PhysicalTherapy Physical Training
Body
Meetingwith MD Meetingwith PT
Treatment
Dinner Lunch
Sleep
Medicine
PATIENT HEALING
Meetingwith RN
Architecture?
Mind Meditation OccupationalTherapyBuilding
SpiritualActivities
The hope is that phenomenology will allow for spatial awareness, an awareness of one’s own experience, an awareness of oneself, kinesthetic awa reness of one’s movement, an e mpathy with other people, and social interaction to occ ur. Through all of this, the pheno menology will lead to a conscious experience into cond itions that help to give the experience its intentionality; to heal. The project is to introduc e a wellness center into the middle of Manhattan. The idea is to take over an under-utilized rooftop of a skyscraper in a location that isunexpected. I do not want to make a medical co mplex, but create an environment that forms its own identity as a place where one goes to rebalance their in-balances. The intended users are people recovering from depression, alcoholism, and drug abuse. The program will be an outpatient center treating people with psychological issues.
The philosophy that guides thisconc ept of healing is rooted in research in the neurosciences, environmental psychology, psychoneuroimmunology, and e volutionary biology (Mc hale). The common thread linking these bodies of research is the physiological effect of stress on the individual and the ability to heal. The goa l of all healing environments is to engage patients in the conscious process of self-healing and spiritual growth. Spaces are designed to be nurturing a nd therapeutic and, most important, to reduce stress. This is a research-based app roach to design, aimed at eliminating environmental stressorsand putting p atients in contac t with nature in the treatme nt setting. The idea behind bringing the wellness center into the most urban of environments in the country is to prove healing can be achieved in a notoriously unhealthy environment. The disparity between the designed space and city is quite evident. However, I believe that treating the subject under two very extreme habitats will
PatientEducation Spiritual IssuesGroup
GroupTherapy RelaxationTraining
IndividualTherapy
test their success and ability to integrate their recovery to their everyday life. The p remise of the c enter is that the subject can b e treated and then allowed ba ck home repeated o ver a period of time. It’s under the philosophy that slow and steady wins the race. Small repeated intervals of treatment over time ha ve the a bility to c reate healthy habits to emerge in one’s life. The justication behind
this structure is that the individual should not feel like they are being treated. The program
Visitations
works like an appointment, t into their sched-
ule, so that they can sustain their lifestyle while rebala ncing the ir life. This also gives the patients a chance to test out the different techniques and principles they have been taught at the center to reba lanc e their life. The process also gives the patient a since of independenc e plac ing their personal choices and lives rst.
Often in healthcare facilities, the healers are in power and the patients are aware and feel
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architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
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Breakfast Walkor Stretch
Outings
PhysicalTherapy Physical Training
Body
Meetingwith MD Meetingwith PT
Treatment
Dinner Lunch
Sleep
Medicine
PATIENT HEALING
Meetingwith RN
Architecture?
Mind Meditation OccupationalTherapyBuilding
SpiritualActivities
The hope is that phenomenology will allow for spatial awareness, an awareness of one’s own experience, an awareness of oneself, kinesthetic awa reness of one’s movement, an e mpathy with other people, and social interaction to occ ur. Through all of this, the pheno menology will lead to a conscious experience into cond itions that help to give the experience its intentionality; to heal. The project is to introduc e a wellness center into the middle of Manhattan. The idea is to take over an under-utilized rooftop of a skyscraper in a location that isunexpected. I do not want to make a medical co mplex, but create an environment that forms its own identity as a place where one goes to rebalance their in-balances. The intended users are people recovering from depression, alcoholism, and drug abuse. The program will be an outpatient center treating people with psychological issues.
The philosophy that guides thisconc ept of healing is rooted in research in the neurosciences, environmental psychology, psychoneuroimmunology, and e volutionary biology (Mc hale). The common thread linking these bodies of research is the physiological effect of stress on the individual and the ability to heal. The goa l of all healing environments is to engage patients in the conscious process of self-healing and spiritual growth. Spaces are designed to be nurturing a nd therapeutic and, most important, to reduce stress. This is a research-based app roach to design, aimed at eliminating environmental stressorsand putting p atients in contac t with nature in the treatme nt setting. The idea behind bringing the wellness center into the most urban of environments in the country is to prove healing can be achieved in a notoriously unhealthy environment. The disparity between the designed space and city is quite evident. However, I believe that treating the subject under two very extreme habitats will
PatientEducation Spiritual IssuesGroup
GroupTherapy RelaxationTraining
IndividualTherapy
test their success and ability to integrate their recovery to their everyday life. The p remise of the c enter is that the subject can b e treated and then allowed ba ck home repeated o ver a period of time. It’s under the philosophy that slow and steady wins the race. Small repeated intervals of treatment over time ha ve the a bility to c reate healthy habits to emerge in one’s life. The justication behind
this structure is that the individual should not feel like they are being treated. The program
Visitations
works like an appointment, t into their sched-
ule, so that they can sustain their lifestyle while rebala ncing the ir life. This also gives the patients a chance to test out the different techniques and principles they have been taught at the center to reba lanc e their life. The process also gives the patient a since of independenc e plac ing their personal choices and lives rst.
Often in healthcare facilities, the healers are in power and the patients are aware and feel
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architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
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Doctors
Nurses Patients Families
“ P a t i e n t s w a n t t o f e e l in c o n t r o l o f t h e i r h e a l t h , t o m a k e t h e i r o w n c h o i c e s w h i le i n a h e a l t h c a r e f a c i l it y , a n d t o n o t f e e l so d e p e n d e n t o n st a f f f o r h e l p , ” sa y s C y n t h i a L e ib r o c k , a d e si g n e r w h o h a s w r it t e n s e v e r a l b o o k s o n t h e t o p i c i n c l u d i n g D e s ig n D e t a i l s f o r H e a l t h
Traditional Method
Doctors Nurses Patients Families
Untraditional Method
inuence subconsciously impedes them from
reaching their highest potentials of comfort level. This discomfo rt is a prob lem bec ause it increases the risk that the patient won’t return. The outpatient treatment fac ility must ensure a high level of comfort because it is their responsibility to return for continued treatment in the future. One wa y in whic h the individuals 02
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architectural healing environments
and hea l faster. Thisca n also be ac hieved by making the patients feel like they are in an environment where they are not being viewed, but rather viewing o ther things. It tries to stay away from the institutional feeling of many other wellness ce nters. For instance he aling environments should stimulate positive awareness The isolated moments provide a pause and of ourselves, enhanc e our c onnection with nadistraction to eng age the patients mind o ff of ture, culture, and pe ople; allow for privacy; do their own suffering. It is also gives them a re- no physical harm; provide meaningful, varying minder that they are an active participant in stimuli; encourage times of relaxation; allow us the facility. It is proven that if someone feels to interact with them productively; balance comfortable a nd relaxed, they ca n rest easier constancy and exibility; and be beautiful. can see themselves as an equal occupant of the building is through the co ncep t of framing. Forced perspectives that engage the patient with a framed view of elements like trees or water provide the individual indepe ndent moments of self-awareness in the space (Ulrich).
that autho rity. The c ontrol is present in every aspect of the center, including the architecture. I am not saying that the dominanc e isn’t necessary, but the patient’s awareness of its
architectural healing environments
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Doctors
Nurses Patients Families
“ P a t i e n t s w a n t t o f e e l in c o n t r o l o f t h e i r h e a l t h , t o m a k e t h e i r o w n c h o i c e s w h i le i n a h e a l t h c a r e f a c i l it y , a n d t o n o t f e e l so d e p e n d e n t o n st a f f f o r h e l p , ” sa y s C y n t h i a L e ib r o c k , a d e si g n e r w h o h a s w r it t e n s e v e r a l b o o k s o n t h e t o p i c i n c l u d i n g D e s ig n D e t a i l s f o r H e a l t h
Traditional Method
Doctors Nurses Patients Families
Untraditional Method
inuence subconsciously impedes them from
reaching their highest potentials of comfort level. This discomfo rt is a prob lem bec ause it increases the risk that the patient won’t return. The outpatient treatment fac ility must ensure a high level of comfort because it is their responsibility to return for continued treatment in the future. One wa y in whic h the individuals 02
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architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
02
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architectural healing environments
and hea l faster. Thisca n also be ac hieved by making the patients feel like they are in an environment where they are not being viewed, but rather viewing o ther things. It tries to stay away from the institutional feeling of many other wellness ce nters. For instance he aling environments should stimulate positive awareness The isolated moments provide a pause and of ourselves, enhanc e our c onnection with nadistraction to eng age the patients mind o ff of ture, culture, and pe ople; allow for privacy; do their own suffering. It is also gives them a re- no physical harm; provide meaningful, varying minder that they are an active participant in stimuli; encourage times of relaxation; allow us the facility. It is proven that if someone feels to interact with them productively; balance comfortable a nd relaxed, they ca n rest easier constancy and exibility; and be beautiful. can see themselves as an equal occupant of the building is through the co ncep t of framing. Forced perspectives that engage the patient with a framed view of elements like trees or water provide the individual indepe ndent moments of self-awareness in the space (Ulrich).
that autho rity. The c ontrol is present in every aspect of the center, including the architecture. I am not saying that the dominanc e isn’t necessary, but the patient’s awareness of its
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2 . M e t h o d o l o g y architectural healing environments
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2 . M e t h o d o l o g y
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Evidence-based Design:
The use of knowledge o n psychologically suppo rtive environments is dened as evidence-based design. Evidence-
based design, based on its medical equivalent, evidencebased medicine, refers to guiding design decisions by scientic evidence in order to promote health and well
being (Mchale). For example, use of the evidence-based design on healthcare environments might impact healthrelated outcomes such as length of stay, pain, medica tion intake, stress, arousal, mood, or environmental appraisals. These variables are all considered to be relevant outcome measures in assessing the effects of the physical healthcare environment, but most research in this eld still needs to be
discovered. One example of a subject tested in evidenceba sed de sign is stress. Stress can result in more p ain and slower wound healing, but it also impacts the immune system. Stress ca n many times be trigge red from the environments we live in (Norman). The breadth of the many statistics that demonstrate how o ne c an be gin to design healthy environemnts, are convincing reasons to design spaces that reduce stress and address things like patients’ needs for relaxation and comfort. The pa ges that follow will show some of the research that can be used to help design healthy settings for people to heal.
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architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
21
Evidence-based Design:
The use of knowledge o n psychologically suppo rtive environments is dened as evidence-based design. Evidence-
based design, based on its medical equivalent, evidencebased medicine, refers to guiding design decisions by scientic evidence in order to promote health and well
being (Mchale). For example, use of the evidence-based design on healthcare environments might impact healthrelated outcomes such as length of stay, pain, medica tion intake, stress, arousal, mood, or environmental appraisals. These variables are all considered to be relevant outcome measures in assessing the effects of the physical healthcare environment, but most research in this eld still needs to be
discovered. One example of a subject tested in evidenceba sed de sign is stress. Stress can result in more p ain and slower wound healing, but it also impacts the immune system. Stress ca n many times be trigge red from the environments we live in (Norman). The breadth of the many statistics that demonstrate how o ne c an be gin to design healthy environemnts, are convincing reasons to design spaces that reduce stress and address things like patients’ needs for relaxation and comfort. The pa ges that follow will show some of the research that can be used to help design healthy settings for people to heal.
02
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architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
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'
Sunlight and Patient Satisfaction
Sunlight and Patient Satisfaction
Patients were asked to answer these questions each day throughout the course of their stay Surveys conducted by BMAssociation over a year with several Mental Institutions in UK
Patients were asked to answer these questions each day throughout the course of their stay Surveys conducted by BMAssociation over a year with several Mental Institutions in UK
(Conducted with Depression Patients) Avg. of Patient's Satisfaction Surveys (1 to 100 being extremely satisfied) L it tl e t o no Sun M od er ate to Am pl e Su n Sleep Performance 80.78 92.35 Activity Level 51.79 69.23 Control of Stress 35.46 48.84 Tolerance of Pain 56.34 61.96 Contentedness 67.78 74.26 Willingness to return 89.60 93.09
(Conducted with Alcoholic Patients)
(Conducted with BiPolar Patients) Avg. of Patient's Satisfaction Surveys (1 to 100 being extremely satisfied) L it tl e t o no Sun M od er ate to Am pl e Su n Sleep Performance 75.09 76.98 Activity Level 67.89 71.78 Control of Stress 56.97 59.09 Tolerance of Pain 86.09 89.21 Contentedness 46.92 57.89 Willingness to return 78.08 80.42
(Conducted with Schizophrenic Patients) ' Satisfaction Surveys Avg. of Patient's (1 to 100 being extremely satisfied) L it tl e t o no Sun M od er ate to Am pl e Su n Sleep Performance 69.09 68.32 Activity Level 68.53 73.47 Control of Stress 54.79 59.12 Tolerance of Pain 65.79 67.24 Contentedness 45.54 52.98 Willingness to return 56.75 65.90
Sleep Performance Activity Level Control of Stress Tolerance of Pain Contentedness Willingness to return
( B e a u c h e m i n ) , K . M . a n d P . H a y s ( 19 9 6 ). S u n n y h o sp i t a l r o o m s e x p e d i t e r e c o v e r y f r o m s e v e r e a n d r e f ra c t o r y de pressio ns. Journal of A ffec tive Disorders, 40: 49-51.)
'
' Satisfaction Surveys Avg. of Patient's (1 to 100 being extremely satisfied) L it tl e t o no Sun M od er ate to Am pl e Su n 89.09 91.90 69.36 78.04 47.08 57.08 35.08 39.59 36.91 45.39 69.56
80.25
( B e a u c h e m i n ) , K . M . a n d P . H a y s (1 9 9 6) . Su n n y h o s p i t a l r o o m s e x p e d i t e r e c o v e r y f r o m s e v e re a n d r e f r a c t o r y dep ressions. Journal of Affe ctive Disorders, 40: 49-51.)
' 02
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architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
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'
Sunlight and Patient Satisfaction
Sunlight and Patient Satisfaction
Patients were asked to answer these questions each day throughout the course of their stay Surveys conducted by BMAssociation over a year with several Mental Institutions in UK
Patients were asked to answer these questions each day throughout the course of their stay Surveys conducted by BMAssociation over a year with several Mental Institutions in UK
(Conducted with Depression Patients) Avg. of Patient's Satisfaction Surveys (1 to 100 being extremely satisfied) L it tl e t o no Sun M od er ate to Am pl e Su n Sleep Performance 80.78 92.35 Activity Level 51.79 69.23 Control of Stress 35.46 48.84 Tolerance of Pain 56.34 61.96 Contentedness 67.78 74.26 Willingness to return 89.60 93.09
(Conducted with Alcoholic Patients)
(Conducted with BiPolar Patients) Avg. of Patient's Satisfaction Surveys (1 to 100 being extremely satisfied) L it tl e t o no Sun M od er ate to Am pl e Su n Sleep Performance 75.09 76.98 Activity Level 67.89 71.78 Control of Stress 56.97 59.09 Tolerance of Pain 86.09 89.21 Contentedness 46.92 57.89 Willingness to return 78.08 80.42
(Conducted with Schizophrenic Patients) ' Satisfaction Surveys Avg. of Patient's (1 to 100 being extremely satisfied) L it tl e t o no Sun M od er ate to Am pl e Su n Sleep Performance 69.09 68.32 Activity Level 68.53 73.47 Control of Stress 54.79 59.12 Tolerance of Pain 65.79 67.24 Contentedness 45.54 52.98 Willingness to return 56.75 65.90
Sleep Performance Activity Level Control of Stress Tolerance of Pain Contentedness Willingness to return
( B e a u c h e m i n ) , K . M . a n d P . H a y s ( 19 9 6 ). S u n n y h o sp i t a l r o o m s e x p e d i t e r e c o v e r y f r o m s e v e r e a n d r e f ra c t o r y de pressio ns. Journal of A ffec tive Disorders, 40: 49-51.)
'
' Satisfaction Surveys Avg. of Patient's (1 to 100 being extremely satisfied) L it tl e t o no Sun M od er ate to Am pl e Su n 89.09 91.90 69.36 78.04 47.08 57.08 35.08 39.59 36.91 45.39 69.56
80.25
( B e a u c h e m i n ) , K . M . a n d P . H a y s (1 9 9 6) . Su n n y h o s p i t a l r o o m s e x p e d i t e r e c o v e r y f r o m s e v e re a n d r e f r a c t o r y dep ressions. Journal of Affe ctive Disorders, 40: 49-51.)
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architectural healing environments
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Interview (Therapist point of view) In-depth Interview with a therapist from CPEP conducted by Brian Schaller (an outpatient facility for mental health emergencies (Syracyuse, NY)) Question: What would you like to see in a mental health facility to focus on healing? She talked most about the internal environment: • the main entrances and reception areas should be pleasant and welcoming • the internal appearance should be calming and non-intimidating • the building should have good acoustics • temperatures should be comfortable in all seasons • the air quality should be fresh. Question: What about the kind of materials and textures you find work best?
Materials, finishes, textures : • materials and finishes should work with the layout to create a set of varied places with degrees of privacy • finishes, fittings, furniture and notices should be well coordinated and designed to reduce clutter • selection of finishes and materials needs to take account of infection control issues. Question: What else do you see helping ease the stress of the patients? Use of art to enhance the healing environment : • art should be an integral part of the design of the interior • the design should make provision for changing art displays • the design could make provision for presentations of the performing arts • the design could allow for art activities to take place for patients and staff. Question: Any concluding remarks concerning this topic based on your experience? Irrespective of the size of the building the sc ale should be considered from the point of view of patients, visitors and staff so as to make them welcome. 02
24
architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
25
Interview (Therapist point of view) In-depth Interview with a therapist from CPEP conducted by Brian Schaller (an outpatient facility for mental health emergencies (Syracyuse, NY)) Question: What would you like to see in a mental health facility to focus on healing? She talked most about the internal environment: • the main entrances and reception areas should be pleasant and welcoming • the internal appearance should be calming and non-intimidating • the building should have good acoustics • temperatures should be comfortable in all seasons • the air quality should be fresh. Question: What about the kind of materials and textures you find work best?
Materials, finishes, textures : • materials and finishes should work with the layout to create a set of varied places with degrees of privacy • finishes, fittings, furniture and notices should be well coordinated and designed to reduce clutter • selection of finishes and materials needs to take account of infection control issues. Question: What else do you see helping ease the stress of the patients? Use of art to enhance the healing environment : • art should be an integral part of the design of the interior • the design should make provision for changing art displays • the design could make provision for presentations of the performing arts • the design could allow for art activities to take place for patients and staff. Question: Any concluding remarks concerning this topic based on your experience? Irrespective of the size of the building the sc ale should be considered from the point of view of patients, visitors and staff so as to make them welcome. 02
24
architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
25
Interview (Psychologist point of view) Interview with psychologist from BINGHAMTON PSYCHIATRIC conducted by B.Schaller (an facility for most mental health disorders (Binghamton, NY)) Question: What would you like to see in a mental health facility for the future? She began by talking about spaces that Lift spirits and help recovery: • the design of the building should aid therapeutic objectives • the building should engender wellbeing and raise patients’ and visitors’ spirit Question: What do you hope the design would do? Express excellence • the design should express a strong positive image of the health service • the building should raise staff morale. • the design should embody a clear and coherent vision confidently communicating its function and aspirations through its physical elements. Question: What areas of the healing environment should be focussed on? Set out requirements for functional content and space standards • public and entrance areas • social spaces for patients, staff and public • children’s areas • scope for external franchises and other add-ons • plant and servicing • exterior terraces, play areas, etc. Question: Is there any other thoughts you have on this t opic based on your experience? She began talking about Space utilization • spaces should be capable of being shared where appropriate – seen as a resource, not personal territory • dual use of circulation space should be exploited where effective to encourage informal association and gathering. 02
26
architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
27
Interview (Psychologist point of view) Interview with psychologist from BINGHAMTON PSYCHIATRIC conducted by B.Schaller (an facility for most mental health disorders (Binghamton, NY)) Question: What would you like to see in a mental health facility for the future? She began by talking about spaces that Lift spirits and help recovery: • the design of the building should aid therapeutic objectives • the building should engender wellbeing and raise patients’ and visitors’ spirit Question: What do you hope the design would do? Express excellence • the design should express a strong positive image of the health service • the building should raise staff morale. • the design should embody a clear and coherent vision confidently communicating its function and aspirations through its physical elements. Question: What areas of the healing environment should be focussed on? Set out requirements for functional content and space standards • public and entrance areas • social spaces for patients, staff and public • children’s areas • scope for external franchises and other add-ons • plant and servicing • exterior terraces, play areas, etc. Question: Is there any other thoughts you have on this t opic based on your experience? She began talking about Space utilization • spaces should be capable of being shared where appropriate – seen as a resource, not personal territory • dual use of circulation space should be exploited where effective to encourage informal association and gathering. 02
26
architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
27
Interview (Consoler point of view) Interview with Consoler from Syr. Behavioral Healthcare conducted by B.Schaller (Inpatient substance abuse facility (Syracuse, NY)) Question: What is one aspect of the built environment you work in that could be changed to help promote the care for patients?
The efficiency of the place and how it runs: the inter-departmental relationships should be convenient and help efficient functioning
•
• there should be clarity about the priority of key relationships • internal relationship within departments (main rooms, bays, storage, service rooms) should be convenient and help efficient functioning. Question: Do you have any thoughts about the private vs. public spaces in your facility
For the Privacy, isolation and communality: • requirements of visual and acoustic privacy • requirements for gender segregation • infection control regimes including isolation rooms and beds. She added additional issues to consider:
• reception areas should enable confidential conversations without embarrassment • the design should help avoid unintended isolation, allowing patients to communicate with staff when needed. Question: Do you have any thoughts about the use of color, natural light vs. artifical light, shading, etc. based on the patient's responses you have witnessed? Color:
• the contribution of color to providing continuity and variety, stimulation and calmness should be thought through • color schemes should assist way-finding. Daylight : • daylight should be fully exploited to enhance the experience of patients, staff and public • internal spaces and courtyards should be orientated for optimum sunlight penetration Artificial light : 02
28
architectural healing environments
• lighting should be used creatively and sensitively to enhance the use and experience of the interiors. architectural healing environments
29
Interview (Consoler point of view) Interview with Consoler from Syr. Behavioral Healthcare conducted by B.Schaller (Inpatient substance abuse facility (Syracuse, NY)) Question: What is one aspect of the built environment you work in that could be changed to help promote the care for patients?
The efficiency of the place and how it runs: the inter-departmental relationships should be convenient and help efficient functioning
•
• there should be clarity about the priority of key relationships • internal relationship within departments (main rooms, bays, storage, service rooms) should be convenient and help efficient functioning. Question: Do you have any thoughts about the private vs. public spaces in your facility
For the Privacy, isolation and communality: • requirements of visual and acoustic privacy • requirements for gender segregation • infection control regimes including isolation rooms and beds. She added additional issues to consider:
• reception areas should enable confidential conversations without embarrassment • the design should help avoid unintended isolation, allowing patients to communicate with staff when needed. Question: Do you have any thoughts about the use of color, natural light vs. artifical light, shading, etc. based on the patient's responses you have witnessed? Color:
• the contribution of color to providing continuity and variety, stimulation and calmness should be thought through • color schemes should assist way-finding. Daylight : • daylight should be fully exploited to enhance the experience of patients, staff and public • internal spaces and courtyards should be orientated for optimum sunlight penetration Artificial light : 02
28
• lighting should be used creatively and sensitively to enhance the use and experience of the interiors.
architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
Ward layouts and way-finding
Perceptions of sunshine contribution
Ward layouts in older hospitals generally provide long corridors organized around a central nursing station, where medication and charts are located. Research has shown that nurses spend much of their time (more than 40 per cent in older UK NHS hospitals ) walking up and down halls increasing fatigue and stress and sharply cutting the time available for observing patients and delivering direct care.
Study done for the Center for Health Design by the Picker Institue (1999) Included both focus groups and in-depth interviews over a two-year period
(Birren, Fab er. Light Co lor and Environment , New York: Reinhold C om pa ny, 1969.)
Survey Questions Considered sunlight to be a nuisance Considered sunlight to be pleasurable
Patients 2% 91%
Staff 62% 31%
Considered sunlight to be calming Considered sunlight to be unfavorable
92% 1%
35% 26%
29
(Bened etti et al (2001) Morning sunlig ht redu ce s length of hospita lisations in bipola r depression. Journal of Affe ctive D isorde rs, 62:221-23.)
40%
of a nurses day is spent walking up and down halls
02
30
architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
31
Ward layouts and way-finding
Perceptions of sunshine contribution
Ward layouts in older hospitals generally provide long corridors organized around a central nursing station, where medication and charts are located. Research has shown that nurses spend much of their time (more than 40 per cent in older UK NHS hospitals ) walking up and down halls increasing fatigue and stress and sharply cutting the time available for observing patients and delivering direct care.
Study done for the Center for Health Design by the Picker Institue (1999) Included both focus groups and in-depth interviews over a two-year period
(Birren, Fab er. Light Co lor and Environment , New York: Reinhold C om pa ny, 1969.)
Survey Questions Considered sunlight to be a nuisance Considered sunlight to be pleasurable
Patients 2% 91%
Staff 62% 31%
Considered sunlight to be calming Considered sunlight to be unfavorable
92% 1%
35% 26%
(Bened etti et al (2001) Morning sunlig ht redu ce s length of hospita lisations in bipola r depression. Journal of Affe ctive D isorde rs, 62:221-23.)
40%
of a nurses day is spent walking up and down halls
02
30
architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
31
I
l
l l l
I l l l I
l
l l
l
Importance of the Built Environment
l
Study done for the Center for Health Design by the Picker Institue (1999) Included both focus groups and in-depth interviews over a two-year period
l l I
l
l
What mattered most to People: Space 1 Promotes connections to staff :
2 Is conductive to well-being:
3 Is convenient and accessible:
4 Is confidential and private:
visual access to caregivers quick access in emergencies an effective communication system
l
focus on noise reduction patient control of room temperature, TV, lighting negative distractions minimized accommodation for family adequate space for grooming and daily tasks Interent access adequate lighting storage for personal belongings adequate electrical outlets clarity of wayfinding on the campus privcay at admitting and registration visible wayfinding directories & visitor info near entry short travel distances between destinations clearly markedentrance and drop-off areas
access to telephones visiting areas for family with seating in privacy groupings play space for children variation in seating to accommodate a wide range of users overnight accommodations private grieving space
6 Is considerate of impairments:
consideration for persons using assistive devices wheelchair access at information desks and elsewhere adequate space to move around room using wheelchair bathrooms large enough for wheelchair exterior gardens and opportunities to connect with nature views from the bed keeping in touch via Internet television well-lit parking lot safe path from public transportation adequate handrails within facility clearly -marked fire exits slip-proof bathrooms
7 Facilitiy's connection to outside world:
8 Is safe and secure
quiet areas where patients can be alone privacy for bathing and dressing privacy when treatment options/financial issues discussed
(Evans, G. W. and S. Cohen (1987). Environment al stress. Chaptl er in D. Stokols and I. Altm an (Eds.), Handb ook o f Environ- men tal Psych olog y. New York: John Wiley, 571-610.) l
l
5 Shows caring for family:
(Evans, G. W. and S. Cohe n (1987). Environme nta l stress. Cha pte r in D. Stoko ls and I. Altman (Eds.), Handb ook o f Environ- me ntal Psycholog y. New York: John Wiley, 571-610.)
l
02
32
Iarchitectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
33
I
l
l l l
I l l l I
l
l l
l
Importance of the Built Environment
l
Study done for the Center for Health Design by the Picker Institue (1999) Included both focus groups and in-depth interviews over a two-year period
l l
l
l
I
What mattered most to People: Space 1 Promotes connections to staff :
2 Is conductive to well-being:
3 Is convenient and accessible:
4 Is confidential and private:
visual access to caregivers quick access in emergencies an effective communication system
l
focus on noise reduction patient control of room temperature, TV, lighting negative distractions minimized accommodation for family adequate space for grooming and daily tasks Interent access adequate lighting storage for personal belongings adequate electrical outlets clarity of wayfinding on the campus privcay at admitting and registration visible wayfinding directories & visitor info near entry short travel distances between destinations clearly markedentrance and drop-off areas
5 Shows caring for family:
access to telephones visiting areas for family with seating in privacy groupings play space for children variation in seating to accommodate a wide range of users overnight accommodations private grieving space
6 Is considerate of impairments:
consideration for persons using assistive devices wheelchair access at information desks and elsewhere adequate space to move around room using wheelchair bathrooms large enough for wheelchair exterior gardens and opportunities to connect with nature views from the bed keeping in touch via Internet television well-lit parking lot safe path from public transportation adequate handrails within facility clearly -marked fire exits slip-proof bathrooms
7 Facilitiy's connection to outside world:
8 Is safe and secure
quiet areas where patients can be alone privacy for bathing and dressing privacy when treatment options/financial issues discussed
(Evans, G. W. and S. Cohen (1987). Environment al stress. Chaptl er in D. Stokols and I. Altm an (Eds.), Handb ook o f Environ- men tal Psych olog y. New York: John Wiley, 571-610.) l
l
(Evans, G. W. and S. Cohe n (1987). Environme nta l stress. Cha pte r in D. Stoko ls and I. Altman (Eds.), Handb ook o f Environ- me ntal Psycholog y. New York: John Wiley, 571-610.)
l
02
32
Iarchitectural healing environments
architectural healing environments l
l
33
l l
l
"The Ecology of the Patient Experience" Single versus Multiple Occupancy Room Design
Weill Cornell medical Center Research hypothesis: the design of the environment impacts the perceived time spent waiting in a doctor's office the perceived quality of care provided
Study conducted by the Coalition for Health Environments Research (CHER) Single occupancy can match the perdiem cost of multibed First costs and operating costs rooms due to higher occupancy rates Operating costs are reduced in single patient rooms due to reduction in transfer costs
The more attractive the environment the higher the perceived quality of the medical care and the lower the anxiety.
Patients' length of stay is shorter in private rooms Medication erros are reduced in single occupancy rooms
Perceived Experience of Patient: (based on average comparisons) Environment
S ta ff in te ra ct io n Positive Negative
Attractive Unattractive
W ai t t im e Less More
Infection control and falls prevention
Q ua li ty o f C ar e Positive Negative
Infection rates are lowerin private rooms with proper design and vetilation systems Private rooms make it easier to isolate infected patients or Patients requiring constant supervision do better in a private room due to increased surveillance
(Evans, G. W. and S. Cohen (1987). Environment al stress. Chapt er in D. Stokols and I. Altm an (Eds.), Handb ook of Environme nta l Psycholog y. New York: John Wiley, 571-610.)
Therapeutic Impacts Patients in private rooms use less pain medication More private conversations with healthcare professionals can occur in private rooms
W A I T I N G R O O M
M O O D L E V E L
M O O D L E V E L
Patients prefer single bed rooms because of greater privacy, less noise, reduced embarassment, better sleep, and not having to be c oncerned about disturbing the other patient Patient stressors in the hospitalinclude perceived lack of control, lack of privacy, noise and crowding
W A I T I N G R O O M
perception Crowding can contribute to higher blood pressure (Ham ilton, D. Kirk. 2003. The Four Levels of Evidenc e-Based Practic e. Healthc are Design, Nove mb er.)
02
34
architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
35
"The Ecology of the Patient Experience" Single versus Multiple Occupancy Room Design
Weill Cornell medical Center Research hypothesis: the design of the environment impacts the perceived time spent waiting in a doctor's office the perceived quality of care provided
Study conducted by the Coalition for Health Environments Research (CHER) Single occupancy can match the perdiem cost of multibed First costs and operating costs rooms due to higher occupancy rates Operating costs are reduced in single patient rooms due to reduction in transfer costs
The more attractive the environment the higher the perceived quality of the medical care and the lower the anxiety.
Patients' length of stay is shorter in private rooms Medication erros are reduced in single occupancy rooms
Perceived Experience of Patient: (based on average comparisons) Environment
S ta ff in te ra ct io n Positive Negative
Attractive Unattractive
W ai t t im e Less More
Infection control and falls prevention
Q ua li ty o f C ar e Positive Negative
Infection rates are lowerin private rooms with proper design and vetilation systems Private rooms make it easier to isolate infected patients or Patients requiring constant supervision do better in a private room due to increased surveillance
(Evans, G. W. and S. Cohen (1987). Environment al stress. Chapt er in D. Stokols and I. Altm an (Eds.), Handb ook of Environme nta l Psycholog y. New York: John Wiley, 571-610.)
Therapeutic Impacts Patients in private rooms use less pain medication More private conversations with healthcare professionals can occur in private rooms
W A I T I N G R O O M
M O O D L E V E L
M O O D L E V E L
Patients prefer single bed rooms because of greater privacy, less noise, reduced embarassment, better sleep, and not having to be c oncerned about disturbing the other patient Patient stressors in the hospitalinclude perceived lack of control, lack of privacy, noise and crowding
W A I T I N G R O O M
perception Crowding can contribute to higher blood pressure (Ham ilton, D. Kirk. 2003. The Four Levels of Evidenc e-Based Practic e. Healthc are Design, Nove mb er.)
02
34
architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
35
Stress Levels (Blod Pressure) Tested Urban vs. Rural
Stress Levels Tested Urban vs. Rural
This study assigned patientseither a walk through a rural setting or an urban landsca pe. While they were in these environments the blood pressure levels were mea sured. The study showed that the b lood pressure o n average was reduced while wa lking through the natural landscape a s opposed to the urban environment
Views one would see along the walk (Ruga W (1989) De sig ning for the Six Senses. Journal of Hea lth Ca re Interior Design 1: 29-34)
36
architectural healing environments
02
architectural healing environments
37
Stress Levels (Blod Pressure) Tested Urban vs. Rural
Stress Levels Tested Urban vs. Rural
This study assigned patientseither a walk through a rural setting or an urban landsca pe. While they were in these environments the blood pressure levels were mea sured. The study showed that the b lood pressure o n average was reduced while wa lking through the natural landscape a s opposed to the urban environment
Views one would see along the walk (Ruga W (1989) De sig ning for the Six Senses. Journal of Hea lth Ca re Interior Design 1: 29-34)
36
02
architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
Positive Levels Tested Urban vs. Rural
Sadness Levels Tested Urban vs. Rural
Another important aspect of the study was analyzing their emotions while integrated in their assigned surrounding. On avera ge the rural landscape had positive affects on the human being while the urban landscape had neg ative affects on the person.
The study actually found a d ifference in the sadness recorded betwe en males to females. Many times the mood is triggered by associations made in the built environment. This could be the result for the difference in moods. On avera ge the men might have different perspectives on the built environment when the emotion of sadness is experienced.
Anger Levels Tested Urban vs. Rural
(Ruga W (1989) Designing f or the Six Senses. Journal of Hea lth Ca re Interior Design 1: 29-34)
38
architectural healing environments
37
Patterns Reversal
(Ruga W (1989) Designing f or the Six Senses. Journal of Hea lth Ca re Interior Design 1: 29-34)
02
architectural healing environments
39
Positive Levels Tested Urban vs. Rural
Sadness Levels Tested Urban vs. Rural
Another important aspect of the study was analyzing their emotions while integrated in their assigned surrounding. On avera ge the rural landscape had positive affects on the human being while the urban landscape had neg ative affects on the person.
The study actually found a d ifference in the sadness recorded betwe en males to females. Many times the mood is triggered by associations made in the built environment. This could be the result for the difference in moods. On avera ge the men might have different perspectives on the built environment when the emotion of sadness is experienced.
Anger Levels Tested Urban vs. Rural
Patterns Reversal
(Ruga W (1989) Designing f or the Six Senses. Journal of Hea lth Ca re Interior Design 1: 29-34)
38
(Ruga W (1989) Designing f or the Six Senses. Journal of Hea lth Ca re Interior Design 1: 29-34)
02
architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
39
Importance of window The length of stay in the ICU was tested based on whether there was a windo w or not for the pa tient. The study came b ac k with results showing that the p aients that were left in a room with a window recovered faster and left the hospital quic ker.
6 Recovery Speed
5 ICU LOS, days
4 3
Int Comp
2 1 0
Recovery Speed 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
2005
(Ulrich, R. S. (1984). View through a window may inuence recovery from surgery. Sci - enc e, 224: 420-421)
The integration of natural physical environments into treatment for human sufferers has always proven to be an effective course of action. Elements in nature emulate qualities of calmness and serenity that are nec essary for a healing environment. Studies have shown that simple chang es like a view to a green landscap e bec omes a mental focusing tool of distraction allowing recovery to manifest quickly. The ca pac ity of the mind to heal suffering is overwhelming neglected in modern facilities in America. Generally, American healthcare fac ilities are d esigned to hold the tools to heal, not be the tool to heal. If one were to begin to think of architecture as just important as the medicine, there could be a major shift in how p eople a re treated for the future.
Roger Ulrich (1984) began to change this line of thinking with his pioneering study of the effects of hospital window views on recovery from abd ominal cholecystectomy surgery. Ulrich’s study focused on patients who could see trees, rather than a brick wall through their patient-room window. The study found tha t these patien ts subsequently required less narcotic pain med ication, experienced a shorter hospital stay, and had fewer negative evaluative comments in nurses’ notes. Ulrich, R. S. (1999). Effects of garde ns on health outc ome s: Theo ry and research. Ch ap ter
in C. C. Marcus and M. Barnes (Eds.), Healing Gardens: Therapeutic Benets and Design R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s . N e w Y o rk : J o h n W i l e y , 2 7 - 8 6.
02
40
architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
41
Importance of window The length of stay in the ICU was tested based on whether there was a windo w or not for the pa tient. The study came b ac k with results showing that the p aients that were left in a room with a window recovered faster and left the hospital quic ker.
6 Recovery Speed
5 ICU LOS, days
4 3
Int Comp
2 1 0
Recovery Speed 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
2005
(Ulrich, R. S. (1984). View through a window may inuence recovery from surgery. Sci - enc e, 224: 420-421)
The integration of natural physical environments into treatment for human sufferers has always proven to be an effective course of action. Elements in nature emulate qualities of calmness and serenity that are nec essary for a healing environment. Studies have shown that simple chang es like a view to a green landscap e bec omes a mental focusing tool of distraction allowing recovery to manifest quickly. The ca pac ity of the mind to heal suffering is overwhelming neglected in modern facilities in America. Generally, American healthcare fac ilities are d esigned to hold the tools to heal, not be the tool to heal. If one were to begin to think of architecture as just important as the medicine, there could be a major shift in how p eople a re treated for the future.
Roger Ulrich (1984) began to change this line of thinking with his pioneering study of the effects of hospital window views on recovery from abd ominal cholecystectomy surgery. Ulrich’s study focused on patients who could see trees, rather than a brick wall through their patient-room window. The study found tha t these patien ts subsequently required less narcotic pain med ication, experienced a shorter hospital stay, and had fewer negative evaluative comments in nurses’ notes. Ulrich, R. S. (1999). Effects of garde ns on health outc ome s: Theo ry and research. Ch ap ter
in C. C. Marcus and M. Barnes (Eds.), Healing Gardens: Therapeutic Benets and Design R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s . N e w Y o rk : J o h n W i l e y , 2 7 - 8 6.
02
40
architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
Exposure to Daylight on Depression
Noise Level Impact on Patient
A 2001 study by Benedetti et al with patients treated for depression
Study performed outpatient psychiatric ward
Data obtained from patient surveys
(ACC) in Sweden
Solar Orientation East Facing
Level 1 Patient
Healthy level avg.
Level 3 Patient
Healthy level avg.
( Ad di ct io n)
( 1 o ut of 10 be in g t he be st )
( Se v. De pr es si on )
( 1 o ut of 10 be in g t he be st )
Symptoms Heart Rate
Respiration Sleep Stress Blood Pressure Oxygen Sat.
40-50 dB 50-60 dB 60-65 dB 8 7 5 8 9 8 9 8
8 7 8 7 6
6 5 5 6 5
Symptoms Heart Rate
Respiration Sleep Stress Blood Pressure Oxygen Sat.
4 0- 50 d B 6
5 0- 60 d B 6
6 0- 65 d B 4
7 7 6 8 7
5 4 5 6 5
3 4 4 3 4
Level 2 Patient
Healthy level avg.
Level 4 Patient
Healthy level avg.
(Depression) Symptoms
(1 out of 10 being the best) 40-50 dB 50-60 dB 60-65 dB 7 7 5 8 7 5 7 6 4 8 6 4 8 6 5 9 7 5
(Critical Disorder) Symptoms
(1 out of 10 being the best) 4 0- 50 d B 5 0- 60 d B 6 0- 65 d B 5 4 3 5 3 3 5 2 2 4 4 2 6 4 3 6 4 3
Heart Rate Respiration Sleep Stress Blood Pressure Oxygen Sat.
Heart Rate Respiration Sleep Stress Blood Pressure Oxygen Sat.
= HEALTH
+
architectural healing environments
10 14 13 7 8
7 9 8 7 13
6 9 13 7 11
13 12 7 14
7 8 9 16
7 13 11 12
7 11 10 11
8 6 10 13
16 7 13 11
13 10 13 11
9 16 13 15
13 12 10 8
10 11 12 11
13 8
13 15
10 8
12 11
11 9
12 10
9 8
9 8
12 16
9 13
7
9
12
9
8
11
9
6
7
10
West Facing
13 10 12
11 16 12
8 12 14
16 12 11
12 11 10
14 13 9
8 11 11
12 16 14
11 12 12
11 15 16
11 15
13 15
10 10
12 13
10 12
11 9
13 11
14 10
11 12
18 12
15
16
10
13
8
16
13
11
14
10
12 16 14 14 9 11
11 12 12 11 12 14
11 15 16 18 12 10
12 17 9 11 13 11
13 10 12 11 15 15
11 16 12 13 15 16
8 12 14 10 10 10
16 12 11 12 13 13
12 10 11 12 16 12
11 12 11 9 13 10
Mean: 13.8 days
=
Calculations: West Facing 13.8 days East Facing - 10.1 days
HEALTH 02
42
Number of days spent in the facility 10 7 12 14 12 14 8 8 9 8 8 11 13 7 11 10 7 6 10 7 9 9 14 9 9 9 8 8 14 13 8 13 7 9 7
Mean: 10.1 days
(Johnson A (2001). Neonat al response to co ntrol of noise inside the inc uba tor. Paediat ric Nursin, 27: 600-5.)
+
41
3.7 days
Found that patients hospitalised for depression stayed an average of 3.7 fewer days if they were assigned east-facing rooms exposed to morning light, compared to patients in west-facing rooms with less sunlight.
( H e n d r ic h A ( 2 0 0 3 ) O p t i m i z in g p h y s ic a l s p a c e f o r i m p r o v e d o u t c o m e s : Sa t i s fa c - t i o n a n d t h e b o t t o m l in e . P a p e r p r e se n t e d a t t h e I m p a c t C o n f e r e n c e , I n st i t u t e f o r H e a l t h c a r e I m p r o v e m e n t a n d Th e C e n t r e f o r H e a l t h D e s i g n , A t l a n t a , G A . )
architectural healing environments
43
Exposure to Daylight on Depression
Noise Level Impact on Patient
A 2001 study by Benedetti et al with patients treated for depression
Study performed outpatient psychiatric ward
Data obtained from patient surveys
(ACC) in Sweden
Solar Orientation East Facing
Level 1 Patient
Healthy level avg.
Level 3 Patient
Healthy level avg.
( Ad di ct io n)
( 1 o ut of 10 be in g t he be st )
( Se v. De pr es si on )
( 1 o ut of 10 be in g t he be st )
Symptoms Heart Rate
Respiration Sleep Stress Blood Pressure Oxygen Sat.
40-50 dB 50-60 dB 60-65 dB 8 7 5 8 9 8 9 8
8 7 8 7 6
6 5 5 6 5
Symptoms Heart Rate
Respiration Sleep Stress Blood Pressure Oxygen Sat.
4 0- 50 d B 6
5 0- 60 d B 6
6 0- 65 d B 4
7 7 6 8 7
5 4 5 6 5
3 4 4 3 4
Level 2 Patient
Healthy level avg.
Level 4 Patient
Healthy level avg.
(Depression) Symptoms
(1 out of 10 being the best) 40-50 dB 50-60 dB 60-65 dB 7 7 5 8 7 5 7 6 4 8 6 4 8 6 5 9 7 5
(Critical Disorder) Symptoms
(1 out of 10 being the best) 4 0- 50 d B 5 0- 60 d B 6 0- 65 d B 5 4 3 5 3 3 5 2 2 4 4 2 6 4 3 6 4 3
Heart Rate Respiration Sleep Stress Blood Pressure Oxygen Sat.
Heart Rate Respiration Sleep Stress Blood Pressure Oxygen Sat.
= HEALTH
+
7 9 8 7 13
6 9 13 7 11
13 12 7 14
7 8 9 16
7 13 11 12
7 11 10 11
8 6 10 13
16 7 13 11
13 10 13 11
9 16 13 15
13 12 10 8
10 11 12 11
13 8
13 15
10 8
12 11
11 9
12 10
9 8
9 8
12 16
9 13
7
9
12
9
8
11
9
6
7
10
West Facing
13
11
8
16
12
14
8
12
11
11
10 12
16 12
12 14
12 11
11 10
13 9
11 11
16 14
12 12
15 16
11 15
13 15
10 10
12 13
10 12
11 9
13 11
14 10
11 12
18 12
15
16
10
13
8
16
13
11
14
10
12 16 14 14 9 11
11 12 12 11 12 14
11 15 16 18 12 10
12 17 9 11 13 11
13 10 12 11 15 15
11 16 12 13 15 16
8 12 14 10 10 10
16 12 11 12 13 13
12 10 11 12 16 12
11 12 11 9 13 10
Mean: 13.8 days
=
Calculations:
HEALTH 02
42
10 14 13 7 8
Mean: 10.1 days
(Johnson A (2001). Neonat al response to co ntrol of noise inside the inc uba tor. Paediat ric Nursin, 27: 600-5.)
+
Number of days spent in the facility 10 7 12 14 12 14 8 8 9 8 8 11 13 7 11 10 7 6 10 7 9 9 14 9 9 9 8 8 14 13 8 13 7 9 7
West Facing 13.8 days East Facing - 10.1 days 3.7 days
Found that patients hospitalised for depression stayed an average of 3.7 fewer days if they were assigned east-facing rooms exposed to morning light, compared to patients in west-facing rooms with less sunlight.
( H e n d r ic h A ( 2 0 0 3 ) O p t i m i z in g p h y s ic a l s p a c e f o r i m p r o v e d o u t c o m e s : Sa t i s fa c - t i o n a n d t h e b o t t o m l in e . P a p e r p r e se n t e d a t t h e I m p a c t C o n f e r e n c e , I n st i t u t e f o r H e a l t h c a r e I m p r o v e m e n t a n d Th e C e n t r e f o r H e a l t h D e s i g n , A t l a n t a , G A . )
architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
43
Phenomenology : In phenomenology, the environment is concretely dened
as “the place”, and the things which occur there “take place”. The place is not so simple as the locality, but comprises of concrete things which have physical substance, shape, texture, and c olor, and tog ether join to formthe environment’s pe rsona lity, or setting. It is thissetting whic h allows certain spaces, with similar or even matching purposes, to embody very diverse properties, in acc ord with the unique cultural and environmental situations of the place which they exist (Bachelard). Phenomenology is considered as a “return to things”, maneuvering away from the abstractions of science and its unbiased objectivity. Phenomenology engages the concept of partiality, making the thing and its unique conversations with its place the pertinent topic and not the object itself. The man-made constituents of the setting become the settlements of opposing scales, some large - like cities, and some small - like the house. The trails between these settlements and the many fea tures which make the c ultural environment develop the seconda ry dening characteristics of the place. The difference of natural
and manmade offers one the principal stage in the phenomenological ap proac h. The second is to succ eed inside and outside, o r the co nnection of earth-sky. The third and nal step is to measure character, or how things are complete and occur as participants in their environment (Pallasmaa,). The pag es that follow describe the wa y in which Phenomenology can be used to help design healthy settings for
02
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architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
45
Phenomenology : In phenomenology, the environment is concretely dened
as “the place”, and the things which occur there “take place”. The place is not so simple as the locality, but comprises of concrete things which have physical substance, shape, texture, and c olor, and tog ether join to formthe environment’s pe rsona lity, or setting. It is thissetting whic h allows certain spaces, with similar or even matching purposes, to embody very diverse properties, in acc ord with the unique cultural and environmental situations of the place which they exist (Bachelard). Phenomenology is considered as a “return to things”, maneuvering away from the abstractions of science and its unbiased objectivity. Phenomenology engages the concept of partiality, making the thing and its unique conversations with its place the pertinent topic and not the object itself. The man-made constituents of the setting become the settlements of opposing scales, some large - like cities, and some small - like the house. The trails between these settlements and the many fea tures which make the c ultural environment develop the seconda ry dening characteristics of the place. The difference of natural
and manmade offers one the principal stage in the phenomenological ap proac h. The second is to succ eed inside and outside, o r the co nnection of earth-sky. The third and nal step is to measure character, or how things are complete and occur as participants in their environment (Pallasmaa,). The pag es that follow describe the wa y in which Phenomenology can be used to help design healthy settings for
02
44
architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
45
(Ruga W (1989) Designing f or the Six Senses. Journal of Hea lth Ca re Interior Design 1: 29-34.)
Fatigue ProvokesSadness
Exhilaration Provokes Joy
illustrate the effect of the tilted surface on the body. One can observe that the rst mode of
perception is necessarily occurring as gravity forces the bodies’ parts to interact with the architectural surface’s parts. However, in the difference of architectures which proceed only
Spaces that must be learned activate the mind and become challenging for the oc cup ant to oc cupy. The nature of this type of environment also makes it atypica l to the average spac es one oc cupies on a reg ular basis in the real world. Thus the person arrang es their own mental construct of the space giving them the opportunity to enga ge with the built environment and utilize their mind. Exercising the mind in this way is an important way to stay mentally sharp and healthy, while also giving a distraction to their ailment.These diagrams
with at oors, in the Oblique Function, gravity
imposes an ad ditional effect on the b odies, a directionality.
acceleration will be negative if the body attempts to climb up the surface and it will be positive if the same body attempts to go d own the slope. A negative acceleration imposed on the body creates a fatigue on the body whereas a positive one triggers an exhilaration. One co uld thus argue that only half of the potential movements on this surface provide a joy when the other half provokes sadness. The slope is expressing its powe r of existenc e.
Any movement of the b ody in any d irection will exercise on it, a degree of acceleration. This 02
46
architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
47
(Ruga W (1989) Designing f or the Six Senses. Journal of Hea lth Ca re Interior Design 1: 29-34.)
Fatigue ProvokesSadness
Exhilaration Provokes Joy
illustrate the effect of the tilted surface on the body. One can observe that the rst mode of
perception is necessarily occurring as gravity forces the bodies’ parts to interact with the architectural surface’s parts. However, in the difference of architectures which proceed only
Spaces that must be learned activate the mind and become challenging for the oc cup ant to oc cupy. The nature of this type of environment also makes it atypica l to the average spac es one oc cupies on a reg ular basis in the real world. Thus the person arrang es their own mental construct of the space giving them the opportunity to enga ge with the built environment and utilize their mind. Exercising the mind in this way is an important way to stay mentally sharp and healthy, while also giving a distraction to their ailment.These diagrams
with at oors, in the Oblique Function, gravity
imposes an ad ditional effect on the b odies, a directionality.
acceleration will be negative if the body attempts to climb up the surface and it will be positive if the same body attempts to go d own the slope. A negative acceleration imposed on the body creates a fatigue on the body whereas a positive one triggers an exhilaration. One co uld thus argue that only half of the potential movements on this surface provide a joy when the other half provokes sadness. The slope is expressing its powe r of existenc e.
Any movement of the b ody in any d irection will exercise on it, a degree of acceleration. This 02
46
architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
47
“. . . It is not the rec tang le which is the problem, but its life-sapp ing ch arac teristics. Where materials, textures, co lours, light, living line and human a ctivity ca n reinvest such forms and spac es with life, the materially practical and culturally normal cha racteristics of rectangles can be used to ad vantage. None the less, in general, one feels on much safer ground with non-rectangular, or shape-moderated spac es.” -Roge r Ulrich
02
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architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
49
“. . . It is not the rec tang le which is the problem, but its life-sapp ing ch arac teristics. Where materials, textures, co lours, light, living line and human a ctivity ca n reinvest such forms and spac es with life, the materially practical and culturally normal cha racteristics of rectangles can be used to ad vantage. None the less, in general, one feels on much safer ground with non-rectangular, or shape-moderated spac es.” -Roge r Ulrich
02
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architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
49
architectural healing environments
51
The language o f forms in architecture also has a correlation to the feeling one obtains from the spa ce . For example the natural environment has soft edges, but no right angles (Redstone). Howeve r, the right angles in our everyday life are endless in the built environment. The architecture of a healing environment ca n take on the qua lities of natural conditions through imitation in form. While one might feel constrained and boxed in rectilinear spaces, the uidity of an organic space creates no
such feeling. Without right angles, the spa ce s become seemingly less harmful and comforting to the human eye.
02
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architectural healing environments
The language o f forms in architecture also has a correlation to the feeling one obtains from the spa ce . For example the natural environment has soft edges, but no right angles (Redstone). Howeve r, the right angles in our everyday life are endless in the built environment. The architecture of a healing environment ca n take on the qua lities of natural conditions through imitation in form. While one might feel constrained and boxed in rectilinear spaces, the uidity of an organic space creates no
such feeling. Without right angles, the spa ce s become seemingly less harmful and comforting to the human eye.
02
50
architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
51
( h t t p : / / s t a t i c . h o w s t u f f w o r k s. c o m / g i f / a d a m / i m a g e s / e n / t o n g u e - p i c t u r e . j p g )
T o uc h S m e ll
responsive
Si ght S o un d
02
52
architectural healing environments
= sensory experience
The integration of all the senses helps complete the highest potential of an environment to allow for hea ling to emerge. For example, the sound of moving water is one aspec t of a space that can elicit emotions for relaxation and tranq uility. Thus, the architec ture can integrate the water as an aspect of the design to allow for a healing environment to e merge. Lighting design in healthcare environments is a major factor in creating healing situations. It is proven that people who are surrounded by natural light are more productive and live
healthier lives. When patients are sick, and surrounded by medical equipment and white walls, the last thing they need is a dark, stuffy room. These is why it is important for e very room to have a window for natural light to c ome into and help create a healing environment for the patient (Tyson). Also by bringing nature indoors, it has many psychological benets.
Plants are soothing a nd restful. Plants represent life, growth, and hope. They can provide interest and d iversion. Plants are used a s a therapeutic tool. architectural healing environments
53
( h t t p : / / s t a t i c . h o w s t u f f w o r k s. c o m / g i f / a d a m / i m a g e s / e n / t o n g u e - p i c t u r e . j p g )
T o uc h S m e ll
responsive
Si ght S o un d
02
52
= sensory experience
The integration of all the senses helps complete the highest potential of an environment to allow for hea ling to emerge. For example, the sound of moving water is one aspec t of a space that can elicit emotions for relaxation and tranq uility. Thus, the architec ture can integrate the water as an aspect of the design to allow for a healing environment to e merge. Lighting design in healthcare environments is a major factor in creating healing situations. It is proven that people who are surrounded by natural light are more productive and live
healthier lives. When patients are sick, and surrounded by medical equipment and white walls, the last thing they need is a dark, stuffy room. These is why it is important for e very room to have a window for natural light to c ome into and help create a healing environment for the patient (Tyson). Also by bringing nature indoors, it has many psychological benets.
Plants are soothing a nd restful. Plants represent life, growth, and hope. They can provide interest and d iversion. Plants are used a s a therapeutic tool.
architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
53
( h t t p : / / p o s h su r f si d e . c o m / w p - c o n t e n t / u p l o a d s / 2 0 0 9/ 0 8 / c o l o r _w h e e l . j p g . )
Healing Environments should... stimulate positive awareness of ourselves;
enhance our connections with nature, culture, a nd pe ople;
allow for privacy; d o n o p h y s ic a l h a r m ;
provide meaningful, varying stimuli; encourage times of relaxation; allow us to interact with them productively; balance constancy a nd flexibility;
b e b e a u tifu l.
Colors in architecture provide visual stimuli for the occupant that can elicit positive and negative emotions based on its environment. Whether the emotions one experiences are through acquired knowledge and/or personal history, there is evidence that colors provoke emotions on average in the same way with few exceptions. Whether these associations were learned in childhood or not, our culture transcends these messages of color associations early in one’s life. Sometimes co lors guide us through life both literally and guratively. For
example, in our country a stoplight on green means go. In most ca ses the green light is associated with positive emotions because of the action that follows. Very rarely would a green provoke negative emotions. A red light ca n sometimes elicit frustration and a nger. This proves the powe r of color to guide ac tionsand emotiona l responses. It gives some insight at how colors become engraved in or minds to manifest reactions. Why do these associations occ ur with colors? An example to explain this answer is the concept of warm and cool col-
ors. Some might answer that cool and wa rm colors are the way they are because it just is. However, this concept can be traced back to nature. The assoc iated prope rties de scribing the colors relates back to the physical environment in which we live in. How does color become integrated into the design? Due to the power of color to evoke emotion, it can become a tool integrated in the architecture to highlight and instigate the individual through a sequential experience in the architectural hea ling environment. The properties of the
color c an a lso set the tone for spac es as well, eliciting certain emotion were necessary. According to c olor therapy, colorsare cap able of inuencing many aspects of our lives, including
our mood, mental state and e nergy level. Each color is thought to be associated with one of seven energy centers, or chakras. If a person’s is thought to be out of balance or weak, the color it’s associated with is believed to help strengthen it. The concept of color therapy is based on the fact that our physiologic functions respond in predictab le manner to colors.
02
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architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
55
( h t t p : / / p o s h su r f si d e . c o m / w p - c o n t e n t / u p l o a d s / 2 0 0 9/ 0 8 / c o l o r _w h e e l . j p g . )
Healing Environments should... stimulate positive awareness of ourselves;
enhance our connections with nature, culture, a nd pe ople;
allow for privacy; d o n o p h y s ic a l h a r m ;
provide meaningful, varying stimuli; encourage times of relaxation; allow us to interact with them productively; balance constancy a nd flexibility;
b e b e a u tifu l.
Colors in architecture provide visual stimuli for the occupant that can elicit positive and negative emotions based on its environment. Whether the emotions one experiences are through acquired knowledge and/or personal history, there is evidence that colors provoke emotions on average in the same way with few exceptions. Whether these associations were learned in childhood or not, our culture transcends these messages of color associations early in one’s life. Sometimes co lors guide us through life both literally and guratively. For
example, in our country a stoplight on green means go. In most ca ses the green light is associated with positive emotions because of the action that follows. Very rarely would a green provoke negative emotions. A red light ca n sometimes elicit frustration and a nger. This proves the powe r of color to guide ac tionsand emotiona l responses. It gives some insight at how colors become engraved in or minds to manifest reactions. Why do these associations occ ur with colors? An example to explain this answer is the concept of warm and cool col-
ors. Some might answer that cool and wa rm colors are the way they are because it just is. However, this concept can be traced back to nature. The assoc iated prope rties de scribing the colors relates back to the physical environment in which we live in. How does color become integrated into the design? Due to the power of color to evoke emotion, it can become a tool integrated in the architecture to highlight and instigate the individual through a sequential experience in the architectural hea ling environment. The properties of the
color c an a lso set the tone for spac es as well, eliciting certain emotion were necessary. According to c olor therapy, colorsare cap able of inuencing many aspects of our lives, including
our mood, mental state and e nergy level. Each color is thought to be associated with one of seven energy centers, or chakras. If a person’s is thought to be out of balance or weak, the color it’s associated with is believed to help strengthen it. The concept of color therapy is based on the fact that our physiologic functions respond in predictab le manner to colors.
02
54
architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
55
3 . S i t e
02
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architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
57
3 . S i t e
02
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architectural healing environments
Green Spaces
architectural healing environments
57
(http://static.danielquinn.org/ugc/blog/2005/11/24/667-nyc.jpg)
Every small effort that is made to bring back the natural elements lost from the construction of the c ity is crucial to the recovery of a habitat. The hope is that this rooftop c an bec ome one more green spot on the map that highlights green spaces in M anhattan.
Originally, the island of Manhattan was a haven for all sorts of vegetation and a wonderful habitat for an assortment of wildlife. Sinc e the urban sprawl, the natural habitat has been greatly reduc ed. 02
58
architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
59
Green Spaces
(http://static.danielquinn.org/ugc/blog/2005/11/24/667-nyc.jpg)
Every small effort that is made to bring back the natural elements lost from the construction of the c ity is crucial to the recovery of a habitat. The hope is that this rooftop c an bec ome one more green spot on the map that highlights green spaces in M anhattan.
Originally, the island of Manhattan was a haven for all sorts of vegetation and a wonderful habitat for an assortment of wildlife. Sinc e the urban sprawl, the natural habitat has been greatly reduc ed. 02
58
architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
59
(http://static.danielquinn.org/ugc/blog/2005/11/24/667-nyc.jpg)
The natural elements that were lost from the original habitat on the island range from ferns to owers that sometimes hold very benecial qualities. For instance the common elderberry is high in
Vitamin C and c ould be used for its nutritional value. Othe r plants were edible a nd were high in nutrients. These plantsand others could integrate themselves back into habitat while also provide healing properties for the center.
02
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architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
61
(http://static.danielquinn.org/ugc/blog/2005/11/24/667-nyc.jpg)
The natural elements that were lost from the original habitat on the island range from ferns to owers that sometimes hold very benecial qualities. For instance the common elderberry is high in
Vitamin C and c ould be used for its nutritional value. Othe r plants were edible a nd were high in nutrients. These plantsand others could integrate themselves back into habitat while also provide healing properties for the center.
02
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architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
l m t h . n a t t a h n a m / m o c . s r e t s o p k r o . w w w / / : p t t h : n o i t a t i C e g a m I
The quest for getawa ys from the urban The urban life was a concept realized many years ago for the peop le that could afford it. For ins instance, tance, the Turk T urkis ish h royal royal family ly had their palac e in the the city. Yet, durin during g the su summer mmer months they would cross the river to their other palace in the country tr y that employed views of the landscape and natural environment. It was their time to rest rest and rejuvena te their health. It was a time of relaxation and self-medita self-medita tion. In Italy, the Medic i family also also had a similar similar concep t. The Palazzo Piti was their main home for the cooler
62
architectural healing e en nvironments
61
Image Citation: http:// www.orkposters.com/ manhattan.html
Hist Hi storica oricall Reference Reference months. Then, d uring the summer months they would retreat to their villa in the countryside for the beautiful landscapes and serenity away from the hustle and b ustle of the c ity. Still to this day there are families that have their house in the city, but a summer plac e outside of it. The desire for relaxation and relief from the city life has always been sought over. It gives a personal retreat for their minds to relax and focus in on their lives ives to to reba lanc e. The wellness center will act similarly as a retreat for the patients to obta in these these qua lit lities ies of a getaw ay from the
02
city. It will give the person person time to self-reect, self-reect,
engag e with nature, and reba lance their lives ives away from the busyness all around them in the city. The desire to create hea ling environments ca n be traced bac k to the vestiges vestiges of EuropeEuropean medic ine. The hospital, built in ancient Epidaurus, a small city in Ancient Greece, in the sixth century BCE, included patient rooms that faced eastward (toward the sun) to promote healing and w as the most most celebrated healing ce nter of the Cla ss ssica ica l world. Until rece ntly, building infrastructure was regarded as a sunk
or overhead cost, rather than a revenue-produc ing variable. This view resulted resulted from the inability to link facility resources with the heart of healthcare business; providing safe, quality patient ca re and family support, support, and a positive ve and safe work environment for staff. a rc hitec tura l healing environments
63
l m t h . n a t t a h n a m / m o c . s r e t s o p k r o . w w w / / : p t t h : n o i t a t i C e g a m I
The quest for getawa ys from the urban The urban life was a concept realized many years ago for the peop le that could afford it. For ins instance, tance, the Turk T urkis ish h royal royal family ly had their palac e in the the city. Yet, durin during g the su summer mmer months they would cross the river to their other palace in the country tr y that employed views of the landscape and natural environment. It was their time to rest rest and rejuvena te their health. It was a time of relaxation and self-medita self-medita tion. In Italy, the Medic i family also also had a similar similar concep t. The Palazzo Piti was their main home for the cooler
62
Image Citation: http:// www.orkposters.com/ manhattan.html
Hist Hi storica oricall Reference Reference months. Then, d uring the summer months they would retreat to their villa in the countryside for the beautiful landscapes and serenity away from the hustle and b ustle of the c ity. Still to this day there are families that have their house in the city, but a summer plac e outside of it. The desire for relaxation and relief from the city life has always been sought over. It gives a personal retreat for their minds to relax and focus in on their lives ives to to reba lanc e. The wellness center will act similarly as a retreat for the patients to obta in these these qua lit lities ies of a getaw ay from the
02
city. It will give the person person time to self-reect, self-reect,
engag e with nature, and reba lance their lives ives away from the busyness all around them in the city. The desire to create hea ling environments ca n be traced bac k to the vestiges vestiges of EuropeEuropean medic ine. The hospital, built in ancient Epidaurus, a small city in Ancient Greece, in the sixth century BCE, included patient rooms that faced eastward (toward the sun) to promote healing and w as the most most celebrated healing ce nter of the Cla ss ssica ica l world. Until rece ntly, building infrastructure was regarded as a sunk
or overhead cost, rather than a revenue-produc ing variable. This view resulted resulted from the inability to link facility resources with the heart of healthcare business; providing safe, quality patient ca re and family support, support, and a positive ve and safe work environment for staff.
architectural healing e en nvironments
a rc hitec tura l healing environments
63
US Population Bronx
n a t t a h n a M Queens
Brooklyn
Staten island
Image Citation: http:// www.orkposters.com/ manhattan.html
Image Citation: http:// www.orkposters.co m/ manhattan.html
Why choose a site te in a c ity besides besides creating a new a nd untraditional model for wellness wellness centers to exist? exist? It is proven that me ntal illnesses illnesses like depression and suicide rates are statistically higher in urban areas as opposed to rural areas. Why choose New York as the urban area to test the thesis? Co mpa red to the rest rest of the country, New York’s population is the highest. This T his creates the perfect binary to st stage age the wellness ce nter in. It wa s cruc ial that the city was densely populated to show how that the concept could work anywhere.
Manhattan was chosen out of the other boroughs because it has the most issues with mental illness. illness. For instance, Manhattan has the highest suicide rates comparatively to the other boroughs. A lso ba sed on density per square foot, Manhattan ranks the highest. This onc e again is the ideal situation to test the thesis.
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architectural healing e en nvironments
a rc hitec tura l healing environments
65
US Population Bronx
n a t t a h n a M Queens
Brooklyn
Staten island
Image Citation: http:// www.orkposters.com/ manhattan.html
Image Citation: http:// www.orkposters.co m/ manhattan.html
Why choose a site te in a c ity besides besides creating a new a nd untraditional model for wellness wellness centers to exist? exist? It is proven that me ntal illnesses illnesses like depression and suicide rates are statistically higher in urban areas as opposed to rural areas. Why choose New York as the urban area to test the thesis? Co mpa red to the rest rest of the country, New York’s population is the highest. This T his creates the perfect binary to st stage age the wellness ce nter in. It wa s cruc ial that the city was densely populated to show how that the concept could work anywhere.
Manhattan was chosen out of the other boroughs because it has the most issues with mental illness. illness. For instance, Manhattan has the highest suicide rates comparatively to the other boroughs. A lso ba sed on density per square foot, Manhattan ranks the highest. This onc e again is the ideal situation to test the thesis.
02
64
architectural healing e en nvironments
a rc hitec tura l healing environments
Manhatt Ma nhattan an Gri Grid d
65
Why a Skyscrap Skyscrap er?
From the beginning, the issue was nding a site in
an urban environment. The obvious choic e was The to construct this architectural healing environment in a rural area where the light and views of the landscape would be optimal. TradiTraditionally, this is where one
Sunlight Breeze Quiet Spacious Noise Pollution Air Pollution Darkness Crowded
would nd rehabilitation
centers forpeop le dealing with depression, alcoholism, drug-abuse due to the fact that it was removed from society so that they could justt focus on thems jus themselves elves and the ir issues. Ho wever, to create this healing environment in a place where it was unexpected and accessible to the patient’s everyday life, proved to be difcult. The next obvious
choice would be to create a new center in an unoccupied space somewhere in the urban co ntext. No netheless, I wanted the site to have even more of an impact on society, making its presence known.
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architectural healing e en nvironments
The soluti The solution on then bec ame to go up rather rather than than down. The site te then would would bec ome open to light and views, no longer obstructed obstructed by other buildings. The underutilization underutilization of skys skyscrap crap er rooftops became the launch for why it would become important to place a wellness center on top top of a b uil uilding. ding. Not only would the green elements integrated in the center help heal the occ upants; it would now give bac k to the lost lost natural habitat of NYC. The hope was that the the concept c ould now become a model for other city’s to employ into their urban fab-
ric. Ad ditionally, the the rooftop of a skyscraper skyscraper performs many healthy aspects that cater towards a healthy environment because it travels up and away from the noise pollution, air po llution and o vercrowd ing in the streets. The green roof concept also has the ability to become a sustainable feature for the rest of the building , too. Sustainab le features like rainwater collection a nd thermal mass cooling.
a rc hitec tura l healing environments
67
Manhatt Ma nhattan an Gri Grid d
Why a Skyscrap Skyscrap er?
From the beginning, the issue was nding a site in
an urban environment. The obvious choic e was The to construct this architectural healing environment in a rural area where the light and views of the landscape would be optimal. TradiTraditionally, this is where one
Sunlight Breeze Quiet Spacious Noise Pollution Air Pollution Darkness Crowded
would nd rehabilitation
centers forpeop le dealing with depression, alcoholism, drug-abuse due to the fact that it was removed from society so that they could justt focus on thems jus themselves elves and the ir issues. Ho wever, to create this healing environment in a place where it was unexpected and accessible to the patient’s everyday life, proved to be difcult. The next obvious
choice would be to create a new center in an unoccupied space somewhere in the urban co ntext. No netheless, I wanted the site to have even more of an impact on society, making its presence known.
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The soluti The solution on then bec ame to go up rather rather than than down. The site te then would would bec ome open to light and views, no longer obstructed obstructed by other buildings. The underutilization underutilization of skys skyscrap crap er rooftops became the launch for why it would become important to place a wellness center on top top of a b uil uilding. ding. Not only would the green elements integrated in the center help heal the occ upants; it would now give bac k to the lost lost natural habitat of NYC. The hope was that the the concept c ould now become a model for other city’s to employ into their urban fab-
ric. Ad ditionally, the the rooftop of a skyscraper skyscraper performs many healthy aspects that cater towards a healthy environment because it travels up and away from the noise pollution, air po llution and o vercrowd ing in the streets. The green roof concept also has the ability to become a sustainable feature for the rest of the building , too. Sustainab le features like rainwater collection a nd thermal mass cooling.
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Heights of Building Buildingss 1 story
5-6 stories
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Ofce Building: Building lding Development over a hundred years 2 sto ries
7-9 stories
3 stories
4 stories
10 a nd up up stories
A ll
1999-2005
1945-1964
1980-1989
1917-1940
1965-1975
1893-1916
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Heights of Building Buildingss 1 story
5-6 stories
Ofce Building: Building lding Development over a hundred years 2 sto ries
7-9 stories
3 stories
4 stories
10 a nd up up stories
A ll
1999-2005
1980-1989
1945-1964
1965-1975
1917-1940
1893-1916
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E 5 E 5 7 S T E 5 9 S 9 S T T
A V 0 1
V A 5
W 5 4 S 4 S T
V 3 A
W 4 6 4 6 S T
V 8 A
V N A IS O D A M
W 5 2 S T
W 4 8 8 S S T T
W 4 9 4 9 S S T
W 4 7 S T S T
W 4 5 S T S T
W 5 1 S 1 S T
V A R A E 6 0 S 0 S T T
E 5 E 5 5 S T E 5 7 S T T
W 5 2 2 S T
W 5 0 S 0 S T T
W 4 6 S S T T
V A A V 9
W 4 7 4 7 S T
V A N O T IN E
E 5 4 S 4 S T T W 5 1 S 1 S T
A W D A O R B
W 4 5 4 5 S T
W 4 9 S 9 S T T
W 4 6 S T S T
W 4 4 4 4 S S T
W 4 8 8 S S T T W 5 0 0 S S T
R E E E O R
V A 7
A V N O S I D A M
V 2 A E 5 2 S S T T
W 4 9 9 S S T T
A T R E B S
V A A V 8
A V N O T I N E
E 5 1 S 1 S T T
S A I R E A M E T V O A
A W D A O R B
W 4 3 3 S S T T
W 4 4 4 S S T T W 4 2 S S T T
W 4 7 S T
E 5 6 S S T T E 5 4 S 4 S T
E 5 0 S 0 S T T
A V A R
W 4 4 8 8 S S T E 4 4 9 9 S S T T
W 4 1 4 1 S S T
V A 7
E 4 4 8 8 S S T E 5 2 S S T T
W 4 7 S T W 4 2 S T
V A 3
E 5 1 S 1 S T
E 5 2 S T
W 4 3 3 S S T W 4 1 1 S S T T
W 4 6 4 6 S T
A W D A O R B
E 5 3 S 3 S T T
E 4 E 4 8 S 8 S T
A V 5
E 4 7 S T S T
W 4 5 S T S T
E 5 0 S 0 S T
W 4 4 4 S S T T
W 4 0 4 0 S S T
A V A R
V 2 A
E 4 9 S 9 S T T
A V 1
A V 8
A V 5
W 4 2 S S T T
W 4 1 1 S S T T
E 5 E 5 0 S 0 S T
A V N O I S A D M
W 4 3 3 S S T T
V A N O T N I E
A V T I B R E D N A V
E 4 4 S 4 S T T
S A I R E M A E T O V A
W 4 0 4 0 S S T
W 3 7 S T S T
I V V A R A
E 4 4 S 4 S T T
E 5 3 S 3 S T T E 5 2 S T
E 4 8 8 S S T T
E 4 7 S S T T
E 4 4 9 9 S S T T
E 5 0 S 0 S T T
V A 7 W E E D
E 4 E 4 3 S 3 S T T
E 4 E 4 6 S S T T
W 4 0 0 S S T T
E M A N O N
A N M E E B
E 4 8 S 8 S T T M I T E
W 3 9 9 S S T T
W 3 6 6 S S T
E 4 2 S S T T
A V N O T I N E
E 4 1 S 1 S T T
V A 1 T NNE
W 3 8 8 S S T T
V A 1 V A R A E 4 4 0 0 S S T
A S I R E A M E T O A V
W 3 5 S S T T
A V A R
E 4 6 6 S S T T
E 4 4 4 S S T T
V A 3
A V 5
A V N O S I D A M
E 3 9 S 9 S T T
V 2 A A V A R
E 4 4 5 5 S T
E 4 3 S 3 S T
E 4 2 4 2 S T
E 4 1 1 S S T T
V A 1 1 A
E M A N O N
E 3 E 3 8 S 8 S T
E 4 0 0 S S T T
E 4 4 4 4 S S T
W 3 5 3 5 S T T E 3 7 S T S T
E M A N O N
E 3 E 3 9 S 9 S T T
W 3 4 3 4 S S T
E A M N O N
W 3 6 S T S T E 3 8 S 8 S T T
E M N A O N
W 3 3 3 3 S S T
S A I R E M A E T O V A
A V 7
W 3 0 0 S S T T
W 3 5 3 5 S T
V A 5
E 3 6 S S T T
V A N O S I A D M
E 3 E 3 5 S T T
S A I R E M A A M E T O A V
W 3 1 3 1 S S T T
T NNE
E 4 4 2 2 S S T V A 1
E E 3 3 8 8 S S T
T I R O D T
A V N O T I N E
W 3 3 3 S S T T
A V A R
A V 1
E 4 1 4 1 S S T
E M A N O N
E 3 9 S 9 S T T
A W D A O R B
T I R O D T
E 4 E 4 2 S T E 4 0 4 0 S S T
E 3 7 E 3 S T W 3 4 3 4 S S T
W 3 2 2 S S T T
W 3 0 0 S S T T
B N N E R D R D
W 3 7 S T
W 3 3 4 4 S S T T
V A A V 7
E 4 8 S 8 S T
TNNE
W 3 6 3 6 S T
W 3 3 3 S S T T
W D R V S R D R D
E 4 7 4 7 S T
E E 4 4 5 S T
W 3 4 4 S S T T A W D A O R B
R D R D
V 2 A
E 4 E 4 2 S T
W 3 7 S T S T
W 3 5 S T S T
T E N T N W T D M N Q
E M A N O N
V A 1
E 4 2 S T T
V 1 A A V
V A 1 T NNE
E 4 E 4 0 S 0 S T
A V 3
E 3 7 S T T
T NNE
V A 1
E 4 2 S 2 S T T
A V 2
E 4 1 S 1 S T T
W 3 2 S T
R D R D
A N T N W T D M N Q
E 3 3 4 4 S S T
A W D A O R B W 3 1 1 S S T T
E 3 9 9 S S T T
B T S R E D R D
A V 1
E 3 3 6 6 S T
V A 7 E 3 3 S 3 S T T
Image Citation: http:// www.orkposters.com/ manhattan.html
R D R D
E 5 1 S 1 S T
V 3 A
E 4 4 3 3 S S T
W 3 8 8 S S T
B T S E R R D D
W 4 6 S T I V V A R A
E 4 4 5 5 S T
W 4 2 S T S T
W 3 1 1 S S T
E 5 5 S S T T
E 5 4 S 4 S T T
E 5 1 S 1 S T
E A M O N N
A V 7
W 3 3 9 9 S S T
E 5 5 S T
E 5 3 S S T T
W 4 6 4 6 S S T
W 4 3 3 S S T T
V 9 A
W 3 9 3 9 S S T
A V 1
E 5 7 S S T T
A V 3
W 4 5 S T S T
I N O N T N T N B S A A I N O N T N B S S A A
E M A N O N
E 5 9 S 9 S T
E 5 8 S 8 S T T
E 5 5 5S S T T E 5 3 S 3 S T
A V R E D
W 3 8 8 S S T T
Q N S B S B O Q N O R O S B B O B R O R B R E O B O T B R R A
A R B O R O B S N Q
E E 5 5 6 S T
A V 5
W 4 4 3 3 S S T T
W 4 0 4 0 S S T
T E R B O R O B S N Q
E 6 E 6 1 S 1 S T
A V 2
E 5 8 S 8 S T T
E 5 6 S S T T
W 5 3 S 3 S T T
A S I R E A M E T V O A
R D R D
E 3 8 8 S S T T
R D R D
Site: 1166Aven Avenue ue of the Americas Americ as District: Southern Midtown Mid town Intersection: 6th and 45th
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E 5 E 5 7 S T E 5 9 S 9 S T T
A V 0 1
V A 5
W 5 4 S 4 S T
V 3 A
W 4 6 4 6 S T
V 8 A
V N A IS O D A M
W 5 2 S T
W 4 8 8 S S T T
W 4 9 4 9 S S T
W 4 7 S T S T
W 4 5 S T S T
E 5 E 5 5 S T E 5 7 S T T
W 5 2 2 S T
W 5 0 S 0 S T T
W 4 6 S S T T
V A A V 9
W 4 7 4 7 S T
V A N O T IN E
E 5 4 S 4 S T T W 5 1 S 1 S T
A W D A O R B
W 4 5 4 5 S T
W 4 9 S 9 S T T
W 4 6 S T S T
W 4 8 8 S S T T W 5 0 0 S S T
R E E E O R
V A 7
A V N O S I D A M
V 2 A E 5 2 S S T T
I N O N T N B S S A A
W 4 9 9 S S T T
A V N O T I N E
E 5 1 S 1 S T T
S A I R E A M E T V O A
A W D A O R B
W 4 3 3 S S T T
W 4 4 4 S S T T W 4 2 S S T T
W 4 7 S T
E 5 6 S S T T E 5 4 S 4 S T
E 5 0 S 0 S T T
A V A R
W 4 4 8 8 S S T E 4 4 9 9 S S T T
W 4 1 4 1 S S T
V A 7
E 4 4 8 8 S S T E 5 2 S S T T
W 4 7 S T W 4 2 S T
V A 3
E 5 1 S 1 S T
E 5 2 S T
W 4 3 3 S S T W 4 1 1 S S T T
W 4 6 4 6 S T
A W D A O R B
E 5 3 S 3 S T T
E 4 E 4 8 S 8 S T
A V 5
E 4 7 S T S T
W 4 5 S T S T
E 5 0 S 0 S T
W 4 4 4 S S T T
W 4 0 4 0 S S T
A V A R
V 2 A
E 4 9 S 9 S T T
A V 1
A V 8
A V 5
W 4 2 S S T T
W 4 1 1 S S T T
E 5 E 5 0 S 0 S T
A V N O I S A D M
W 4 3 3 S S T T
V A N O T N I E
A V T I B R E D N A V
E 4 4 S 4 S T T
S A I R E M A E T O V A
W 4 0 4 0 S S T
W 3 7 S T S T
I V V A R A
E 4 4 S 4 S T T
E 5 3 S 3 S T T E 5 2 S T
E 4 8 8 S S T T
E 4 7 S S T T
E 4 4 9 9 S S T T
E 5 0 S 0 S T T
V A 7 W E E D
E 4 E 4 3 S 3 S T T
E 4 E 4 6 S S T T
W 4 0 0 S S T T
E M A N O N
A N M E E B
E 4 8 S 8 S T T M I T E
W 3 9 9 S S T T
W 3 6 6 S S T
E 4 2 S S T T
A V N O T I N E
E 4 1 S 1 S T T
V A 1 T NNE
V A 1 V A R A E 4 4 0 0 S S T
A S I R E A M E T
W 3 5 S S T T
A V A R
E 4 6 6 S S T T
E 4 4 4 S S T T
V A 3
A V 5
O A V
A V N O S I D A M
E 3 9 S 9 S T T
V 2 A A V A R
E 4 4 5 5 S T
E 4 3 S 3 S T
E 4 2 4 2 S T
E 4 1 1 S S T T
E M A N O N
E 3 E 3 8 S 8 S T
E 4 0 0 S S T T
E 4 4 4 4 S S T
W 3 5 3 5 S T T E 3 7 S T S T
E M A N O N
E 3 E 3 9 S 9 S T T
W 3 4 3 4 S S T
E A M N O N
W 3 6 S T S T E 3 8 S 8 S T T
E M N A O N
W 3 3 3 3 S S T
S A I R E M A E T O V A
A V 7
W 3 0 0 S S T T
W 3 5 3 5 S T
V A 5
E 3 6 S S T T
V A N O S I A D M
E 3 E 3 5 S T T
S A I R E M A A M E T O A V
W 3 1 3 1 S S T T
T NNE
E 4 4 2 2 S S T V A 1
E E 3 3 8 8 S S T
T I R O D T
A V N O T I N E
W 3 3 3 S S T T
A V A R
A V 1
E 4 1 4 1 S S T
E M A N O N
E 3 9 S 9 S T T
A W D A O R B
T I R O D T
E 4 E 4 2 S T E 4 0 4 0 S S T
E 3 7 E 3 S T W 3 4 3 4 S S T
W 3 2 2 S S T T
W 3 0 0 S S T T
B N N E R D R D TNNE
V A 1 1 A
W 3 3 4 4 S S T T
V A A V 7
E 4 8 S 8 S T
W 3 7 S T
W 3 6 3 6 S T
W 3 3 3 S S T T
W D R V S R D R D
E 4 7 4 7 S T
E E 4 4 5 S T
W 3 8 8 S S T T W 3 4 4 S S T T A W D A O R B
R D R D
V 2 A
E 4 E 4 2 S T
W 3 7 S T S T
W 3 5 S T S T
T E N T N W T D M N Q
E M A N O N
V 1 A
E 4 2 S T T
V 1 A A V
E 4 2 S 2 S T T
A V 2
V A 1 T NNE
E 4 E 4 0 S 0 S T
A V 3
E 3 7 S T T
T NNE
V A 1
E 4 1 S 1 S T T
W 3 2 S T
R D R D
A N T N W T D M N Q
E 3 3 4 4 S S T
A W D A O R B W 3 1 1 S S T T
E 3 9 9 S S T T
B T S R E D R D
A V 1
E 3 3 6 6 S T
V A 7 E 3 3 S 3 S T T
Image Citation: http:// www.orkposters.com/ manhattan.html
R D R D
E 5 1 S 1 S T
V 3 A
E 4 4 3 3 S S T
W 3 8 8 S S T
B T S E R R D D
W 4 6 S T I V V A R A
E 4 4 5 5 S T
W 4 2 S T S T
W 3 1 1 S S T
E 5 5 S S T T
E 5 4 S 4 S T T
E 5 1 S 1 S T
E A M O N N
A V 7
W 3 3 9 9 S S T
E 5 5 S T
E 5 3 S S T T
W 4 6 4 6 S S T
W 4 3 3 S S T T
V 9 A
W 3 9 3 9 S S T
A V 1
E 5 7 S S T T
A V 3
W 4 5 S T S T
A T R E B S
V A A V 8
E M A N O N
E 5 9 S 9 S T
E 5 8 S 8 S T T
E 5 5 5S S T T E 5 3 S 3 S T
W 4 4 4 4 S S T
I N O N T N T N B S A A
W 3 8 8 S S T T
Q N S B S B O Q N O R O S B B O B R O R B R E O B O T B R R A
A R B O R O B S N Q
E E 5 5 6 S T
A V 5
W 4 4 3 3 S S T T
A V R E D
W 4 0 4 0 S S T
T E R B O R O B S N Q
E 6 E 6 1 S 1 S T
V A R A E 6 0 S 0 S T T
A S I R E A M E T V O A
W 5 1 S 1 S T
A V 2
E 5 8 S 8 S T T
E 5 6 S S T T
W 5 3 S 3 S T T
R D R D
E 3 8 8 S S T T
R D R D
Site: 1166Aven Avenue ue of the Americas Americ as District: Southern Midtown Mid town Intersection: 6th and 45th
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Street Grid
Figure G round Rela tionship
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Street Grid
Figure G round Rela tionship
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W 4 8 S T
W 4 8 S T Z P R E L L E F E K C O R
V A 7
W 5 0 S T
Z P R E L L E F E K C O R
V A 7
W 4 9 S T
S A I C R E
M A E H T F O V A
W 5 0 S T
W 4 9 S T
S A I C R E M A
W 4 7 S T
E H T F O V A
W 4 8 S T
W 4 6 S T
W 4 7 S T W 4 8 S T
W 4 6 S T
W 4 7 S T
W 4 6 S T
W 4 7 S T
W 4 6 S T
V A 5
W 4 5 S T
o a c h A p p r N o r th
V A 5
W 4 5 S T
W 4 4 S T
W 4 4 S T
V A 5
W 4 2 S T
o a c h r h A p p o u t S
V A 5
W 4 2 S T
W 4 3 S T
W 4 3 S T
E 4 4 S T
S A I C R E M A E H T F O V A
E 4 4 S T
S A I C R E M A E H T F O V A
E 4 4 S T
W 4 2 S T
Immediate green spaces around site
E a s t A p p r o a c h
E 4 4 S T
W 4 2 S T
E 4 3 S T
E 4 3 S T
Neighboring tower shadow
W 4 8 S T
W 4 8 S T
Z P R E L L E F E K C O R
V A 7
W 5 0 S T
Z P R E L L E F E K C O R
V A 7
W 4 9 S T
S A C I R E M A E H T F O V A
W 5 0 S T
W 4 9 S T
S A I C R E M A E H T F O V A
W 4 7 S T
W 4 8 S T
W 4 6 S T
W 4 7 S T W 4 8 S T
W 4 6 S T
W 4 7 S T
W 4 6 S T
W 4 7 S T
W 4 6 S T
V A 5
W 4 5 S T
V A 5
W 4 5 S T
W 4 4 S T
W 4 4 S T
V A 5
W 4 2 S T
V A 5
W 4 2 S T
W 4 3 S T
W 4 3 S T
E 4 4 S T
S A I C R E M A E H T F O V A
E 4 4 S T
W 4 2 S T
Main Route of circulation
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E 4 3 S T
E 4 4 S T
S A I C R E M A E H T F O V A
E 4 4 S T
W 4 2 S T
E 4 3 S T
Secondary Routes of circulation
02
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W 4 8 S T
W 4 8 S T Z P R E L L E F E K C O R
V A 7
W 5 0 S T
Z P R E L L E F E K C O R
V A 7
W 4 9 S T
S A I C R E M A E H T F O V A
W 5 0 S T
W 4 9 S T
S A I C R E M A E H T F O V A
W 4 7 S T
W 4 8 S T
W 4 6 S T
W 4 7 S T W 4 8 S T
W 4 6 S T
W 4 7 S T
W 4 6 S T
W 4 7 S T
W 4 6 S T
V A 5
W 4 5 S T
o a c h A p p r N o r th
V A 5
W 4 5 S T
W 4 4 S T
W 4 4 S T
V A 5
W 4 2 S T
o a c h r h A p p o u t S
V A 5
W 4 2 S T
W 4 3 S T
W 4 3 S T
E 4 4 S T
S A I C R E M A E H T F O V A
W 4 2 S T
E 4 4 S T
S A I C R E M A E H T F O V A
E 4 4 S T
Immediate green spaces around site
E a s t A p p r o a c h
E 4 4 S T
W 4 2 S T
E 4 3 S T
E 4 3 S T
Neighboring tower shadow
W 4 8 S T
W 4 8 S T
Z P R E L L E F E K C O R
V A 7
W 5 0 S T
Z P R E L L E F E K C O R
V A 7
W 4 9 S T
S A C I R E
M A E H T F O V A
W 5 0 S T
W 4 9 S T
S A I C R E M A E H T F O V A
W 4 7 S T
W 4 8 S T
W 4 6 S T
W 4 7 S T W 4 8 S T
W 4 6 S T
W 4 7 S T
W 4 6 S T
W 4 7 S T
W 4 6 S T
V A 5
W 4 5 S T
V A 5
W 4 5 S T
W 4 4 S T
W 4 4 S T
V A 5
W 4 2 S T
V A 5
W 4 2 S T
W 4 3 S T
W 4 3 S T
E 4 4 S T
S A I C R E M A E H T F O V A
E 4 4 S T
W 4 2 S T
Main Route of circulation
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E 4 3 S T
E 4 4 S T
S A I C R E M A E H T F O V A
E 4 4 S T
W 4 2 S T
E 4 3 S T
Secondary Routes of circulation
02
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02
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Monumental Structures of Height in Manhattan as seen from site. Image Citation: http:// www.orkposters.com/ manhattan.html
-Bank of America Tower -W.R. Grace building -Empire State building -500 5th Avenue -Ch ryslerBuilding -Metlife Building -Bear Sterns World HQ -Madison Av – E 47 st -CitiCorpTower -Olympic tower -30 Rockefellar Plaza -1251 Avenue of Americas -155 W 48th St -Calenese Tower -Worldwide Plaza -1585 Broadway -100-114 W 45th St -One Astor Plaza 02
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Monumental Structures of Height in Manhattan as seen from site. Image Citation: http:// www.orkposters.com/ manhattan.html
-Bank of America Tower -W.R. Grace building -Empire State building -500 5th Avenue -Ch ryslerBuilding -Metlife Building -Bear Sterns World HQ -Madison Av – E 47 st -CitiCorpTower -Olympic tower -30 Rockefellar Plaza -1251 Avenue of Americas -155 W 48th St -Calenese Tower -Worldwide Plaza -1585 Broadway -100-114 W 45th St -One Astor Plaza 02
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Views from within the skyscraper...
...to the East River...
...and Central Park.
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Views from within the skyscraper...
...to the East River...
...and Central Park.
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The Existing Floorplan of the Ofce Tower
Image Citation: http:// www.orkposters.com/ manhattan.html
Rendered view within the tower from the top oor. The per 02
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spective shows the importance of the skyline for the perspectives looking out of the building architectural healing environments
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The Existing Floorplan of the Ofce Tower
Image Citation: http:// www.orkposters.com/ manhattan.html
Rendered view within the tower from the top oor. The per 02
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spective shows the importance of the skyline for the perspectives looking out of the building
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The integration of the natural world into the design is paramo unt in order to succ essfully develop a he aling environment. Thus, the site’s environmental cond itions need to be a ddressed in order to fully understand the complete natural charac ter of the site. Aspec ts like the sun exposure, prevailing wind patterns, Fall and Spring e quinox, winter and summer solstice , average monthly temperatures, etc. The contrast of New York from summer to winter is large, so it is important to unde rstnad the d iversity within the weather in order to design a success yearround business.
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The integration of the natural world into the design is paramo unt in order to succ essfully develop a he aling environment. Thus, the site’s environmental cond itions need to be a ddressed in order to fully understand the complete natural charac ter of the site. Aspec ts like the sun exposure, prevailing wind patterns, Fall and Spring e quinox, winter and summer solstice , average monthly temperatures, etc. The contrast of New York from summer to winter is large, so it is important to unde rstnad the d iversity within the weather in order to design a success yearround business.
(Ecotech) 02
84
architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
r e t n i W
r e m m u S
g n i r p S
n m u t u A (Ec o t e c h )
02
86
architectural healing environments
85
(Ec o t e c h )
architectural healing environments
87
r e t n i W
r e m m u S
g n i r p S
n m u t u A (Ec o t e c h )
02
86
architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
(Ec o t e c h ) 02
88
architectural healing environments
(Ec o t e c h )
87
(Ec o t e c h )
architectural healing environments
89
(Ec o t e c h ) 02
88
(Ec o t e c h )
architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
89
Sun Chart
11
12
10
13
09 14
08 10
07
11
12
9
75° 1stSep
06 90° 1stOct
120°8 105° 1stNov1stDec
135°
13
15
150° 165°
14 180°
60° 1stAug 1stJul
195°
45°
15 16 210°
30° 225° 16 15° 171stJan 240° 1stFeb
N
1stMar 345°
255°
18
1stApr
270°
330° 1stMay 1stJun
285°
315° 300°
(Ec o t e c h ) 02
90
architectural healing environments
(Ec o t e c h )
architectural healing environments
91
Sun Chart
11
12
10
13
09 14
08 10
07
11
12
9
75° 1stSep
06 90° 1stOct
120°8 105° 1stNov1stDec
135°
13
15
150° 165°
14 180°
60° 1stAug 1stJul
195°
45°
15 16 210°
30° 225° 16 15° 171stJan 240° 1stFeb
N
1stMar 345°
255°
18
1stApr
270°
330° 1stMay 1stJun
285°
315° 300°
(Ec o t e c h ) 02
90
(Ec o t e c h )
architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
91
20 16 12 4
8 24 20 16 12 4
(Ec o t e c h )
02
92
architectural healing environments
8
(Ec o t e c h )
architectural healing environments
93
20 16 12 4
8 24 20 16 12 4
(Ec o t e c h )
02
92
architectural healing environments
8
(Ec o t e c h )
architectural healing environments
93
5 . P r o g r a m
02
94
architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
95
5 . P r o g r a m
02
94
architectural healing environments
HEALTH:
architectural healing environments
95
A d ynamic state of c omplete physical, mental, and spiritual wellbeing
Church | Meditation | Spa
CHURCH, RELIGIOUS FACILITIES, SWIMMING POO L, SPA
EDUCATION FA CILITIES, LIBRARY, WORKSHOP
Church | Meditation | Spa
Counseling | Education | Recreation
Recreation | Co unseling | Education
Hospital | Therapy | Sports
RESTAURANT, BAR, HOSPITAL, RECREATION, GYM, SPORTSFAC ILITIES
Hospital | Therapy | Sports
Program is a crucial aspect in architectural hea ling environments. The different programs the center provides for its patients determines the succ ess of its hea ling environment. In order to ensure a setting that encompasses all of one’s health, there must be stimulation to the mind, body, and spirit. C onsequently, the center will be split between the overarching program titles of Body, Mind, and Spirit.
The associated spaces under these titles will have programmatic relationships with the other spaces in order to form a complete stimulation to the body, mind, and spirit. 02
96
architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
97
HEALTH:
A d ynamic state of c omplete physical, mental, and spiritual wellbeing
CHURCH, RELIGIOUS FACILITIES, SWIMMING POO L, SPA
Church | Meditation | Spa
EDUCATION FA CILITIES, LIBRARY, WORKSHOP
Church | Meditation | Spa
Counseling | Education | Recreation
Recreation | Co unseling | Education
Hospital | Therapy | Sports
RESTAURANT, BAR, HOSPITAL, RECREATION, GYM, SPORTSFAC ILITIES
Program is a crucial aspect in architectural hea ling environments. The different programs the center provides for its patients determines the succ ess of its hea ling environment. In order to ensure a setting that encompasses all of one’s health, there must be stimulation to the mind, body, and spirit. C onsequently, the center will be split between the overarching program titles of Body, Mind, and Spirit.
Hospital | Therapy | Sports
The associated spaces under these titles will have programmatic relationships with the other spaces in order to form a complete stimulation to the body, mind, and spirit. 02
96
architectural healing environments
Category Spirit
Calculations Quant. Sq. ft.
Program Type
Senses Involved # of Persons S ig ht S me l T ou ch T as te H ea r
Spa Pool Steam Room Sauna
1 2 2
600 250 250
10 3 3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Program Type Aerobics Exercise machines Free Weights Basketball/Volleyball Court Racquetball/handball Court Lap Pool Indr Running/Walking Track Mn's & Wmn's Lckr Rms/Fam Changing Area
Mind EducationFacilities 4
400
10
Music Therapy Light Therapy Artificial Sun Therapy Vichy Shower Sleep Therapy
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
400 450 400 400 400 800 500 300
4 2 2 1 2 20 12 7
X
X
Psycho and Emotional Rest
Library Workshop Counseling Room
X X
L I
3 3 3 3 4 3 3 4 3 5 6
X
X
X
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
300 200 500 600 500 600 1000 600 400
7 6 6 8 8 4 10 3 4
1 1 1 1
250 250 200 200
2 2 2 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
3 1 1 1
400 1000 400 350
4 8 4 4
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Conf./Comm. Mtg Rms Lobby/Waiting Area Nursery Children's Activity Area
X
X
X
X
X
X
Other
X X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
L
Program Director Office Facility Director Office Accounting Office Sales Office
X
X
X
L
X
X
%'s 40% 15%
Circulation Garden Space
X
X
X X
02 L
architectural healing environments
500 450 450 350 450 450 450 600 200 450 800
Adminstration X X
Clinical Programs 1 1 1 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
Senses Involved S ig ht S me ll T ou ch T as te H ea r
X
Body Physical Therapy Occupational Therapy Performance Testing Examination/Treating Rooms Rest Room/Changing Area Stress Testing Consultation Room Waiting Area Office Staff Lounge Therapy Pool
# of Persons
Fitness Programs
ReligiousFacilities
Classrooms
Calculations Quant. Sq. ft.
L Category
Spa Programs
98
97
architectural healing environments
L
L I L
architectural healing environments
99
Category Spirit
Calculations Quant. Sq. ft.
Program Type
Senses Involved # of Persons S ig ht S me l T ou ch T as te H ea r
Program Type
1 2 2
600 250 250
10 3 3
X X X
X
Aerobics Exercise machines Free Weights Basketball/Volleyball Court Racquetball/handball Court Lap Pool Indr Running/Walking Track Mn's & Wmn's Lckr Rms/Fam Changing Area
X
X
X
X
X
ReligiousFacilities Mind EducationFacilities Classrooms
4
400
10
Music Therapy Light Therapy Artificial Sun Therapy Vichy Shower Sleep Therapy
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
400 450 400 400 400 800 500 300
4 2 2 1 2 20 12 7
X
X
Psycho and Emotional Rest
Library Workshop Counseling Room
X
L I
500 450 450 350 450 450 450 600 200 450 800
3 3 3 3 4 3 3 4 3 5 6
X
L
Program Director Office Facility Director Office Accounting Office Sales Office
X
X
X
X
Conf./Comm. Mtg Rms Lobby/Waiting Area Nursery Children's Activity Area
X
X
X
X
X
X
Other
300 200 500 600 500 600 1000 600 400
7 6 6 8 8 4 10 3 4
1 1 1 1
250 250 200 200
2 2 2 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
3 1 1 1
400 1000 400 350
4 8 4 4
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
%'s 40% 15%
Circulation Garden Space
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
L
L I
02
L
L
98
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
X
X
X
L
X
X
X
Adminstration X
Clinical Programs 1 1 1 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
Senses Involved S ig ht S me ll T ou ch T as te H ea r
X X
Body Physical Therapy Occupational Therapy Performance Testing Examination/Treating Rooms Rest Room/Changing Area Stress Testing Consultation Room Waiting Area Office Staff Lounge Therapy Pool
# of Persons
Fitness Programs
Spa Programs Spa Pool Steam Room Sauna
Calculations Quant. Sq. ft.
L Category
architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
99
( h t t p : / / i 6 5 4 . p h o t o b u c k e t . c o m / a l b u m s / u u 2 6 9 / o l is h e a / P i c t u r e 4 1- 1 .p n g )
Body
The body plays an important role to the recovery or sustained b alance of a patient’s well being. Studies have shown tha t exercise increa ses the ability of the body to produc e chemica lsto reduce the likelihood of depression and other mental illnesses (Waxman). Not only is physica l exercise important for recovering patients, but also for healthy individua ls as well. The po sitive
aspects of physica l movement should bec ome integrated to centers that care for the entirety of an individual’s well being. Individual physical activity is one way of releasing endo rphins into the bod y (Zeisel). However, group physical activity is another form of physica l activity that c an force the interac tion 02
100 architectural healing environments
Negative
Sitting
Positive
Running
Negative
Sleeping
Positive
Swimming
Negative
Watching
Positive
Viewing
Negative
Riding
Positive
J ump
Negative
Still
Positive
Moving
between other patients inside a comfortable and social common space. Social interaction and physical exercise together create an excellent combination for an optimal healing environment engaging physical activity (Waxman). The bo dy must be fed in order to survive the world. Through prop er nutrition the person ca n balanc e their health and feel good. Thus,
the program must integrate spaces where individuals can choose nutritious meals to feed their physical form. Spac es focused on teaching people how to cook and eat nutritiously balanced diets should also be integrated. Their knowledge of how to cook for themselves healthy meals at home provides them the power to help treat themselves outside of the center as well. architectural healing environments
101
( h t t p : / / i 6 5 4 . p h o t o b u c k e t . c o m / a l b u m s / u u 2 6 9 / o l is h e a / P i c t u r e 4 1- 1 .p n g )
Body
The body plays an important role to the recovery or sustained b alance of a patient’s well being. Studies have shown tha t exercise increa ses the ability of the body to produc e chemica lsto reduce the likelihood of depression and other mental illnesses (Waxman). Not only is physica l exercise important for recovering patients, but also for healthy individua ls as well. The po sitive
aspects of physica l movement should bec ome integrated to centers that care for the entirety of an individual’s well being. Individual physical activity is one way of releasing endo rphins into the bod y (Zeisel). However, group physical activity is another form of physica l activity that c an force the interac tion
Negative
Sitting
Positive
Running
Negative
Sleeping
Positive
Swimming
Negative
Watching
Positive
Viewing
Negative
Riding
Positive
J ump
Negative
Still
Positive
Moving
between other patients inside a comfortable and social common space. Social interaction and physical exercise together create an excellent combination for an optimal healing environment engaging physical activity (Waxman). The bo dy must be fed in order to survive the world. Through prop er nutrition the person ca n balanc e their health and feel good. Thus,
02
100
architectural healing environments
the program must integrate spaces where individuals can choose nutritious meals to feed their physical form. Spac es focused on teaching people how to cook and eat nutritiously balanced diets should also be integrated. Their knowledge of how to cook for themselves healthy meals at home provides them the power to help treat themselves outside of the center as well. architectural healing environments
Mind
101
Spirit
World
Spaces that allow the individual to connect with their spirituality are a crucial part of treating the p erson’s overall wellness. First, it gives them the educ ation of personal meditation to employ in their own lives outside of the center. Sec ond , it engag es the awa reness of their body and mind, making them present in the moment.
The p rocess of c entering one’s self helps the person shift their focus on the importance of their health a nd simplicity of life. Thirdly, it is a way to strip the mind of all the unnecessary thoughts that confuses the mind into oblivion. The spiritual programs should be bo th intimate and collective, dened uidly with natural elements that transcend peacefulness to the solitude of the space (Ulrich).
All aspects of eac h program must provide the individual the tools to integrate into their lives to sustain their equilibrium in life. This can only be completely achieved by educating the peop le. Thus, eac h space must have ways in which the individual can have “take-home” knowledge in order to improve their life without the center’s presence in their life.
Self
02
102 architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
103
Mind
Spirit
World
Spaces that allow the individual to connect with their spirituality are a crucial part of treating the p erson’s overall wellness. First, it gives them the educ ation of personal meditation to employ in their own lives outside of the center. Sec ond , it engag es the awa reness of their body and mind, making them present in the moment.
The p rocess of c entering one’s self helps the person shift their focus on the importance of their health a nd simplicity of life. Thirdly, it is a way to strip the mind of all the unnecessary thoughts that confuses the mind into oblivion. The spiritual programs should be bo th intimate and collective, dened uidly with natural elements that transcend peacefulness to the solitude of the space (Ulrich).
All aspects of eac h program must provide the individual the tools to integrate into their lives to sustain their equilibrium in life. This can only be completely achieved by educating the peop le. Thus, eac h space must have ways in which the individual can have “take-home” knowledge in order to improve their life without the center’s presence in their life.
Self
02
102
architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
103
5 . P r e c e d e n t s 02
104 architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
105
5 . P r e c e d e n t s 02
104
architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
(http://www.morphopedia.com/uploads/CCC-01-XX-GM-02_CCC_GM-128.jpg)
105
(http://www.morphopedia.com/uploads/CCC-01-XX-GM-02_CCC_GM-128.jpg)
A half-barrel-vault skylight illuminates the whole of the main patient oor, while layered and
curved walls further diffuse light into the space. Rooms are designed with views oriented from the perspective of the patient, lying do wn and looking up. Key to the c oncep t for the center was incorporating family into the treatment environment. Thus, individual rooms in the chemotherapy atrium ope n onto main social space s for gathering a nd interacting with relatives, allowing patients to determine their own level of privacy. As a whole, the project represented a profound e xploration of architecture’s potential for c ommunicating c ompassion a nd instilling condence in patients’ ability to ght a life-threatening disease.
MorphosisTeam | Ced ars Sinai Comprehensive Canc er Center | Los Angeles
106 architectural healing environments
02
Morphosis Team | Ced ars Sinai Comprehensive Canc er Center | Los Angeles architectural healing environments
107
(http://www.morphopedia.com/uploads/CCC-01-XX-GM-02_CCC_GM-128.jpg)
(http://www.morphopedia.com/uploads/CCC-01-XX-GM-02_CCC_GM-128.jpg)
A half-barrel-vault skylight illuminates the whole of the main patient oor, while layered and
curved walls further diffuse light into the space. Rooms are designed with views oriented from the perspective of the patient, lying do wn and looking up. Key to the c oncep t for the center was incorporating family into the treatment environment. Thus, individual rooms in the chemotherapy atrium ope n onto main social space s for gathering a nd interacting with relatives, allowing patients to determine their own level of privacy. As a whole, the project represented a profound e xploration of architecture’s potential for c ommunicating c ompassion a nd instilling condence in patients’ ability to ght a life-threatening disease.
MorphosisTeam | Ced ars Sinai Comprehensive Canc er Center | Los Angeles
106
02
architectural healing environments
Morphosis Team | Ced ars Sinai Comprehensive Canc er Center | Los Angeles architectural healing environments
"a c entre of vitality and well-being without a trace of institutional feeling"
107
(http://www.lewism.org/2009/01/13/espoo-hospital/)
(http://www.lewism.org/2009/01/13/espoo-hospital/)
The d esign consists of a number of free-form units in which rooms are arranged around internal co urtyards. the rooms face the outside of the building, while the spoce a round the inner gardens functions both as circulation space and common living space.
Design: K2S Architects | Espoo Hospital | West of Helsinki, Finland
108 architectural healing environments
02
Design: K2S Architects | Espoo Hospital | West of Helsinki, Finland architectural healing environments
109
"a c entre of vitality and well-being without a trace of institutional feeling"
(http://www.lewism.org/2009/01/13/espoo-hospital/)
(http://www.lewism.org/2009/01/13/espoo-hospital/)
The d esign consists of a number of free-form units in which rooms are arranged around internal co urtyards. the rooms face the outside of the building, while the spoce a round the inner gardens functions both as circulation space and common living space.
Design: K2S Architects | Espoo Hospital | West of Helsinki, Finland
02
108 architectural healing environments
Design: K2S Architects | Espoo Hospital | West of Helsinki, Finland architectural healing environments
109
(http://farm2.static.ickr.com/1150/5100457528_a982202750_z.jpg)
(http://farm2.static.ickr.com/1150/5100457528_a982202750_z.jpg)
Normality has been the keywo rd when the a rchitec ts tried to wo rk theirway a way from institutionalisation. The possibility to choose between solitude and social interaction has been made possible by single bedrooms and small patient units with adjoining common rooms. The patients can gradually increase their personal space. A ll the c are unitshave direct c ontact with a c ourtyard garden spac e which c ontributes to an increased sense of freedo m and offersthe recreational pow ers of nature.
White A rkitekter A B| Ö stra Hospital – Psyc hiatry Building | G othenb urg, Sweden
110 architectural healing environments
02
White A rkitekter A B| Ö stra Hospital – Psyc hiatry Building | G othenb urg, Sweden architectural healing environments
111
(http://farm2.static.ickr.com/1150/5100457528_a982202750_z.jpg)
(http://farm2.static.ickr.com/1150/5100457528_a982202750_z.jpg)
Normality has been the keywo rd when the a rchitec ts tried to wo rk theirway a way from institutionalisation. The possibility to choose between solitude and social interaction has been made possible by single bedrooms and small patient units with adjoining common rooms. The patients can gradually increase their personal space. A ll the c are unitshave direct c ontact with a c ourtyard garden spac e which c ontributes to an increased sense of freedo m and offersthe recreational pow ers of nature.
White A rkitekter A B| Ö stra Hospital – Psyc hiatry Building | G othenb urg, Sweden
110
02
White A rkitekter A B| Ö stra Hospital – Psyc hiatry Building | G othenb urg, Sweden
architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
111
( h t t p :/ / w w w . d e c o d i r .c o m / w p - c o n t e n t / u p lo a d s / 2 01 0/ 0 4 / O M A - M o d e l -2 .j p g )
( h t t p :/ / w w w . d e c o d i r .c o m / w p - c o n t e n t / u p l o a d s/ 2 0 10 / 0 4/ O M A - M o d e l - 2. jp g )
Maggie C enter, OMA, LA
Maggie’s Centres rely on the fundamental precept, often overlooked, that excep tional architecture and innovative spaces can make pe ople feel better – thereby kindling the curiosity and imagination fundamental to feeling alive. Grand in their ambitions, but designed on a small scale, Maggie’s Centres provide a welcome respite from typical institutional hospitals, but serves as a haven
OMA | Maggie Center | LosAngeles
112 architectural healing environments
02
for those receiving treatment. In creating a and hallways and allows the rooms to ow. place to connec t and learn from otherswho The plan has been organized for the spaces are going through similar experiences. to feel c asual, almost carefree, allowing one to feel at ease and at home, part of an emMaggie’s help patients to develop their pathetic community of people. sense of condence and resourcefulness.
Instead of a series isolated rooms, the build- At the same time the design also provides ing is designed as a sequence of intercon- spaces for more personal moments – either nected L-shaped gures in plan that create in the intimate setting of the counseling. clearly distinguished areas – an arrangement that minimises the nee d for c orridors
OMA | Maggie Center | LosAngeles architectural healing environments
113
( h t t p :/ / w w w . d e c o d i r .c o m / w p - c o n t e n t / u p lo a d s / 2 01 0/ 0 4 / O M A - M o d e l -2 .j p g )
( h t t p :/ / w w w . d e c o d i r .c o m / w p - c o n t e n t / u p l o a d s/ 2 0 10 / 0 4/ O M A - M o d e l - 2. jp g )
Maggie C enter, OMA, LA
Maggie’s Centres rely on the fundamental precept, often overlooked, that excep tional architecture and innovative spaces can make pe ople feel better – thereby kindling the curiosity and imagination fundamental to feeling alive. Grand in their ambitions, but designed on a small scale, Maggie’s Centres provide a welcome respite from typical institutional hospitals, but serves as a haven
OMA | Maggie Center | LosAngeles
112
02
architectural healing environments
for those receiving treatment. In creating a and hallways and allows the rooms to ow. place to connec t and learn from otherswho The plan has been organized for the spaces are going through similar experiences. to feel c asual, almost carefree, allowing one to feel at ease and at home, part of an emMaggie’s help patients to develop their pathetic community of people. sense of condence and resourcefulness.
Instead of a series isolated rooms, the build- At the same time the design also provides ing is designed as a sequence of intercon- spaces for more personal moments – either nected L-shaped gures in plan that create in the intimate setting of the counseling. clearly distinguished areas – an arrangement that minimises the nee d for c orridors
OMA | Maggie Center | LosAngeles architectural healing environments
( h t t p : / / r i c h a r d k e a t i n g a r c h i t e c t u r e . c o m / i m g / c o n t e n t / R i c h a r d _ K e a t i n g _ r o l e x 1 . j p g . j p g )
113
( h t t p : / / r i c h a r d k e a t i n g a r c h i t e c t u r e . c o m / i m g / c o n t e n t / R i c h a r d _ K e a t i n g _r o l e x1 . jp g . j p g )
The pa villion incorporates the natural landscap e and built landsca pe as a way of mediating between the two in a spcae of healing. The formal moves within the interior spaces such as the stairwell, begin to dictate natural forms as a way of referencing nature. The literalness of theis translation is not what I am interested in, but rather the notion of generating form derived from a more humanistic form.
Richard Keating Architecture | J AC OBSUniversity of Washington Surgery Pavilion | Seattle, Washington 02
114 architectural healing environments
Richard Keating Architecture | J AC OBSUniversity of Washington Surgery Pavilion | Seattle, Washington architectural healing environments
115
( h t t p : / / r i c h a r d k e a t i n g a r c h i t e c t u r e . c o m / i m g / c o n t e n t / R i c h a r d _ K e a t i n g _ r o l e x 1 . j p g . j p g )
( h t t p : / / r i c h a r d k e a t i n g a r c h i t e c t u r e . c o m / i m g / c o n t e n t / R i c h a r d _ K e a t i n g _r o l e x1 . jp g . j p g )
The pa villion incorporates the natural landscap e and built landsca pe as a way of mediating between the two in a spcae of healing. The formal moves within the interior spaces such as the stairwell, begin to dictate natural forms as a way of referencing nature. The literalness of theis translation is not what I am interested in, but rather the notion of generating form derived from a more humanistic form.
Richard Keating Architecture | J AC OBSUniversity of Washington Surgery Pavilion | Seattle, Washington 02
114 architectural healing environments
Richard Keating Architecture | J AC OBSUniversity of Washington Surgery Pavilion | Seattle, Washington architectural healing environments
115
( h t t p : / / w w w . a s d l a b s . c o m / b l o g / w p c o n t e n t / u p l o a d s / e t e r n a l h o u s i n g . j p g )
(http:// www.asdlabs.com/blog /wp- content/uploads/eternalhousing.jpg)
The design of this house is an interactive experience between the user and the built environment. the oor of the house is almost like a hilly terrain that requires the user to go up and down, con stantly recognizing their body with the ground oor plane. The house is also said to oppose death
by making the user actively participate in the understanding o f the space . It is unconvential on purpose in order for the oc cupa nt to think and memorize the spac e in which they live.
Madeline Gins and Arakawa | Reversible Destiny House | East Hampton, N.Y
116 architectural healing environments
02
Madeline Gins and Arakawa | Reversible Destiny House | East Hampton, N.Y architectural healing environments
117
( h t t p : / / w w w . a s d l a b s . c o m / b l o g / w p c o n t e n t / u p l o a d s / e t e r n a l h o u s i n g . j p g )
(http:// www.asdlabs.com/blog /wp- content/uploads/eternalhousing.jpg)
The design of this house is an interactive experience between the user and the built environment. the oor of the house is almost like a hilly terrain that requires the user to go up and down, con stantly recognizing their body with the ground oor plane. The house is also said to oppose death
by making the user actively participate in the understanding o f the space . It is unconvential on purpose in order for the oc cupa nt to think and memorize the spac e in which they live.
Madeline Gins and Arakawa | Reversible Destiny House | East Hampton, N.Y
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Madeline Gins and Arakawa | Reversible Destiny House | East Hampton, N.Y
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(http:// www.asdlabs.com/blog /wp- content/uploads/eternalhousing.jpg)
(http://www.asdlabs.com/blog/ wp-co ntent/uploa ds/eternalhousing.jpg)
This project sets up a very distinctive environment in which the user begins to navigate the spac e through the series of walls and c urves that push one in and out. The spac e is integrated with the landscape to stimulate the senses while experiencing this designed environment of mutiple stimuli to ac tivate the mind.
Madeline Gins and Arakawa | Site of Reversible Destiny | Yōrō, Japan
118 architectural healing environments
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Madeline Gins and Arakawa | Site of Reversible Destiny | Yōrō, Japan architectural healing environments
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(http:// www.asdlabs.com/blog /wp- content/uploads/eternalhousing.jpg)
(http://www.asdlabs.com/blog/ wp-co ntent/uploa ds/eternalhousing.jpg)
This project sets up a very distinctive environment in which the user begins to navigate the spac e through the series of walls and c urves that push one in and out. The spac e is integrated with the landscape to stimulate the senses while experiencing this designed environment of mutiple stimuli to ac tivate the mind.
Madeline Gins and Arakawa | Site of Reversible Destiny | Yōrō, Japan
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118 architectural healing environments
Madeline Gins and Arakawa | Site of Reversible Destiny | Yōrō, Japan architectural healing environments
(http:// www.kazeo.com/sites/fr/photos/222/Jean-Coulon-belge-e-de-Jean-Pierre-Petit,2225109-M.jpg)
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(http://www.kazeo.com/sites/fr/photos/222/Jean-Coulon-belge-e-de-Jean-Pierre-Petit,2225109-M.jpg)
The building incorporates color as a way of directing people throughout the building and generating interest. The co mbination of the light with the color bec omes a integeral pa rt of the materiality that is addressed. The strategica lly placed color ap plications also p rovide a mea ns of distraction, bringing the viewer into the built environment.
D. Coulon et Associes| M AS de Mattaincourt Development | M irecourt, France
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D. Coulon et Associes| M AS de Mattaincourt Development | M irecourt, France architectural healing environments
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(http:// www.kazeo.com/sites/fr/photos/222/Jean-Coulon-belge-e-de-Jean-Pierre-Petit,2225109-M.jpg)
(http://www.kazeo.com/sites/fr/photos/222/Jean-Coulon-belge-e-de-Jean-Pierre-Petit,2225109-M.jpg)
The building incorporates color as a way of directing people throughout the building and generating interest. The co mbination of the light with the color bec omes a integeral pa rt of the materiality that is addressed. The strategica lly placed color ap plications also p rovide a mea ns of distraction, bringing the viewer into the built environment.
D. Coulon et Associes| M AS de Mattaincourt Development | M irecourt, France
02
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D. Coulon et Associes| M AS de Mattaincourt Development | M irecourt, France architectural healing environments
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(http://www.kazeo.com/ sites/fr/photos/222/J ean-C oulon-belge-e- de-J ean-Pierre-Petit,2225109-M.jpg)
(http:// www.kazeo.com/ sites/fr/photos/222/J ean-C oulon-belge-e- de-J ean-Pierre-Petit,2225109-M.jpg)
D. Coulon et Associes| M AS de Mattaincourt Development | M irecourt, France
122 architectural healing environments
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D. Coulon et Associes| M AS de Mattaincourt Development | M irecourt, France architectural healing environments
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(http://www.kazeo.com/ sites/fr/photos/222/J ean-C oulon-belge-e- de-J ean-Pierre-Petit,2225109-M.jpg)
(http:// www.kazeo.com/ sites/fr/photos/222/J ean-C oulon-belge-e- de-J ean-Pierre-Petit,2225109-M.jpg)
D. Coulon et Associes| M AS de Mattaincourt Development | M irecourt, France
122
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D. Coulon et Associes| M AS de Mattaincourt Development | M irecourt, France
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Image Citation: http:// www.orkposters.co m/ manhattan.html (http:// www.japanmylove.com/images/ja panese-architecture-katsura-1.jpg)
The designed uinternal public spac e surrounded by program is extermely effective. Part of the healing proc ess for patients dealing with psycholog ica l illness is the interacion b etwee n peers. Spa ce s like this, activated b y the dynamic architecture, are critica l to the p atients healing treatment.
Akihisa Hirata | Commercial building in Daikanyama | Tokyo
124 architectural healing environments
The design of this wall, as an interac tive feature within the built environment, bec omes an interesting diversion from the typica l wall with paint. The user begins to design the wall with their own personality, and it changes the face of the space just by the touch of a nger. The role of the user
is now an ac tive participa nt within the spac e.
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Image Citation: http:// www.orkposters.co m/ manhattan.html (http:// www.japanmylove.com/images/ja panese-architecture-katsura-1.jpg)
The designed uinternal public spac e surrounded by program is extermely effective. Part of the healing proc ess for patients dealing with psycholog ica l illness is the interacion b etwee n peers. Spa ce s like this, activated b y the dynamic architecture, are critica l to the p atients healing treatment.
Akihisa Hirata | Commercial building in Daikanyama | Tokyo
124
The design of this wall, as an interac tive feature within the built environment, bec omes an interesting diversion from the typica l wall with paint. The user begins to design the wall with their own personality, and it changes the face of the space just by the touch of a nger. The role of the user
is now an ac tive participa nt within the spac e.
02
architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
125
(http://www.detnk.com/fles/node_images/692dcceddae45bb0_6.png) (http://www.detnk.com/fles/node_images/692dcceddae45bb0_6.png)
Light bec omes a material in this setting. The strateg ic pla nning of all the op enings to the outside, and the a ngles of these cutouts to force the light in the desired ang le isstunning. The spac e has an ethereal quality about it that is only ac hieved by the light.
Le Co rbusier | Notre Dame du Haut Ronchamp | France
126 architectural healing environments
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Le Corbusier | Notre Dame du Haut Ronchamp | France architectural healing environments
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(http://www.detnk.com/fles/node_images/692dcceddae45bb0_6.png) (http://www.detnk.com/fles/node_images/692dcceddae45bb0_6.png)
Light bec omes a material in this setting. The strateg ic pla nning of all the op enings to the outside, and the a ngles of these cutouts to force the light in the desired ang le isstunning. The spac e has an ethereal quality about it that is only ac hieved by the light.
Le Co rbusier | Notre Dame du Haut Ronchamp | France
02
126 architectural healing environments
Le Corbusier | Notre Dame du Haut Ronchamp | France architectural healing environments
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6 . P r o j e c t i o n 02
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6 . P r o j e c t i o n 02
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Materiality and its affects on the healing environment EARTH
SKY
GREEN
Materiality has a direct inuence on the overall sense of the
STONE
WATER
SAND
WOOD
STEEL
GLASS
environment. Ma terials have the ab ility to affec t the sound environment, circulate movement, increase /decrease co mfort, and various other actions. With this, the form in which the material be comes a part of will also determine the powe rs of its plac ement. The assoc iated d imensions of the material also will play a fa cto r in the design. For instance , wood is a mate rial that retains heat, is soft and co mforting, and ca n be associated with the concep t of natural environments. Ano ther material like sand has a therapeutic value to it, soft to touch, and gentle on feet. However, stone is cool and smooth to touch, but hard on feet. When the materials beco me integrated in the program, the quality of the materials will embody the vision of the space and become another dimension in the healing environment. Othe r, not usually thoug ht to be materials, like light, sky, water, and vegetation will be manipulated with the built environment to evoke specic responses in order to stimulate
the mind and itspercep tual visioning of a spac e.
02
130 architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
131
Materiality and its affects on the healing environment EARTH
SKY
GREEN
Materiality has a direct inuence on the overall sense of the
STONE
WATER
SAND
WOOD
STEEL
GLASS
environment. Ma terials have the ab ility to affec t the sound environment, circulate movement, increase /decrease co mfort, and various other actions. With this, the form in which the material be comes a part of will also determine the powe rs of its plac ement. The assoc iated d imensions of the material also will play a fa cto r in the design. For instance , wood is a mate rial that retains heat, is soft and co mforting, and ca n be associated with the concep t of natural environments. Ano ther material like sand has a therapeutic value to it, soft to touch, and gentle on feet. However, stone is cool and smooth to touch, but hard on feet. When the materials beco me integrated in the program, the quality of the materials will embody the vision of the space and become another dimension in the healing environment. Othe r, not usually thoug ht to be materials, like light, sky, water, and vegetation will be manipulated with the built environment to evoke specic responses in order to stimulate
the mind and itspercep tual visioning of a spac e.
02
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The following perspec tivesprovide a vision for the “garden.” These are intended to be spac es that integrate all the senses; vision, taste, smell, hearing, and touc h. The study isdon e through a phenomonologica l lense, designing with a multiplicity of textures, materials, and interests to engage the mind in a playful manner of distraction . The awa reness of these physical things in the space and their properites provides the necessary information for the oc cupa nt to d raw their own c onc lusions. This awareness of one’s self is the beginning to a ny healing process in the mind.
02
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The following perspec tivesprovide a vision for the “garden.” These are intended to be spac es that integrate all the senses; vision, taste, smell, hearing, and touc h. The study isdon e through a phenomonologica l lense, designing with a multiplicity of textures, materials, and interests to engage the mind in a playful manner of distraction . The awa reness of these physical things in the space and their properites provides the necessary information for the oc cupa nt to d raw their own c onc lusions. This awareness of one’s self is the beginning to a ny healing process in the mind.
02
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architectural healing environments
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02
134 architectural healing environments
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architectural healing environments
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02
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This massing studies begin to discover the possibilities of the site with the principles from the contention. Ma jor moves, like the ce ntral courtyard, beg in to open up many po ssibilities for internal views towards a natural landscape and internal natural daylight for the interior spaces.
137
Cutting away the towe r to see the connec tion of the add ition to the rest of the tower. The attention of the internal and e xternal surface s will prove to be important. The disparity betwee n the two zones is ab unda nt. For example the exterior zone looks out to the city while the other looks internally to a designed environment.
02
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139
This massing studies begin to discover the possibilities of the site with the principles from the contention. Ma jor moves, like the ce ntral courtyard, beg in to open up many po ssibilities for internal views towards a natural landscape and internal natural daylight for the interior spaces.
Cutting away the towe r to see the connec tion of the add ition to the rest of the tower. The attention of the internal and e xternal surface s will prove to be important. The disparity betwee n the two zones is ab unda nt. For example the exterior zone looks out to the city while the other looks internally to a designed environment.
02
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View coming out of the subway
The site willbe bec ome a beac on and destination visible from multiple views all over the c ity. The pote ntial of the project is to impact other cities, becoming a model of how architecture can be utilized as a tool to create architecture that helps sustain the healthy lifestyles everyone strives for. An en vironment c onstructed through architecture that has a positive passive effects on our health and lives is an extraordinary leap in the way peop le can b egin to see buildings. 02
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architectural healing environments
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View coming out of the subway
The site willbe bec ome a beac on and destination visible from multiple views all over the c ity. The pote ntial of the project is to impact other cities, becoming a model of how architecture can be utilized as a tool to create architecture that helps sustain the healthy lifestyles everyone strives for. An en vironment c onstructed through architecture that has a positive passive effects on our health and lives is an extraordinary leap in the way peop le can b egin to see buildings. 02
140 architectural healing environments
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6 . P r o j e c t 02
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6 . P r o j e c t 02
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02
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architectural healing environments
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02
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02
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StressTesting
Performance Testing
Plan| Level 16
40 1/8”=1’
0
16
32
Plan| Level
40,000sqft
16
42
1/8”=1’
0
16
32
40,000sqft
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StressTesting
Performance Testing
Plan| Level 16
40 1/8”=1’
0
16
32
Plan| Level
40,000sqft
16
42
1/8”=1’
0
16
32
40,000sqft
02
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architectural healing environments
Plan| Level Roof 1/8”=1’ 16
Plan| Level 16
42
1/8”=1’
0
16
153
32
40,000sqft
0
16
32
40,000sqft
02
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Plan| Level Roof 1/8”=1’ 16
Plan| Level 16
42
1/8”=1’
0
16
32
40,000sqft
0
16
32
40,000sqft
02
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02
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South-West Elevation
architectural healing environments
South-EastElevation
North- East Elevation
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North-West Elevation
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South-West Elevation
South-EastElevation
North- East Elevation
North-West Elevation
02
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02
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Glossary Environment: that w hich environs or surround s; surrounding conditions, inuences, or forces, by which living forms are inuenced and modied in their
growth and development.
Heal: to restore or be restored to health Health: the general condition of the body or mind with reference to soundnessand vigor Well-being: a good or satisfactory condition of existence; a state c haracterized by health, hap piness, and prosperity
Mind: the element of a person that enables them to be aware of the world and their experiences, to think, and to feel; the fac ulty of consciousness and thought Habitat: the natural home or environment of an a nimal, plant, or other organism Sequence: a set of related events, movements, or things that follow eac h other in a pa rticular order Sequence: a set of related events, movements, or things that follow eac h other in a pa rticular order
Psychology: the scientic study of the human mind and its functions, esp. those affecting behavior in a given co ntext. Flexibility: responsive to change; adaptable Meditation: a stylized mental technique... repetitively practiced for the purpose of attaining a sub jective experience that is frequently de scribed as very restful, silent, and of heightened alertness, often characterized as blissful Urban: Characteristic of the city or city life. Evidence-based: entails making decisions about how to p romote health or provide ca re by integrating the best available evidence Therapeutic: having or e xhibiting healing p owers Spirit: the principle of conscious life; the vital principle in humans, animating the bod y or mediating between body and soul. Body: the physica l part of a person
166 architectural healing environments
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Glossary Environment: that w hich environs or surround s; surrounding conditions, inuences, or forces, by which living forms are inuenced and modied in their
growth and development.
Heal: to restore or be restored to health Health: the general condition of the body or mind with reference to soundnessand vigor Well-being: a good or satisfactory condition of existence; a state c haracterized by health, hap piness, and prosperity
Mind: the element of a person that enables them to be aware of the world and their experiences, to think, and to feel; the fac ulty of consciousness and thought Habitat: the natural home or environment of an a nimal, plant, or other organism Sequence: a set of related events, movements, or things that follow eac h other in a pa rticular order Sequence: a set of related events, movements, or things that follow eac h other in a pa rticular order
Psychology: the scientic study of the human mind and its functions, esp. those affecting behavior in a given co ntext. Flexibility: responsive to change; adaptable Meditation: a stylized mental technique... repetitively practiced for the purpose of attaining a sub jective experience that is frequently de scribed as very restful, silent, and of heightened alertness, often characterized as blissful Urban: Characteristic of the city or city life. Evidence-based: entails making decisions about how to p romote health or provide ca re by integrating the best available evidence Therapeutic: having or e xhibiting healing p owers Spirit: the principle of conscious life; the vital principle in humans, animating the bod y or mediating between body and soul. Body: the physica l part of a person
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Works Cited
Department of Health (2009) Putting an end to mixed sex hospital accommodation. London: DH.
Anderson, R. L., Mackel, D. C., Stoler, B. S. et al. (1982). Carpeting in hospitals: An epidemiological evaluation. J ournal of C linical M icrobiology, March: 408-415.
Dowdeswell B, Erskine J and Heasman M (2004) Hospital Ward Conguration Determinants Inuenc ing Single Room Provision, [Online] AReport for NHS Estates England, by the European Health Property Network.
Bachelard, Gaston, Ma ria Jo las, and J ohn R. Stilgoe. The Poetic s of Spa ce . Boston: Beac on, 1994. Print. Barbara, Anna, a nd Antho ny Perliss. Invisible Architec ture: Experiencing Pla ce s through the Senses. Milano: Skira Editore S.p.a , 2006. Beauchemin K,Hays P (1998) Dying in the dark: Sunshine, gender and outcomes in myocardial infarc tion. J ournal of the Royal Soc iety of Medic ine 91: 352-4. Beauchemin, K. M. and P. Hays (1996). Sunny hospital rooms expedite recovery from severe and refractory de pressions. Jo urnal of Affe ctive Disorders, 40: 49-51. Benedetti et al (2001) Morning sunlight reduc es length of hospitalisations in bipo lar dep ression. J our nal o f A ffective Disorders, 62:221-23. Birren, Faber. Light Color and Environment, New York: Reinhold Company, 1969. Bruner, J erome, Aleksand r R. Luria, and Lynn Solotaroff. The Mind of a M nemonist: A Little Book ab out a Vast Memory. C amb ridge Massac husetts and Lond on, England: Harvard University Press, 1968. Carpman, Ja net. Design That C ares. America n Hospital Publishing, Inc., 1986..
Evans, G. W. and S. Cohen (1987). Environmental stress. Chapter in D. Stokols and I. Altman (Eds.), Handb ook of Environmenta l Psycho logy. New York: Jo hn Wiley, 571-610. Gaskie, Marga ret. “Architec ture: Rx for Health Ca re.” Architec tural Rec ord. J e. 1986, p. 115-131. Gatchel, R. J ., Baum, A., and D. S. Krantz (1989). An Introduc tion To Health Psycho logy (2nd ed .). New York: McGraw-Hill. Gerlach-Spriggs, N., Kaufman, R., and Wag ner, S. J r. 1997. Restorative G arden s: The hea ling land scape. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. Golden et al (2005) The efcacy of li ght therapy in the treatment of mood disorders: A review and meta-a nalysisof the evidenc e. America n J ournal of Psychiatry 162:656-62 Gross R, Sasson Y, Zarhy M et al (1998) Healing environment in psychiatric hospital design. General Hospital Psychiatry 20: 108-14. Hagerman I, Rasmanis G, Blomkvist V et al (2005) Inuence of intensive coronary care acoustics on the qua lity of c are and physiological state o f pa tients. International J ournal of C ardiology 98 : 267-70.
Cohen, S., Terrell, D. A. J. a nd A . P. Smith (1991). Psycholog ica l stressand susce ptibility to the c om mon c old. New England J ournal of Med icine, 325: 606-612.
Hamilton, D. Kirk. 2003. The Four Levels of Evidence-Based Practice. Healthcare Design, November.
Consolidated Standa rds Manual for C hild, A dolescent, and Adult Psychiatric, Alc oholism, and Drug Ab use Fac ilities. Chica go, III.: J oint Co mmission on Acc reditation of Hospitals, 1981.
Hendrich A (2003) Optimizing physica l space for improved o utcomes: Satisfaction a nd the bottom line. Pap er presented at the Impact C onference, Institute for Healthcare Improvement and The Centre for Health Design, Atlanta, GA.
Cooper Marcus, C. and Barnes, M. 1999. Healing Gardens: Therapeutic benets and design recom mendations. New York: Wiley
J ohnson A (2001). Neonatal response to control of noise inside the incubator. Paediatric Nursin, 27: 600-5.
Cooper Marcus, C. and Barnes, M. 1995. Gardens in Healthcare Facilities: Uses, Therapeutic Benets, and Design Recommendations. Martinez, CA: The Center for Health Design.
Kellert, S.R. and Wilson, E.O ., Eds. 1993. The Biop hilia Hypothe sis. Washington D.C.: Island Press.
02
168 architectural healing environments
architectural healing environments
169
Works Cited
Department of Health (2009) Putting an end to mixed sex hospital accommodation. London: DH.
Anderson, R. L., Mackel, D. C., Stoler, B. S. et al. (1982). Carpeting in hospitals: An epidemiological evaluation. J ournal of C linical M icrobiology, March: 408-415.
Dowdeswell B, Erskine J and Heasman M (2004) Hospital Ward Conguration Determinants Inuenc ing Single Room Provision, [Online] AReport for NHS Estates England, by the European Health Property Network.
Bachelard, Gaston, Ma ria Jo las, and J ohn R. Stilgoe. The Poetic s of Spa ce . Boston: Beac on, 1994. Print. Barbara, Anna, a nd Antho ny Perliss. Invisible Architec ture: Experiencing Pla ce s through the Senses. Milano: Skira Editore S.p.a , 2006. Beauchemin K,Hays P (1998) Dying in the dark: Sunshine, gender and outcomes in myocardial infarc tion. J ournal of the Royal Soc iety of Medic ine 91: 352-4. Beauchemin, K. M. and P. Hays (1996). Sunny hospital rooms expedite recovery from severe and refractory de pressions. Jo urnal of Affe ctive Disorders, 40: 49-51. Benedetti et al (2001) Morning sunlight reduc es length of hospitalisations in bipo lar dep ression. J our nal o f A ffective Disorders, 62:221-23. Birren, Faber. Light Color and Environment, New York: Reinhold Company, 1969. Bruner, J erome, Aleksand r R. Luria, and Lynn Solotaroff. The Mind of a M nemonist: A Little Book ab out a Vast Memory. C amb ridge Massac husetts and Lond on, England: Harvard University Press, 1968. Carpman, Ja net. Design That C ares. America n Hospital Publishing, Inc., 1986..
Evans, G. W. and S. Cohen (1987). Environmental stress. Chapter in D. Stokols and I. Altman (Eds.), Handb ook of Environmenta l Psycho logy. New York: Jo hn Wiley, 571-610. Gaskie, Marga ret. “Architec ture: Rx for Health Ca re.” Architec tural Rec ord. J e. 1986, p. 115-131. Gatchel, R. J ., Baum, A., and D. S. Krantz (1989). An Introduc tion To Health Psycho logy (2nd ed .). New York: McGraw-Hill. Gerlach-Spriggs, N., Kaufman, R., and Wag ner, S. J r. 1997. Restorative G arden s: The hea ling land scape. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. Golden et al (2005) The efcacy of li ght therapy in the treatment of mood disorders: A review and meta-a nalysisof the evidenc e. America n J ournal of Psychiatry 162:656-62 Gross R, Sasson Y, Zarhy M et al (1998) Healing environment in psychiatric hospital design. General Hospital Psychiatry 20: 108-14. Hagerman I, Rasmanis G, Blomkvist V et al (2005) Inuence of intensive coronary care acoustics on the qua lity of c are and physiological state o f pa tients. International J ournal of C ardiology 98 : 267-70.
Cohen, S., Terrell, D. A. J. a nd A . P. Smith (1991). Psycholog ica l stressand susce ptibility to the c om mon c old. New England J ournal of Med icine, 325: 606-612.
Hamilton, D. Kirk. 2003. The Four Levels of Evidence-Based Practice. Healthcare Design, November.
Consolidated Standa rds Manual for C hild, A dolescent, and Adult Psychiatric, Alc oholism, and Drug Ab use Fac ilities. Chica go, III.: J oint Co mmission on Acc reditation of Hospitals, 1981.
Hendrich A (2003) Optimizing physica l space for improved o utcomes: Satisfaction a nd the bottom line. Pap er presented at the Impact C onference, Institute for Healthcare Improvement and The Centre for Health Design, Atlanta, GA.
Cooper Marcus, C. and Barnes, M. 1999. Healing Gardens: Therapeutic benets and design recom mendations. New York: Wiley
J ohnson A (2001). Neonatal response to control of noise inside the incubator. Paediatric Nursin, 27: 600-5.
Cooper Marcus, C. and Barnes, M. 1995. Gardens in Healthcare Facilities: Uses, Therapeutic Benets, and Design Recommendations. Martinez, CA: The Center for Health Design.
Kellert, S.R. and Wilson, E.O ., Eds. 1993. The Biop hilia Hypothe sis. Washington D.C.: Island Press.
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architectural healing environments
Lawson B, Phiri M, Wells-Thorpe J (2004) The arc hitectural hea lthca re environment and its effec ts on patient health outcomes a report on an NHS Estates funded research project. The Stationery Ofce (TSO).
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Paine, R. and Francis, C. Hospital Outdoor Spaces. 1990. In Cooper Marcus, C. and Francis, C. (Eds) People Places: Design Guidelines for Urban Open Space, 263-288. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Leather P, Beale D, Santos A et al (2003) Outcomes of environmental appraisal of different hospital waiting area s. Environment & Behaviour, 35: 842-69.
Pallasmaa , Ju hani. The Eyes of the Skin: Architec ture and the Senses. Chic hester: Wiley-Ac ad emy, 2005. Print.
Lewy, A. J ., Bauer, V. K., C utler, N. L., Sack, R. L., Ahmed , S., Thomas, K. H., et al. (1998). Morning vs Evening Light treatment of Patients with Winter Depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55 (10): 890-896.
Pilcher J & Huffcut A (1996). Effec ts of sleep dep rivation on p erformanc e: A meta-a nalysis. Sleep; 19, 318-26.
M. Waldholz. “Flowe r Power: How Garde ns Improve Your Menta l Health.” Wall Street J ournal (Aug ust 26, 2003), D1. Mack, L. 2001. New Woodbury Hospital Uses Natural Ambiance to Assist the Healing Process: Wood winds Is an Examp le of Push to Ma ke Fac ilities Patient Friendly. Minneap olis Star-Tribune, J uly 30, C1-2. MacRae, S. 1997. Consumer Perceptions of the Healthcare Environment: An Investigation to Deter mine What Matters. Martinez, CA and Ca mbridge, MA: The Ce nter for Health Design a nd The Picker Institute. Maxwell S. Sigsworth J .(2009) Eliminating mixedsexacc ommod ation in hospital to improve patient experience. Nursing Times. 105:12-4 Mchale, Jo hn and M ag da . Basic Human Need s: A Framework for Action, Transac tion Books. 1977. Merleau-Ponty, Ma urice. Phenomenology of Perception. London: Routledge, 2002. Print.
Redick, Richard W. and Mic had J . Witkin. Private Psychia tric Hospitals, United States, Roc kville, Md .: U.S Dept. of Hea lth and Human Services, 1977-78. Redstone, Louis G. Hospital Design and Construction, Hospitals and Health Care Facilities, New York: Mc Graw -Hill, 1978. Ruga W (1989) Designing for the Six Senses. Jo urnal of Hea lth Ca re Interior Design 1: 29-34. Tatge, Ma rk. “Universal Targets Psychiatric M arket.” Mod ern Healthc are. J e. 1985, p. 42-43. Topf M, Thompson S (2001) Interactive relationships between hospital patients’ noise-induced stress and other stress with sleep. Hea rt & Lung 30: 237-43. Tyson, G. A., Lambert, G., & Beattie, L. 2002. The Impact of Ward Design on The Behavior, Occupa tional Satisfac tion and Well-Being of Psychiatric Nurses. International J ournal of Menta l Health Nursing, 11(2), 94-102. Ulrich, R. S. (1984). View through a window may inuence recovery from surgery. Science, 224: 420421.
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice. The Primacy of Perception: and Other Essays on Phenomenological Psy cho logy, the Philosophy of A rt, History and Po litics. Evanston: Northwestern UP, 1964. Print. Morrison W, Hass E, Shaffner D et al (2003) Noise, stress, and annoyance in a paediatric intensive care unit. Critical Care Medicine 31:113-119.
Ulrich R (1991) Effects of interior design on wellness: Theory and recent scientic research. Journal of Health C are Interior Design 3: 97-109. Ulrich, R. S. (1992). How design impa cts we llness. Healthc are Forum J ournal, 20: 20-25.
National Institute for Mental Health. Architecture for the Community Mental Health Center, New York: U.S. Public Health Service, 1967,
Ulrich, R. S. (1999). Effects of gardens on health outcomes: Theory and research. Chapter in C. C. Marcus and M. Barnes (Eds.), Healing Gardens: Therapeutic Benets and Design Recommen
da tions. New York: Jo hn Wiley, 27-86. Norman, D.A. 2004, “Emotional Design” in Emotional De sign: Why We Love (or Hate ) Everyday Things. Basic Books, New York, pg. 7 02
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Lawson B, Phiri M, Wells-Thorpe J (2004) The arc hitectural hea lthca re environment and its effec ts on patient health outcomes a report on an NHS Estates funded research project. The Stationery Ofce (TSO).
Paine, R. and Francis, C. Hospital Outdoor Spaces. 1990. In Cooper Marcus, C. and Francis, C. (Eds) People Places: Design Guidelines for Urban Open Space, 263-288. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Leather P, Beale D, Santos A et al (2003) Outcomes of environmental appraisal of different hospital waiting area s. Environment & Behaviour, 35: 842-69.
Pallasmaa , Ju hani. The Eyes of the Skin: Architec ture and the Senses. Chic hester: Wiley-Ac ad emy, 2005. Print.
Lewy, A. J ., Bauer, V. K., C utler, N. L., Sack, R. L., Ahmed , S., Thomas, K. H., et al. (1998). Morning vs Evening Light treatment of Patients with Winter Depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55 (10): 890-896.
Pilcher J & Huffcut A (1996). Effec ts of sleep dep rivation on p erformanc e: A meta-a nalysis. Sleep; 19, 318-26.
M. Waldholz. “Flowe r Power: How Garde ns Improve Your Menta l Health.” Wall Street J ournal (Aug ust 26, 2003), D1. Mack, L. 2001. New Woodbury Hospital Uses Natural Ambiance to Assist the Healing Process: Wood winds Is an Examp le of Push to Ma ke Fac ilities Patient Friendly. Minneap olis Star-Tribune, J uly 30, C1-2. MacRae, S. 1997. Consumer Perceptions of the Healthcare Environment: An Investigation to Deter mine What Matters. Martinez, CA and Ca mbridge, MA: The Ce nter for Health Design a nd The Picker Institute. Maxwell S. Sigsworth J .(2009) Eliminating mixedsexacc ommod ation in hospital to improve patient experience. Nursing Times. 105:12-4 Mchale, Jo hn and M ag da . Basic Human Need s: A Framework for Action, Transac tion Books. 1977. Merleau-Ponty, Ma urice. Phenomenology of Perception. London: Routledge, 2002. Print.
Redick, Richard W. and Mic had J . Witkin. Private Psychia tric Hospitals, United States, Roc kville, Md .: U.S Dept. of Hea lth and Human Services, 1977-78. Redstone, Louis G. Hospital Design and Construction, Hospitals and Health Care Facilities, New York: Mc Graw -Hill, 1978. Ruga W (1989) Designing for the Six Senses. Jo urnal of Hea lth Ca re Interior Design 1: 29-34. Tatge, Ma rk. “Universal Targets Psychiatric M arket.” Mod ern Healthc are. J e. 1985, p. 42-43. Topf M, Thompson S (2001) Interactive relationships between hospital patients’ noise-induced stress and other stress with sleep. Hea rt & Lung 30: 237-43. Tyson, G. A., Lambert, G., & Beattie, L. 2002. The Impact of Ward Design on The Behavior, Occupa tional Satisfac tion and Well-Being of Psychiatric Nurses. International J ournal of Menta l Health Nursing, 11(2), 94-102. Ulrich, R. S. (1984). View through a window may inuence recovery from surgery. Science, 224: 420421.
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice. The Primacy of Perception: and Other Essays on Phenomenological Psy cho logy, the Philosophy of A rt, History and Po litics. Evanston: Northwestern UP, 1964. Print. Morrison W, Hass E, Shaffner D et al (2003) Noise, stress, and annoyance in a paediatric intensive care unit. Critical Care Medicine 31:113-119.
Ulrich R (1991) Effects of interior design on wellness: Theory and recent scientic research. Journal of Health C are Interior Design 3: 97-109. Ulrich, R. S. (1992). How design impa cts we llness. Healthc are Forum J ournal, 20: 20-25.
National Institute for Mental Health. Architecture for the Community Mental Health Center, New York: U.S. Public Health Service, 1967,
Ulrich, R. S. (1999). Effects of gardens on health outcomes: Theory and research. Chapter in C. C. Marcus and M. Barnes (Eds.), Healing Gardens: Therapeutic Benets and Design Recommen
da tions. New York: Jo hn Wiley, 27-86. Norman, D.A. 2004, “Emotional Design” in Emotional De sign: Why We Love (or Hate ) Everyday Things. Basic Books, New York, pg. 7 02
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Ulrich, R. S. (2000). Environmental research and critical care. In D. K. Hamilton (Ed.), ICU 2010: Design for the Future. Houston: Ce nter for Innovation in Health Fac ilities, 195-207. Ulrich R S (2004) The role of the physical environment in the hospital of the 21st century: a once-in-alifetime opp ortunity. New York: Robert Wood J ohnson Foundation . Ulrich, R. S., LundÈn, O., and J . L. Eltinge (1993). Effec ts of exposure to nature a nd a bstract p ictures on patients recovering from heart surgery. Paper presented at the Thirty-Third Meetings of the Society for Psychophysiological Research, Rottach-Egern, Germany. Abstract published in Psychop hysiolog y, 30 (Supp lement 1, 1993): 7. Ulrich, R. S., Simons, R. F., Losito, B. D., Fiorito, E., Miles, M. A. and M. Zelson (1991). Stress recovery dur ing exposure to natural and urba n environments. J ournal of Environmenta l Psycho logy 11: 201-230. Ulrich R, Zimring C , Qua n X et a l (2006) The environment’s impac t on stress. In S Marbe rry (Ed.), Im proving healthcare with better building design. Chicago: Health Administration Press, 37-61. Waxman, H. M., E. A. C arner, and G . Berkenstock. 1984. Jo b Turnover and J ob Satisfaction A mong Nursing Home Aide s. The G erontolog ist, 24, 503-509. Whitehouse, s., Varni, J. W., Seid, M., Coop er Marcus, C., Ensberg, M.J ., Ja cob s, J. R., et al. 2001. Evaluating a Children’s Hospital Garden Environment: Utilization and consumer satisfaction. J ournal of Environmental Psychology, 21(3), 301-314. Zeisel J , Silverstein N, Hyde J et al (2003). Environmental co rrelates to be havioural outc omes in Al zheimer’s spec ial c are units. The G erontolog ist 43: 697-711.
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Ulrich, R. S. (2000). Environmental research and critical care. In D. K. Hamilton (Ed.), ICU 2010: Design for the Future. Houston: Ce nter for Innovation in Health Fac ilities, 195-207. Ulrich R S (2004) The role of the physical environment in the hospital of the 21st century: a once-in-alifetime opp ortunity. New York: Robert Wood J ohnson Foundation . Ulrich, R. S., LundÈn, O., and J . L. Eltinge (1993). Effec ts of exposure to nature a nd a bstract p ictures on patients recovering from heart surgery. Paper presented at the Thirty-Third Meetings of the Society for Psychophysiological Research, Rottach-Egern, Germany. Abstract published in Psychop hysiolog y, 30 (Supp lement 1, 1993): 7. Ulrich, R. S., Simons, R. F., Losito, B. D., Fiorito, E., Miles, M. A. and M. Zelson (1991). Stress recovery dur ing exposure to natural and urba n environments. J ournal of Environmenta l Psycho logy 11: 201-230. Ulrich R, Zimring C , Qua n X et a l (2006) The environment’s impac t on stress. In S Marbe rry (Ed.), Im proving healthcare with better building design. Chicago: Health Administration Press, 37-61. Waxman, H. M., E. A. C arner, and G . Berkenstock. 1984. Jo b Turnover and J ob Satisfaction A mong Nursing Home Aide s. The G erontolog ist, 24, 503-509. Whitehouse, s., Varni, J. W., Seid, M., Coop er Marcus, C., Ensberg, M.J ., Ja cob s, J. R., et al. 2001. Evaluating a Children’s Hospital Garden Environment: Utilization and consumer satisfaction. J ournal of Environmental Psychology, 21(3), 301-314. Zeisel J , Silverstein N, Hyde J et al (2003). Environmental co rrelates to be havioural outc omes in Al zheimer’s spec ial c are units. The G erontolog ist 43: 697-711.
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