Submitted by: BAROA,
Franze Emmanuelle C BRAVO, Earl Patrick C GUTIERREZ, Marlin Noah P MENDOZA, Robiewill B PIEDAD, Christine Jesusa RETERACION, Reymond S SEBIDO, Fevanne B BS Architectur Architecturee 5-3D 5-3D
Submitted to: AR. REY S. GABITAN
CHAPTE CHAPTER R I – INTROD INTRODUC UCTIO TION N
I.1. OVERVIEW OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT PROJECT Indigenous peoples (IP) in the Philippines represent 15-20 per cent cent of the total total population of 80 million and live in 50 of the 78 provinces. provinces. The National Commission Commission on Indigenous People (NCIP) estimates estimates that that one third third of their their overall overall populati population on reside reside in Luzon. Luzon. By diminis diminishing hing to mountaino mountainous us areas areas and forest, forest, some IP was able to retain retain their values, values, traditio traditions ns and cultures cultures but has been subdued subdued to increasing pressure as as a result of colonial colonial and neo-colonial rule. The indigenous economy was traditionally one of subsistence, based on hunting and gathering, fishing, farming and settled agriculture. Property was, and continues to be, considered as communal among indigenous indigenous communities, with traditional traditional leaders as custodians custodians of the land.
1
Pabahay Caravan is a program by Vice President Jejomar Binay that seeks to build a stronger partnership between between the national national government and the LGUs to to build more affordable homes and enhance the delivery of housing housing services to to the people. During the eighth eighth leg of the the Pabahay Caravan in Ilocos Norte, he made an announcement during his speech regarding the recently recently appro approved ved housing housing program program for for Indigen Indigenous ous People People (IP) (IP) – members members of the Aeta Aeta community - by the Board of of the National Housing Housing Authority Authority (NHA). Being the the first housing housing project project for members members of the Aeta commun community, ity, the endeavo endeavour ur will benefit benefit the Tribung Ayta ng Nabuklod (TAN) association, whose members are residents of the municipality of Floridablanca, Pampanga. The provincial government of Pampanga expressed its intention to resettle around 3,000 homeless Aetas in the locality. locality. There is an estimated P14 million budget that was was allocated for the realization of the project. The program is a response response to the need for better provision of of housing and a step towards the advanceme advancement nt of the living living conditi conditions ons of the the Aeta community community in Floridabl Floridablanca anca thru a design design that that will nurture nurture the wealthy wealthy tradition tradition of of the beneficiaries beneficiaries – making making the overall overall outcome outcome not only environmentally sustainable but as well uplifting in the socio-cultural context, while at the same time providing livelihood opportunities thru tie-up programs with with the private sector. sector.
1
UN-HABITAT OHCHR; ‘Indigenous Peoples’ Right to Adequate Housing: A Global Overview;’ United Nations Housing Rights Programme Report No. 7; 2005 March
I.2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Indigenous people are among the poorest and most disadvantaged social groups in the Philippines, with much higher illiteracy and unemployment rates than the rest of the population. The income of indigenous peoples is below national averages. For example, in the Caraga region, the average income of indigenous peoples was 42 per cent lower than the national average. In the Cordillera region, where many indigenous people live, maternal care, and access to water and basic basic sanitation facilities facilities are a significant problem. The Agta people live in dire poverty and poor health.
2
Because many disadvantaged groups in the Philippines, including indigenous peoples, do not always own property, they are required to rely on access to and use of common resources. In turn, indigenous peoples’ poverty poverty is often synonymous with landlessness. landlessness. Indigenous land land and housing rights are most informed and affected by economic development projects which take place on their ancestral lands, such as, logging, mining, multi-purpose dams, and commercial plantation projects. Many cases have been reported where development projects have resulted in the dispossession of indigenous communities of their lands, severe environmental degradation including pollution and the deterioration of fresh water supply, or the destruction of hunting grounds and herbal medicine areas.
3
Despite the displacement and the dire living conditions of the IP in the country, the Philippine government has recently paid more more attention and respect to their heritage heritage and way of life throug through h speci specific fic init initiat iative ivess such such as The The Indig Indigeno enous us Peopl People e Develo Developme pment nt Plan Plan..
4
The
government’s housing program has long been focused on informal settlers and the poorest of the poor but it has neglected the needs of indigenous peoples, peoples, who are also among the poorest in the country. I.3. GOAL AND OBJECT OBJECTIVE IVE OF THE THE STUD STUDY Y To buil build d a clim climat atee-se sens nsit itiv ive, e, adap adapti tive ve,, and and lowlow-co cost st hous housin ing g deve develo lopm pmen entt comm commun unit ity y in Floridabla Floridablanca, nca, Pampanga, Pampanga, providing providing residentia residentiall facilities facilities to the native native Aeta indigenous indigenous tribe of the the prov proviince, nce, while hile nurt nurtu urin ring their heir loca ocal cul cultture ure an and val value uess thro hrough ugh the use use of of des desig ign n translatio translation n within within its building building systems systems and features. features.
2
UN-HABITAT OHCHR; ‘Indigenous Peoples’ Right to Adequate Housing: A Global Overview;’ United Nations Housing Rights Programme Report No. 7; 2005 March 3 Ibid. 4 Peoples of the World: The Aeta
To create a housing development that will feature integration of vernacular and contemporary architecture in consideration of the cultural and social aspects of Aetas.
To adopt adopt modular modular planning planning concepts concepts blending blending with the tradition traditional al houses houses of Aetas. Aetas.
To assimilate ‘advanced bamboo technology’ technology’ as part of the overall structural structural and and aesthetical component of the design.
I.4. SIGNIFIC SIGNIFICANC ANCE E OF THE STUDY STUDY The conce concepti ption on of a resi residen dentia tiall core core for the Tribu Tribung ng Ayta Ayta ng ng Nabuk Nabuklod lod (TAN) (TAN) asso associa ciatio tion n in the municipali municipality ty of Floridabl Floridablanca anca,, Pampanga Pampanga will pave pave way way for the the improvemen improvementt of housing housing facilitie facilitiess for the Aeta community. community. The develop development ment will will uphold uphold and nurture nurture the local local culture culture and values values of the benefi beneficia ciarie riess whil while e transf transform orming ing their their shelte shelterin ring g needs needs into into an an enhanc enhanced ed reside residenti ntial al settlement settlement center. center. This will be done done in full considera consideration tion and understa understanding nding of their lifestyle lifestyle and daily means. What sets apart apart the development development is HUDCC’s HUDCC’s full regard for the local’s livelihood and job opportunities. In partnership with the local government unit and the private sector, the beneficiaries will be supported by programs aimed aimed at promoting promoting their local local culture and and uplifting their commu community nity living living standar standards ds – alleviatin alleviating g the need need for them them to live in a semi-nomad semi-nomadic ic lifestyle. Lastly, the project is also a pioneering feat to organize them in systematized community community center center that will will enable enable them to be reache reached d by the author authorities ities in a more more efficient efficient means. means. Through Through this this study, study, the bridge bridge between between Architect Architecture ure and the the establish establishment ment of the SARAT SARAT developmen developmentt among among the Aeta Aeta Tribe Tribe will will be made made throu through gh the consid considera eratio tion n of both both their their tradit tradition ional al cultur culture e and modern technological technological processes in building construction. construction. I.5. JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY Among any other indigenous tribes residing in the different parts of the country, the Aeta Tribe is one one of the the prim primar ary y grou groups ps that that need need spec specia iall atte attent ntio ion n in term termss of of hous housin ing g prog progra rams ms.. According to the recent report of the Pampanga local government, a population of about 10,055 Aetas settles permanently permanently in the entire province, province, without adequate provision for all of their basic needs. To combat this problem, the first major housing program for the Aeta Community were led and approved by vice president Jejomar Binay in partnership with the National Housing Authority
(NHA) with with a plan to provide provide decent decent housing housing for the the country’s country’s indigen indigenous ous people people (IPs) just last last August. Binay said that the housing project will benefit the Tribung Ayta ng Nabuklod (TAN) association, whose members are residents of Floridablanca, Pampanga. The provincial government of Pampanga earlier expressed its intention to resettle around 3,000 homeless Aetas with an initial allocation of 14 million for the project construction of 350 housing units for the members of the Aeta community. The fact fact that that there there was was no exis existin ting g govern governmen mentt housi housing ng for for the the Indige Indigenou nouss peopl people e in the country is the very foundation and starting point for the National National Government to to uplift the condition and and living standards standards of IP’s in the country. Binay also said said in one one interview that that this housing project he has in mind was similar similar to the shelter and relocation program program undertaken during the presidency of the late Ramon Magsaysay in the 1950s. The shelter project would likely be incorporated in the the government’s government’s “Balik-Probinsiya” program, where informal settlers are encouraged to return to their home provinces. It is similar to former President Magsaysay’s homestead program, which encouraged people to relocate to Mindanao Mindanao in the 1950s. 1950s. However, However, there should should be adequat adequate e provision provisionss for the the relocated relocated indigenous peoples to also use their land not not just for housing but for livelihood livelihood as well. It was said that aside from housing, the Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council (HUDCC) would also tap the private sector jobs and livelihood opportunities for the Aetas near their housing sites. Reports also said that the Pabahay Caravan seeks to build a stronger partnership between the national government and the LGUs to build more affordable homes and enhance the delivery of housing services to the people. I.6. SCOPE SCOPE AND DELIMITATION DELIMITATION I.6.1. Scope The study will embark embark on a process process of studying the requirements of of a residential dwelling design design and coming coming up with with a holistic holistic design design solution solution to represen representt the Aeta commu community nity and some of its cultural traits. Thus, the research will only cover the following:
I.6.1.1 Site Development Study
Site investigation investigation and analysis of the physical physical development and site condition
Micro and Macro Site Analysis
SWOT Analysis, analysis of topography and vegetation in the site
Site spatial interrelationships, pedestrian and vehicular circulation / traffic fl ow
1.6.1.2. Building Development Study
User assessment in relation to the spatial needs
Adaption of standard space requirements according to existing building codes
Employment of the necessary sustainable building technologies and systems to be integrated in the structural structural and environmental environmental processes of the building
Sources Sources of funding funding and and methods methods of financing financing
I.6.2. Delimitation The proposed development is delimited by regional regional and local conditions conditions of Bgy. Nabuclod, Floridablanca, Pampanga and the immediate immediate and/or adjacent locality locality where the the proposed edifice will rise. Existing governing laws and ordinances within the locality will also be recognized. It will only explore and consider emerging sustainable trends in the different sectors sectors of building building systems systems for residential residential dwelling dwelling design design while while taking taking into considera consideration tion certain daily patterns and beliefs in socio-cultural context.
I.8. DEFINITION DEFINITION OF TERMS TERMS I.8.1. Contextual Definition
Aeta - are one of the ethnic tribal groups groups in the Philippines. Alternatively called called Agta, Atta, Ita, Ati, Negritos, or Pugut, they are are a dark-skinned people with curly hair, big black black eyes, and short statures. The Aeta are believed to be the descendants of the original settlers settlers of the Philippine Philippines. s.
Balik-Probinsya Program - program program under under the the Department Department of of Social Social Welfare and and Development (DSWD), a long-time project of the agency which aimed to provide assistance to squatter families seeking to return back to their respective rural areas. The program also aims to decongest decongest Metro Manila Manila of squatter squatter families residing residing in the riverbanks and other flood-prone areas. Through the program, the DSWD will provide the interested parties with transportation, food, and other needs. They will also be assisted assisted upon upon arrival arrival in their own own province province to seek employm employment ent or avail avail of a microfinance loan so they can start a new life.
Indigenous Indigenous People/Communi People/Community ty – refer to a group of people or homogenous societies identified identified by self-asc self-ascript ription ion and ascrip ascription tion by other, other, who have have continuo continuously usly lived as organized community on communally bounded and defined territory, and who have, under claims of ownership since time immemorial, occupied, possessed customs, traditions and other distinctive cultural traits, or who have, through resistance to political, social and cultural inroads of colonization, non-indigenous religions and culture, became historically differentiated from the majority of Filipinos.
5
NCIP (National (National Commission Commission on Indigenous Peoples) Peoples) – the office under the Office of the President which is the primary government agency responsible for the formulation and implementation of policies, plans, and programs to recognize, protect and promote the rights of the indigenous people.
I.8.2. Operational Definition
Nabuclo Nabuclod d Mountains Mountains – is a reservation occupied by the Aetas ever since. It is located in the mountains of Floridablanca bordering the Zambales and Pampanga provinces.
5
Tuki Tukill - is a material cut from a piece of bamboo with one of the nodes remaining intact and serving as base and with one end being opened. This could be a decorative material among Pampanguenos without a basic economic importance. Negritoes use this
RA No. 8371 – An Act to recognize recognize,, protect protect and promote promote the rights rights of indigeno indigenous us cultural cultural communi communities ties / indigenous people, creating a national commission of indigenous people, establishing implementing mechanisms appropriating funds therefor, and for other purposes.
material as an improvised drinking drinking glasses and bigger one is used as container container of drinking water which is taken from a spring distant from their lodging place. Vernacular Vernacular Architetctur Architetcture e – term used to categor categorize ize methods methods of construc construction tion which which use locally available resources resources and traditions to address local needs and and circumstances. circumstances. Vernacular Vernacular architec architecture ture tends tends to evolve evolve over time to reflect reflect the environme environmental, ntal, cultura cultural, l, and historica historicall context context in which which it exists. exists. It It has often often been been dismisse dismissed d as crude crude and unrefined, but also has has proponents who who highlight its importance importance in current design.
I.8.3. Definitio Definition n of Design Elements Elements
Bale – Bale – (Bali, hawoong) bahay house Balitang – Balitang – (pagtukluwan, (pagtukluwan, baiting) Steps of stairs or or ladder Balungbung – Balungbung – (Inras, tinakaptakap tinakaptakap Habong, bilik) shed Baniu – Baniu – (pagpalinan, Banyo, silid paliguan) bathroom Bisitas – Bisitas – (kapilya Bisita, kapilya) chapel Batal Batalan an – exposed porch where child size jars are placed for drinking and washing
Dapog Dapogan an – a part of the kitchen table with river stone and kalan (stone-shaped (stone-shaped stoves)
Dutung – Dutung – (kayu Kahoy, tabla) wood Eran – Eran – (iran, hagdan) Stairs, ladder Kamal Kamalig ig - separate from main structure; where un-hulled rice is kept Lalam - (malaluh (malaluh Ilalim, Ilalim, ponde, ponde, lalim) lalim) Basement, Basement, bottom, bottom, depth depth Lang Langke ke – (milalamu (milalamu Langkay, Langkay, piling, kumpol) kumpol) Cluster, Cluster, bunch, bunch, group Silo Silong ng - Space fenced for animals; fenced with lattice made of bamboo; function as a poultry shed
Taguling – Taguling – (kanal)ditch Tual-tu Tual-tual al – (aparihu (aparihu ungi) ungi) Tilted, Tilted, unbalan unbalanced ced
I.8.4. Abbreviations
Developmentt Coordinating Council Council HUDCC - Housing and Urban Developmen
IP – IP – Indigenous People
NCIP – NCIP – National Commission on on Indigenous People
NHA – NHA – National Housing Authority Authority
TAN – TAN – Tribung Ayta ng Nabuklod Nabuklod
CHAPTE CHAPTER R II II - CASE CASE STUD STUDIES IES
II.1. INDIGENOUS INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY COMMUNITY PROFILE
6
II.1.1. II.1.1. THE KANKANAKANKANA-EY EY PEOPLE PEOPLE The Province of Benguet serves as the gateway to the Cordillera region and is at the center of where the action action is in North Luzon. Luzon. It is endowed endowed with rich human human and natural natural resources and a unique unique temperate temperate climate. climate. The Kankana-ey Kankana-ey are found found mainly in the northern northern and and western part part of the province. Living as a group, they developed and have carefully preserved their culture which is reflected in their customs, customs, traditions traditions and their cultural cultural materials today. They make materials or tools which they use in their daily life or in the rituals they perform. These cultures and traditions traditions of the Benguet Kankana-ey are some of the factors that attract and amaze local and international tourists. A common ritual of the Benguet Kankana-ey is the Cañao. It is a rit ritua uall usu usual ally ly performed for good good harvest and and good health. health. During a Cañao, Cañao, rice wine placed in a ritual jar, is served, not to mention the offering of several animals such as pigs, carabao or cow. The Kankana-ey believes in the existence existence of unseen supernatural supernatural beings from heaven heaven and from the underworl underworld. d. They generally generally call God “Kabunian.” They call upon spirits with offerings of animals, wine, food and other desired and/or prescribed materials. Despite the fast pace of economic development, the Kankana-ey still observe and practice their rich culture. The pagan worship worship attributed to to the people of Benguet Benguet does not find relevance in the belief system of the people. people. It is actually actually a taboo for the natives natives to display display images in their their homes for purposes purposes of worshi worship, p, except except for the the love love of art. The belief belief system system of the the natives natives shows that above all the gods and goddesses, there is “Kabunian”, the most high.
The Kankana-ey People of Benguet 6
Dungog
II.1.1.1 II.1.1.1.. Benguet Benguet ‘Abong’ ‘Abong’ Houses Houses Nipa Nipa
huts huts were were
the the origin original al houses houses of
the Kankana-ey and the Ibaloi of Benguet long before before the coming coming of the Spania Spaniards. rds. The nipa nipa hut is still being used as a domicile today, especially especially in the rural areas. areas. It provides provides basic basic shelter
from
the
most
available
and
inexpensive materials and works well as protection against the wind and rain. The house is usually elevated el evated to shoulder height with tree stumps as protection against animals and pests. pests. It is compact, compact, making making it easier to keep oneself oneself warm in the cold cold mountains mountains of Benguet. Benguet. It is constru constructed cted out out of bamboo bamboo,, stick, stick, wood and and cogon cogon grass. grass. Tied togethe togetherr through through the use of bamboo and rattan strips, this native house can withstand the gale-force gale- force wind during typhoons that ravage the country every year. II.1.2. II.1.2. THE KALIN KALINGA GA PEOPLE PEOPLE The Kalinga belong to the most distinct type of Filipino cultural community because of their uniqu unique e cultura culturall and physi physica call attribu attributes tes.. They They are
tall,
broad-shouldered,
narrow-hipped,
slightly dark in complexion and handsome with narr narrow ow-b -bri ridg dged ed nose noses. s. Hist Histor oric ical ally ly,, they they are are known as warriors and hailed by foreigners as “peacocks of the mountain” because of their elaborately
colourful
accentuated
by
ceremonial
feathered
headgears
attire and
peacock-like movements when they dance. The social structure of the Kalinga is greatly woven by one of the most important fabrics of Filipino Filipino cultur cultural al traits traits that that is, is, strong strong kinship. kinship. Kalinga Kalinga society society is based based upon upon kinship. kinship. Thus, if carefully traced, a village is usually composed of interrelated clans tied into knots of blood and marital affinities. The whole village is structured composing a group group of families of eight pairs of great-great grandparents ranging from the first to the third degree of relationship. Stratification in in Kalinga societies societies is based on property holdings, holdings, community leadership and and
influence influence upon upon people. The Kalinga Kalinga social social system is compose composed d of social classes classes such such as the Pangat class,
the Baknang or Kadangyanclass
and
the Kapus or Lawa class.
The Pangat class is on top of the social social pyramid. It is composed of the influential head of clans with large political political followings. These are the Kalinga Kalinga who have have gained distinction distinction through through their wisdom, wisdom, leadersh leadership, ip, bravery bravery and sense sense of justice. justice. A Pangat class member usually enjoys a high degree degree of respect respect from the commu community. nity. One who holds holds aBodong (Peace Pact) is considered a Pangat because he has to foot the enormous financial requirements and he possesses courage and bravery bravery to gain gain the status status and and prestige. prestige. The Baknang or Kadangyan are the wealthy wealthy middle middle clas lass. The The Kapus or Lawa , the poor or the unfortunate, are the workhorses of the upper class. II.1.2.1. II.1.2.1. Traditional Traditional Kalinga Houses The traditional Kalingahouse, Kalingahouse, either square or rectangular, is a single room with elevated floori flooring. ng. The house house inter interior ior has has three three section sections: s: 1) a side section called “sipi” with a sleeping bed for
two
persons;
2)
the
middle
portion
called“ladak” usually usually divided divided into into three three parts parts – sleeping area, dining area, and receiving area; 3) another side section which which serves as the the cooking area and an open space. The cooking area called “darpong” is a square-shaped receptacle made of wooden slabs and filled with with hard hard clay. clay. It serves serves as the the hearth. hearth. Here, three pieces pieces of stones stones forming forming a triangle triangle hold hold pots pots for cook cooking ing.. Above Above the the “darpong” is is a “su-ugan” or a drying mat for palay. palay. The open open space serves as he pounding area during the rainy season or at night time. The “dugo,” the space space underneat underneath h the floorin flooring, g, serves serves as as a utility utility area – for stack stacking ing firewoo firewood, d, storage storage of farm impleme implements, nts, etc. etc. The house house consists consists of cogon cogon for roofin roofing; g; split bambo bamboo o for flooring; flooring; spliced spliced and woven woven bambo bamboo o for the the walls. walls. It has two two main main doors doors – one leading leading to the the house proper and the other leading to the “dugo.” II.1.3. II.1.3. THE IFUGAO IFUGAO COMMUNI COMMUNITY TY The Ifugao believe that spirits dwell in all natural things and they try to keep out the evil spirits by engraving on the door or on any conspicuous part of the house the figure of a lizard or a serpent believed to provide protection.
At night, the ladder is pulled up inside and the family is safe from human and animal intruders. Leonardo
Concepcion,
in
his
lectures
on
“Architecture in the Philippines” presented by the National Museum and sponsored by US Ambassador and Mrs. William C. McBlair, Jr. writes. “Let us look first at the Ifugao building, which is one of the the most perfect forms of pre-Spanish handcraft architecture. . . This house is of the the most perfect kind of handcraft architecture that we have in the Philippines because each part has a distinct use. The house is a statement statement of the basic characteristic characteristic of the Ifugao Ifugao people.” II.1.3.1. The Ifugao Houses The Ifugao house is one of the most perfect forms of pre-Spanish handcraft architecture. It is a small small enclosed structure, structure, a one-room affair that that serves as living and sleeping room, kitchen and dining room. It is elevated elevated above above the groun ground d by four posts made of sturdy tree-trunks with roots intact. intact. It has has solid solid panels panels for walls and tight tightly ly thatched roofing. The two main main base girders girders – the horizontal support (at the front and and back) back) just on top of the posts are held held to these these posts posts by dowels dowels.. No nails nails are used. used. The Ifugao Ifugao carve carve each each part part of the the house as interlocking interlocking pieces, the girders fitting fitting into the supporting posts. On top of the girders is a single-piece structure to support the flooring and on the four corners are the four king posts which bolt together the ends of the two base girder, the side girders and the rest of the structure. Two girders are placed in the right right and left uppers structure to support the roofing. A girder which is a one-piece structure spans these right and left girders and on which rests the upper king posts. posts. Rafters Rafters are made made of seaso seasoned ned bilaureeds and and bamboos bamboos or betel betel palm palm slats. slats. The roof roof is usually made of bilau leaves of cogon cogon grass. grass. The rooftop rooftop has side side openings openings where smoke smoke escapes. escapes. The walls walls are made of of wood or woven woven bamboo bamboo slats slats and and the the floor, of wood. wood. These These
are also shelves around the the four sides of the house at at the level of the walls. These are used for storing plates, pots and other household items. The house has only one entrance opening carved by a detachable door hanging or attached on a rope or rattan where the ladder is placed but there is a smaller backdoor for throwing things down or for emergency emergency exit. exit. II.1.4. II.1.4. THE SUBANEN COMMUNITY COMMUNITY Kumalarang , an hour away from Pagadian, is a
third class municipality equally dominated by the Suban Subanen, en, Moro, Moro, and and local local sett settlers lers.. The Moro Moro settlers live near the river banks of Kumalarang. The Subanen stay stay in the highlands while the local settlers settlers live in the heart heart of the the municip municipality. ality. The Subanen are farmers; the Moro are traders while the local local settle settlers rs are fisher fisher folks. folks. But the the three three groups
have
professionals
who
work
in
government agencies and enterprises. Ninety per cent of the populace are Subanen and ten per cent are Moro and local settlers. Most of the government government officials are Subanen. Subanen. The dialect spoken in the municipality municipality is also Subanen. Subanen. Farming Farming is is the source source of incom income e of the the people. people. Since Since many Subanen Subanen in in Lapuyan Lapuyan are profession professionals, als, most most of the government government employees employees are also Subane Subanen. n. They have have Christian Christian alliance. Lakewood is a high land blessed with a beautiful lake, originally the source of food of the resi residen dents. ts. SixtySixty-five five per per cent cent of the the popula populace ce are are Subane Subanen. n. They They are farme farmers rs who who have have embraced Christianity. Christianity. Like any other Subanen, Subanen, they also practice old rituals rituals during harvest harvest and other festivities. festivities. Their spoken spoken dialect is also called Subanen. Subanen. II.4.1. II.4.1. The Subanen Subanen Houses Houses Subanen is typically The traditional house of the theSubanen a highlander’s architecture 12 x 12 feet in area . The floor is 8 feet from the ground, has round timber timber used used as as stairs stairs.. The hous house e is made made of round timber for its posts, nipa leaves for the roof, and the wall and the floor is made of gbahe (fish tail tail palm). palm). Originally Originally,, no nails nails were used used to
connect all the the parts of the the house. The Subanen only used rattan rattan strips tied all over to connect the parts. The typical Subanen house house is still the the dwelling of of the Subanen Subanen in the the hinterland of Zamboanga del Sur. II.1.5. II.1.5. THE BUKIDN BUKIDNON ON PEOPLE PEOPLE Found in the hinterland of Panay and Negros, the Bukidnon, numbering about 159 thousand, are a unique people holding on to their centuries-old culture against the backdrop of of the present society. The Bukidnon are fair-skinned, medium in height and built have straight to wavy black hair, eyes which which are slightly slightly slant slant and uptur upturned ned nose. nose. They are the original inhabitants of the islands, though they have have been assimila assimilated ted in varying varying degrees degrees with the the mainstream mainstream Visayan Visayan society. society. They are associate associated d with the names names of the the main main river system system.. Iloilo “Halawodnon” after the ancient name of Jalaur River (Halawod ); ); “Panayanon” in in Capiz after Pan-ay River; “Akeanon” in Aklan after
Akean
river; “Kurlanos” in
Kabankalan
City
after
Kuruk-an (Carol-an) river.
The “Iraynons” meaning“dwellers of the upstream” of Antique and Northern Aklan are also Bukidnon due to the fact that their culture is also the same as that of their cousins on the Eastern Eastern side. side. They are famou famouss for their their rich rich oral oral tradition traditionss such such as Talda(repartee), Dilot (love song), Ambahan (Extemporaneous Song), Ulawhay (Long Chanted Narratives); and their “Binanog” dance (meaning “ way of the hawks” ) and the recently discovered unabridged version of the Hinilawod Epic. II.1.5.1 The Panay-Bukidnon Traditional Houses The tradition traditional al Panay Panay Bukidnon Bukidnon house house uses cogon for roofing. roofing. The house house normally normally has an an elevated elevated floor of about 5-6 feet high using sturdy round timber poles while the floor floor is made made of of bamboo bamboo laths. laths. The walls walls are made of woven bulo(bamboo) or dulit (dried tree bark). bark). Girder Girders, s, beam beamss and and roofroof-fra framin ming g are are of assorted sizes of round timbers. Uway (rattan strips) are used to tie these house components together. The main structu structure re is an open space space for sleeping, sleeping, eating eating and dancing. dancing. The house house has a receiving receiving room or balkon used to entertain entertain visitors and and for resting during daytime. It is not elevated, elevated, and
has no floors. floors. It has a long bamboo bamboo or wooden wooden bench bench instead. instead. A wide window window just just above above the bamboo bamboo bench ensures ensures sufficie sufficient nt ventilatio ventilation. n. The house house has also the sariri - room room intende intended d for the binukot or the the kept kept maiden; maiden; dapog – dirty kitchen, and the tambi – – usually built at the back side side of the main main stru struct cture ure.. The tambi serves as the backdoor entrance built a little lower than the main main structur structure. e. The lower lower portion portion of the the main struc structure ture is enclos enclosed ed by a fence fence made of of bamboo – and this is used to house chickens and and other livestock. II.1.6. II.1.6. PALAWANI AND MOLBOG INDIGENOUS INDIGENOUS DWELLINGS II.1.6.1. Kalangbanwa Kalangbanwa is made from the indigenous materials found found in in Palaw Palawan. an. Builde Builders rs use useuway and some nails to ensure the durability of the the house which which is usually usually located in the upland or midland area of the place. Bamboo, rattan, wood, and cogon are the materials used to build the house. The settlers believe that the entrance door door should face the East and the kitchen to the West to maximize the entry of good luck luck to the family. The house has stairs and has a dirty kitchen. kitchen. During this time, settlers use salong as their lamp. II.1.6.2 II.1.6.2.. Banwa Banwa The head of the family usually initiates the building of the house. house. The house house is big and and can accom accommoda modate te a big family. family. A unique chara characteri cteristic stic of this this house house is the absence of windows and room divisions that depicts openness of the family, and also a wide areaduring specia speciall occa occasio sions. ns.
The house house has has a terra terrace ce to to
accommodate visitors during special gatherings. Rattan, used for trying the house’s components, the nipa for walling walling are the indigenous indigenous materials materials used in this house. The builders have have a special skill skill in tying the rattan to ensure the resiliency resiliency of the the house. The people believe that they they invite good luck luck if they put coins coins under the house house post post before building building the house. house. The doors doors face towards the direction where the sun rises.
II.1.7. II.1.7. THE THE JAMA MAPU MAPUN N PEOPLE PEOPLE Mapun, on closer examination, may not be The Jama Mapun, a distinct distinct ethnic ethnic group. group. The Jama Mapun are are rather rather anothe anotherr Sama Sama sub-gr sub-group oup.. Their Their langua language, ge, call called ed Pullun Mapun, is just a dialect of the Sama language. The Jama Mapun inhabits inhabits the Cagayan Cagayan de de Sulu and Turtle (Taganak) Islands, and are also found in Southe Southern rn Palaw Palawan. an. The word word Jama is a variation of the word Sama, and denotes west, i.e., west of Jolo Island as “East” and their own Cagayan de Sulu as “West,” “West,” a concept concept derived derived from the time when when the Jama Mapun had a strong client relationship with the Sultanate Sultanate of Sulu Sulu centered centered in Jolo. The Jama Jama Mapun Mapun earn their livelihood much like the other Sama groups except that some also cultivate upland rice. The latter activity is maily done in Southern Palawan. The Jama Mapun tribe is often mistakenly identified as Samal Badjao, considering the fact that its members mingle with these two tribes. The only distinction distinction of this ethnic group is that its people originally occupied the overlapping jurisdiction of the sultans of Sulu and Brunei and later on mixed with the Samal and the Badjao. Marriage among the Jama Mapun normally involves the payment of a bridge price by the groom. Marriage among first degree degree cousins cousins is common. In the socio-political organization of the Jama Mapun, their datu personifies the secular sector while the salip salip represents the the sacred order. Both share between them the function function of social control and justice. II.1.7.1 Luma (Baung Baung) This traditional house can be found in the midland area. The main struct structure ure has an open open space, space, without without divi divisi sion on..
Usua Usuall lly, y,
peop people le
cel celeb ebra rate te
wedd weddin ing, g,
baptismal and other gathering inside the house where
they sing sing their traditio traditional nal music music.. They also perform perform dances dances outside outside the house house along the perimeter area. The Luma house uses nipa shingles for roofing, and the wall is made of bamboo tadtad . The doors have exact measurement that the katutubo follow and these should face towards the direction where the sun rises. II.1.8. II.1.8. THE THE BAGOBO BAGOBO PEOPLE PEOPLE The Bagobo constitute one of the largest groups among the indigen indigenous ous people peopless of South Southern ern Mindan Mindanao. ao. They are composed of three (3) sub-groups, namely the TAGABAWA, the CLATA or GUIANGAN and the UBO. Although Although they they belong belong to one socio-li socio-linguis nguistic tic group, group, BAGOBO, they also differ in some ways, such as the dialects, dance steps, costumes and their color preferences to mention a few. They are referred to as ethnic because they are the people whose distinctive identity is rooted in history. history. From the beginni beginning ng and up to the present, present, the Bagobo Bagobo are the predomin predominant ant inhabitants of the vast areas extending from the west coast of Davao Gulf to the high reaches of Davao’s famous and significant mountain ranges of Mt. Apo or Apo Sandawa to the tribal people. Today, changes can be easily observed and it is due to the influences of foreign cultures such as those of the Spaniard Spaniards, s, Japanese, Japanese, Americans Americans and other other neighboring neighboring countrie countries. s. Lately, Lately, the existence CPP-NPA, the military forces and other armed groups in their ancestral domain/lands forced them to adapt and accept realities surrounding them in their struggle for survival. These encounters also ended or drastically diminished some of the traditions, beliefs and practices and even the culture itself. Food is abundant abundant enough to to be able to supply supply the community community for the next harvest harvest season. The weavers supply supply the needs for clothing. In fact, a Bagobo weaver, Salinta Monon, won won this year’s Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan (GAMABA) for her handloom weaving, a proof of the Bagobo artistry and craftsmanship. Environmental preservations and utilization of of natural natural resources are properly dealt with by the people according to their tradition, practices and culture.
Today’s Bagobo have gone a long way. Though mostly mostly are still in the hinterlands, there are also others who have become professionals such as doctors, nurses, teachers, accountants, accountants, lawyers, government employees and officials. II.1.8.1. II.1.8.1. The Bale Houses Houses A person in the the community who is gifted and known as the master of building can build the the Bagobo house. house. A ritual is being done first to determine whether the chosen location is the appropriate place for the house to be built. built. If the ritual ritual indicates indicates that that the place place is appropriate for building a house, the posts are then put up. up. Before installing installing the posts, posts, a ritual ritual is also performed to cleanse the posts and make them strong for the the house. house. After the posts is the the roofing, roofing, then the flooring flooring of the house house,, the stairs, stairs, the the doors doors and and windows and the ceiling. Distinct Distinct feature feature of the archite architectur cture e are the the design of of the roof roof and walls. walls. Located Located uplands uplands,, the materials are primarily made up of chopped bamboos, bamboos, bamboos, Lawaan Lawaan and rattan strips. A typical typical Bagobo Bagobo house house has an attic attic for the female female children children of the the family. Most of the the time they they sleep there there and are not allowed allowed mingling mingling with other other people people unless the parents parents are around around.. Neither are they allowed to peek at the the window. window. Hence, the reason reason for having having no window window in the attic. II.1.9. THE THE AGTA/ITA/KABIHU AGTA/ITA/KABIHUG G OF BICOL In Bicol, the existing indigenous peoples (IPs) or indigenous cultural community (ICC) are locally classified into two major tribes; namely, the Agta or Itom and the Kabihu Kabihug g or Abian. Abian. In genera general, l, the Agta Agta are short short,, stocky stocky black people with black curly hair, deep-seated eyes and flat noses. noses. Nomadic Nomadic in nature, nature, they they travel from from one place place to another, in hills and mountain ranges, in search of food and a better better place place to stay stay in. They have have been sporadi sporadically cally located in three provinces; namely, Camarines Sur, Sorsogon, Albay and Camarines Norte.
Furthermore, the Kabihug of Abian are the most primitive and nomadic of the tribal groups of Agta in Bicol Region. Region. Other tribes of of the Agta have have more or less similar appearances, distinctive distinctive of which is their brownish kinky interwoven hair, big deep-seated eyes with curly eyelashes, below 5 feet tall and stocky stocky.. They are are found found in far-flung far-flung barangay barangayss and sitios throu throughou ghoutt the province province of Camarin Camarines es Norte. Norte. They originally came from the railroad towns of Ragay, Lupi, Del Gallego, Camarines Sur and from Quezon Province. The Agta are found in the Bicol Peninsula and on the slopes of Mt. Asog, Iriga City as well as the municipalities at the slope of Mt. Isarog. They marry marry at the the early early age of 14. In as much as they they have no marriage rites, the couple simply live together as husba husband nd and and wife wife.. They They prac practic tice e polyg polygamy amy.. At pres present ent,, the Agta do not subscribe to family planning, believing that that marriag marriage e is meant meant to produ produce ce offspr offspring ings. s. They They believe in the anito and the spirit of ancestors to whom they offer dances during rituals. The Dumago (Thanksgiving Ritual) of the Agta is done after a good harvest (fruit crops) or after a member of the family recovers recovers from from severe severe illness. illness. The leader leader of the the group in the community or a respected balyana or healer starts the ritual and performs the chant invoking the anito or spirits in thanksgiving, with the use of coron (pot) with burned burned incense. incense. The Dumago Dumago dance dance is performed performed by both balyana (healer) and some Agta men in movements that depict respect and thanksgiving for the blessings. The Agta group will be joined by the Bicolano Cluster, representing the lowland Bicolano community, with some traditional flok songs like Sarung Banggui (isang gabi) and other folk songs like Ano daw Idong Sa Gogm, etc. etc. the songs express the love and sentiments of the singer addressed to a loved one. The famous pantomina is a wedding dance performed performed by the husband husband and wife after the reception. reception. The man man chases chases the wife wife as though though pleading pleading to to give her a kiss kiss and suggest suggesting ing that that they proceed to their honeymoon. honeymoon. But the parents parents suggest suggest that they celebrate and join them
before they wind up for their honeymoon. honeymoon. Finally, the couple couple happily dance dance to the tune of Bicol love songs and both express commitment and love for each other till death. The Bicol food is the Bicolano’s Bicolano’s tangible tangible manifesta manifestation tion of their charact characterist eristics. ics. Loving Loving and simply simply bold and and courage courageous ous with with emotions emotions express expressed ed openly. openly. Hot and and sizzling, sizzling, as shown shown in their their food food choice choicess and and prepa preparat ration ions. s. The bicol bicol expr express ess with with SILI-s SILI-spic pices es and and PINA PINANGA NGAT T – with with GATA (coconut milk). II.1.9. II.1.9.1. 1. The The Bahey Bahey Houses Houses The Agta Agta of of Bicol Bicol are are normally normally nomadic. nomadic. Because Because of of their characteristic, characteristic, their houses houses locally known known as bahey are built out of indigenous materials found in the place where where they decide decide to to settle settle temporaril temporarily. y. For walling wallingss and some part of the roof, the bakbak (dried bark of the abaca) abaca) serves serves the the purpo purpose. se. Nipa shingles shingles const constitut itute e most most of the the roof roofing ing.. One very very uniqu unique e featur feature e of this this house is the absence of iron nails for the entire framework framework.. Rattan Rattan is used to tie the posts posts and and the the frame frame of the the house house itself. itself. The interio interiorr is simple and very functional with a receiving area, living room and kitchen just enough for the entire entire family. family. To keep the the roofing roofing safe safe and stead steady, y, bamboos bamboos are are placed placed on top. top. The living living room is usually without without flooring; the ground serves as the flooring. Generally, the house house is small and can easily be torn down should the family decide to transfer to another area. II.1.9.1. The Ati Houses of Ilo-Ilo, Capiz and Guimaras The Ati’s house is made of round timber, cogon grass for its roofing and its wall is made of binalantak nga bolo or small small bamboos. bamboos. Bamboo Bamboo slats slats are used used for the the
flooring. flooring. The Ati Ati do not not use use nails but only only ropes ropes to secure secure the house. house. The house house measures measures 8 by 9 square square feet and it has a receiving area for visitors. The palayas or extension serves as the storage for their cooking and eating utensils as well as the cooking area of the the family. family. The house house is usuall usually y located located at the the upland where very few people reside.
CHAPTE CHAPTER R III - PRESE PRESENTA NTATIO TION N OF DATA
II.1. II.1. PHYSIC PHYSICAL AL PROFIL PROFILE E II.1.1. II.1.1. Geographic Geographic Location Location The town is located on the western part of Pampanga Pampanga along the Zambales mountain ranges ranges and is bounded by the municipalities of Porac on the north, Lubao on the south, Guagua on the east, Dinalup Dinalupihan ihan,, Bataan Bataan on the west. west. It is approximatel approximately y 23 kilometers kilometers from the town town of San Fernando Fernando and 90 kilometer kilometerss from Manila. Manila. The town town has an elevatio elevation n of 12 feet above above the sea level. II.1.2. II.1.2. Topography Topography The relief varies from level, rolling and hilly to mountainous especially in the south and northwestern sections of the town fringing the mountain ranges of Zambales. II.1.3. II.1.3. Geology Geology Geologically, the area is part part of the inter-mountainous area of the Central Plains Plains of Luzon, which is almost level plain plain only a few meters above above sea level. Deposits of non-metallic non-metallic minerals like construction materials and other metallic minerals are found in Floridablanca, Pumice with a volume of 1,500,000 1,500,000 metric tons is known to exist exist in Barangay Pabanlag. Pabanlag. C.M. Dizon gold mines and Kalahi Investment Incorporated identifies gold (38.38 short ton), a very precious metal, to exist in Pabanlag with 0.056 grade or analysis (oz.An/St.) Abundant supply of boulders, gravel and sand abound in the riverbeds of Porac, Gumain and Caulaman rivers. These quarry sites are believed to be supplying a significant volume of the construction needs of the province and other projects in the region and Metro-Manila. II.1.4. II.1.4. Land Area by Barangay Barangay Floridablanca has a total land area of 17,548 hectares. It has thirty-three (33) barangays composing of 31 lowland and 2 upland barangays. It has four cultural minorities settlements; namely Nabuclod, Mawacat, Malabni and Camatchiles. The Department of Interior and Local Government (DlLG) recognizes only Nabuclod and Mawacat as Barangays due to technicalities when Malabni and Camatchiles failed to field candidates and therefore participate in the 1982 barangay elections.
II.1.5. II.1.5. Soil Classificat Classification ion According to the Bureau of Soils in San Fernando, Pampanga Pampanga the soil series in Floridablanca are composed of Angeles Coarse soil, soil, Angeles Fine Soil, Angeles Soil Undifferentiated, and and La Paz Silt Loam. The soils of the Angeles series consist of pale brownish gray or ash gray to nearly whitish gray in the surface layer. The subsoil is brownish-gray to light reddish-brown sand with gravel. These soils have been developed from the continual deposition of soil materials from the surrounding hills and uplands uplands by flowing flowing rivers like the Porac Caulaman Caulaman and Gumain Rivers. The relief ranges ranges from nearly level to slightly level to slightly undulation and the natural drainage condition is good. Angeles Angeles fine sand sand and Angeles Angeles coarse coarse sand sand consist consist the Angeles Angeles series. series. The soils of the the La Paz series are quite extensive, covering covering the vicinities of Lubao, Floridablanca, Floridablanca, between Porac and Sta. Rita, Angeles andSan andSan Fernando. Fernando. The surface soil is brownish brownish gray and a pale-gray to yellowish-gr yellowish-gray ay porous, porous, loose loose and friable friable sandy sandy subsoil. subsoil. La Paz fine sand, sand, La Paz silt loam loam was mapped. II.1.6. II.1.6. Water Resources Resources The Porac-Gumain-Caulaman Rivers constitute a network of irrigation systems on the area and provide irrigation water to the farm and some of the out-lying municipalities. These also serve as the drainage of Floridablanca with the inclusion of numerous rivers, streams and creeks. There are 3 known creeks in Floridablanca; the Santo/ Santo/ creek, Sapang Bayabas creek creek and the San Ramon or Tugtugan creek. A study of the artesian aquifers in Floridablanca showed that the aquifers were sand deposits which ranged in size from very fine to very coarse, with granule sand pebbles up to one cm. generally sub-angular to rounded, of quarts, adesite, decite, feldspar, chet and hornblendes and these aquifers cropped out along the eastern slopes of the Zambales mountains. II.1.7. II.1.7. Climat Climate e The most important climatic factor in Floridablanca is rainfall, It is well known that the amount of rainfall at any given place and time is dependent upon several factors. These factors include exposure, topography, altitude, prevailing winds, ocean currents and latitude effects. During the months of December, December, January, February, February, March and and April rain fall in the municipality is
almost negligible. It has two distinct seasons. One season is characterized by being relatively dry from December to April and wet during the rest of the year. II.2. SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE II.2.1. II.2.1. Population Population size and Growth Growth As per result of the survey survey done by the enumerators hired hired by the Municipal Municipal Government of Floridablanca, Floridablanca has a total population of 84,052. About 53.11 % of this is accounted for in the urban areas while those living in the rural barangays comprise 46.89% of the total population of Floridablanca. From 1990 to 1995, Floridablanca registered an annual growth rate of3.57%. In 1995, Barangay Pabanlag, Palmayo, Cabangcalan, San Pedro, and Sta. Monica registered lower growth rates primarily because of migration of residents to other barangays or to resettlement areas after the eruption eruption of of Mt.Pinatub Mt.Pinatubo o in 1991. 1991. Barangay Barangay Apalit Apalit is the most most thickly thickly populated populated.. In 1995 with a populatio population n of 9,628 registered registered because because of Mt. Pinatubo Pinatubo victims victims who transferred transferred in resettlement center. The Floridablanca Resettlement Center, Barangays Anon, Mawacat and Nabuclod showed quite abnormal increases in population in 1995. As compared to other barangays due to the integration of Sitio Culubasa (Sto. Nino) to Barangay Anon, from Sitio Camachiles to barangay Nabuclod and Sitio Malabni to barangay Mawacat. In the result of 1999 Surveys, Barangays Pabanlag, Palmayo and Sta. Monica registered higher growth rates because of the BALIK BARANGA Y PROGRAM which was in preparation for the May 2000 Census of Housing and Population. Table 1 - Barangays Barangays Land Area and Project Projected ed Populati Population on 2005 2005 BARANGAY
LAND AR AREA IN I N HE HECTARE
POPULATION(PROJECTED)
Anon
218.50
2444
Apalit
108.15
8006
Basa
1,007.0
3819
Benedicto
undetermined
1550
Bodega
150.95
2726
Cabangcalan
1 65 . 5
1686
Calantas
undetermined
3997
Camachiles
undetermined
5 39
Carmencita
362.50
2314
Consuelo
undetermined
2037
Dampe
429.32
2255
Del Carmen
undetermined
2316
Fortuna
142.80
3602
Gutad
281.40
2641
Mabical
6 8. 10
2056
Malabo (Sto. Rosario)
170.92
1494
Maligaya
undetermined
1428
Mawacat
undetermined
1010
Nabuclod
undetermined
2161
Pabanlag
1,581.00
6025
Paguiruan
146.45
4682
Palmayo
9 4 . 20
4955
Pandaguirig
9 4. 20
4955
Poblacion
undetermined
3928
Palmayo
9 4 . 20
4955
Pandaguirig
160.96
3190
Poblacion
undetermined
3928
San Antonio
undetermined
2403
San Isidro
8 9 . 51
2278
San Jose
908.50
5782
San Nicolas
100.80
3809
San Pedro
150.03
2976
San Ramon
550.00
1603
San Roque
9 9 . 48
2172
Santa Monica
undetermined
3104
Solib
289.2352
4300
Valdez
3 4 6 .5 9 6
4127
II.2.2. II.2.2. Rural- Urban Distribution Distribution Although Although the Municipali Municipality ty of Floridabla Floridablanca nca is still predomin predominantly antly rural rural is 3.11 % or 44,636 44,636 persons are residing in the urban area. area. Its rural population constitutes constitutes 46.89% or about 39,416 persons. II.2.3. II.2.3. Number of Households Households The Surveys in 1999 show a total of 16,422 households. Taking into consideration the annual population growth rate of 1.02 in the municipality, the projected number of households will increase to 19,729 by the year 2005.
II.2.4. II.2.4. Population Population Density Density The population density of the municipality in 1995 and 1999 is registered at 408 persons per sq. kilometer and this would escalate to 586 persons by the year 2005. II.2.5. II.2.5. Age-Sex Structur Structure e Like the rest of the country, the young population in Floridablanca exhibits a pyramidal age structure. The population between ages under 1 year old to 14 years account for 26,994 or 32.12% of the population aged under 1 year old up to 75 years old and above in 1999. On the other hand, 49,366 or 58.73% belong to the 15-69 years old age bracket and only 1,795 or 2.14% are in the age bracket of 70 years old and above. II.2.6. II.2.6. Dialect/Langu Dialect/Language age As expected Pampango (Kapampangan) is spoken generally in Floridablanca. The rest of the non-Pampango speaking speaking Households readily understand understand the dialect. The remaining remaining 78% of the populace is spread about about evenly. A sizeable 95.17% of its total population has Kapampangan Kapampangan (Pampango)
as
their
mother
tongue.
Its
Kapampangan
speaking
population
has
gradually. Accommodated Accommodated the increasing share of the segments of the population population speaking other dialects on account of municipal population increase constantly subjected to migration II.2.7. II.2.7. Religion Religion The
Roman
Catholic
religion
has
remained
deeply
rooted
in
the municipali municipality ty of Floridabl Floridablanca anca ever since since its propagat propagation ion in 1823. Per Per survey in 1999, 1999, 90.25% of its total population is Roman Roman Catholics. Other Christian faiths that that have found their way in the municipality with a sizeable group of of followers are are Iglesia ni Kristo and Protestant / Methodist / Born Again Christian. II.2.8. II.2.8. Literacy Literacy Rate Rate The literacy literacy rate rate in the municipali municipality ty of Floridabl Floridablanca anca in 1999 is pegged pegged to a significa significant nt 98.60%. 98.60%. That means out out of its 43,979 43,979 school population population with highest grade completed completed in 1999. At least 43,363 attended formal schooling ranging from pre -school to academic degree holders. A breakdown of such figures shows that 30.73% have completed the 6th grade, 29.85 % are high school school gradua graduates, tes, 8.32 % are acade academic mic degree degree holders holders and and a measly measly 0.01% has has post post baccalaureate baccalaureate degrees.
Poverty incidence refers to the percentage of total poor population viz. total population of the local government unit. Poverty magnitude refers to the actual number of households who are poor. In Floridablanca it was assessed assessed that 5,748 Households or 35% of the total household household belongs to poverty magnitude. II.2.9. II.2.9. Poverty Incidence Incidence Magnitude Magnitude Poverty incidence refers to the percentage of total total poor population viz total population of the local government unit. Poverty magnitude refers to the actual number number of households who are poor. In Floridablanca Floridablanca it was assessed that 5,748 5,748 Households or 35% of the total household household belongs to poverty magnitude. II.2.10 II.2.10.. Economy Economy The economy of Floridablanca Floridablanca is principally anchored on agricu1ture. agricu1ture. It is estimated that 40% 40% of the total households rely on farming as their means of livelihood. All of the 33 barangays are basically agricultural areas; twenty (20) of these are covered by CARP and represents the Floridablanca Agrarian Reform Community. The Floridablanca ARC is composed of 1,998 farm households. Crops that are predominantly produced are rice, sugarcane, vegetables and root crops. Aside from farming, there are farm families and individuals engaged in agro-based industries such as poultry and livestock raising, fishpond and other related small scale agro-based business endeavors. As of 1998, there are 167 registered piggeries, 44 poultry and duck raisers, 177 fishpond operators, operators,
7
orchar orchard d
and and
19
orchid orchid
growers growers,,
34
rice
mills
and
mini-conos mini-conos..
Since Mt. Pinatubo erupted, quarrying quarrying of sand and and gravel has also become a major source source of income both for the population and the government. There are at least 31 quarry operators registered in Floridablanca and four (4) stone crashers industries. Other related business is 18 hollow-blocks and concrete concrete products manufacturers. manufacturers. Floridablanca has also a potential in timber production owing from its considerable forest area of 1,228.36 hectares along the mountainous region in the Floridablanca and Bataan-Zambales boundary.
II.2.11. II.2.11. Employment Employment Rate Rate Among those are gainfully employed are seasonal laborers, which comprise the biggest number. Seasonal labor is mainly agricultural in nature, depending on the labor requirements of some agricultural activities activities such as planting, cultivation cultivation and harvest of different types of crops. crops. This type is closely followed by the regular laborers at about 17.2% comprising fanners at 14.99%. The town boasts of 21 doctors and 6 lawyers. Others include overseas contract workers (OCWs),
drivers,
employees,
vendors,
teachers
etc.
There
are
2,409
business
commercial/industrial commercial/industrial establishments in the municipality when the survey was conducted. II.2.12. II.2.12. Labor Force Floridablanca has a young population with 53.73% of its 84,052 population belonging to the 124 years of age. About 61.71% of its 84,052 total inhabitants are between the ages of 15 to 60 years old; these figures represent the potential labor force. II.2A. SWOT ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT (STRENGTH, (STRENGTH, WEAKNESSES, WEAKNESSES, OPPORTUNITY OPPORTUNITY AND THREATS) THREATS) The strength and development advantage of Floridablanca lies on its vast agricultural lands suitable for food production. Floridablanca is the second largest producer of rice in Pampanga; this could be attributed to its wide wide area of irrigated farmlands. farmlands. Aside from this distinct distinct advantage of being the food basket of the province, it is also a source of abundant high quality of gravel and sand materials. materials. Among the major threats and and weaknesses is erosion, undirected undirected mining activities activities and land grabbing. grabbing. II.2A.1. II.2A.1. Agriculture Agriculture The Municipali Municipality ty of Floridabl Floridablanc anca a is predomina predominantly ntly an agricul agriculture ture area. area. Most of the farmers farmers are engaged in planting rice, yellow and green com, root crops, legumes, vegetables and fruit trees, etc. They adopt the modem package of technology technology especially under MAKAMASA, which which results to a bountiful harvest and surplus of harvest for the whole year. Some of the problems are limited number of reliable marketing outlets and the standard price support of different farm products and higher cost cost of production inputs inputs and fuel. Farmers begin to use a combination of two or more compatible practices to minimize pest production to non-destructive level without the use of farm chemical. Establishment of observation stations serve as early detection of the presence of pests and diseases. So farmers use a system known as Integrated Pest Management.
II.2A.2. II.2A.2. Establishment Establishment of Technology Technology Farm Demonstration for production and distribution was done and selection of adapted and high yielding varieties and viable seeds is one factor being considered considered to increase farm income. Responsibility in the initiation, promotion, organization and supervision is strengthening the cooperative movement. Livestock production and dispersal through loans and grant contributed a lot in the integrated system of farmers which give additional income to clientele. Increase of fishpond areas gave a dynamic increase of farm income. II.2A.3. II.2A.3. Farming Farming The metho methods ds of of farming farming being used by the the farmers farmers in the Municipal Municipality ity of Floridabla Floridablanca nca are a combination of the traditional and scientific modern way of farming. The total productive agricultural area devoted to crops in 1999 is 6,631 hectares. This is 37.79% of the total land area of Floridablanca Floridablanca which which is 17,548 hectares. Palay being the main crop is cultivated both in irrigated and rainfed fields. The total area devoted to this crop is 3,780.36. Irrigated fields constitute 3,446.36 hectares while rainfed fields have 334 hectares for its real share. Other secondary agricultural crops having a real share of hectares include root crops, fruit trees and sugarcane with the latter as a basic commercial crop in the municipality. On the other hand, com and such vegetables as fruit vegetables, legumes, and leafy vegetables are planted extensively to the area on an intercropping basis in between rice planting and harvesting. The total yield I production of palay in 1999 is pegged at 340,250 cavans. The average yield per hectare is 90 cavans for the irrigated fields and 80 cavans for the rainfed ones. Likewise, the total yield for all its secondary crops both regular and rotational in the same year is 13,205.43 metric tons. In terms of existing irrigation facilities the sources include an irrigation canal (NIA), communal well, rivers, creeks and private deep wells.
II.2A.4 II.2A.4.. Fishin Fishing g Fishing is another lucrative industry in in the municipality of Floridablanca. Floridablanca. The total fishpond fishpond area at present is 102.33 hectares. hectares. This is .58% of the the municipality's total land area. Total yield in this this endeavor in 1999 is pegged at 122.80 metric tons. These include tilapia, hito and dalag. II.2A.5. II.2A.5. Livestock Livestock and Poultry Poultry Livestock and poultry is relatively a thriving and promising enterprise in the municipality. The number of livestock in 1999 includes carabao with 2,300 heads, cattle with 780 heads, goats and sheep with 2000 and 2,700 heads and hogs with 17,785 heads. Likewise poultry production in the same year include chicken (broilers and layers) with 362,500 heads, ducks with 3,000 heads, dogs and cats with 4,500 and 12,000 heads, horse with 12 heads, dove with 1,500 heads and turkey with 500 heads. II.2A.6. II.2A.6. Urban/Rural Urban/Rural Settlements Settlements Floridablanca in terms of area is largely classified as rural based although 53.11 % of its population is residing in the urban barangays. barangays. Considered urban barangays barangays are Apalit, Bodega, Basa, Fortuna, Mabical, Paguiruan, Paguiruan, Palmayo, Pandaguirig, Pandaguirig, Poblacion, San Jose, San Nicolas, Solib and Valdez. All the remaining barangays barangays including the four upland barangays/sitios barangays/sitios are considered rural areas. Row settlements are located along roads and arterial roads. The main settlements are those clustered around the Poblacion namely barangay Solib, Del Carmen, San Nicolas, Maligaya, Maligaya, Valdez Valdez andSan andSan Antonio. Antonio. The second second cluster cluster of barangay barangayss is those surround surrounding ing the Basa Air Base namely: Pandaguirig, Pandaguirig, Apalit, Palmayo, Palmayo, Consuelo and San Jose. This area experienced a sudden rise in population after the the Mt. Pinatubo eruption due to the transfer transfer of Mt. Pinatubo victims in the Floridablanca Resettlement Area. The Floridablanca Resettlement Area is within the boundaries off our (4) barangays: Basa, Palmayo, Pandaguirig and Apalit. The Basa Air Air Base is the home home of the Philippin Philippine e Air Force Force in the province province of Pampanga Pampanga.. It has an estimated area of 623.1230 hectares and could be regarded as an independent independent community owing to the presence of basic facilities such as hospital, primary to tertiary class schools and a chapel There are four (4) existing upland settlements in Floridablanca which are inhabited by Aetas. These are Nabuklod, Mawacat, Mawacat, Camachile Camachile and Malabni. These settlements have have a total total
population of 2,037 individuals as of 1999 and are principally located at the hilly portions of Floridablanca. Some barangay barangayss were were buried buried by lahar lahar after Mt. Pinatubo Pinatubo erupted erupted in in 1991. 1991. These These are are the the barangays barangays along along the Caulaman Caulaman and Gumain Gumain River namely: namely: Pabanlag, Pabanlag, Carmencita Carmencita,, parts of San Ramon) Nabuklod, Apalit, Pandaguirig, Pandaguirig, Palmayo, San Jose, Consuelo, Sta. Monica Monica and Cabangcalan. The famous Sitio Palakol resort which was once a natural park and resort was also deeply buried by lahar changing its once lush vegetation into Virtual seashore. II.3. USER’S USER’S ANALYSIS ANALYSIS II.3.1. II.3.1. Demographics Demographics of Expected Users The country is home to around 42 indigenous peoples who make up approximately 10–12 per cent of the population. population. The total Estimated Estimated Indigenous Indigenous people Population Population in the Philippines Philippines
is
14,184,645. The most populated area is Region XI composing the tribes of Manobo, Bagobo, Manguangan, Kalagan and Mansaka. Pampanga which belongs to Region III has 236, 487 total estimated Indigenous People. 3,000 or 1 percent of the total population of Aetas in the region are the initial beneficiaries of the project. Table 2 - Estimated Estimated IP Population Population by Region Region
Population
CAR
1,470,977
Region 1
1,206,798
Region II
1,030,179
Region III
2 3 6,4 87
Region IV
9 3 6 ,7 4 5
Region V
2 1 3 ,3 1 1
Region VI
1 6 8 ,1 4 5
Region VII
35,767
Region IX
1,203,598
Region X
1,802,266
Region XI
2,289,268
Region XII
1,856,300
Region XIII
1,004,750
ARMM
7 3 0 ,0 5 4
TOTAL
14,184,645
Table 3 - Population Population of Indigenous Indigenous People People per Province, Province, Region Region III POPULATION REGION Region III
PROVINCE
IP Group
IP Group
Province
Bataan
12,286 Agta/Aeta
12,286 38,877
Tarlac Agta/Aeta Aberling/Aborlin Baluga
9 ,8 9 8 21,780 3 ,6 7 5
Isneg/Apayao
69
Kankanaey
51
Zambal
3 ,4 0 4
Pampanga
10,055 Aeta/Agta
10,055
Zambales
66,979 Aeta/Agta Abelling/Aborlin
57,784 8 ,1 8 3
Bontok
2 79
Ibaloi
1 87
Ifugao
95
Ibanag
27
Kankanaey
99
Kalinga
2 04
Tingguin/Itneg
1 21 38,513
Bulacan Dumagat
38,513
Aurora
2,665 Baluga
Dumagat
5 77
2,088
Notes:
Regional Estimated Population – computed based on the Population Growth Rate by Region reported
by the National Statistics Office
IP Ethnic Group Group Population by Province - computed using ratio and proportion method.
CHAPTER
IV
-
ARCHITECTURAL
FRAMEWORK
and
ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS
IV.1. DESIGN PHILOSOPHY PHILOSOPHY
"It is our aim as indigenous designers to achieve a culturally sensitive response through understanding this synergetic fusion. Our approach to architecture is about coming to terms with the realities of modern society shaped by multicultural influences." Kombumerri One of the important elements of a design understands the cultural and behavioral aspect of the target users. A culturally sensitive approach should mirror the proposed low-cost housing developmen developmentt for the indigenous indigenous people people like the Aetas. Aetas. This will be very signific significant ant in preservin preserving g and and nurt nurtur urin ing g their their valu valued ed ethn ethnic ic and and trad tradit itio ion n that that refle reflect ct the the Fili Filipi pino no cult cultur ure. e. A hous housin ing g development for the Aeta community challenges challenges an architecture that is within their lifestyle – a develo developme pment nt that that fuses fuses their their tradit tradition ional al way way of living living but that that is cult cultur urall ally, y, social socially ly and economically sustainable enough to make a settlement that will keep them from their ancestral nomadic lifestyle.
“After all, it is merely a house being built. But a home, a neighborhood, a community… Molded by nature and created for living…” Hahn K Y. Luke
Archit Architect ecture ure is rooted rooted from from concep concepts ts of humani humanity ty being being regar regarded ded with with respec respectt to people people as they interac interactt with each each other, other, with spaces spaces and and with with environmen environmentt itself. itself. As a basic basic human need, a shelt shelter er must must be a conduc conductiv tively ely simple simple to live live for for a fami family ly that that as well well encomp encompass asses es element elementss of a neighbo neighborhood rhood and community community that is sociall socially y and cultur culturally ally responsi responsive. ve. Design Design confron confronts ts unique problems depending depending on a project, and that that the proponent aims to to execute a design that is geared geared toward towardss the the advanc advanceme ement nt in respo response nse to the mechan mechanism ism of physic physical, al, social social,, and and economic economic needs and and condition condition of the Aetas Aetas while not alleviating alleviating their their cultures cultures and traditio traditions. ns.
IV.2. DESIGN CONCEPT CONCEPT the indigenous indigenous people from socio-economic disadvantage & loss of land territories territories S- Saving the
A- Advancemen Advancementt of the design designss and functio functions ns of their their living living spaces spaces identity, cultural patterns, social institutions institutions and legal systems systems R- Retaining the ethnic identity,
A- Acceptance for the Aeta community li festyle patterned to their respective way of life T- Transformation to a better and healthy lifestyle
To build a climate-sensitive, adaptive, and low-cost housing development community in Floridablanca, Pampanga, providing residential facilities to the native Aeta indigenous tribe of the province, while nurturing their local culture and values through the use of design translation within its building systems and features. SARAT, for the Establishment of a low-cost residential development tagged as SARAT, the Tribung Tribung Ayta Ayta ng Nabuklod Nabuklod (TAN) (TAN) Associ Association ation in the the municip municipalit ality y of Florida Floridablanc blanca, a, Pamapa Pamapanga nga will rende renderr innovation and cultural cultural preservation through through the application application of modern bamboo architecture. architecture. This will provide enhanced housing housing facilities for the Aetas while upholding upholding and nurturing their their cultures and values. This will create a diversion of housing development to an improved and enhanced residential hub for the tribe, in full consideration and understanding of their lifestyle for a comfortable comfortable and and better shelter. shelter. The development development will facilitat facilitate e the individual individual need for livelihood livelihood support supportss and assista assistance nce promoting promoting jobs jobs and livelihoo livelihood d opportuni opportunities ties within within the housing site. The use of bamboo having having the image of being the building building material of the the poorer class will will represents the condition of the Aetas in the society as among the poorest and most disadvant disadvantaged aged indigenou indigenouss groups groups in the country. country. The modern modern applicat application ion of the bamboo bamboo in building design will means also the advancing of the lives of the Aetas. IV.2.1. Form Concept The form of the structures will follow its functions, orientation, and existing environment harmonizing the whole whole development. The form of the structure will will be derived from distinct distinct characteristic of the Aetas for being small and barefooted. This will be translated to the structure’s configuration through execution of elevation and floor elevation as compacted soil. Cluster Cluster developmen developmentt of housing housing units units will be the type type of spatial spatial organization organization to be adopte adopted d combined with the linearity of structures structures and modularity modularity of planning.
IV.2.2. Function Concept As a residential development particularly in benefit for the indigenous people, as Aetas, the project must need to meet the functional, cultural, social and livelihood needs of the users. A house should mirror an open planning and with respect to the behavior of the Aetas; thus with consideration of of the R.A.8371 Indigenous People People Rights Act of 1997, BP220 Batas Pambansa Pambansa Blg. 220, and National Building Code to observe the execution and and flexibility of spaces for a low-cost housing for indigenous people. IV.2.3. Economy Concept The structur structure e shall be be flexible flexible with regar regards ds to faciliti facilities es and integr integrating ating human human activitie activitiess throughout the time. Modular construction system is adopted in the development for minimal duration of construction. Sustainability in the construction and maintenance maintenance of the facilities will be practiced and implemented to achieve established economic goals. IV.2.4. Time Concept To make the structure economical, local materials will be used to lessen the cost of shipping and importation importation such as bamboo, used used as main structural structural material. material. In addition, passive passive cooling techniques such as cross ventilation, sun shading devices, and proper building configuration and orientation that were proven to be more energy-efficient and economical in the long run, will also be adopted. IV.3. STYLE GUIDING GUIDING PRINCIPLES PRINCIPLES IV.3.1. IV.3.1. GENERAL ARCHITECTURA ARCHITECTURALL CHARACTER CHARACTER A Contemporary Vernacular Architecture will be adopted to reflect advancement of vernacular style of the Aeta’s dwellings while retaining the naturalistic impression which is very suiting to the way of life of the common folksmen. Bamboo Architecture is mainly applied to the building structure to create a smooth tropical setting setting close to the nature and ambiance ambiance which the Aeta’s used to. IV.3.2. IV.3.2. Architectural Architectural Style Style Details to be adopted In order for the project to come up with its visualized and envisioned architectural character, the need to survey architectural styles is necessary. Details in style must be shown through graphic images and some vital rationalization. With this in mind, the proponent looks for
architectural style details in the local milieu to be adopted, particularly of Aetas culture and customs.
CHAPTE CHAPTER R IV - ENVIRO ENVIRONME NMENTA NTAL L SYSTEM SYSTEMS S
IV.1. PLANNING SCHEME SCHEME IV.1.1. IV.1.1. Modular Construction Construction System System An advanced modular design concept in construction will be adopted for the housing of the Aetas. It is compatible with the “bahay kubo” which is the typical dwellings of the locales. The system will minimize the duration of the construction, incurred expenses from the project cost of mass housing and encourage better workmanship while generating minimal waste thus making minimal impact in the degradation of the environment. IV.1.2. IV.1.2. Three Layer Layer Zoning Zoning The concept will be employed as an earthquake resistance feature for the houses. Each layer is separated from one another, and is self-supported with its own bracing system, making the whole house to behave elastically to resist strong earthquake shakes. The layers will have its own function; the ground level will be the space space for storage, livestock, and ventilation and safety, the middle level will be the living space, the upper level will be the private space to be provided for the Aetas. IV.2. FLOORING SYSTEM SYSTEM Compacted soil is a preferred material for the flooring of the spaces such as “batalan”, “silong” and “palikuran” of the housing units. The use of reinforced concrete for the flooring is eliminated to be able to adapt to the Aeta’s dwellings which uses the natural ground as their flooring. Aside from its cultural significance, it also has great resistance to fire and water being a renowned low-maintenance material with a long lifespan.
Soil compaction reduces total pore space of a soil. More importantly it significantly reduces the amount of large pore space, restricting air and water movement into and through the soil. Low soil oxygen levels caused by soil compaction are the primary factor limiting plant growth in landscape soils. Soil conditions, primarily soil compaction, contribute to 80% of the plant disorders in the landscape landscape setting. IV.3. IV.3. WALL SYSTEM SYSTEM Bamboo will be used in replacement to the flammable cogon, nipa, and palm leaves. Bamboo wall provides good ventilation similar to the aforementioned materials while giving a structurally stable attribute compared to palm or cogon. It as well retains the indigenous appearance of the housing units to be provided. The wall panels of the housing units are made of bamboo panels, slotted into the huge side beams of the house using tongue-and-groove joints. These joints are very flexible and do not break in the case of earthquake, and loosened loosened connections can can be fixed easily. The side beams will be made from a single tree trunk. V-shaped columns made from tree trunk also will functions as structural support that offers great resistance and have the required elasticity because they are not fixed to the ground. The separation of the house from the ground is the most important concept for earthquake resisting building in traditional form. IV.4. ROOFING ROOFING SYSTEM SYSTEM IV.4.1. IV.4.1. Hybrid Roofing Roofing System System The predominant traditional traditional thatching technology technology practiced will be used but will be combined combined with the modern roofing of today. today. Thatching is the simple principle of holding down the grass cover by means of a series of grass or bark fiber ropes laid to form an overlay. As advancement for this system, corrugated sheets will be placed first instead of just providing timber frame to overlay the grass. This technology aids to the indigenous inhabitant in the collection and storage of rain water. Skylight window flaps on the roof allow daylight to enter the interior of the building and also encourage natural ventilation.
IV.4.2. IV.4.2. Bamboo Space Framing Framing System System Bamboo as a material for the space framing system of the roofing is suitable for the concept of advancement in the way of living of the Aetas. This system will build up their dwellings structurally
compliant
to
the
existing
climate
and
environmental condition. Integrating light metal elements [tubes /slabs] with bamboo is more economical in terms of maintenance compared to the simple wood construction that is less structurally sound. sound. The bamboo space space framing will hold the timber frame in which the thatch roof will be overlaid. IV.5. LIGHTING LIGHTING SYSTEM SYSTEM Power supply will be provided for the housing units but other passive and traditional lighting system will be applied. Skylight window flaps on the roof will allow for daylight to enter the interior of the building and also encourage natural ventilation.
IV.6. VENTILATION VENTILATION SYSTEM SYSTEM It is suitable for the house form specifically specifically to the tropical climate to use the open planning planning that makes way for the communal ‘shared’ spaces of the Aetas. Passive cooling will be used as a circulating system within the living spaces which is traditional to the A etas’ dwelling and for the minimal dependency for active cooling system. In accordance accordance of this system, the the inside of the house will minimize the use of partition that allows easy passage of air for cross-ventilation. An openable window made made of wooden carved panels which which is very effective that allows ventilation at body level. Aside from that, ‘Silong’ ,where the house is raised on stilts, is also part of the Aetas’ dwelling that allows air flows without restraint that catches winds of higher velocity. While the ventilated roof space also helps helps to cool the house for a more adequate adequate air circulation as well as the large overhangs of the roof will either be provided for good sun shading that controls the exposure of heat from direct sunlight and protects against from the rain.
IV.7. WATER SUPPLY SUPPLY IV.6.1. IV.6.1. Water pipeline pipeline and Water Supply Reservoir As a solution for the Health, Sanitation, Hygiene, Socio-Civic, Economic and Living Condition of the Aetas a Water pipeline and Water Supply Reservoir will be integrated in the water supply system of the development. Water Reservoir is supplied with a non-stop flow of water from the “Spring” which now becomes the life line for Aetas in the community. Spring water can can be realistically redirected redirected closer closer to the village by using a gravity-induced gravity-induced flow of water by constructing one reservoir at the source of the spring connecting it thru pipe line (3,600m) and end up to connect it to another reservoir built closer to the community”. The system will have great impact in the livelihood of the Aetas; irrigation of agricultural activities that will create and improve their economic and living li ving condition.
IV.8. SANITARY SANITARY SYSTEM SYSTEM The design of the “palikuran” the traditional sanitary space will be patterned to the usual design of the housing unit’s unit’s toilet and bath except except that the height of the the water closet will be leveled from the flooring. The floor of the palikuran will be the only space in the housing unit with concrete flooring because compacted soil can lose its solid ability due to continuous contact with water. IV.8.1. IV.8.1. Sulabh Flush Flush Compost Toilet
Sulabh flush compost toilet is eco-friendly, technically appropriate, socio-culturally acceptable and economically affordable. It is an indigenous technology and the toilet can easily be constructed by local labour and materials. It provides health benefits by safe disposal of human excreta on-site. It consists of a pan with a steep slope of 25°-28° and an especially designed trap with 20 mm waterseal requiring only 1.5 to 2 litres of water for flushing, thus helping conserve water. It does not need scavengers to clean the pits. There are two pits of varying size and capacity depending on the number of users. The capacity of each pit is normally designed for 3 years’ usage. Both pits are used alternately. When one pit is full, the incoming excreta is diverted into the second pit. In about two years, the sludge gets digested and is almost dry and pathogen free, thus safe for handling as manure. Digested sludge is odourless and is a good manure and soil-conditioner. soil-conditioner. It can be dug out easily and used for agricultural agricultural purposes. purposes. The cost of emptying the pit can be met partially from the cost of manure made available. Sulabh toilet can also be constructed on the upper floors of buildings. It has a high potential for
upgradation, and can later be easily connected to sewers when introduced in the area. Sulabh has so far constructed over a million individual household toilets in different parts of the 7
country.
Sulabh flush compost toilet does not cause
water
constructed
in
pollution. homogeneous
When soil,
horizontally, bacteria do not travel more than 3 metres, and vertically the seepage is not more than 1 metre. To this is to be added the precaution that the toilet is built at a safe distance from the source of water, keeping the above points in mind. If there is a tube-well or hand pump sunk, the first joint should be lower than the limit of the vertical seepage. No vent pipe is needed since the gas gets absorbed in the soil facing the chamber, as the brick lining inside is in lattice formation. The parameters
7
Sulab Internat International ional – Sulabh Sulabh Compost Compost Toilet
change depending upon the coarseness of the soil and the type of terrain where the toilet is being constructed. Depending on the availability of space, the shape of pits may be designed. It may be rectangular, circular or linear in shape. It fulfills all the seven conditions of a sanitary latrine laid down by the WHO. IV.9. WASTE MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM SYSTEM In waste management it is important to use treatment technologies that are biological, nonmechanical, and do not involve soil leaching or land disposal that causes soil disturbance. ... A good garbage prevention strategy would require that everything brought into a facility be recycled for reuse or recycled back into the environment through biodegradation. This would mean a greater reliance on natural materials or products that are compatible with the 8
environment.
The Material Recovery Facility (MRF), as usually run by many places here in the Philippines and commonly suggested by the Department of Natural Resources (DENR), is a garbage collection process where it separate wastes into compostable, recyclable, non-recyclable, and special waste. MRF will be easily learnt learnt by our native Aetas as as will be used as their waste management. management. The waste and garbage will be collected and disposed in a composting area provided in the development and will serves as fertilization for agriculture. In recycling, they will have a source of income in making recyclable waste into new products that will be included for their livelihood.
8
Specific Site Consideration. Utilities and Waste System. 5.htm>
IV.9. PLANTSCAPING PLANTSCAPING SYSTEM SYSTEM Plants and trees play a big role in the surrounding environment of the Aetas that affects its ventilation and cooling systems systems of their dwellings. Aside from that, that, the plantscaping system system to be laid in the development must also be a source of food for them. Coconut trees which are known as the “tree of life” will be the dominating tree in the development. There are crafts that can be made from this tree in which the Aetas can produce. There are leaves of the tree that they can use for the maintenance of their thatched roof as well as its fruits as a source of food products and oil products such as virgin coconut oil (VCO). Other plants that will be included in the development are the Philippine Native Plants which are abundant in Pampanga and are useful for the Aetas in their daily lives. Bamboo trees and other indigenous materials used in their dwelling and structures in the development can also be included so that it will be abundant for them in building new structures that are needed as one of the construction materials and will blend with the design features of the development.
CHAPTE CHAPTER R V – CONCL CONCLUSI USION ON AND RECO RECOMME MMENDA NDATIO TION N
V.1. CONCLUSION CONCLUSION SARAT is a housing project located in Floridablanca, Pampanga that will also provide livelihood facilities for the Aetas as the target users of the development. Aetas are indigenous people considered as the first inhabitants in in the Philippines and and lived in the highlands of the the country where where they could could find find resources resources for their their living living and dwellings. dwellings. Even Even though though they they focus more on livelihood rather than education, they still have to be knowledgeable in the modern technology where the proposed proposed development will educate them in an an advancement advancement of life but will not sacrifice their cultural preservation. In the development of areas containing native groups, there will be appropriate planning, design, construction and environmental systems that are sensitive in protecting and conserving their culture without being influenced it merely of modern generation as culture is important for the Aetas because it is their reflection regarding history, beliefs and traditions that should be respected and preserved. V.2. RECOMMENDATIO RECOMMENDATION N The following general recommendations that should be considered in the development that would not affect their cultural preservation are as follows:
The planning and design should be environmentally and culturally sensitive in which the architectural style, landscape design, and construction materials of new developments should reflect the cultural heritage of the community.
The construction materials should be abundant within the area and applicable for them to adapt easily with their new communal space of li ving.
The development should also focus on the long-term sustainability of the project that would ensure the residency of the Aetas.
The livelihood of the Aetas to be integrated in the development should be well effective that would be easily easily for them to facilitate and and one of their source of living for their basic needs.
The conservation and maintenance of an environmentally sensitive manner requires a sufficient knowledge and skillful professionals who knows more about the specified development regarding the cultural preservation of the Aetas to make certain action for the benefit of their community.
