JPDFAMDB NIFCÁZIEA BAFTAN CAEIAN D EHPWHPAN
JPDFAMDB NIFCÁZIEA BAFTAN 1- IFZPHJTÍÅH A jrdfamdb nifcátiea bafuan é ub jhs rdeurshs tdrapìutiehs bais utinizajhs atuanbdftd phr prhcissihfais jd saüjd d dstétiea. Ifübdras chrab as téefieas jdsdfvhnvijas a partir ja téefiea hrimifan jh Jr. Dbin Shjjdr, sdfjh rdehfkdeijas d apnieajas prhphreihfafjh bdnkhrds rdsuntajhs db jivdrshs prhedjibdfths dfvhnvijhs fa rda`initaíåh jd acdeíôds dstétieas, afmihnõmieas, bdta`õnieas, traubátieas, trau bátieas, eirürmieas d hutras. Wara tafth, prdeisabhs ifieianbdftd ehfkdedr d dftdfjdr hs ehfediths jd afathbia d cisihnhmia jh sistdba nifcátieh.
0- UIUZDBA EIPETNAZÕPIH H dstujh jh sistdba safmuâfdh tdvd ifâeih `db bais edjh qud h jh sistdba nifcátieh. Fa Mréeia, phr vhnta jh afh jd :37 a.E, lá dxistiriab rdnaths sh`rd a eireunaíåh safmuâfda, anéb jh ehfkdeibdfth jd várias eitaíôds sh`rd hs ehbphfdftds jdstd sistdba através jhs séeunhs. Ndjue d Ndjue aerdjitab qud h aspdeth ifehnhr ja nifca edrtabdftd ehftri`uiu para qud nkd chssd atri`uâjh ub papdn jiserdth, qud tdvd jd dspdrar phr buith tdbph até qud hs pdsquisajhrds sd iftdrdssassdb pdnh sistdba nifcátieh. ]ifiwartdr jdserdvdu h sistdba nifcátieh db 1;90. Jdsjd dftåh, h dstujh jh sistdba nifcátieh dvhnuiu jd chrba ndfta até 1910, quafjh h Wrìbih Fh`dn chi hcdrdeijh ah Jr. Andx Earrdn phr tdr ehfsdmuijh baftdr vivh, juraftd ub bìs, tdeijh jd crafmh ah rdanizar jiariabdftd a trhea ja nifca. Jaâ db jiaftd, Jr. Dbin Shjjdr ifieihu sdus dstujhs sh`rd jrdfamdb nifcátiea d db 1953 nafíhu a téefiea jd bassamdb bufjianbdftd ehfkdeija para dstibunar a jrdfamdb nifcátiea. Ndjue d Chnjii tab`éb pdsquisarab a téefiea jd jrdfamdb jrdfamd b d a apdrcdiíharab. Khld, a bassamdb jd jrdfamdb nifcátiea é ehfkdeija d rdehfkdeija iftdrfaeihfanbdftd pdnas ehbufijajds eidftâcieas d tdb sua apniea`inijajd fåh shbdftd para tratabdfths dstétiehs, bas tab`éb db jivdrsas tdrapìutieas ehbh fas acdeíôds jd hrimdb traubátieas, fdurhnõmieas, eirürmieas dte. É `db vdrjajd qud h sistdba nifcátieh tdb sua cufíåh ifieiaja fh cifan jd ub prhedssh qud ehbdía fh sistdba safmuâfdh. Whrtafth é fdedssárih h dstujh jh sistdba artdrian d vdfhsh.
JPDFAMDB NIFCÁZIEA BAFTAN 1- IFZPHJTÍÅH A jrdfamdb nifcátiea bafuan é ub jhs rdeurshs tdrapìutiehs bais utinizajhs atuanbdftd phr prhcissihfais jd saüjd d dstétiea. Ifübdras chrab as téefieas jdsdfvhnvijas a partir ja téefiea hrimifan jh Jr. Dbin Shjjdr, sdfjh rdehfkdeijas d apnieajas prhphreihfafjh bdnkhrds rdsuntajhs db jivdrshs prhedjibdfths dfvhnvijhs fa rda`initaíåh jd acdeíôds dstétieas, afmihnõmieas, bdta`õnieas, traubátieas, trau bátieas, eirürmieas d hutras. Wara tafth, prdeisabhs ifieianbdftd ehfkdedr d dftdfjdr hs ehfediths jd afathbia d cisihnhmia jh sistdba nifcátieh.
0- UIUZDBA EIPETNAZÕPIH H dstujh jh sistdba safmuâfdh tdvd ifâeih `db bais edjh qud h jh sistdba nifcátieh. Fa Mréeia, phr vhnta jh afh jd :37 a.E, lá dxistiriab rdnaths sh`rd a eireunaíåh safmuâfda, anéb jh ehfkdeibdfth jd várias eitaíôds sh`rd hs ehbphfdftds jdstd sistdba através jhs séeunhs. Ndjue d Ndjue aerdjitab qud h aspdeth ifehnhr ja nifca edrtabdftd ehftri`uiu para qud nkd chssd atri`uâjh ub papdn jiserdth, qud tdvd jd dspdrar phr buith tdbph até qud hs pdsquisajhrds sd iftdrdssassdb pdnh sistdba nifcátieh. ]ifiwartdr jdserdvdu h sistdba nifcátieh db 1;90. Jdsjd dftåh, h dstujh jh sistdba nifcátieh dvhnuiu jd chrba ndfta até 1910, quafjh h Wrìbih Fh`dn chi hcdrdeijh ah Jr. Andx Earrdn phr tdr ehfsdmuijh baftdr vivh, juraftd ub bìs, tdeijh jd crafmh ah rdanizar jiariabdftd a trhea ja nifca. Jaâ db jiaftd, Jr. Dbin Shjjdr ifieihu sdus dstujhs sh`rd jrdfamdb nifcátiea d db 1953 nafíhu a téefiea jd bassamdb bufjianbdftd ehfkdeija para dstibunar a jrdfamdb nifcátiea. Ndjue d Chnjii tab`éb pdsquisarab a téefiea jd jrdfamdb jrdfamd b d a apdrcdiíharab. Khld, a bassamdb jd jrdfamdb nifcátiea é ehfkdeija d rdehfkdeija iftdrfaeihfanbdftd pdnas ehbufijajds eidftâcieas d tdb sua apniea`inijajd fåh shbdftd para tratabdfths dstétiehs, bas tab`éb db jivdrsas tdrapìutieas ehbh fas acdeíôds jd hrimdb traubátieas, fdurhnõmieas, eirürmieas dte. É `db vdrjajd qud h sistdba nifcátieh tdb sua cufíåh ifieiaja fh cifan jd ub prhedssh qud ehbdía fh sistdba safmuâfdh. Whrtafth é fdedssárih h dstujh jh sistdba artdrian d vdfhsh.
0.1- Eireunaíåh Uafmuâfda H sistdba safmuâfdh é jivijijh db artdrian d vdfhsh. Wartieipa, db ehflufth ehb h sistdba nifcátieh, ja futriíåh tdeijuan jd thjh h hrmafisbh. Jd aehrjh ehb Muythf, dstds sistdbas atuab jd bafdira iftdmraja d sibuntàfda< safmud artdrian ekdma çs eénunas prhphreihfafjh sua futriíåh d hximdfaíåh, d rdthrfa para h sistdba vdfhsh? uba pdqudfa partd jdstd safmud fåh ehfsdmud untrapassar a bdb`rafa jhs eapinards vdfhshs. Dssa phríåh jd nâquijh iftdrstieian, luftabdftd ehb as prhtdâfas, é rdbhvija jh bdih iftdrednunar através jh sistdba nifcátieh. As artérias såh ehfstituâjas phr trìs eabajas< a âftiba, a béjia d a ajvdftâeia, jisphstas jh iftdrihr para h dxtdrihr rdspdetivabdftd. Sand rdssantar qud é a eabaja béjia qud ehfcdrd ç artéria sdu ehbphfdftd dnástieh, ibphrtaftd fa bafutdfíåh ja khbdhstasia. H sistdba artdrian é ehbphsth phr artérias qud såh rdsphfsávdis phr earrdar h safmud rieh db futridftds d hximìfih a thjhs hs tdeijhs d õrmåhs jh ehrph kubafh. Wartd jh ehraíåh db jirdíåh ç eireunaíåh pdricériea. Lá h sistdba vdfhsh é rdsphfsávdn phr eaptar hs prhjuths jh eata`hnisbh ednunar, bhnéeunas jd prhtdâfas d jdldths. H safmud qud aftds dra artdrian, amhra passa a sd ekabar safmud vdfhsh. Edrea jd 97% jdssd safmud rdthrfa ah ehraíåh através jh sistdba vdfhsh. Muythf acirba qud aprhxibajabdftd 17% fåh ehfsdmudb trafsphr a bdb`rafa jhs vashs d såh trafsphrtajhs ah sistdba safmuâfdh pdnh sistdba nifcátieh.
Cimura 1- Uistdba Uafmuâfdh d Nifcátieh
5- UIUZDBA NIFCÁZIEH Hs vashs nifcátiehs såh crámdis d phssudb ehnhraíåh ds`rafquiíaja, issh jicieunthu, juraftd buith tdbph, a visuanizaíåh d ehbprddfsåh jh cufeihfabdfth jdssd sistdba. Db khbdfs ajunths edrea jd 37% a =7% jh pdsh ehrphran ehfsistd db ámua, d dsta ámua dstá jistri`uâja db trìs ehbpartibdfths jicdrdftds. Jhis tdríhs dståh jdftrh jas eénunas d ub tdríh chra jdnas, sdfjh qud jdssd, 1/4 dstá fh safmud d :/4 dstá fh nâquijh iftdrstieian, ehfchrbd @hrmds. H sistdba nifcátieh cufeihfa ehbh uba via aedssõria phr hfjd h nâquijh phjd cnuir jhs dspaíhs iftdrstieiais para a eireunaíåh safmuâfda, trafsphrtafjh prhtdâfas d baerhbhnéeunas para chra jh bdih iftdrednunar? cufíåh qud h sistdba safmuâfdh é ifeapaz jd jdsdfvhnvdr uba vdz qud a bdb`rafa jh eapinar safmuâfdh fåh chrfded passamdb a bhnéeunas jd mrafjds tabafkhs. Muythf rdcdriu-sd ah sistdba nifcátieh ehbh ub „nixdirh‒ qud rdbhvd jh bdih iftdrstieian dxedssh jd nâquijh, prhtdâfas d jdtriths ednunards. Dnd aifja rdssanta qud, eash h sistdba nifcátieh pard jd cufeihfar phr 0: khras phjd kavdr bhrtd. Zan sistdba dxdeuta a cufíåh jd baftdr h dquinâ`rih kâjrieh d prhtdieh fhs tdeijhs. Muirrh d Muirrh rdnata qud h sistdba nifcátieh jdsdbpdfka várias cufíôds ibphrtaftds, ehbh prhbhvdr h rdthrfh jh nâquijh iftdrstieian para a eireunaíåh safmuâfda, jdstruir bierhrmafisbhs d partâeunas dstrafkas prdsdftds fa nifca, d partieipar jd rdsphstas ibufds dspdeâcieas ehbh a prhjuíåh jd aftiehrphs.
Cimura 0 - Iftdraíåh jh eapinards nifcátiehs ehb h sistdba safmuâfdh d tdeijhs.
5.1- Afathbia Apdsar ja jicieunjajd, jdvijh ah sdu aspdeth jdnieajh d trafsnueijh, a afathbia jdssd sistdba vdb sdfjh pdsquisaja jdsjd hs fhsshs aftdpassajhs. Hs vashs nifcátiehs, assib ehbh a nifca, såh enarhs d trafspardftds. Ehfchrbd Ndjue, h sistdba nifcátieh é ehbphsth jd< eapinards nifcátiehs, vashs pré-ehndthrds, ehndthrds, trhfehs nifcátiehs, jueth nifcátieh, nifchfhjhs d nifca. Muirrh d Muirrh eita aifja h `aíh, tibh d thfsinas. H sistdba nifcátieh é uba via jd trafsphrtd jd nâquijhs ufijirdeihfan, earrdma a nifca ja pdricdria para h edftrh. Whr dsta razåh é bais sdfsath ekabá-nh jd trafsphrtd nifcátieh d fåh jd eireunaíåh nifcátiea. Jicdrdftdbdftd jh sistdba safmuâfdh, h sistdba nifcátieh fåh phssui ub õrmåh edftran `hb`dajhr, a pardjd jd sdus vashs é bais cifa, apdsar jd sdr chrbaja phr eénunas baihrds. Muythf acirba qud quasd thjhs hs tdeijhs ehrphrais tdb eafais nifcátiehs dspdeiais rdsphfsávdis phr jrdfar h dxedssh jd nâquijh jirdtabdftd jh bdih iftdrstieian. As dxedíôds ifenudb h dfjhbâsih jhs büseunhs, hsshs, phríåh supdrcieian ja pdnd d sistdba fdrvhsh edftran. Fh dftafth, jdserdvd qud tais tdeijhs tdb pdqudfhs eafais ekabajhs jd pré-nifcátiehs phr hfjd h nâquijh iftdrstieian phjd cnuir. Wiearj, eitajh phr @hrmds, jdsehrja d jdserdvd db dstujh qud, fh tdeijh fdrvhsh jd afibais vivhs d db kubafhs dftrd 10 d 53 khras apõs a bhrtd, chrab dfehftrajhs vashs nifcátiehs ehb ehbprhvaíåh kisthnõmiea. Marrijh, tab`éb eitajh phr @hrmds, rdnathu a ifdxistìfeia jd jh sistdba nifcátieh fh kubhr vâtrdh, fa pnaedfta, fa dsendrõtiea d fh tdeijh eartinamifhsh. Dxistdb fh sistdba nifcátiehs vashs supdrcieiais d prhcufjhs. Hs vashs supdrcieiais såh `astaftd fubdrhshs d phssudb mrafjd quaftijajd jd rabicieaíôds d afasthbhsds. Aehbpafkab h traldth jas vdias d sdu ehftdüjh é dfeabifkajh para hs nifchfhjhs supdrcieiais. Dståh nheanizajhs sh`rd a cáseia buseunar d jrdfab hs tdeijhs supdrcieiais. Hs vashs nifcátiehs prhcufjhs fåh apardedb db mrafjd fübdrh, phssudb phueas rabicieaíôds d sdmudb ah najh jhs vashs safmuâfdhs prhcufjhs. Nheanizab-sd db`aixh ja cáseia buseunar, ehfjuzdb sdu ehftdüjh ahs nifchfhjhs prhcufjhs d såh rdsphfsávdis phr eaptar h nâquijh iftdrstieian jhs büseunhs, õrmåhs visedrais d eavijajds artieunards. Hs vashs nifcátiehs såh enassicieajhs kidrarquieabdftd db eapinards nifcátiehs, pré-ehndthrds, vashs ehndthrds d trhfehs nifcátiehs. Udfjh qud hs jhis pribdirhs såh ekabajhs jd nifcátiehs ifieiais.
5.1.1- Eapinards nifcátiehs A prifeipan cufíåh jhs eapinards nifcátiehs é a a`shríåh jd baerhbhnéeunas. Ehfstitudb hs vashs ifieiais jh sistdba nifcátieh, tdb ifâeih db cufjh edmh d assdbdnkab-sd a „jdjhs jd nuva‒. Ehbh partieunarijajd afatúbiea, pdred`dbhs a prdsdfía jd cinabdfths jd afehramdb, prhnhfmabdfths jd eénunas dfjhtdniais qud sd cixab çs ci`ras jd ehnámdfh d dnastifa jh tdeijh ehfluftivh jh iftdrstâeih. Zais cinabdfths tìb a cufíåh jd ehftrhnar a dftraja jd nâquijh através ja a`drtura d cdekabdfth jh hricâeih ekabajh zhfunad. Dstd arraflh dstruturan chrba uba vánvuna cufeihfan db sdftijh üfieh. A prdssåh dxdreija pdnh nâquijh iftdrstieian chra jh eapinar nifcátieh dbpurra as eénunas dfjhtdniais qud a`rdb a zhfunad d pdrbitd a dftraja jh nâquijh fh eapinar. Db ehftrapartija, a prdssåh dxdreija pdnh nâquijh jdftrh jh eapinar chría as `hrjas jas eénunas dfjhtdniais a sd luftardb d cdekardb h hricâeih. Issh ibpdjd qud h nâquijh, uba vdz jdftrh jh eapinar, rdthrfd ah bdih iftdrstieian. _:R Dssd jisphsitivh ibpdjd h rdcnuxh ja nifca para h iftdrstâeih, phis quafjh dsta pdfdtra fh eapinar, h hricâeih sd cdeka._5,:R
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Cimura 5 A d @ - Cinabdfths fas `hrjas såh hs cinabdfths jd afehramdb hu cinabdfths jd Easndy-Ubitk.
Cimura : ― Cinabdfths jd afehramdb d hrcâeih jd dftraja jh nâquijh iftdrstieian para jdftrh jh eapinar nifcátieh.
5.1.:- Zrhfehs nifcátiehs Hs trhfehs nifcátiehs såh dfehftrajhs db fübdrh jd hfzd, d såh jdfhbifajhs jd< trhfehs nhb`ards, trhfeh iftdstifan, trhfehs `rhfehbdjiastifais, trhfehs su`enávihs, trhfehs lumunards d trhfehs jdsedfjdftds iftdrehstais. Zhjhs, dxedth h trhfeh iftdstifan, apardedb db pards. _5R Aifja ehfchrbd h bdsbh authr, hs trhfehs nhb`ards såh ehfstituâjhs pdnhs vashs nifcátiehs qud jrdfab hs bdb`rhs ifcdrihrds, rdmiôds urifária d mdfitan, dstruturas irrimajas pdna artéria bdsdftériea ifcdrihr d pardjd a`jhbifan ifcra-ub`iniean. H trhfeh iftdstifan é chrbajh pdnhs nifcátiehs dcdrdftds jhs nifchfhjhs bdsdftériehs supdrihrds. Hs `rhfehbdjiastifais såh chrbajhs phr vashs nifcátiehs qud jrdfab as rdmiôds àftdrh-supdrihrds prhcufja jh tõrax d a`jhbd, rdmiåh aftdrihr jh jiacramba, punbåh, ehraíåh d nh`h jirdith jh câmajh. Hs trhfehs su`enávihs ehfstitudb-sd jhs vashs nifcátiehs qud jrdfab hs bdb`rhs supdrihrds, a caed aftdrihr jh tõrax d a pardjd a`jhbifan supra-ub`iniean. Hs trhfehs lumunards chrbab-sd pdnhs vashs nifcátiehs qud jrdfab a ea`día, caed, pdsehíh d rdmiåh phstdrihr ja ehnufa edrviean. D phr cib, hs trhfehs jdsedfjdftds såh chrbajhs pdnhs vashs nifcátiehs qud jrdfab a rdmiåh prhcufja ja partd phstdrihr jh tõrax.
5.1.4- Jueths nifcátiehs Hs jueths nifcátiehs såh hs vashs rdsphfsávdis phr tdrbifar a jrdfamdb nifcátiea. Jdsdb`hea sdu ehftdüjh fh sistdba vdfhsh, fh fâvdn ja lufíåh su`enávih-lumunar, rdmiåh jdfhbifaja térbifus. Dxistdb jhis jueths d såh ekabajhs jd jueth nifcátieh jirdith d jueth thráeieh. H pribdirh é ehfstituâjh pdnhs trhfehs lumunar jirdith, su`enávih d `rhfehbdjiastifan jirdiths d jdsdb`heab fa lufíåh su`enávih-lumunar jirdita. H jueth thráeieh é chrbajh pdnhs trhfehs jdsedfjdftds iftdrehstais, nhb`ards d iftdstifan qud chrbab uba jinataíåh dftrd Z10 d N0, ekabaja eistdrfa jh quinh. Jaâ sdmud erafianbdftd pdnh kiath aõrtieh até ekdmar ç lufíåh su`enávih-lumunar dsqudrja, hfjd jdsdb`hea sdu ehftdüjh.
Cimura 3 ― Pdprdsdftaíåh dsqudbátiea jhs trhfehs d jueths nifcátiehs.
Cimura =- Eistdrfa jh quinh, jueth thráeieh d térbifus.
5.1.3- Nifchfhjhs Uåh amrupabdfths jd nifcõeiths dfeapsunajhs nheanizajhs ah nhfmh jh traldth nifcátieh. Muirrh d Muirrh acirba qud hs nifchfhjhs såh db fübdrh jd 377 a =77 db thjh ehrph. Zìb a cufíåh jd cintrar a nifca d jd rdsphsta ibufd jh hrmafisbh. Jdsdbpdfkab ibphrtaftd papdn ibpdjifjh qud prhedsshs ifcdeeihshs nheais jissdbifdb hu prhvhqud anmub jafh db hutrhs sdmbdfths ehrphrais. Bierhrmafisbhs d jdtriths ednunards såh jdstruâjhs fh nifchfhjh phr camheithsd. Zab`éb atuab fa ijdfticieaíåh jd eénunas tubhrais d fa tdftativa jd crdar uba phssâvdn jissdbifaíåh d bdtástasds. Hs nifchfhjhs såh enassicieajhs quafth a sua nheanizaíåh db prhcufjhs d supdrcieiais. Hs nifchfhjhs prhcufjhs sd dfehftrab db`aixh ja cáseia buseunar, fas eavijajds a`jhbifais d thráeieas, d hs nifchfhjhs supdrcieiais dståh prdsdftds fh tdeijh ednunar su`eutàfdh. Mdranbdftd dståh amrupajhs db ub fübdrh razhávdn jd nifchfhjhs. As prifeipais eajdias nifchfhjais såh< nifchfhjhs su`enávihs, axinards, a`jhbifais, ifmuifais, phpnâtdhs d bandhnards. Whjd-sd eitar tab`éb hs nifchfhjhs ja rdmiåh jd pdsehíh, rdtrhaurieunar, edrviean d hs nheanizajhs fh ehthvdnh.
Cimura ; ― Eajdia jd nifchfhjhs axinards d ifmuifais.
H hricâeih jd dftraja d saâja jhs vashs safmuâfdhs d jd saâja jhs vashs nifcátiehs é ekabajh jd kinh. Hs vashs nifcátiehs qud pdfdtrab fh nifchfhjh pdnh najh ehfvdxh såh ekabajhs jd vashs
acdrdftds, d hs vash nifcátiehs qud sadb jh nifchfhjh, trafsphrtafjh nifca cintraja d riea db eénunas jd jdcdsa, såh jdfhbifajhs jd vashs dcdrdftd. É fhs nifchfhjhs qud hehrrd a cintraíåh ja nifca, hfjd dvdftuais partâeunas dstrafkas såh dnibifajas d tan nâquijh é dfriqudeijh phr eénunas nifcõijds hu eénunas jd jdcdsa. Zab`éb é hfjd hehrrd a ativaíåh d ni`draíåh jhs nifcõeiths Z, eash sdlab jdtdetajhs pdnh nifchfhjh.
Cimura 9 ― Dstrutura jh nifchfhjh
5.1.3.1- Nifchfhjhs ja ea`día d jh pdsehíh
Uåh jivijijhs db supdrcieiais d prhcufjhs< 1. Uupdrcieiais< •
heeipitais
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rdtrhaurieunards
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parhtâjdhs supdrcieiais
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su`bafji`unards
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su`bdfthfiafhs
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edrvieais supdrihrds
0. Wrhcufjhs •
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edrvieais prhcufjhs supraenavieunards
5.1.3.0- Nifchfhjhs jh bdb`rh supdrihr
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supratrhendards
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jdnthpdithrais
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axinards
5.1.3.5- Nifchfhjhs jh tõrax, a`jhbd d pdnvd. •
thráeieh< punbhfards, `rhfehpunbhfards, traqudais, bdjiastifais d crìfieh.
5.1.3.:- Nifchfhjhs jh bdb`rh ifcdrihr •
ifmuifais
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phpnâtdhs
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ti`iais aftdrihrds
5.1.=- Nifca Quafjh h nâquijh prdsdftd fh bdih iftdrstieian passa para jdftrh jh eapinar nifcátieh, rded`d h fhbd jd nifca. Aprdsdfta ehnhraíåh ds`rafquiíaja, nâbpija hu abardnh nibåh. Luftabdftd ehb h nâquijh eécanh-raquijiafh é ehfsijdraja h nâquijh bais fh`rd jh hrmafisbh. É ehbphsta phr aprhxibajabdftd 93% jd ámua. É chrbaja phr uba partd pnasbátiea, ehfstituâja jd dndbdfths ehbh sõjih, phtássih, jiõxijh jd ear`hfh, mniehsd, dfzibas, dte, d uba partd ednunar ehfstituâja jd nifcõeiths, baerõcamhs, dritrõeiths. Ehfchrbd Muythf, a nifca thráeiea, qud é a ufiåh jd thjas as nifcas jh ehrph, phssui edrea jd 5 d 4m/jn jd prhtdâfas. É uba jas prifeipais vias jd a`shríåh jd futridftds pdnh trath mastrhiftdstifan, dspdeianbdftd jd mhrjuras, phjdfjh ehftdr até 1 a 0% jd mhrjura, anéb jd `aetérias qud phr vdftura passdb phr dftrd as eénunas. A nifca tab`éb é ehbphsta jd rdsths ednunards qud jdvdb sdr rdtirajhs jh iftdrstâeih para bafutdfíåh ja khbdhstasia. Edrea jd 0 a 5 nitrhs jd nifca eireunab phr jia fh hrmafisbh, phjdfjh ekdmar até a 07 nitrhs jdpdfjdfjh jas fdedssijajds hrmàfieas.
5.0- Cisihnhmia jh Cnuxh Nifcátieh H sistdba nifcátieh é uba via jd jrdfamdb ufijirdeihfan qud tdb a cufíåh jd „nibpar‒ hs tdeijhs jd su`stàfeias ifjdsdlávdis d jd dxedssh jd nâquijhs. É uba via jd anth cnuxh qud tdb phr cifanijajd jdvhnvdr su`stàfeias rdnativabdftd mrafjds, ehnhijds d prhtdâfas ah sistdba safmuâfdh. A baihria jhs tdeijhs jh ehrph jrdfab h dxedssh jd nâquijh jirdtabdftd jh bdih iftdrstieian para h sistdba nifcátieh, ehb dxedíåh jh sistdba fdrvhsh edftran d partd bais prhcufja jhs fdrvhs pdricériehs, a dpijdrbd d h dfjhbâsih jhs büseunhs d hsshs, qud h cazdb phr iftdrbéjih jd bifüseunhs eafais iftdrstieiais jdfhbifajhs vashs pré-nifcátiehs. Jani sdmudb para hs eapinards nifcátiehs sdmuifjh cisihnhmieabdftd h sistdba nifcátieh. Zhja a nifca qud é jrdfaja jh iftdrstâeih jdsamua fh sistdba vdfhsh. H nâquijh rieh db hximìfih d futridftds, jdphis jd eubprir sua cufíåh jd anibdftar as eénunas, rdthrfa ah dspaíh iftdrstieian, hfjd é eaptajh pdnhs eapinards vdfhshs. Aprhxibajabdftd 17% jdstd nâquijh, qud fåh ehfsdmuiu pdfdtrar fhs eapinards vdfhshs, rdthrfa ç eireunaíåh safmuâfda ehb aluja jh trafsphrtd nifcátieh, dvdfth jdfhbifajh jd dquinâ`rih jd Urtanifm. Db ehfjiíôds fhrbais dstd vhnubd varia dftrd 0 a 5 nitrhs phr jia. Issh aehftded phrqud a bdb`rafa jhs eapinards vdfhshs é ifeapaz jd eaptar dndbdfths jd pdsh bhndeunar rdnativabdftd anth, ehbh é h eash jas prhtdâfas. Lá hs vashs nifcátiehs såh bais pdrbdávdis çs prhtdâfas mraías ah bdeafisbh jd cixaíåh jdssds, qud sd cixab ahs tdeijhs ajlaedftds phr bdih jd cinabdfths jd afehramdb hu cinabdfths jd Easndy Ubitk (fhbd jh pdsquisajhr qud hs jdseh`rirab), qud cufeihfab ehbh vánvunas, ehftrhnafjh a a`drtura d cdekabdfth jhs eapinards nifcátiehs. Ç bdjija qud h iftdrstâeih rded`d uba quaftijajd jd nâquijh eapaz jd bhvibdftá-nhs, dstds cinabdfths traeihfab bierhvánvunas dxistdftds fa pardjd jh nifcátieh a`rifjh-as d pdrbitifjh a passamdb jd cnuijh iftdrstieian para jdftrh jh eapinar nifcátieh, qud phr sua vdz, ah dfekdr-sd jd nâquijh, ehbpribd as pardjds, cdekafjh as vánvunas d ibpdjifjh h rdcnuxh jd nifca. Ativijajd câsiea, a rdspiraíåh, as ehbprdssôds dxtdrfas d hs bhvibdfths artieunards såh cathrds qud ehftri`udb ehb a aedndraíåh jh cnuxh nifcátieh, assib ehbh a ifativijajd thrfa h cnuxh jd nifca bais ndfth. Issh é cathr ehftri`uiftd para h apardeibdfth jd djdba jd bdb`rhs ifcdrihrds d ehfsdqudftdbdftd jd pafieunhpatia djdbath ci`rh dsendrõtiea (ednunitd) d tdnafmidetasias db pdsshas qud passab pdrâhjhs prhnhfmajhs db uba bdsbh phsiíåh. Wara qud h nâquijh iftdrstieian sd bhva db jirdíåh ah eapinar nifcátieh anmufs cathrds såh ibphrtaftds. H cnuxh jd nifca jdftrh d ah nhfmh jhs nifcátiehs ifieiais sd já jdvijh çs trheas
iftdrbitdftds fas prdssôds eapinards d hfeõtieas nheais. A bhvibdftaíåh jhs tdeijhs através jd apnieaíåh jd uba prdssåh supdrcieian, ehftraíôds buseunards hu ehftraíôds jas artdrâhnas eausa ehbprdssåh d jdsehbprdssåh jhs nifcátiehs ifieiais. Anéb jdstas, a prdssåh hsbõtiea d a prdssåh ehnhijan hu ehnhijhsbõtiea phjdb iftdrcdrir fa chrbaíåh d bhvibdftaíåh jh nâquijh iftraednunar. Zais prdssôds sd rdcdrdb ç prdssåh qud as bhnéeunas jd prhtdâfas dxdredb fa bdb`rafa jh eapinar. Udfjh qud a prdssåh hsbõtiea é jdtdrbifaja pdna quaftijajd jd bhnéeunas jisshnvijas fh nâquijh. Anmufs cathrds ehftri`udb para bhvibdftaíåh jh nâquijh através ja bdb`rafa ednunar. Quafjh dstabhs db rdphush, h nifcafmihf sd ehftrai jd 4 a 14 vdzds phr bifuth, phjdfjh shcrdr antdraíåh db jdehrrìfeia jd dstrdssd. Juraftd h shfh, ehftrai-sd jd 4 a 17 vdzds? eash kala aubdfth fa punsaíåh, ehftrai-sd jd 13 a 1= vdzds? d db anmubas situaíôds, ekdma a 177 ehftraíôds phr bifuth. Ehftraíåh ja buseunatura ehrphran, bhvibdfths artieunards d jd sdmbdfths ehrphrais, punsaíåh artdrian d ehbprdssåh tdeijuan dxdreija phr h`ldths dxtdrfhs ah ehrph såh cathrds ibphrtaftds fh aubdfth ja eireunaíåh nifcátiea d ehfsdqudftdbdftd fa jrdfamdb jh nâquijh iftdrstieian. A nifca hrimifaja fhs bdb`rhs ifcdrihrds, a`aixh ja nifka jh ub`imh, fa bdtajd dsqudrja jh tõrax, fh bdb`rh supdrihr dsqudrjh d fa bdtajd dsqudrja ja ea`día d pdsehíh, é jrdfaja pdnh jueth thráeieh d jdsámua fa lufíåh jas vdias lumunar d su`enávia dsqudrja. Db ehftrapartija, a nifca prhvdfidftd jh bdb`rh supdrihr jirdith, bdtajd jirdita jh tõrax d ja bdtajd jirdita ja ea`día d pdsehíh é jrdfaja pdnh jueth nifcátieh jirdith d jdsámua fa lufíåh jas vdias lumunar d su`enávia jirdita.
Cimura 17 - Pdmiåh jd jrdfamdb jhs jueths nifcátiehs. Db vdrbdnkh< rdmiåh jrdfaja pdnh jueth nifcátieh jirdith. Db azun< rdmiåh jrdfaja pdnh jueth thráeieh.
5.0.1- Zrhea jd futridftds d jd hutras su`stàfeias dftrd h safmud d h nâquijh iftdrstieian Jicusåh através ja bdb`rafa eapinar
H bdih bais ibphrtaftd pdnh quan as su`stàfeias såh trafscdrijas jh eapinar para h nâquijh iftdrstieian é phr jicusåh. Ç bdjija qud h safmud eursa pdnh eapinar, ub mrafjd fübdrh jd bhnéeunas jd ámua d partâeunas jisshnvijas sd jicufjdb jd ub najh para hutrh, através ja pardjd eapinar rdsuntafjh db uba bistura ehftâfua dftrd h pnasba d h nâquijh iftdrstieian. As su`stàfeias niphsshnüvdis phjdb jicufjir-sd jirdtabdftd através jas pardjds jhs eapinards safmuâfdhs, sdb tdr jd passar pdnhs phrhs. Dssas su`stàfeias ifenudb h hximìfih d h jiõxijh jd ear`hfh. Sisth qud dssas su`stàfeias phjdb pdrbdar thjas as árdas ja bdb`rafa eapinar, sua iftdfsijajd jd trafsphrtd é buith baihr qud a iftdfsijajd para a baihria jas bhnéeunas fåh niphsshnüvdis, ehbh a mniehsd, phr dxdbpnh. As su`stàfeias kijrhsshnüvdis sõ phjdb jicufjir-sd pdnhs „phrhs‒ iftdrednunards ja bdb`rafa eapinar, ehbh as prõprias bhnéeunas jd ámua d a mniehsd. H iftdrstâeih d h nâquijh iftdrstieian
Aprhxibajabdftd ub sdxth jh ehrph ehfsistd db dspaíhs dftrd as eénunas, qud db sdu ehflufth chrbab h iftdrstâeih. H nâquijh fdssds dspaíhs é ekabajh nâquijh iftdrstieian. H iftdrstâeih aprdsdfta jhis tiphs prifeipais jd dstruturas sõnijas< hs cdixds jd ci`ras ehnámdfas d hs cinabdfths jd prhtdhmnieafhs. Hs cdixds jd ci`ras ehnámdfas dstdfjdb-sd phr nhfmas jistàfeias pdnh iftdrstâeih, såh dxtrdbabdftd chrtds d rdsphfjdb pdna baihr partd ja chría tdfsihfan jh tdeijhs. Hs cinabdfths jd prhtdhmnieafhs såh bhnéeunas dspiranajas, buith jdnmajas d chrbab uba banka jd cinabdfths rdtieunards. H nâquijh fh iftdrstâeih é jdrivajh jhs eapinards phr cintraíåh d jicusåh. Ehftéb quasd qud hs bdsbhs ehfstituiftds jh pnasba, phréb db ehfedftraíôds buith ifcdrihrds. Zan nâquijh ciea db mrafjd partd sdqudstrajh fhs pdqudfhs dspaíhs dftrd hs cinabdfths jd prhtdhmnieafhs.
Cimura 11 ― Cdixds jd ci`ras ehnámdfas, cinabdfths jd prhtdhmnieafhs, vdsâeunas jd nâquijh nivrd.
Bhvibdfth jh nâquijh através ja bdb`rafa eapinar
Quatrh chrías pribárias jdtdrbifab quan vai sdr a jirdíåh jh cnuxh jd nâquijh, sd jh safmud para h bdih iftdrstieian hu sd fa jirdíåh hphsta? såh ekabajas jd „chrías jd Utarnifm‒, db khbdfamdb ah cisihnhmista qud jdfhbifhu sua ibphrtàfeia, sdmufjh Muythf. A prdssåh eapinar , tdfjd a chríar h nâquijh para chra, através ja bdb`rafa eapinar. A prdssåh jh nâquijh iftdrstieian , tdfjd a chríar h nâquijh para h iftdrihr jh eapinar, quafjh dsta chr phsitiva, d para
chra jh eapinar quafjh chr fdmativa. A prdssåh ehnhijhsbõtiea jh pnasba, tdfjd a prhvhear hsbhsd jh nâquijh para h iftdrihr jh eapinar. D a prdssåh ehnhijhsbõtiea iftdrstieian , qud tdfjd a prhvhear hsbhsd jh nâquijh para h dspaíh iftdrstieian. Uåh dssas prdssôds qud jdtdrbifab, db mrafjd partd h vhnubd jd pnasba d jd nâquijh iftdrstieian. As jicdrdfías jd prdssåh dxistdftds fh fâvdn tdeijuan cazdb qud a eireunaíåh jd rdthrfh phssa dxistir. Fa chría jd dcnuxh, a prdssåh eapinar béjia é jd 1=bbKm, a prdssåh fdmativa jh nâquijh
iftdrstieian nivrd é jd 5,7bbKm d a prdssåh ehnhijhsbõtiea jh nâquijh iftdrstieian é ;,7bbKm, rdsuntafjh db ub thtan jd 0;,5bbKm, ehfchrbd Muythf. Lá fas chrías jd ifcnuxh, a prdssåh ehnhijhsbõtiea jh pnasba é jd 0;bbKm. H jdsdquinâ`rih dftrd as chrías (7,5bbKm) prhvhea baihr cintraíåh jd nâquijh para h iftdrstâeih qud rda`shríåh. Dssd pdqudfh dxedssh jd cintraíåh qud é a eausa jh rdthrfh jd nâquijh para h sistdba safmuâfdh phr bdih jh sistdba nifcátieh.
Cimura 10 ― Uistdba nifcátieh.
5.5 - Cisihpathnhmia jh Djdba H djdba é rdsuntajh jh jdsdquinâ`rih vdricieajh dftrd h aphrtd jd nâquijh rdtirajh jhs eapinards safmuâfdhs pdna cintramdb d a jrdfamdb jdstd nâquijh. H dstajh cisihnõmieh é aneafíajh quafjh as vias jd jrdfamdb såh sucieidftds para dvaeuar h nâquijh prhvdfidftd ja cintramdb. Ká uba ehfstaftd rdfhvaíåh jd nâquijh iftdrstieian fh quan as eénunas jh ehrph phjdb rdtirar hs dndbdfths fdedssárihs ah sdu cufeihfabdfth. Ud fåh khuvdr iftdrrupíåh, fåh kavdrá djdba. Quafjh h aphrtd jd nâquijh cintrajh sd thrfa bais ibphrtaftd d h sistdba jd jrdfamdb fåh aubdfta sua ativijajd db cufíåh jissh, hehrrd jdsdquinâ`rih dftrd a cintramdb d a dvaeuaíåh. Hs tdeijhs
sd dfekareab jd nâquijh, a prdssåh iftratdeijuan aubdfta d a pdnd jistdfjd. H tdeijh ifeka d hehrrd h djdba. Dssd djdba rdnaeihfajh ah dxedssh jd aphrtd nâquijh é jd hrimdb vaseunar. Enifieabdftd dnd aprdsdfta h sifan jd Mhjdt, hu sdla, ah sd apniear uba prdssåh ehb h jdjh fh nhean djdbaeiajh, a pdnd é jdpribija d, ah iftdrrhbpdr dsta prdssåh, a jdprdssåh pdrsistd. Tb hutrh tiph jd djdba aparded quafjh a rdjd jd dvaeuaíåh bhstra-sd ifsucieidftd, dfquafth h aphrtd phr cintramdb é fhrban. Ndjue acirba qud h sistdba nifcátieh phssui uba anta eapaeijajd jd ajaptaíåh, phjdfjh jrdfar db béjia 0: a 57 nitrhs jd nifca phr jia. Hehrrd qud db jdtdrbifajas situaíôds a rdjd é ifsucieidftd. H djdba sd ifstana, sd hrmafiza d sd thrfa ci`rhsh. Enifieabdftd, dnd fåh aprdsdfta sifan jd Mhjdt. H djdba jd hrimdb vaseunar phjd apardedr db ehfsdquìfeia jh aubdfth ja prdssåh kijrhstátiea, varizds, cnd`itds, ifsucieiìfeia earjâaea, jibifuiíåh ja prdssåh hfeõtiea d antdraíåh ja pardjd vaseunar. As varizds såh ibphrtaftd h`stáeunh ç eireunaíåh vdfhsa. Dnas såh jinataíôds jhs vashs, as pardjds jistdfjdb-sd d ehbprhbdtd h cufeihfabdfth jas vánvunas prhvheafjh h rdcnuxh. A dstasd jh safmud fåh hximdfajh thrfa a pardjd jh vash bais pdrbdávdn. Ehb issh as prhtdâfas atravdssab a bdb`rafa eapinar d sd aeubunab fh iftdrstâeih. Eash h sistdba nifcátieh fåh aubdftd sua ativijajd a cib jd ehftrhnar a canka jh sistdba safmuâfdh, phjdrá hehrrdr djdba. É h qud tab`éb aehftded fas situaíôds jd cnd`itd. A ifsucieiìfeia earjâaea aubdfta a prdssåh fhs mrafjds trhfehs vdfhshs, dfcraqudedfjh a ehrrdftd jd rdthrfh. A prdssåh vdfhsa dxedssiva jicieunta h rdthrfh jd nifca ç eireunaíåh safmuâfda, heasihfafjh djdba. As prhtdâfas safmuâfdas sd hpôdb ç cintramdb, rdtdfjh ámua fa nuz jh eapinar. Tba jibifuiíåh ja prdssåh hfeõtiea, phr rdjuíåh fa ehfedftraíåh jd prhtdâfas, caeinitará h dxtravasabdfth jd nâquijh jh eapinar para h iftdrstâeih, uba vdz qud fåh ká prhtdâfa sucieidftd para cufeihfar ehbh `arrdira ah nâquijh. H djdba jd hrimdb nifcátiea, hu nifcdjdba aehftded jdvijh a ub jdcdith jd jrdfamdb. A amdfdsia (jdcdith jd jdsdfvhnvibdfth) hu a kiphpnasia (jibifuiíåh ja ativijajd), jd hrimdb kdrdjitária hu ajquirija, såh cathrds qud dxpnieab a chrbaíåh jh djdba. A ifehftifìfeia vanvunar, ehb dstasd hu rdcnuxh jd nifca, thrfa a rdjd nifcátiea ifsucieidftd para jrdfamdb jd nâquijh iftdrstieian prhvheafjh djdba. A h`struíåh nifcátiea jd hrimdb ifcdeeihsa, fdhpnásiea, põs-eirürmiea, hu jd hutra hrimdb, rdprdsdfta uba `arrdira ç dvaeuaíåh fhrban ja nifca d dstá jirdtabdftd nimaja ç chrbaíåh jh djdba.
5.:- Cufíôds jh Uistdba Nifcátieh H sistdba nifcátieh jdsdbpdfka ifübdras cufíôds fh hrmafisbh. Fh dftafth, tanvdz a prifeipan cufíåh jdstd sistdba sdla a jd baftdr a khbdhstasia, hu sdla, maraftir a eaja eénuna ub ab`idftd ajdquajh para qud dnas phssab jdsdbpdfkar suas ativijajds. Issh é ehfsdmuijh através ja dnibifaíåh jd partd jas su`stàfeias hriufjas jh bdta`hnisbh ednunar, rdsths ednunards d bierhrmafisbhs. Hutra cufíåh jdstd sistdba é a ibufhnõmiea, uba vdz qud vârus d `aetérias fheivhs ah hrmafisbh, ah dftrar db ehftath ehb eénunas jd jdcdsa såh ijdfticieajhs phr dstas qud hs jdstrõi d prhjuz eénunas jd bdbõria para h amdftd amrdsshr. É uba jas vias prifeipais jd a`shríåh jd futridftds fh trath mastrhiftdstifan, dspdeianbdftd jas mhrjuras. Udmufjh @hrmds, paeidftds qud phr vdftura ifehrrab db ndsåh jd jueth thráeieh, caz-sd fdedssária iftrhjuíåh jd nipâjihs fa jidta pardftdran, a cib jd futrir h hrmafisbh, lá qud a mhrjura a`shrvija fh iftdstifh fåh ekdmaria ah sdu jdstifh cifan. Apõs uba rdcdiíåh riea db mhrjuras, a nifca jh jueth thráeieh ekdma a ehftdr até 1 a 0% jd nipâjihs. D ehb rdnaíåh çs prhtdâfas, sua ehfedftraíåh fa nifca jh jueth thráeieh ekdma db vanhrds jd 5 a 4m/jN. _0R Muythf, aerdsedfta aifja ehbh cufíåh jh sistdba nifcátieh, h dquinâ`rih jh vhnubd jd nâquijhs dxistdftds fh hrmafisbh, ja ehfedftraíåh jd prhtdâfas fhs tdeijhs d ja prdssåh jh nâquijh iftdrstieian. É ibphrtaftd ndb`rar qud quafjh h vhnubd jd nâquijh cintrajh dxedjd h vhnubd jd nâquijh qud é a`shrvijh, h sistdba nifcátieh aubdfta sua eapaeijajd jd a`shríåh, fa tdftativa jd fhrbanizar a prdssåh iftdrstieian. Fh dftafth, eash dsta situaíåh pdrsista phr jdtdrbifajh pdrâhjh jd tdbph, sd a eausa jh prh`ndba fåh chr rdshnvija, hehrrd a canìfeia nifcátiea.
:.7 - JPDFAMDB NIFCÁZIEA BAFTAN A téefiea iftrhjuzija phr Shjjdr d rdedftdbdftd rdehnheaja phr Ndjue, a jrdfamdb nifcátiea tdb ehbh cifanijajd dsvaziar hs nâquijhs dxsujajhs d hs rdsâjuhs bdta`õniehs pdnas vias nifcátieas. Uua fhbdfenatura ehrrdta sdria „bafh`ras para aedndraíåh ja jrdfamdb nifcátiea‒, lá qud a jrdfamdb nifcátiea hehrrd fhrbanbdftd ehb hu sdb dstâbunh dxtdrfh. A jrdfamdb nifcátiea bafuan é ehfkdeija jdsjd n;90, quafjh ]ifiwartdr a jdserdvdu. Db 1910, a jrdfamdb nifcátiea chi bhstraja phr Jr. Anéxis Earrdn, qud fa heasiåh rded`du ub Wrìbih Fh`dn, d db 1939 Utinn]dnn eithu a bassamdb ehbh uba jas tdrapias para tratabdfth jh nifcdjdba, phréb h dstujh sdbprd chi buith jicâein jdvijh a sdrdb dstruturas trafspardftds hfjd eireuna nâquijh enarh.
Db 1950 Dbin Shjjdr, luftabdftd ehb sua dsphsa iftdrdsshu-sd pdnh assufth d ifieihu suas dxpdriìfeias. Db 1953, jivunmhu sdu dstujh ehbpndth d hrimifan< „a jrdfamdb nifcátiea‒. H easan Shjjdr ehbdíhu dxpdribdftanbdftd a tratar paeidftds aehbdtijhs jd mripds d rdscriajhs phr bassamdb, bafipunafjh hs màfmnihs nifcátiehs jh pdsehíh ehb bhvibdfths rhtatõrihs suavds. A jrdfamdb nifcátiea bafuan chi dftåh anvh jd dstujhs phr buiths pdsquisajhrds, ehbh Ndjue, Chnjii, Enuzaf, Easndy d Lujitk Ubitk, dftrd hutrhs, qud db `usea jd ub tratabdfth dcieidftd para h nifcdjdba aphiarab, apdrcdiíharab, bhjiciearab d ehbprhvarab sua dcieáeia . Db fhssh paâs hs Jrs Mhjhy vdb jdsdfvhnvdfjh dstujhs d fhvhs ehfediths sh`rd jrdfamdb nifcátiea bafuan. Shjjdr jdsdfvhnvdu a téefiea jd Jrdfamdb Nifcátiea Bafuan dbpirieabdftd, utinizafjh sua sdfsi`inijajd d ifstifth d apõs thrfar a téefiea pü`niea, dstds pdsquisajhrds jdrab ub eufkh eidftâcieh ç téefiea jdsdfvhnvdfjh pdsquisas eidftâcieas d prhbhvdfjh sua jivunmaíåh.
:.1- Jdcifiíåh Jrdfamdb nifcátiea qudr jizdr ehndtar nâquijh dxedjdftd jhs dspaíhs iftdrednunards pdnhs vashs nifcátiehs até hs vashs jd baihr eani`rd d jaâ ahs vashs vdfhshs, dfehftrafjh-sd fh àfmunh vdfhnifcátieh, tab`éb ekabajh tdrbifus. Zan dstrutura dstá nheanizaja fa rdmiåh supraenavieunar ehb as vdias su`enávias jirdita d dsqudrja d lumunards jirdita d dsqudrja. Shjjdr jdu h fhbd jd jrdfamdb nifcátiea ç bassamdb ndvd cdita fhs eashs jd dstasd. A jrdfamdb nifcátiea bafuan atua jd chrba prdvdftiva hu ehbh tratabdfth, fa dstétiea d fa tdrapìutiea. Fa dstétiea, phr cavhrdedr h dsehabdfth jh nâquijh iftdrstieian dxedjdftd, prhjuzifjh ifjirdtabdftd uba bdnkhr trhea jd batdriais dftrd eapinards safmuâfdhs d as eénunas jhs tdeijhs d db eirurmias prhbhvd anâvih eausajh pdnh jdsehfchrth jh djdba põs eirürmieh . Fa tdrapìutiea, ah prhvhear bujafía cavhrávdn db thjhs hs sifthbas jd jhdfías qud ibpnieab djdba, bdjiaftd `dféciea dvaeuaíåh pdnas vias safmuâfdas d nifcátieas.
:.0- Dcdiths ja Jrdfamdb Nifcátiea A jrdfamdb nifcátiea bafuan phjd ifcnudfeiar jirdta hu ifjirdtabdftd anmufs sistdbas jh ehrph.
Ifcnuìfeia jirdta
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Pdsphstas ibufds< a dstibunaíåh jhs eapinards nifcátiehs dstibuna a prhjuíåh d rdfhvaíåh jd eénunas jd jdcdsa. Ndb`rafjh qud a bassamdb jd jrdfamdb nifcátiea chi jdsdfvhnvija pdnh easan Shjjdr, rdanizafjh a bassamdb jhs nifchfhjhs edrvieais fh tratabdfth jd acdeíôds jh sistdba rdspiratõrih anth, h`tdfjh mrafjd bdnkhra jas ehfjiíôds pathnõmieas db qud sdus paeidftds sd dfehftravab.
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Sdnheijajd jd cintraíåh ja nifca< a dstibunaíåh jh sistdba nifcátieh aubdfta h cnuxh nifcátieh, aubdftafjh ehfsdqudftdbdftd a vdnheijajd ehb qud a nifca passa pdnh nifchfhjh hfjd hehrrd a cintraíåh.
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Cintraíåh d a`shríåh jhs eapinards safmuâfdhs< a prdssåh dxdreija fhs eapinards nifcátiehs juraftd a casd jd eaptaíåh, anéb jd atuar fh sistdba nifcátieh, atua tab`éb fh sistdba safmuâfdh aedndrafjh a cintraíåh d a`shríåh para dstd sistdba.
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Shnubd jd nifca prhedssaja fhs nifchfhjhs< h aubdfth jh cnuxh nifcátieh phjd prhvhear ub aubdfth fa quaftijajd jd nifca eireunaftd db até eifeh vdzds, ehb issh h vhnubd jd nifca prhedssaja fhs nifchfhjhs sdrá baihr.
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Buseunatura nisa jhs vashs safmuâfdhs d nifcátiehs< Bisnif, eitajh phr @hrmds, assdmura qud a jrdfamdb nifcátiea prhvhea dcdith túfieh fa buseunatura nisa jhs vashs safmuâfdhs, phis prhbhvd a rdjuíåh ja prdssåh dxdreija fhs eapinards vdfhshs, lá qud h vhnubd jd nâquijh trafsphrtajh phr dssds sdrá jibifuâjh db cufíåh jh dstâbunh ahs eapinards nifcátiehs.
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Bhtrieijajd jh iftdstifh< a bassamdb rdanizaja fh a`jhbd fh traldth jh iftdstifh prhjuz dcdiths fa dvaeuaíåh, uba vdz qud aubdftab a bhtrieijajd jh iftdstifh.
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Uistdba fdrvhsh autúfhbh< a bhfhthfia ja bassamdb prhvhea dcdiths jd rdnaxabdfth phr ifcnudfeiar a ni`draíåh jd su`stàfeias dspdeâcieas fh hrmafisbh.
Ifcnuìfeia ifjirdta •
Quaftijajd jd nâquijh dxerdtajh< a jrdfamdb nifcátiea rdaniza a dnibifaíåh jd nâquijhs qud dstdlab ehfmdstihfafjh hs tdeijhs dfeabifkafjh-hs ç eireunaíåh, dssd nâquijh é cintrajh fhs rifs d h dxedssh dnibifajh.
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Bdnkhra ja futriíåh ednunar< a pdrbda`inijajd jhs tdeijhs é rdjuzija phr dxedssh jd nâquijh fhs tdeijhs, issh jicieunta a passamdb jd futridftds para as eénunas. A rdanizaíåh ja jrdfamdb nifcátiea rdtira h dxedssh jd nâquijh jh iftdrstâeih, chrfdedfjh bdnkhrds ehfjiíôds jd irrimaíåh safmuâfda d bdnkhr futriíåh tdeijuan.
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Bdnkhra ja hximdfaíåh jhs tdeijhs< a jrdfamdb nifcátiea tdb aíåh jirdta fa rdjuíåh jd djdba, caeinitafjh h aphrtd jd safmud rieh db hximìfih.
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Jdsifthxieaíåh jhs nâquijhs iftdrstieiais< a dnibifaíåh jd nâquijh iftdrstieian rieh db thxifas, rdsths ednunards d ph`rd db futridftds, caeinita h aphrtd jd su`stàfeias ibphrtaftds para h ehrph, phssi`initafjh a ehfstaftd rdfhvaíåh jd nâquijh iftdrstieian fhs tdeijhs qud shcrdrab ifcnuìfeia ja jrdfamdb nifcátiea.
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Dnibifaíåh jd áeijh nátieh ja buseunatura dsqudnétiea< h áeijh nátieh é prhvdfidftd jd rdaíôds quâbieas qud hehrrd, dftrd hutras situaíôds, fa cajima buseunar, qud tdb ehbh ehfsdqþìfeia jhr d dspasbh buseunar, ehfchrbd Muythf. A jrdfamdb nifcátiea bafuan aedndra h cnuxh nifcátieh, phtdfeianizafjh a dnibifaíåh jh áeijh nátieh, rdjuzifjh h tdbph jd jhr d jd ifativijajd jh büseunh acdtajh.
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A`shríåh jhs futridftds pdnh trath jimdstivh< hs anibdfths ifmdrijhs prhedssajhs passab pdnh prhedssh jd rda`shríåh jd mhrjuras através jh sistdba nifcátieh.
:.5 - Ifjieaíôds ja Jrdfamdb Nifcátiea Djdbas d nifcdjdbas Jd ub bhjh mdran, h djdba d nifcdjdba apardedb bdjiaftd uba antdraíåh fh vhnubd jd nâquijh qud dftra d qud sai jh iftdrstâeih. Dxistdb juas eausas, as pribárias, tab`éb ekabajas jd ehfmìfitas (h ifjivâjuh lá fased ehb dna) d as sdeufjárias hu ajquirijas. Jdftrd as eausas sdeufjárias, h eàfedr anéb jd phjdr jdsdfvhnvdr h nifcdjdba, sdu tratabdfth tab`éb phjd cavhrdedr sdu apardeibdfth. A quibihtdrapia d a rajihtdrapia såh tdrapìutieas chrtds para h tratabdfth jd eàfedr, „batab‒ as eénunas tubhrais, bas tab`éb dfcraquded h hrmafisbh ifenuifjh h sistdba nifcátieh. A jrdfamdb nifcátiea bafuan tdb aíåh sh`rd h trafsphrtd nifcátieh, ativafjh-h, prhpieiafjh a rdjuíåh jh nifcdjdba d rdeupdraíåh jh sistdba nifcátieh. Dftrdtafth, é buith ibphrtaftd qud h prhcissihfan qud irá rdanizar a jrdfamdb nifcátiea tdfka ehfkdeibdfth sh`rd a pathnhmia d h dstámih db qud dna sd dfehftra, `db ehbh jh tratabdfth a qud h paeidftd chi su`bdtijh.
Wafieunhpatia djdbath ci`rh dsendrõtiea Ehbubdftd ekabaja jd ednunitd, a pafieunhpatia djdbath ci`rh dsendrõtiea, é uba pathnhmia ja árda dstétiea, bais dfehftraja db bunkdrds prifeipanbdftd fa rdmiåh jd fájdmas, ehxa d a`jhbd. Whjd sdr enassicieaja quafth a mravijajd, jh mrau ub ah mrau quatrh, sdfjh dstd üntibh h qud bais amrijd hs
tdeijhs. A jrdfamdb nifcátiea auxinia a dvaeuaíåh jh nâquijh iftdrstieian rieh db prhtdâfas d thxifas qud thrfab h tdeijh eutàfdh djdbaeiajh d ehb ajdrìfeias tdeijuais, cavhrdedfjh a futriíåh d hximdfaíåh tissunar.
Wõs-eirurmia pnástiea As eirurmias pnástieas dstétieas hu as rdparajhras såh earaetdrizajas pdna mrafjd jdstruiíåh jd vashs d fdrvhs eausajas pdna baihria jdssds prhedjibdfths, mdrafjh jhr, djdba, rdjuíåh jd sdfsi`inijajd eutàfda prhvheafjh jdsehfchrth ah paeidftd. Jdsta chrba, a jrdfamdb nifcátiea bafuan é, sdb jüvija, ub jhs rdeurshs tdrapìutiehs bais ifjieajhs fh tratabdfth jd paeidftds db põs-hpdratõrih jd eirurmia pnástiea. Zan rdeursh, sd rdanizajh prdehedbdftd, prhbhvd ub mrafjd anâvih jh jdsehfchrth d jhr phr bdnkhrar a ehfmdståh tdeijuan. Atua tab`éb fh rdthrfh ja sdfsi`inijajd eutàfda jh nhean aehbdtijh. A jrdfamdb nifcátiea é ifjieaja para baihria jhs prhedjibdfths eirürmiehs, ehbh, a`jhbifhpnastia, ritijhpnastia, babhpnastia, rifhpnastia, niphaspiraíåh, dte. Wara a rdanizaíåh ja jrdfamdb fdstds prhedjibdfths eirürmiehs, é buith ibphrtaftd h ehfkdeibdfth ja afathbia d cisihnhmia jh sistdba nifcátieh, assib ehbh jh ehfkdeibdfth jas nifkas jd jrdfamdb d ja téefiea eirürmiea
Ifsucieiìfeia Sdfhsa Erúfiea A bassamdb jd jrdfamdb nifcátiea phjd sdr jd mrafjd aluja fh tratabdfth jd ifsucieiìfeia vdfhsa prhcufja assheiaja ah ush jd bdjieabdfth. Whréb sd a eausa pribária ja jhdfía fåh chr rdshnvija h djdba aprdsdftará rdeijiva.
H`dsijajd Ehfchrbd @hrmds, a jrdfamdb nifcátiea phjd bdnkhrar h túfus ja pdnd d phtdfeianizar h trafsphrtd jd bdta`õniths, prhbhvdfjh baihr turmhr tissunar.
Basthjifia É uba tdfsåh fas babas qud phjd sdr sdftija fh pdrâhjh ja hvunaíåh. Çs vdzds é jhnhrhsa, bas phjd sdr aniviaja rdanizafjh a bassamdb jd jrdfamdb nifcátiea. Jdstaeab-sd aifja várias acdeíôds hfjd a jrdfamdb nifcátiea phjdria prhphreihfar `dfdcâeihs< eieatrizds, dstrdssd, tdnafmidetasias, afsidjajd, jhrds buseunards db atndtas, irrita`inijajd, jdprdssåh, asba, `rhfquitd, sifusitd, rifitd, Uâfjrhbd ja Zdfsåh Wré-Bdfstruan, dte.
Anmufs authrds rdnatarab qud, ehb h ush ja jrdfamdb nifcátiea db pathnhmias rdspiratõrias anérmieas, h rdsuntajh jh tratabdfth aneafíhu bdnkhra jhs sifthbas, h`sdrvajhs apõs h térbifh ja pribdira sdssåh. As pathnhmias qud lusticieab a utinizaíåh ja jrdfamdb nifcátiea phjdb tdr ehbh eausa ub pdrâhjh prhnhfmajh jd dfcraqudeibdfth jh sistdba jd jdcdsa, qud phjd ndvar ç rdjuíåh jh bdta`hnisbh eausajh pdnh dstrdssd, jdcieiìfeia futrieihfan, ausìfeia jd dxdreâeihs, eirurmia, phnuiíåh d aeijdftds. Tb bdta`hnisbh rdtarjajh heasihfa aubdfth jd rdsâjuhs bdta`õniehs fhs tdeijhs. Ud khuvdr uba iftdrcdrìfeia fh cnuxh nifcátieh, kavdrá h ifieih jd uba ehfjiíåh erúfiea.
:.: - Ehftraifjieaíôds A`shnutas Zubhrds banimfhs, jdvijh ah riseh jd jissdbifaíåh jas eénunas eafedrhsas. Zu`dreunhsd, h `aeinh jd Ohek anhla-sd d dfeapsuna-sd fhs nifchfhjhs, phjdfjh vhntar a ativijajd através ja jrdfamdb nifcátiea. Ifcdeíôds amujas d rdaíôds anérmieas amujas, ehb h aubdfth ja vdnheijajd jh cnuxh nifcátieh, vârus, `aetérias, anérmdfhs d rdsths bdta`õniehs trafsphrtajhs pdnhs vashs nifcátiehs, fåh sdfjh jrdfajhs pdnhs nifchfhjhs, phjdb sd jissdbifar pdnh hrmafisbh. Djdba sistìbieh jd hrimdb earjâaea hu rdfan< h büseunh earjâaeh fdstds eashs dfehftra-sd dfcraqudeijh, jdvijh a jicâein ehfjiíåh jd `hb`dar safmud. A jrdfamdb nifcátiea sh`rdearrdmará h ehraíåh prhvheafjh ub djdba amujh jd punbåh. Ifsucieiìfeia rdfan< A jrdfamdb nifcátiea aubdfta h aphrtd jd nâquijh a sdr cintrajh pdnh sistdba rdfan, ehb issh phjd hehrrdr ehfmdståh, phjdfjh aearrdtar ehbpnieaíôds earjâaea d/hu punbhfards. A rdanizaíåh jd jrdfamdb nifcátiea bafuan fa Zrhb`hsd Sdfhsa prhvhea riseh jd db`hnisbh.
Pdnativas Kipdrtirdhijisbh< a jrdfamdb phjd sdr utinizaja sdb a bafipunaíåh ja árda ja tirdõijd. Bdfstruaíåh a`ufjaftd< fhs eashs jd cnuxh bdfstruan buith iftdfsh, fåh rdanizar a jrdfamdb fa rdmiåh a`jhbifan juraftd h pdrâhjh bdfstruan. Asba d `rhfquitd< juraftd as erisds a jrdfamdb phjd sdr rdanizaja, bas jdvd-sd dvitar a rdmiåh jh dstdrfh para fåh phtdfeianizar a erisd. Kiphtdfsåh artdrian< fåh sd jdvd rdanizar jrdfamdb nifcátiea fh ehrph iftdirh db paeidftds phrtajhrds jd kiphtdfsåh artdrian db ifâeih jd tratabdfth? jdvd-
sd ifieiar db pdqudfas árdas d aehbpafkar hs fâvdis prdssõriehs aftds d jdphis jh atdfjibdfth. Zab`éb é ehftraifjieaja fas acdeíôds jd pdnd.
:.4 - Bassamdb jd Jrdfamdb Nifcátiea Fa utinizaíåh ja jrdfamdb nifcátiea bafuan, anéb ja bh`inizaíåh jh nâquijh iftdrstieian, h cathr prifeipan é a phtdfeianizaíåh ja ativaíåh jh nifcafmihf qud aubdfta a bhtrieijajd jhs vashs nifcátiehs. Dxistdb várihs béthjhs jd jrdfamdb nifcátiea, bas thjhs dnds tìb db ehbub a dstibunaíåh jd rdedpthrds dspdeâciehs através jh ehftath ehb a pdnd, hfjd jdpdfjdfjh jh thqud, dcdiths ehrrdsphfjdftds sdråh aneafíajhs. A dcieáeia ja bassamdb jd jrdfamdb nifcátiea dstá jirdtabdftd rdnaeihfaja ehb h ehfkdeibdfth ja afathbia d cisihnhmia jh sistdba nifcátieh, `db ehbh, jh ehfkdeibdfth jas nifkas jivisõrias utinizajas para h jirdeihfabdfth jh cnuxh nifcátieh.
Béthjh Shjjdr Shjjdr fhbdhu juas nifkas jd jdnibitaíåh jd árdas ehrphrais. A nifka jd safjwisk jivijd hs bdb`rhs supdrihrds. H `raíh é jivijijh db caed àftdrh-bdjian d põstdrh-bdjian d h aftd`raíh é jivijijh db caed aftdrihr d phstdrihr. Lá fhs bdb`rhs ifcdrihrds h`sdrva-sd a nifka ja cdrrajura qud dstá traíaja ja rdmiåh phpnâtda, asedfjdfjh pdna ehxa passafjh pdnh mnütdh, hfjd jdsed até a rdmiåh ifcraphpnâtda jh hutrh bdb`rh. Fh trhfeh, dxistdb a nifka béjia, qud jivijd h ehrph db caed jirdita d dsqudrja, d a nifka ja eiftura, qud jivijd h a`jhbd d trhfeh db supdrihr d ifcdrihr. Fa bassamdb pdnh béthjh Shjjdr a jrdfamdb ehfsistd jd prdssåh suavd, ndfta d rdpdtitiva. H sdftijh ja jrdfamdb jdpdfjd sdbprd jh sdftijh cisihnõmieh jh cnuxh nifcátieh. Sand rdssantar qud para sd h`tdr h dcdith rdnaxaftd, é ibphrtaftd a bafutdfíåh jh ritbh d ja vdnheijajd, visth qud é a bhfhthfia qud „sdjará‒ h sistdba fdrvhsh. Fdsta téefiea a bassamdb jd jrdfamdb nifcátiea sdbprd sd ifieia jd jistanbdftd ah sdmbdfth, phr dxdbpnh, sd a rdmiåh a sdr jrdfaja chr a ehxa, a bafh`ra sd ifieia fa rdmiåh prõxiba ahs eúfjinhs cdburais, hu sdla, pdrth jh lhdnkh. A téefiea ehbprddfjd jhis prhedjibdfths `ásiehs< a bafh`ra jd eaptaíåh, qud visa eaptar a nifca jh iftdrstâeih para jdftrh jhs eapinards nifcátiehs? d a bafh`ra jd dvaeuaíåh, qud ehfsistd db trafsphrtar a nifca qud dstá jdftrh jhs vashs nifcátiehs para a rdmiåh nifchfhjan jistaftd ja rdmiåh jd djdba, fa jirdíåh jh cnuxh nifcátieh.
Wribdirabdftd a téefiea jd dccnduramd é apnieaja fhs nheais dspdeâciehs qud sdråh tratajhs. A panavra dccdnuramd jdriva jh crafeìs „dccndurdr‒, qud simficiea thear suavdbdftd, ehb h h`ldtivh jd dsta`dndedr ub pribdirh ehftath ehb a pdnd jh paeidftd d prhbhvdr dcdith jd rdnaxabdfth. Dsta téefiea ehfsistd jd ub jdsnizabdfth buith supdrcieian, hfjd a prdssåh dxistdftd fa pdnd é quasd funa.
Cimura 15 ― Nifkas jd jivisåh jh cnuxh nifcátieh.
Béthjh Ndjue Ndjue d Ndjue, jdserdvdrab bafh`ras dspdeâcieas para a rdanizaíåh jd sua téefiea hfjd hs bhvibdfths sdbprd ehbdíab fa rdmiåh prhxiban jh sdmbdfth a sdr jrdfajh. Tsafjh h bdsbh dxdbpnh ja jrdfamdb ja ehxa, a bassamdb é ifieiaja fa rdmiåh ja raiz ja ehxa ( prõxibh ç virinka). A bafh`ras ehfsistdb db eâreunhs ehb hs jdjhs, eâreunhs ehb h phndmar, bhvibdfth ehb`ifajh, prdssôds db `raedndtd d jrdfamdb jhs nifchfhjhs.
Béthjh Mhjhy Chi jdsdfvhnvijh pdnh easan Mhjhy d ehfsistd fh ush jd rhnifkhs, jdfhbifajhs jd „rhndtds‒, hfjd é dbprdmaja uba ndvd prdssåh fh traldth jhs nifcátiehs. Wrdssôds fhs nifchfhjhs jh pdsehíh såh rdanizajas ehb h h`ldtivh jd aedndrar h cnuxh nifcátieh. Apdsar jd tdr sijh ehbprhvajh eidfticieabdftd, a dcieáeia é ehftrhvdrsa quafjh h béthjh é dbprdmajh sh`rd rdmiôds irrdmunards, phis fåh kavdria prdssåh sucieidftd fa árda, ehbprhbdtdfjh a quanijajd ja jrdfamdb.
:.3- Ttinizaíåh Wrátiea ja Jrdfamdb Nifcátiea Anmufs authrds jdserdvdb h ifâeih ja téefiea jd jrdfamdb nifcátiea cazdfjh apdfas a dstibunaíåh jh térbifus, dfquafth hutrhs prdehfizab qud thjhs hs nifchedftrhs d h térbifhs jdvab sdr dstibunajhs. Shjjdr prdehfiza-sd ub tra`ankh ifieian qud jdfhbifabhs jd tra`ankh jd `asd, qud ehbprddfjd a dstibunaíåh ja rdmiåh jd térbifus, a jrdfamdb nifcátiea ja rdmiåh natdran jh pdsehíh (`inatdran) d a jrdfamdb nifcátiea ja rdmiåh phstdrihr jh pdsehíh. H ifâeih ja bassamdb, jdpdfjdfjh jh nhean d ja téefiea a sdr utinizaja, sd já através ja< dstibunaíåh ja rdmiåh süpdrh enavieunar fh àfmunh lümunh-su`enávih hu térbifus d hu a jrdfamdb ja rdmiåh natdran d phstdrihr jh pdsehíh. - ehbprdssåh jas eajdias mafmnihfards ehrrdsphfjdftds Ç partir jaâ, ifieia-sd a bassamdb prhpriabdftd jita, utinizafjh-sd a téefiea jd acnhrabdfth hu ‒dccnduramd‒ , ehb a quan caz-sd ub nimdirh aqudeibdfth ja pdnd d jirdeihfabdfth ja nifca, para apõs utinizar-sd jas bafh`ras jd jrdfamdb nifcátiea. Ah rdanizar a téefiea ehrrdta jd JNB anmufs `dfdcâeihs såh aneafíajhs, dftrd dnds phjdbhs jdstaear a ifjuíåh ah rdnaxabdfth d ah shfh, phis a bhfhthfia jhs bhvibdfths caz ehb qud sistdba parassibpátieh sdla aeihfajh d passd a cufeihfar.
A`drtura hu dsvaziabdfth jhs nifchfhjhs (ehbub para jrdfamdb jd quanqudr rdmiåh ehrpõrda) 1. Dccnduramd ifieian fa caed d fh pdsehíh< pribdirh ehftath dftrd tdrapduta d paeidftd?
0. @hb`dabdfth ifieian jh térbifus 5. @hb`dabdfth jhs nifchfhjhs< prhcufjus, edrviean d térbifus :. @hb`dabdfth jd heeipitan, edrviean phstdrihr d trapézih 4. Uu`bafji`unar fh sdftijh jd bdjian para natdran 3. Zìbphra, parõtija d àfmunh ja bafjâ`una =. Wrhcufjh, edrviean d térbifus
Jrdfamdb ja caed Jdvd sdr jivijija db `hxds. H pribdirh `hx ehrrdsphfjd a rdmiåh dftrd h baxinar ifcdrihr d a bafjâ`una. H sdmufjh `hx, ehrrdsphfjd a rdmiåh ehftija dftrd h fariz d a sh`rafednka. D h tdredirh `hx dstá ehftija a rdmiåh ja tdsta. A jrdfamdb ifieia-sd pdnh pribdirh `hx, sdfjh qud eaja `hx sõ phjdrá sdr jrdfajh quafjh h aftdrihr a dnd dstivdr vazih. A jrdfamdb ja caed é rdanizaja ehb bhvibdfths db eâreunhs dstaeihfárihs, ehb dxedíåh ja tdsta hfjd såh utinizajhs bhvibdfths jd `hb`dabdfth.
Cimura 1: - Pdprdsdftaíåh dsqudbátiea ja jdnibitaíåh jhs `hxds para jrdfamdb caeian.
1. Bdfth db jirdíåh ah àfmunh ja bafjâ`una (Ifâeih jh pribdirh `hx) 0. Ná`ih supdrihr 5. Fariz ( Ifâeih jh sdmufjh `hx) :. Nhfma Siamdb< rdmiåh ja baíå jh rhsth
4. Wánpd`ra ifcdrihr 3. Wánpd`ra supdrihr =. Uh`rafednka ;. Crhftan< bdjian para natdran (Zdredirh `hx) 9. March fa hrdnka 17. Ehurh ea`dnujh 11. @hb`dabdfth jd tìbphra, parõtija d àfmunh ja bafjâ`una 10. Wrhcufjus, edrviean d térbifus 15. Dccnduramd fa caed d pdsehíh.
Jrdfamdb supdrcieian jh a`jhbd Jdvd-sd rdspditar a cisihnhmia jh cnuxh nifcátieh. Dftåh, h a`jhbd supdrihr jirdith é jrdfajh para rdmiåh axinar jirdita d h a`jhbd supdrihr dsqudrjh é jrdfajh para a rdmiåh axinar dsqudrja. H a`jhbd ifcdrihr jirdith é jrdfajh para rdmiåh ifmuifan jirdita d h a`jhbd ifcdrihr dsqudrjh é jrdfajh para a rdmiåh ifmuifan dsqudrja. 1. @hb`dabdfth jas axinas 0. @hb`dabdfth jhs nifchfhjhs ifmuifais 5. @hb`dabdfth db jirdíåh ç axina (rdmiåh supdrihr ç nifka ja eiftura) :. @hb`dabdfth db jirdíåh ç virinka (rdmiåh ifcdrihr ç nifka ja eiftura) 4. Dccnduramd cifan.
Jrdfamdb prhcufja jh a`jhbd Dsta téefiea tdb a cifanijajd jd bdnkhrar h tràfsith iftdstifan d jdvd sdr rdanizaja apnieafjh-sd uba prdssåh ehfsijdrávdn. 1. Dccnduramd ifieian? 0. Wndxh shnar 5. Eõnhf jdsedfjdftd :. Eistdrfa jd Wdqudt 4. Eõnhf jdsedfjdftd, asedfjdftd, trafsvdrsh 3. a) eõnhf jdsedfjdftd, bhvibdfth db dspiran `) eõnhf asedfjdftd, pifíabdfth
e) eõnhf trafsvdrsh, pifíabdfth =. Eõnhf trafsvdrsh< pifíabdfth, bhvibdfth jd ub cnafeh ah hutrh ;. @hb`dabdfth ja chssa suprainâaea 9. Pdspiraíåh a`jhbifan + vi`raíåh ah dxpirar? 17. Dccnduramd cifan. Baba
A jrdfamdb ja baba é rdanizaja jd chrba edftrâpdta. Ja aréhna bdjianbdftd, jrdfa-sd para nifchfhjhs dstdrfais. Uupdrihrbdftd ç aréhna jrdfa-sd fh sdftijh enavieunar. Natdranbdftd ç aréhna, jrdfasd para rdmiåh axinar. 105:-
Zérbifus @hb`dabdfth Nifchfhjhs axinards @hb`dabdfth Nifchfhjhs dstdrfais Udmud ehb a jrdfamdb jd chrba edftrâpdta
Jrdfamdb jd bdb`rhs supdrihrds Zhbafjh-sd phr `asd a nifka jh safjwisk, a nifca qud dstá fa caed aftdrihr é jrdfaja aftdrihrbdftd db jirdíåh a rdmiåh bdjian d a nifca qud dstá fa caed phstdrihr, é jrdfaja phstdrihrbdftd db jirdíåh a rdmiåh bdjian. Udmuifjh db jirdíåh axinar. 1. @hb`dabdfth axina 0. Dccnduramd d bhvibdfths antdrfajhs hu `hb`dabdfth db `raíh 5. Bhvibdfths antdrfajhs db aftd`raíh :. @hb`dabdfth fa båh 4. Jdsnizabdfth fhs jdjhs 3. Dccnduramd cifan.
Jrdfamdb jd bdb`rhs ifcdrihrds Ehxa
É jivijija aftdrihrbdftd db caed aftdrihr, bdjian d natdran. A jrdfamdb ifieia-sd pdna caed bdjian, utinizafjh-sd h bhvibdfth jd `hb`dabdfth, qud jdvdrá sdr rdpdtijh jd 5 a 4 vdzds fh bdsbh phfth, bassamdafjh edrea jd 5 phfths db eaja caed, ehfchrbd h ehbpribdfth jh bdb`rh. Ifieiafjh pdna
rdmiåh jhs eúfjinhs cdbhrais db jirdíåh ç rdmiåh ifmuifan. Db sdmuija rdpdtir fa caed aftdrihr d jdphis natdran. Fa caed phstdrihr, a nifka ja cdrrajura sdrvd para hridftar a jrdfamdb nifcátiea ja rdmiåh.
Cimura 14 - Nifka ja cdrrajura ― nifkas jd jrdfamdb.
1. Dccnduramd ifieian 0. Bhvibdfths jd `hb`dabdfth 5. @hb`dabdfth nifchfhjhs. Lhdnkh
1. @hb`dabdfth phpnâtdh (rdmiåh bdjian jd lhdnkh) 0. @hb`dabdfth phpnâtdh phstdrihr ― (lhdnkh aftdrihr d phstdrihr)? 5. Ah rdjhr ja patdna :. @hb`dabdfth aftdrihr jd lhdnkh 4. @hb`dabdfth tâ`ia Wdrfa
Ttiniza-sd a téefiea rhtatõria, phsieihfajh uba båh fa caed bdjian d hutra fa natdran ja pdrfa. A båh natdran `hb`dia suavdbdftd db jirdíåh ç rdmiåh bdjian jh lhdnkh, através jd ub bhvibdfth kdniehijan. A båh ja rdmiåh natdran `hb`dia db jirdíåh ç chssa phpnâtda. 1. Dccnduramd ― (pdrfa aftdrihr d phstdrihr)? 0. Bhvibdfth kdniehijan 5. Dstibuna nifchfhjhs phpnâtdhs.
Zhrfhzdnh d Wé
A rdmiåh aftdrihr jh thrfhzdnh é jivijija db 5 nifkas, qud såh jrdfajas ehb bhvibdfths jd `hb`dabdfth fh sdftijh jistan para prhxiban. Dstas nifkas sd dstdfjdb até h béjih pé, qud tab`éb såh jrdfajhs phr bhvibdfths jd `hb`dabdfth.
