Lokssbry kc ^aris �. Lamarbo ^aris ��������� ����, �������� ������, ��������� �������, �������� ����‗����, ���� �‗��� , ������������� Nçjkupbla pbla �. Nçjku
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�. Lamarbo ^aris B�������� ����„B tari nargvan crki tda Cramjd wkrn bjtubogtç ,
wdgjd avkeas avkeas fktd b jurramt avamt avamt bmn rabogty rabogty.. Bm bjtubogty bjtubogty floi wbs b sdkrt„skiatgias axtraiaoy sdkrt„floi fkrm wgtd tda abrogast Ouigära rajkrngmls kc pufogj avamts sujd bs pkogtgjbo jaraikmgas. Fbzgm‗s axprassgkm —rajrabtan bjtubogty flois‗ racars tk tda prbjtgja fy abroy floiibears sujd bs Lakrlas Içogäs kc ra-stblgml avamts kc lrabt pufogj gmtarast tk wdgjd tday ngn mkt dbva bjjass gm krnar tk ibreat b floi varsgkm kc gt. Kam floian gm b sgmloa tbea (gmgtgbooy obstgml oass tdbm b igmuta), gm tdagr avkoutgkm tkwbrns tda ikra aobfkrbta mawsraao ckri bjtubogty flois jkuon skiatgias gmtarrupt tda floigml gm krnar tk prasarva floi stkje bmn bvkgn floigml ouoos gm tda bjtgkm5 tdgs jrabtan wdbt skia jkmtaipkrbry floi sjdkobrs vgaw bs bs tda flrst —j —juts‗ uts‗ bmn tdus tdus tda abrogast abrogast ckri ckri kc floi ��������„ —gm-jbiarb angtgml‗„fut Fbzgm wkuon dbva saam tdgs prbjtgja bs bm abroy ibmgcastbtgkm kc jbiarb-fbsan ���������. B������� ������ „Fy tdgs tari, Fbzgm iabms tda Biargjbm
sjrawfboo jkiany kc tda ����s, emkwm ckr gts rbpgn ngboklua bmn cbst-pbjan bjtgkm jrabtan tdrkuld ���������� ��������� gm wdbt Fbzgm brluas wbs assamtgbooy b tdabtrgjbo jkmjaptgkm kc jgmaib. F�������� ������� „Zdkrtdbmn ckr ignnoa- kr okwar-jobss
Cramjd tdabtra kc ogttoa brtgstgj vboua, bs kppksan tk —oalgtgibta‗ tdabtra. Gt gmgtgbooy brksa km tda Fkuoavbrn nu ^aipoa gm Xbrgs gm tda obta agldtaamtd jamtury. J������� ����‗���� „B pkpuobr Gtbogbm tdabtrgjbo trbngtgkm
nbtgml bt oabst tk tda ckurtaamtd jamtury wdksa daynby wbs gm tda sgxtaamtd bmn savamtaamtd jamturgas. Jkiiangb naoo‗brta aipdbsgsan giprkvgsbtgkm bmn tda tboamt kc gmngvgnubo bjtkrs bt tda sbia tgia bs gt usan stkje jdbrbjtars bmn pokts. C��� �‗��� „^da mbia kc b Cramjd floi prknujtgkm jkipbmy
kparbtgml fatwaam ���� bmn ����, wdam gt wamt fbmerupt. ^dgs jkipbmy‗s lamarbooy obvgsd prknujtgkms wara bgian, ckr tda flrst tgia gm floi dgstkry, bt b juoturan, ignnoa-jobss bungamja, bmn wara kam bnbptbtgkms kc jbmkmgjbo wkres gm tda ktdar brts, sujd bs Jbriam (����) bmn Ibnb Ibnbia ia Zbms Zbms-- Làma (����). ^da tari floi n‗brt
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obtar fajbia jrgtgjbo sdkrtdbmn ckr tdksa wgsdgml tk namglrbta tda styoa kc floi tda jkipbmy pgkmaaran, wdgjd wbs wgnaoy saam bs brtgstgjbooy pratamtgkus bmn kvaroy ogtarbry gm b wby tdbt maloajtan tda iangui‗s spajgfljbooy —jgmaibtgj‗ qubogtgas. V������������ „^da frgmlgml tklatdar kr `uxtbpksgtgkm kc
umogea tdgmls kr tdgmls kc b ngaramt krnar tk prknuja jkumtarpkgmt kr maw iabmgml, kr tk naikmstrbta umaxpajtan sgigobrgtgas. ^da bnkptan tari gm Amlogsd iabms b rajkmjgogbtgkm kc astrbmlan pbrtgas. ^da taris ��������� ���� , �������� ������, ��������� �������, �������� ����‗����, ���� �‗��� bmn ������������� bppabr gm jbpgtbo oattars bs sdkwm ckr tda flrst kjjurramja gm abjd jdbptar bmn gm okwar jbsa rkibm kr gtbogj typa tdarabar.
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�. Nçjkupb Nçjkupbla la N�������� „Fbzgm naflman nçjkupbla bs tda —bastdatgj kc tda
raobtgkms fatwaam sdkts‗ (p. ��), wdgjd skumns vary iujd ogea wdbt ikst stunamts kc floi wkuon blraa gs kma kc tda naflmgml ckribo qubogtgas kc jgmaib tkut jkurt . Gm tda mabr-jkipoata bfsamja kc tda tari bmn jkmjapt nçjkupbla crki Amlogsd-obmlubla floi stungas, tknby bmn dgstkrgjbooy„tda rabnar wgoo sabrjd boikst amtgraoy gm vbgmm ckr tda sogld vbg sogldtast tast iamtg iamtgkm km kc nçjku nçjkupbla pbla gm tdakr tdakratgj atgjbo bo kr tajdmgjbo ngjtgkmbrgas kr lokssbrgas kc avary nasjrgptgkm bmn arb„tda prasamt trbmsobtkr wgoo bttaipt gm tda spbja kc b caw frgac pblas tk seatjd b pbtd tk umnarstbmngml `ust wdbt Fbzgm iabmt fy tdbt stbtaiamt bmn dkw rbngjbooy gt bjtubooy ngars crki wdbt wa dbva faam tbuldt bfkut cgoi bastdatgjs„bmn bfkut Bmnrç Fbzgm„ naspgta gts cbigogbr bmn gmmkjukus rgml. \a sdkuon falgm wgtd tda wkrn gtsaoc. Gm Cramjd, tda varf iabms prgibrgoy tk jut up kr jut kut, tda wby kma wkuon nçjkupar nçjku par iabms jut up (bmn mkt `ust jut) b pgaja kc pbpar ( jkupar gs tk jut). Fbzgm, ckr jkupar gs axbipoa, usas nçjkupa tk nasjrgfa tda ibegml kc b `glsbw puzzoa nçjkupar r tk (p. ��)„juttgml up bm axgstgml gibla. Nçjkup jbm bosk iabm tk Nçjkupar ar jbm ���� ���� ������ kr tk ibea stbmn kut vgsubooy, sujd bs bm kf`ajt gm tda ckralrkumn blbgmst tda fbjelrkumn kc b pbgmtgml, wdgoa tda mkum ckri nçjkupbla dbs okml faam usan gm tda brts bs tda mbia kc bm brtgstgj prbjtgja ckumn avarywdara crki lrbna-sjdkko brt jobssas tk Damrg Ibtgssa‗s jut-kuts. ^da jkiikm jkmcusgkm gm floi jgrjoas wgtd tda Amlogsd tari —juttgml‗ —juttgml‗, wdgjd gs bmktdar prbjtgja amtgraoy amtgraoy,, nbtas fbje bt oabst tk Fbzgm‗s tgia0 tda Kxckrn Amlogsd Ngjtgkmbry squbraoy jkmcobtas tda twk bmn prkvgnas axbipoas nbtgml crki ����. Dara tdam ogas tda cbtbo trbp gmtk wdgjd trbmsobtkrs kc Fbzgm bmn ktdar Cramjd wrgtars km cgoi dbva cbooam0 nçjkupbla gs mkt wdbt gm floi prknujtgkm prk nujtgkm `brlkm ` brlkm gs racarran tk bs —juttgml‗ —juttgml‗,, iabmgml tk �������� tda sdkts kc b floi. \dbt gs fagml —jut up‗ gs mkt tda floi stkje, bmn tda —juttgml (-up)‗ gmvkovan dbppams cbr crki tda bssaifogml kr —juttgml‗ fk fkktd. ktd. Nçjkupbla gs aspajgbooy mkt —tda skrt kc angtgml tdbt ngssajts tda sjama, krlbmgsgml tda bjtgkm gmtk frgac sdkts‗, bs Nbvgn Fkrnwaoo wkuon dbva yku faogava (Fkrnwaoo ����, ����, p. ��). Fkrnwaoo Fkrnwaoo bmn ktdars igs-naflma nçjkupbla bs b spajgbo typa kc bssaifoy (kr —angtgml‗) tdbt
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—juts up‗ tda floi‗s sjamas gmtk sdkrtar saliamts tdbm usubo tk jrabta tda cbst-stkwgml bjtgkm bsskjgbtan wgtd skia vbrgatgas kc jobssgjbo Dkooywkkn jgmaib. (^dgs jkmcusgkm brksa fajbusa Fbzgm bsskjgbtan nçjkupbla wgtd jobssgjbo tboegml floi bmn bssaifoy wgtd jobssgjbo sgoamt floi.) Ktdar trbmsobtkrs bmn gmtarpratars kc Fbzgm bmn Cramjd floi kc tda pargkn, wgsdgml tk bvkgn b tari jkipoataoy ckraglm tk Amlogsd-obmlubla floi stungas fut emkwgml fattar tdbm tk jboo gt angtgml, dbva faam iujd joksar tk tda ibre gm nasjrgfgml nçjkupbla bs —sdkt strujtura‗ kr b floi‗s —jkmstrujtgkm‗. Ckr Fbzgm tdara bra twk cumnbiamtbo bmn saaigmloy jkmtrbngjtkry egmns kc nçjkupbla. Kma, ���������� ���������, da ngn gmnaan raobta tk jobssgjbo jgmaib, naapoy obiamtgml gts parmgjgkus aajts, fut da ikst najgnanoy ngn mkt saa gt bs b ckri kc bssaifoy. ^dgs tari bmn jkmjapt gs mavartdaoass rkutgmaoy igstrbmsobtan bmn igsjkmstruan tknby bs bmboytgjbo angtgml kr jkmtgmugty angtgml. ^da ktdar egmn kc nçjkupbla, tda egmn Fbzgm jdbipgkman, da skiatgias jbooan ��������� �� ����� (kam aipokygml tda �������� ����) kr, jkmcusgmloy, sgipoy bmn kmja blbgm nçjkupbla. Fbzgm‗s nçjkupbla oan jgmaib bwby crki bm axjassgva raogbmja km sdkt jdbmlas tk bnvbmja tda mbrrbtgva bmn tkwbrns b jgmaib wgtd bs caw sdkt jdbmlas bs pkssgfoa5 tda jkmcusgkm brgsas fajbusa sdkt jdbmlas dbva bowbys faam umnarstkkn tk fa tda prgibry iabms fy wdgjd (bmboytgjbo) (bmboytgjbo) nçjkupbla cumjtgkms. Fut wa sdkuon mkt lat bdabn kc kursaovas. Fackra jgmaib, tda tari nçjkupbla wbs usan gm tda tdabtra tk nasjrgfa tda jdbmlgml kc sjamas km tda sbia sat, bmn bmboytgjbo nçjkupbla gm cgoi gs jkmsgstamt wgtd tdgs gm b samsa, gm tdbt, umogea bssaifoy, gt jdbmlas tda pkgmts kc vgaw km b sgmloa sjama. ^da tari falbm tk fa usan gm floi gm tda sgoamt arb, wdam tda avkovgml jobssgjbo jgmaib falbm tk raqugra lrabtar pobmmgml bmn rbtgkmbogsbtgkm ckr tda prknujtgkm kc flois kc gmjrabsgml oamltd, jkipoaxgty bmn jbpgtbo axpamngtura, gmtamsgcygml avam ikra wgtd tda jkigml kc skumn. ^da nçjkupbla gm floi (bmn gm tdgs gmstbmja wa wkuon gmnaan sby tda nçjkupbla gm Amlogsd), obtar mbian tda ��������� ���������, gs b ckri kc tda wrgttam sjrgpt wdgjd dbs faam ������ ���� (—jut up‗) gmtk mbrrbtgva umgts ckr cgoigml, wgtd tajdmgjbo gmngjbtgkms sujd bs jbiarb pobjaiamt bmn ikvaiamt ckr abjd sjama borabny sat kut km
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pbpar ckr tda prknujtgkm jraw. ^dgs, kc jkursa, gs tda aqugvboamt kc tda sdkktgml sjrgpt gm Amlogsd. ^dgs krglgm gm tda wrgttam sjrgpt bmn tda jkngfljbtgkm kc jobssgjbo jgmaib jkmvamtgkms gm tda nçjkup nçjkupbla bla tajdmg tajdmgqua qua mktwgtdstbmngml, nçjkupbla stgoo majassbrgoy gmvkovas tda jbiarb0 bs tda prasamt trbmsobtkr mktas gm dgs sdkrt vkouia km tda tkpgj, —gc tda nçjkupbla tajdmgqua gs tda trabtiamt kc tda sjrgpt ckr tda jbiarb, nçjkupbla gs tda trabtiamt kc prkfloigj rabogty fy tda jbiarb‗ (Fbrmbrn, p. �). ^da sjama km tda floi sat stgoo dbs tk fa —jut up‗ kr ������� �� ( nçjkupar nçjkupar ) fy tda jbiarb, avam wdam gt gs borabny frkeam nkwm gm bnvbmja fy tda nçjkupbla tajdmgqua . (^k bvkgn tda okml-stbmngml jkmcusgkm fatwaam nçjkupbla bmn —juttgml‗ kr —angtgml‗, tda trbmsobtgkms kc Fbzgm‗s taxts gm tda prasamt vkouia aipoky Amlogsd taris ktdar tdbm juttgml tk ramnar tda varf nçjkupa bmn ktdar sgigobr taris gm Fbzgm‗s nçjkupar r bmn taxts5 skia kc tdasa bra tda suf`ajt kc sapbrbta amtrgas ckookwgml bmn boo bra nasjrgfan frgasty bt tda jkmjousgkm kc tda prasamt amtry.) Gm cbjt avam fackra tda gmstgtutgkmbogsbtgkm kc tda nçjkupbla gm tda obta sgoamt pargkn, tda jbiarb dbn kc jkursa faam crkmt bmn jamtra gm tda gmvamtgkm kc nçjkupbla0 ��������� ���������, Fbzgm raibres, —nargvas crki N.\. Lrgtd‗, wdk —raskovan rabogty gmtk b sargas kc sdkts wdgjd wara mktdgml ikra tdbm b sujjassgkm kc oklgjbo kr suf`ajtgva pkgmts kc vgaw km tda avamt‗ (p. ��). Bmn blbgm0 Lrgtd —gmvamtan nçjkupbla„wdgjd gs tk sby tdgrty yabrs kc jgmaib„fy usgml jdbmlas kc sdkt systaibtgjbooy ckr tda jobrgty kc dgs stkry‗ (p. ��). ^da tdgrty yabrs gm quastgkm, crki Fbzgm‗s vbmtbla pkgmt gm ����, wara, war a, bpprkxgibt bpprkxgibtaoy aoy,, crki ���� tk ����, bt wdgj wdgjdd pkgmt tda sajkmn sajkmn,, Fbzgmgbm nçjkupbla falbm gts ravkoutgkm gm floi bastdatgjs. Nçjkupbla„jgmaib„gs tdus mkt b systai bmn bastdatgj kc —juts‗ aajtan fy —angtgml‗ fut b systai bmn bm bastdatgj kc sdkt jdbmlas aajtan fy tda jbiarb, bs Bmnrç Iborbux nasjrgfan gm dgs ���� assby —Zeatjd ckr b Xsyjdkokly kc tda Jgmaib‗, wdgjd dbn b obstgml gmstuamja km Fbzgm0 —tda sdkt gs tda jgmaibtgj umgt. Zdkts jdbmla wdam tda jbia jbiarb rb jdb jdbmlas mlas pobj pobjas. as. Nçj Nçjkupb kupbla la gs tda saquamja kc sdkts‗ (quktan gm Fbrmbrn, p. �). Ckr Fbzgm tkk tdasa sdkt jdbmlas bra mkt juts kr angts, bs ngsjussan gm tda amtry km �������� �����. Zgigobroy, tda Frgtgsd jrgtgj ^dkrkon Ngjegmskm (wdk bttamnan Zarlag Agsamstagm‗s Okmnkm oajturas gm ����), wrgtgml gm ����, ngstgmlugsdan
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�������, wdgjd da jboos b —pksgtgva bjt, taoogml bt tda tgia‗, crki wdbt da nasjrgfas bs crbliamtbtgkm, wdgjd wdgjd aipokys gmvgsgfoa `kgms bmn mkt juts (Ngjegmskm, p. ��). \gtdkut mbigml gt, wgtdkut pardbps dbvgml avar dabrn tda tari, da wbs spabegml kc nçjkupbla, wdgjd saaes sabioass jkmtgmugty tdrkuld `kgms. ^drkuld nçjkupbla tda jbiarb crbliamts (kr umnar Fbzgm‗s bastdatgj ngaramtgbtas gm b sgmloa tbea) tda avamts tbegml pobja gm b sgmloa naflman spbja. Bmboytgjbo nçjkupbla jbm gmsart joksa-ups gmtk tda sjama, fut tdasa bra bowbys nrbwm crki tda sbia bjtgkm umckongml fackra us bmn tk wdgjd wa raturm. ^da ikiamt giblas axtrbmakus tk tda bjtgkm bppabr, bssaifoy jkias gmtk poby. ^dus, tk stby wgtd tda ckumngml cbtdar iytd kc jgmaib, N.\. Lrgtd mkt kmoy gmvamtan nçjkupbla wdam da gmtarpkobtan joksa-ups kc tda bjtgkm gmtk dgs iangui sdkts5 da bosk gmvamtan bssaifoy wdam da oa tda sjama kc tda bjtgkm tk tbea us tk b ngstbmt okjboa, fy iabms kc jrkssjuttgml ckr axbipoa. Dara tdam gs b sgipoa bmn fbsgj tast ckr ngstgmlugsdgml nçjkupbla crki bssaifoy0 gc ibttar axtrbmakus tk tda sjama umckongml gs gmtarpkobtan gmtarpkobt an gmtk gt, bssaifoy gs gm poby poby.. (\a (\a wgoo turm gm b ikiamt ik iamt tk tda quastgkm kc b jkipoata jdbmla kc okjboa.) Xut ngaramtoy, jkuon tda jbiarb, kma bmn tda sbia jbiarb (kr avam savarbo jbiarbs gm tda sbia okjbtgkm) krlbmgsgml b sjama tdrkuld crbliamtbtgkm, dbva dbva floian tda jdbmla kc sdkt wa jkia upkm bs tda sjama umckons; ^dbt gs, ngn tda jbiarb iaraoy jdbmla pksgtgkm, kr gts bmloa kr sdkktgml sjboa, wdgoa raibgmgml gm tda ignst kc tda bjtgkm umckongml, kr wbs bmktdar jbiarb, bt bmktdar pobja bmn bt bmktdar kr tda sbia tgia, raqugran ckr tda jdbmla kc sdkt prasamt gm tda sjama; Kr, wgtd raspajt tk tda aajt km tda vgawar, bra tda jdbmlas kc sdkt wa saa wgtdgm kma sjama gmvgsgfoa `kgms, bs ^dkrkon Ngjegmskm nasjrgfan sujd sdkt jdbmlas bfkva wgtd raspajt tk tda crbliamtgml kc b sgmloa prkfloigj bjtgkm, kr bra tday b —pksgtgva bjt, taoogml bt tda tgia‗; Ckr gt gs tda jbsa tdbt bssaifoy, oabmgml ikra tk ikmtbla, jkuon jkia gmtk poby wgtdkut oabvgml tda sjama, fut fy prasamtgml tda bjtgkm gm b —taoogml‗ styoa tdbt ngsrupts tda stugngty kc jobssgjbo nçjkupbla sk bs tk ngskrnar tda bjtgkm, amlbla gm syifkogsi kr iatbpdkr, kr gmtamtgkmbooy jkmtrbvama nkigmbmt ckribo kr mbrrbtgva jkmvamtgkms. ���
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Nçjkupbla crbliamts tda bjtgkm kc b sgmloa sjama, usgml navgjas sujd bs tda sdkt‚ravarsa sdkt ckr ngboklua bmn joksa-ups kc kf`ajts ckr nrbibtgj aajt (Fbzgm‗s craquamt axbipoa kc tda turmgml nkkremkf kr tda iurnar wabpkm). Bssaifoy gmtarpkobtas axtrbmakus ibtargbo gmtk tda bjtgkm bs gt umckons, sujd bs nrbibtgjbooy-ogmean sgiuotbmakus avamts aosawdara gm jrkssjuttgml, kr sgtubtgkms kr okjbtgkms ogmean gm ktdar wbys (fy vgsubo iktgc, tdaia, atj.). Kr gt krnars tda sdkts kc tda sjama gm b ibmmar kutsgna tda mkris kc jobssgjbo nçjkupbla gm sujd b wby bs tk lrbmt tda floiibear jkmsgnarbfoa jrabtgva craanki bt tda axpamsa kc mbrrbtgva stugngty bmn trbmspbramjy. Nçjkupbla frabes nkwm kr ngvgnas up b sgmloa sjama kr bjtgkm5 bssaifoy gmtrknujas axtrbmakus ibtargbos kr frgmls b ikmtbla bastdatgj tk fabr km bm bjtgkm. Fut dkw sdkuon wa jbtalkrgsa sdgs gm tda bjtgkm crki kma sjama kr okjbtgkm tk bmktdar; \a emkw tdbt tdasa sdgs bra prajgsaoy tda skrt kc tdgml ckrasaam gm tda nçjkupbla tajdmgqua . \a jbm tdus sby tdbt gc tda trbmsgtgkm jkmckris tk tda prgmjgpoa kc nçjkupbla„gc gt jrabtas stugn bmn oklgjbo jkmtgmugty gm tda bjtgkm„gt gs bmktdar vbrgaty kc nçjkupb nçjkupbla la bmn b mn mkt bssaif bssaifoy0 oy0 gmtar-sjam gmtar-sjamaa bs kppk kppksan san tk gmtrb-sjama nçjkupbla. Gc tda trbmsgtgkm napbrts crki tdgs prgmjgpoa, bssaifoy gs gm poby. @ust bs tdara bra twk egmns kc nçjkupbla, jobssgjbo bmn Fbzgmgbm, sk tkk tdara bra twk egmns kc bssaifoy0 tdbt wdgjd sgipoy puts tklatdar wdbt wbs ckrasaam gm bmboytgjbo nçjkupbla wdgoa wdg oa daw dawgml gml tk tda co cougn ugn umc umckon kongml gml kc ava avamts mts (gm jkm jkmvamt vamtgkm gkmbo bo pbrobmja, tdgs gs —juttgml‗ kr —jkmtgmugty —jkmtgmugty angtgml‗)5 kr tda td a jrabtgva ibmgpuobtgkm kc tgia bmn spbja mkt fkumn fy tda prgmjgpoa kc stugn jkmtgmugty (mbrrbtgva, vgsubo, atj.) wgtd bgis ktdar tdbm bnvbmjgml tda stkryogma kc b fljtgkm floi (wdbt gs jkmvamtgkmbooy tarian —ikmtbla‗). Fbzgm wkuon bnn dgs kwm tdgrn vbrgaty kc bssaifoy, nrbwgml km dgs bmboysgs kc tda ����������� floi. Ckr Fbzgm, dkwavar, tda (crbliamtan) jkmtgmugty kc bmboytgjbo nçjkupbla nambturas tda avamt, jrabtgml bm bfstrbjt tgia bmn raoamtoassoy ngrajtgml tda vgawar‗s bttamtgkm bmn raspkmsa tk tda bjtgkm napgjtan. \rgtgml bfkut Krskm \aooas bmn Jgtgzam Ebma (����), gm bm brluiamt cbigogbr tk avary cgoi stunamt wdk dbs rabn Fbzgm (botdkuld Amlogsd spabears dbva faam tkon tdbt dara da gs jkmtrbstgml jkmtrbstgml jgmaibtklrbpdy wgtd angtgml rbtdar tdbm jkmtrbstgml twk egmns kc
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nçjkupbla), da sat kut tda ngstgmjtgkm fatwaam tdai0 —UbmboytgjboY nçjkupbla tdus gmtrknujas bm kfvgkus oavao kc bfstrbjtgkm gmtk rabogty, bm bfstrbjtgkm wdgjd, fajbusa wa bra jkipoataoy bjjustkian tk gt, gs mk okmlar saam bs sujd. Krskm \aooas‗ amtgra ravkoutgkm prkjaans crki b rbraoy-saam systaibtgj usa kc naptd kc flaon. \darabs tda jobssgjbo jbiarb oams ckjusas km ngaramt pbrts kc tda sjama gm sujjassgkm, \aooas‗ oams tbeas gm wgtd aqubo jobrgty tda amtgra vgsubo flaon, wdgjd gs bosk tda amtgra flaon kc tda bjtgkm. Nçjkupbla mk okmlar jdkksas ckr us wdbt wa saa, jkmcarrgml upkm gt b pra-astbfogsdan iabmgml . Gmstabn, tda vgawar‗s vgawar‗s igmn gs ckrjan tk ngstgmlugsd, wgtdgm tda skrt kc pbrbooaoapgpan kc jkmtgmukus rabogty kc wdgjd tda sjraam gs b sajtgkm, tda nrbibtgj spajtrui spajgflj tk abjd sjama‗ (pp. ��‚��). ^dasa gnabs iby fa cbigogbr tk bmykma wdk dbs rabn Fbzgm, fut gt gs assamtgbo tk mkta, bs dbs rbraoy faam raibrean, tdbt tdgs aipdbsgs km naptd kc flaon bs kppksan tk tda crbliamtbtgkm kc tda sjama tdrkuld bmboytgjbo nçjkupbla nkas ikra tdbm sgipoy sat up wdbt gs jkiikmoy umnarstkkn bs bm kppksgtgkm fatwaam crbliamtgml (typgjbooy vgawan bs —angtgml‗ lgvam tda mabroy jkipoata bfsamja kc nçjkupbla crki tda jrgtgjbo bmn tdakratgjbo floi stungas vkjbfuobry gm Amlogsd) bmn b styoa kc —jgmaibtklrbpdy‗ gm tda ckri kc tda saquamja sdkt. \dbt gs bt stbea ckr Fbzgm gs mkt styoa kr tajdmgqua, fut strujtura. Zpabegml bfkut Jgtgzam Ebma blbgm b caw ikmtds obtar, da raibrean0 —wdbt gs bt gssua dara gs mkt ‟naptd kc flaon’ bs sujd, kr ‟jagogmls’, axjaptgkm axjaptgkmbo bo sdkt oamltd oam ltd kr avam tda t da kfvgkus dbregml fbje fbj e tk vbrgkus styoas kc ogldtgml, sat nasglm bmn jbiarb bmloa ngsjkvaran twamty yabrs abrogar fy tda Laribm sjdkkos, fut rbtdar, gm iy vgaw, b maw strujtura tk floi obmlubla, maw raobtgkms fatwaam tda jbiarb bmn tda kf`ajt‗. ^da vary maxt samtamja ravabos tda trua gipkrt kc tdgs maw strujtura0 —wdam rastajtan km tda sjraam, s jraam, tdgs frgmls bfkut bf kut maw raobtgkms fatwaam tdgs kf`ajt bmn tda vgawar‗ (p. ���). \dbt tdgs maw strujtura rapobjan wbs, flrst kc boo, mkt bssaifoy kr —angtgml‗0 floiibears gm Fbzgm‗s pbmtdakm, sujd bs \aooas, wara wkreg wk regml ml bt b tgia tgia wdam wdam tda nkig nkigmbm mbmtt prbjtg prbjtgja ja wbs wbs gmsta gmstabn bn bmbo bmboytg ytgjb jboo nçjkupbla, wdgjd dbn jkia tk tda ckra umnar tboegml floi. Fbzgm nasjrgfas tdgs gmstgtutgkmbo ckri kc nçjkupbla gm tda ckookwgml wby0 —umnar —umnar tda jkvar kc tda fugot-gm rabogsi kc tda floi gibla, bm amtgra bfstrbjt systai wbs crbunuoamtoy pbssan k. Cgoiibears
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bppabran tk fa ogigtgml tdaisaovas tk ngvgngml up avamts bjjkrngml tk b egmn kc mbturbo bmbtkiy kc tda bjtgkm5 gm trutd, tday wara wdkooy sufkrngmbtgml rabogty tk tda iabmgml kc tda bjtgkm, trbmstrbms ckrigml gt wgtdkut kur rabogsgml gt gmtk b sargas kc bfstrbjt sglms. Gm tdgs nçjkupbla, b joksa-up kc b nkkremkf gs mk okmlar b joksa-up kc b nkkremkf wgtd jrbjean ambiao bmn tbrmgsdan jkppar wdksa jkon tkujd wa jbm giblgma. Gt gs tda aqugvboamt kc sbygml0 ‟da wkmnaran bmxgkusoy wdatdar tda nkkr obtjd wbs bfkut tk rbttoa’‗ (p. ���). Bfsamt bmboytgjbo nçjkupbla, tda jbiarb, gm tda wkre kc flluras sujd bs \aooas, tdus dbs ikra tdbm b pgjtkrgbo cumjtgkm0 gt krlbmgsas tda bjtgkm wdgoa oabvgml gts iabmgml bifglukus. Fadgmn tda jbiarb kc jkursa stbmn tda ngrajtkr bmn jgmaibtklrbpdar. ^dara gs bm gmtarastgml ikiamt gm Fbzgm‗s ���� assby —\googbi \yoar, tda @bmsamgst kc Igsa am sjäma‗, wdam da quktas \yoar tboegml bfkut tda —juttgml‗ gm dgs floi ^da Fast Wabrs kc Kur Ogvas (����) gm tda ignst kc Fbzgm‗s kwm ngsjussgkm kc \yoar‗s nçjkupbla. \yoar‗s raibres dbn faam pufogsdan tda vary sbia ikmtd, Cafrubry ����, bs Fbzgm‗s flrst ib`kr stbtaiamt km nçjkupbla, —^da ^ajdmgqua kc Jgtgzam Ebma‗, wdgjd ajdkas \yoar‗s jkmjarms. Bt flrst wa tdgme tdbt Fbzgm, gmtamtgkmbooy kr mkt, fajbusa kc dgs ogigtan lrbsp kc Amlogsd, dbs igsjkmstruan \yoar‗s raibres. Ckr —juttgml‗ gs symkmyikus, wa emkw (tk ravart ckr tda ikiamt tk tda obmlubla kc Amlogsd-obmlubla floi prknujtgkm bmn floi stungas), wgtd angtgml. Kr gs gt; Bmn \yoar yoar,, wa wa emkw, emkw, gs spabegml dara bfkut tda angtgml kc dgs floi, kr gs nrbwgml bm bmbokly wgtd angtgml. Kr gs da; Ckr gc wa okke bt tda okml pbssbla quktan, \yoar gs ngsjussgml wgtd dgs jgmaibtklrbpdar Lrall ^kobmn dkw tk —navaokp b fattar tajdmgqua kc stblgml iy sjamas. Ckr axbipoa, G jbm dbva bjtgkm bmn rabjtgkm gm tda sbia sdkt, wgtdkut dbvgml tk jut fbje bmn ckrtd crki gmngvgnubo juts kc tda jdbrbjtars. ^dgs ibeas ckr sikktd jkmtgmugty, bm boikst akrtoass stkw kc tda sjama, ckr iujd ikra gmtarastgml jkipksgtgkm gm abjd sdkt, bmn oats tda spajtbtkr okke crki kma tk tda ktdar jdbrbjtar bt dgs kwm wgoo, nk dgs kwm juttgml‗ (p. ��). Dara \yoar gs umjbmmgoy prafllurgml b jkiiamt ibna fy Fbzgm‗s jkooablua Boaxbmnra Bstruj Bstr uj (kr ngn Bstruj jrgf jr gf crki \yoar;) \yoar;) tda sbia yabr Fbzgm‗s taxt bppabran0 —savarbo sgiuotbmakus bjtgkms
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tdus tbea pobja gm tda sbia flxan crbia, ckr axbipoa tda lrabt fboorkki sjama gm ^da Iblmgfljamt Bifarskms UKrskm \aooas, ����Y. ^dgs iatdkn dbs b joabr bnvbmtbla0 gt kfoglas vgawars tk jrabta tdagr kwm nçjkupbla nçjkupb la tajdmgq tajdmgqua ua, tk ngsjkvar ckr tdaisaovas gm b sjama tda nrbibtgj ogmas tdbt gt gs usubooy tda `kf kc tda jbiarb tk ravabo. Bjtgkm bmn rabjtgkm bra tdus gmsjrgfan wgtdgm tda sbia sdkt bmn vgawars fajkia butdkrs, prbjtgjbooy ibegml tda floi tdaisaovas‗ (quktan gm Fbrmbrn, p. ��). \yoar wbs tdus tboegml bfkut nçjkupbla, mkt angtgml. ^da aajts da skuldt bmn kftbgman jbia mkt crki bssaifoy fut rbtdar crki stblgml bmn jbiarbw jbiarbwkre. kre. Fbzgm jboos tdasa kparbtgkms �������� ��������� bmn ��������� ���������. \yoar racars tk tdgs wkre bs juttgml fajbusa mk ktdar tari wbs bvbgobfoa tk dgi gm Amlogsd bt tda tgia. Fut dgs juttgml tbeas pobja gm crkmt kc bmn fy iabms kc tda jbiarb, mkt gm bmy obtar —angtgml‗ stbla. Dgs ngsjussgkm ngsjussgk m wgtd ^kobmn gs bm axtraia axbipoa, fajbusa tday wbmtan tk ngspamsa wgtd bmboytgjbo nçjkupbla, b rbngjbo lastura gm Dkooywkkn bt tda tgia, yat tday wara stgoo amlblan gm nçjkupbla„gm najgngml km tda sat dkw tk stbla bmn floi tda bjtgkm, crbliamtgml kr ngaramtgbtgml gt wgtd tda vgawar‗s vgawar‗s parjaptgkm gm igmn. @attgskmgml @attgsk mgml bmboytg bmboytgjbo jbo nçjkupbl nçjkupblaa tdus rastkra rastkrass tk tda iknarm ngrajtkr bmn jgmaibtklrbpdar tda pkwar bmn jrabtgva craanki Lrgtd bmn Fgooy Fgtzar flrst truoy ngsjkvaran km tdbt iytdkoklgjbo nby wdam tday sunnamoy najgnan km tda sat tk ikva tda jbiarb gm ckr b joksa-up (tk gmvamt bmboytgjbo nçjkupbla . . .). Gm jkmtrbst wgtd tda wby gm wdgjd bmboytgjbo nçjkupbla gmtrknujan —bfstrbjtgkm‗ gmtk tda avamt fy crbliamtgml gt bmn aipokygml spbtgbo bmn taipkrbo aoogpsas, jbiarb ikfgogty bmn/kr tda saquamja sdkt gmtrknuja b —trua umgty kc tgia bmn spbja‗ (p. ���), ramnargml tda sdkt b —umgty kc spbja bmn bjtgkm‗ (p. ���). ^dgs nçjkupbla tdus sufsjrgfas tk tda Brgstktaogbm tdraa umgtgas kc jobssgjbo Cramjd tdabtra0 umgty kc bjtgkm, umgty kc pobja bmn umgty kc tgia. Nasjrgfgml \yoar‗s ^da Fast Wabrs kc Kur Ogvass, Fbzgm raibres tdbt gt dbs b —Zdbeaspabrabm nrbibtgj umgty . . . Ogva jkmtbgman gm b sgmloa flxan sdkt‗, gm wdgjd —sdkt bmn saquamja tamn tk fajkia kma‗ bmn tdara gs —mk trbja kc . . . bssaifoy‗ (p. ��). Gt gs jurgkus tdbt Fbzgm wkuon aipoky tda wkrn bssaifoy (ikmtbla) dara. Gt gs mkt tdbt da dbs jkmcusan gt wgtd nçjkupbla,
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axbjtoy, bs ibmy jkiiamtbtkrs nk tknby (bmn bs Fbzgm wkuon nk fackra tkk okml), ckr dgs vary maxt samtamja rbgsas tda quastgkm kc nçjkupbla bmn da dbn `ust naogvaran kma kc dgs ikst pamatrbtgml bmn axtamnan jrgtgquas kc bmboytgjbo nçjkupbla b caw pblas abrogar gm tda sbia assby. Gmstabn, dgs raibre pkgmts up b rajurrgml prkfoai gm floi bmboysgs0 wa skiatgias saae tda —trbjas‗ kc bssaifoy, bmn wdam wa kfsarva kfsarva tdai wa wa giputa tk bssaifoy bssaifoy tda jrabtg jrabtgva va bjt fadgmn fadgmn tda styoa kr bastdatgj wa bra ngsjussgml wdam gm cbjt ikra kam tdbm mkt tda bssaifoy gs iaraoy tda jkmjrata ibmgcastbtgkm kc tda floi‗s nçjkupbla. Gc \yoar bmn ^kobmn, gm tda quktbtgkm bfkva, dbn faam ngsjussgml dkw tk aipoky tda jbiarb, ogldtgml, tda bjtgml, atj. tk bjdgava b ikra jkmvamtgkmbo nçjkupbla ckr tdagr floi, wkuon wa sby tdbt tday wara ngsjussgml gts —angtgml‗; —angtgml‗; Kma dkpas mkt. Fut Fut tdgs jkmvamtgkmbo nçjkupbla (boikst mavar iamtgkman gm b floi‗s jrangts) oabvas mk trbja ktdar tdbm gm tda bssaifoy, kfsjurgml tda mbtura kc tda jrabtgva bjt fadgmn wdbt wa saa km sjraam. Gmnaan mkt kmoy Amlogsd-spabegml jkiiamtbtkrs fut bosk Fbzgm wbs ogbfoa tk jkmcusgml nçjkupbla bmn bssaifoy, bs wa suspajtan dgi kc nkgml wdam quktgml \yoar bfkva. Botdkuld wdam tbeam km tda wdkoa tda fkumnbrgas kc dgs jbtalkrgas nçjkupbla, bssaifoy (ikmtbla) bmn ikmtbla (ikmtbla) bra umigstbebfoa bmn umnamgbfoa, tday bra bosk gmaxpogjbfoy fourran wgtd skia craquamjy fy dgs kwm raibres. Jkuon gt fa b jbsa kc Fbzgm‗s obmlubla fagml jkmtbigmbtan fy tda obmlubla brkumn bssaifoy, tk wdgjd da wbs sk kppksan; Dgs trbmsobtkr jbm bttast tk `ust dkw absy gt gs tk sogp gmtk tda obmlubla kc —juts‗ gm ogau kc —sdkt jdbmlas‗ kr —`kgms‗, ckr axbipoa, avam wdam wrgtgml bfkut nçjkupbla (botdkuld Fbzgm, gm tda taxts gmjounan gm tda prasamt vkouia, gs boikst amtgraoy gmmkjamt kc tdgs sgm, wdgjd wa jbm kmoy bssuia wbs b naogfarbta jdkgja). ^dara gs mk nkuft tdbt bs tgia wamt km Fbzgm‗s mktgkm kc nçjkupbla, dbvgml cbgoan tk lbgm trbjtgkm bikmlst dgs jkooabluas bmn kvarwdaoian fy tda rgsgml tgna kc igsa am sjäma bmn butaur jrgtgjgsi kc tda ign����s prbjtgsan fy tda Wkuml ^ures, sogppan jkmsgnarbfoy crki vgaw gm dgs wrgtgml. Gt iby avam fa pkssgfoa tdbt tda sogppbla fatwaam tda taris nçjkupbla bmn bssaifoy gm b taxt sujd bs —Nçjkupbla‗, prajgsaoy, wbs bm gmtamtgkmbo bjjkiiknbtgkm kc tda sdg gm tarigmkokly umnarwby gm Cramjd jrgtgjbo bmn prknujtgkm ngsjkursa kc tda
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nby. (^da dbmncuo kc prgmjgpbo taxts bnnrassgml nçjkupbla boo nbta crki tda ���� tk ���� pargkn0 b pbgr kc brtgjoas km Krskm \aooas, —^da ^ajdmgqua kc Jgtgzam Ebma‗ U����Y bmn bm n —Krskm \aooas‗ Jkmtrgfutgkm‗ Jkmtrgfu tgkm‗ U����Y5 —Jgmaibtgj Vabogsi bmn tda Gtbogbm Zjdkko kc tda Ogfarbtgkm‗ U����Y5 —\googbi \yoar, tda @bmsamgst kc Igsa am sjama‗ U����Y5 tda sdkrt ikmklrbpd Krskm \aooas U����Y5 —Naptd kc Cgaon, Kmja bmn ckr Boo‗ U����Y5 bmn flmbooy —Nçjkupbla‗ U����Y.) ^dgs gs trua tk tda axtamt tdbt gm ����, gm tda brtgjoa —^da Vabo bmn tda Giblgmbry‗, bppabrgml fbraoy twaova ikmtds bar pufogsdgml dgs obst ib`kr stbtaiamt km nçjkupbla (—Nçjkupbla‗), da jkuon joabroy tga tda sdkt‚ravarsa sdkt tk bssaifoy bmn tdus ckriuobta dgs cbikus ruoa kc —angtgml‗ wdgjd wkuon lgva dgs obtar taxt —Ikmtbla gmtarngt‗ gts tgtoa (trbmsobtan bs —Bssaifoy Xrkdgfgtan‗ gm tda prasamt vkouia, gm eaapgml wgtd tda iabmgml bmn prbjtgja kc ikmtbla5 saa tda ngsjussgkm kc tdgs taxt gm tda lokssbry amtry km ikmtbla). ^dgs ruoa, dkwavar, gs mkt bfkut angtgml kr bssaifoy bt boo. Vbtdar, Fbzgm gs nasjrgfgml dgs kon cka bmboytgjbo nçjkupbla wdam da wrgtas0 —\damavar tda assamtgbo bspajt kc bm avamt napamns upkm tda sgiuotbmakus prasamja kc twk kr ikra ik ra blamts, bssaifoy bssaifoy UikmtblaY gs prkdgfgt prkdgfgtan‗ an‗ (p. ���). Fy tda amn kc tda najbna, gm dgs ���� ravgsgkm kc tda taxt —Bssaifoy Xrkdgfgtan‗ kc ���� (tdgs brtgjoa dbn bppabran b yabr bar da raprgmtan b oamltdy sajtgkm kc tda assby —Nçjkupbla‗ gm b Cramjd ogtarbry `kurmbo), bmboytgjbo nçjkupbla gs blbgm sgipoy rambian bssaifoy (—angtgml‗) gm tda okml ckktmkta bfkut tda ogkm juf gm tda `umloa (Fbzgm ����, pp. ��‚��). Dgs flmbo bmn ikst pkgmtan ib`kr axpokrbtgkm kc nçjkupbla, dkwavar, prkjobgian gm gts vary tgtoa, —Nçjkupbla‗, wbs gm ���� rambian ckr pkstargty —^da Avkoutgkm kc Cgoi Obmlubla‗0 km dgs nabtdfan, nçjkupbla wbs ckribooy bfbmnkman. ^dgs obttar taxt‗s trua tkpgj tdus raibgman dgnnam crki Amlogsd rabnars ckr b dboc-jamtury, tda vgjtgi kc b jdbmla kc tgtoa bmn b fbrfbrkus trbmsobtgkm. Fut avam fackra Fbzgm‗s skiatgias facunnogml ravgsgkms kc ���� (wdam da najobran gm tda sbia frabtd, wgtdkut uttargml tda wkrn nçjkupbla, tdbt naptd kc flaon gs b ngboajtgjbo bnvbmja gm tda strujtura kc floi obmlubla Ubs da dbn bowbys brluan nçjkupbla tk fa, bs saam bfkvaY bmn b b ckri kc igsa am sjäma U����, p. ���Y„fut wdam ngn igsa am sjäma falgm tk strujtura floi obmlubla;), —Nçjkupbla‗ wbs rgnnoan wgtd tdgs skrt kc jkmtrbngjtgkm„tk
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tda pkgmt kc aipokygml, bokmlsgna tda tari bmboytgjbo nçjkupbla, tda wka-falkttam tari ���������� �������� (ikmtbla bmboytgqua). ^dgs iby fa tda skurja kc tda axprassgkm bmboytgjbo angtgml wdgjd, gm tbmnai wgtd gts jkusgm jkmtgmugty angtgml, dbs fanavgooan Amlogsdobmlubla floi stungas sgmja. ^da jgrjuistbmjas umnar wdgjd tdgs taxt wbs wrgttam bmn pufogsdan bra dbzy, bmn oabva rkki ckr tda pkssgfgogty tdbt Fbzgm, kr dgs angtkrs, wbs wbs sprgmeogml gm tda wkrn ikmtbla wdara da mkribooy wkuon dbva usan tda tari nçjk nçjkupbl upblaa. Fut tda iystary stbmns0 saam crki tda parspajtgva kc nçjkupbla, wdgjdd oamn wdgj oamnss tda taxt gts tgtoa tgtoa,, dgs ikst cbiku cbikuss bmn gmstuamtgbo gmstuamtgbo pgaja gs gmjkdaramt bmn jkmtrbngjtkry, avam gm Cramjd. Gm Amlogsd, kmoy b fbn trbmsobtgkm, rgnngml tda brtgjoa kc tda tari wdgjd lbva gt gts krglgmbo tgtoa, ambfoan gt tk ibea samsa„fut b samsa amtgraoy jkmtrbry tk Fbzgm‗s iabmgml. Zk tkk dbs floi stungas tknby faam rgn kc nçjkupbla„fktd Fbzgm‗s nçjkupbla bmn tda bmboytgjbo nçjkupbla blbgmst wdgjd da fbttoan, tda obttar mkw umgvarsbooy umnarstkkn bs bmboytgjbo kr jkmtgmugty angtgml. B vkouia sujd bs Nbvgn Fkrnwaoo bmn Ergstgm ^dkipskm‗s ufgqugtkus Cgoi Brt (flrst (flrst pufogsdan gm ����) ibeas mk iamtgkm kc nçjkupbla, botdkuld gt bppabrs aosawdara gm tdagr kutput (gm Fkrnwaoo‗s bfkva-racaramjan Km tda Dgstkry kc Cgoi Ztyoa U����Y, ckr axbipoa). ^dara, Fbzgm‗s —bastdatgj kc tda raobtgkms fatwaam sdkts‗ dbs fajkia, gm b jdbptar tgtoa bmn tdrkuldkut tda vkouia, vkou ia, —^d —^daa Vaobtgk Vao btgkmm kc Zdkt Z dkt tk Zdkt Z dkt00 Angtgm Ang tgml‗ l‗.. Gm bnngtg bn ngtgkm, km, kvar tda pbst savarbo najbnas Cgo dbs faam trbmsobtan gmtk muiar Cgoi i Brt dbs kus obmlublas tda wkron kvar, gmjoungml Cramjd. Gm tdgs wby b par varsa ckri kc juoturbo gipargbogsi gs jbrrgan kut, avam fbje tk tda skurja kc tda tari, Crbmja, fajbusa kc Amlogsd-spabears‗ ranujtgkm kc b jkipoax bastdatgj jkmjapt bmn gts dgstkry tk tda sgipoa mktgkm kc —jkmtgmugty angtgml‗ (bm —umjkmtrkvarsgbo‗ mktgkm, Fkrnwaoo najobran rajamtoy gm bm gmtarvgaw5 Fkrnwaoo ����). ^dgs mktgkm gs mkw axpkrtan brkumn tda wkron ogea b Dkooywkkn fokjefustar fokjefustar,, bmn kma kc Fbzgm‗s jamtrbo gnabs gs jbst gmtk kfogvgkm. Cramjd floi stunamts tknby nafbta ikmtbla bmn mkt nçjkupbla. Gs gt pkssgfoa tdbt Fbzgm‗s bfbmnkmiamt kc nçjkupbla gm tda ign-����s bs tda umnaroygml jkmjapt kc dgs bastdatgj systai gm cbvkur kc bssaifoy, gm skia jbsas fabrgml boo tda trbgts kc tda Bmlok-Biargjbm jkmjaptgkm kc —angtgml‗,
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wbs tda rasu rasuot ot kc b sgi sgigobr gobr gip gipargb argbogst ogst prk prkjas jass, s, Dkoo Dkooywk ywkkn kn floi juotura‗s gmumnbtgkm kc Crbmja gm tda pkst-wbr pargkn; Gm trbmsobtgml Fbzgm‗s usa kc tda taris nçjku bmn nçjkupbla, tda nçjkupar par bmn trbmsobtkr dbs usan ����� ���� tk nasjrgfa tda wkre kc jrabtgml tda ��������� ��������� bmn ������ �� tk nasjrgfa tda wkre kc tda jbiarb km tda sat. ^da ktdar taris Fbzgm usas gm tda taxts gm tda prasamt vkouia tk nasjrgfa tda bjtgkm kc crbliamtgml b floi‗s bjtgkm bra0 bmboysar , trbmsobtan bs ����� 5 ikrjaoar bmn bmn ikrjaooaiamt (—tk jut/juttgml gmtk sibooar pgajas‗), trbmsobtan bs tk crbliamt bmn crbliamtgml5 sa nçjkipksar (tk frabe nkwm), trbmsobtan bs spogt up5 nçj kipksar (tk bmn rçskunra, tk raskova gmtk. gm tk. ^da tari ��������� bppabrs gm jbpgtbo oattars bs sdkwm ckr tda flrst kjjurramja gm abjd jdbptar bmn gm okwar jbsa rkibm typa tdarabar. Zaa faokw ckr ngsjussgkm kc ktdar taris ckumn gm tda prasamt vkouia bsskjgbtan wgtd nçjkupbla. nçjkupbla. Bnngtgkmbo skurjas0 ^giktdy Fbrmbrn, Nçjk Nçjkupbl upblaa, �mn an. (Ikmtrabo0 jbfkksa, ���� U����Y) (tdgs vkouia gs ckrtdjkigml gm ���� bs pbrt kc tda vkouia Ikmt Ikmtbla bla,, Nçjk N çjkupb upbla, la, Igs Igsaa am sjä sjäma0 ma0 Ass Assbys bys km Cgoi Ckri, fy Oburamt Oa Ckrastgar, ^giktdy Fbrmbrn bmn Crbme Eassoar UIkmtrabo0 jbfkksaY)5 Bmnrç Fbzgm, \dbt gs Jgmaib;, trbms. ^giktdy Fbrmbrn (Ikmtrabo0 jbfkksa, ����)5 Nbvgn Fkrnwaoo, Km tda Dgstkry kc Cgoi Ztyoa (Jbifrgnla0 Dbrvbrn Qmgvarsgty Xrass, ����)5 Nbvgn Fkrnwaoo bmn Ergstgm ^dkipskm, ZJIZ —Cgaonmktas‗ gmtarvgaw wgtd Jdbroga Eago, Iby ����, dttp0//www.jistungas.krl/;pbla9flaonmktas, igmuta ��0��)5 ^dkrkon Ngjegmskm, B Ngsjkvary kc Jgmaib (Okmnkm0 Kxckrn, ����). —bmboytg jbo‗ B��������� ��������� ( nçjkupbl nçjk upblaa bmboy b mboytgqua tgqua )„Bm —bmboytgjbo‗ crbliamtgml kc tda bjtgkm kc b sjama symkmyikus gm Fbzgm‗s wrgtgmls wgtd ��������� ��������� bmn ckumn gm jobssgjbo tboegml jgmaib gm pbrtgjuobr. Cgrst mbian, gm tda taxts gmjounan gm tda prasamt vkouia, gm gm tda assby km Jgtgzam Ebma crki ���� (p. ��). Kma kc tda jamtrbo navgjas kc bmboytgjbo nçjkupbla gs tda sdkt‚ravarsa sdkt tajdmgqua usan tk floi ngboklua. ^dgs tajdmgqua botarmbtas (kam pkgmtkc-vgaw) joksa-ups kr iangui-joksa-ups kc gmngvgnubo jdbrbjtars
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rbtdar tdbm usgml b sgmloa —ckurtd wboo‗ iangui sdkt kr ibstar sdkt sujd bs tdbt ckumn gm tda tbfoabu stblgml kc abroy jgmaib. Bmboytgjbo nçjkupbla gs lamarbooy ckrasaam gm tda ��������� kc tda ��������� ��������� kr wrgttam sdkktgml sjrgpt, tdarafy abrmgml Fbzgm‗s amigty0 ���������, ckr Fbzgm, sdkuon bs iujd bs pkssgfoa fa tda prarklbtgva kc tda floi‗s ngrajtkr bmn tajdmgjgbms wdgoa wkregml km tda sat bmn sdkuon mkt fa jkmflman tk tda rglgn jknas bmn mbrrbtgva jkmvamtgkms kc bmboytgjbo nçjkupbla. Bikml tda taris Fbzgm aipokyan tk nasjrgfa tda crbliamtgml kc tda bjtgkm tdrkuld (jobssgjbo) nçjkupbla wbs tda varf bmboysa ( bmboysar ). ^da raoavbmt samsa kc tdgs bmboysar ). varf ckr Fbzgm gs tda t da lrbiib l rbiibtgjbo tgjbo kma kc —tbegml bpbrt bpbrt‗‗ b samtam sa mtamja ja tk gnamtgcy gts jkmstgtuamt pbrts. ^k bvkgn bmy jkmcusgkm wgtd ikra lamarbo samsas kc tda Amlogsd taris bmboysa kr bmboysgs, gmjoungml —floi bmboysgs‗, b frkbnar jkmjapt ckr ngsjussgml b floi‗s bastdatgjs, tda Cramjd varf bmb gs trbmsobtan tdrkuldkut tdgs vkouia bs bmboys oysar ar gs ����� 0 tk crbliamt tda bjtgkm kc b sjama tda wby kma frabes nkwm tda pbrts kc b samtamja gm ogmlugstgjs. )„Ogea ������ ��, frabe nkwm gs bm ax nçjkupar )„Ogea F���� ���� ( nçjkupar prassgkm usan fy tda prasamt trbmsobtkr tk ramnar tda varf ckri kc ��������� lgvam tda ngjuoty kc gmjkrpkrbtgml nçjkupar gmtk gmtk bm Amlogsd samtamja. ^k — nçjkupar nçjkupar ‗ gs tk crbliamt tda bjtgkm kc b sjama tdrkuld jdbmlas kc sdkt. Fbzgm usas tda taris nçjkupbla bmn nç jkupar (bmn savarbo raobtan taris, gmjoungml ����� 5 saa tda amtry km ���������) gm twk jkipoaiamtbry wbys, abjd wgtd gts kwm Amlogsd trbmsobtgkm tk ngstgmlugsd tdai0 tk frabe nkwm tda bjtgkm km pbpar gm tda sdkktgml sjrgpt kr ��������� ���������5 bmn tk ngvgna up tda bjtgkm km sat wgtd tda jbiarb tdrkuld tda �������� ��������� bmn ��������� ���������. )„^da varf nçjkupa jbm fa usan gm b nçjkupar r jbm J��� ���� ������ ( nçjkupar )„^da spbtgbo samsa jkmsgstamt wgtd gts ktdar iabmgmls0 tk jut kut b sajtgkm kc tda prkfloigj (tk sdkw tdgs sajtgkm km sjraam, oabvgml tda rast kc tda prkfloigj k-sjraam), tda wby kma igldt jut b pgaja kc jbea. Botdkuld Fbzgm nkas mkt, gm tda taxts ckumn gm tda prasamt vkouia, usa nçjkupar gm gm raobtgkm tk tda tari, dgs craquamt racaramja tk kmsjraam spbja bs b pbrbooaoapgpan kr sajtgkm kc rabo spbja gs jkmsgstamt wgtd tdgs gnab. Nçjkupar jbm bosk fa usan gm b ikra pgjtkrgbo samsa,
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tk ibea skiatdgml stbmn kut gm sdbrp raogac blbgmst b fbjelrkumn, sujd bs traas blbgmst tda sey. Gm tda kmoy gmstbmja gm wdgjd Fbzgm aipokys nçjku gm tdgs samsa sams a gm tda prasamt vkouia, gm tda assby nçjkupar par gm —\googbi \yoar, tda @bmsamgst kc Igsa am sjäma‗ (p. ��), da bppabrs tk jkifgma fktd tdasa iabmgmls tk b jartbgm axtamt, raibregml tdbt tda duibm aya nkas mkt saa tdgmls gm tda sbia wby bs tda cgoi jbiarb, wdgjd jbsts tda kf`ajt gmtk sdbrp raogac gm tda rajtbmloa kc tda crbia. Bs bowbys, tda floi jbiarb gs bt tda dabrt kc tda kparbtgkm. J�������� ��������� ( nçjkupbla nçjkupbla jobssgqua)„Zymkmyikus wgtd
���������� ��������� bmn usan tk nasjrgfa tda egmn kc ��������� ckumn gm jobssgjbo tboegml jgmaib kc tda ����s, ��s bmn ��s. nçjkupbla-ikmtb la)„Nçjkupbla-bssaiN��������-�������� ( nçjkupbla-ikmtbla
foy, ogea ���������� �������� , gs bm bmkiboy gm Fbzgm‗s tdkuldt, bppabrgml kmja gm tda prasamt vkouia, gm ���� gm tda abroy taxt km Jgtgzam Ebma (p. ��), tda flrst ib`kr taxt tk ngsjuss ibmy kc tda taris ckumn gm tda prasamt lokssbry. \darabs Fbzgm wkuon jkia tk saa ��������� bmn �������� bs bmtgtdatgjbo bmn bmtblkmgstgj, dara da gs sullastgml b ogme fatwaam tdai mkt umogea tdbt ngsjussan ibmy yabrs obtar fy Mkåo Furjd, tda obst tdakrgst kc nçjkupbla, wdam da raibrean gm dgs fkke ^k tda Ngstbmt Kfsarvar tdbt tdbt wdbt bra emkwm tknby bs angtgml jknas —bra kc jkursa . . . tda jknas kc nçjkupbla (g.a. kc tda angtgml/jbiarb sat-up raobtgkmsdgp)‗. (Mkåo Furjd, ^k tda Ngstbmt Ngstb mt Kfsarv Kfsarvar0 ar0 Ckri bmn Iabmgml gm tda @bpbmasa Jgmaib UOkmnkm0 Zjkobr, ����Y, ��.) )„Bm axprassgkm nçjkupbla am prkckmnaur )„Bm N�������� �� ����� ( nçjkupbla jkgman fy Fbzgm, bppabrgml ckr tda flrst tgia bikml tda taxts gmjounan gm tda prasamt vkouia gm tda brtgjoa —Krskm \aooas‗ Jkmtrgfutgkm‗ gm ����. Gm kppksgtgkm tk tda egmn kc jkipksgtgkm obrlaoy aipokyan gm tda ���������� ��������� kc jobssgjbo jgmaib, tdbt kc iangui sdkts, iangui joksa-ups bmn joksa-ups wgtd vary sdbookw naptd kc ckjus bmn usgml jdbmlas kc sdkt tk ckookw ngboklua, bjtkrs‗ ikvaiamts bmn sdgs gm tda bjtgkm, Fbzgm sagzan km tda ckribo bmn nrbibtgj pkssgfgogtgas kc lrabt naptd kc ckjus. \dgoa da iby dbva saam sujd bm bastdatgj bt wkre gm jbsubo vgawgmls kc jkiiarjgbooy raoabsan flois fy @abm Vamkgr gm tda ����s, wdam da wbs b stunamt mkt yat sargkusoy gmtarastan gm jgmaib, Fbzgm‗s flrst trua axpksura
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tk tdgs bastdatgj gm prbjtgja jbia bar tda wbr wgtd tda raoabsa gm Crbmja kc rajamt bmn wbrtgia Biargjbm flois fy \googbi \yoar bmn Krskm \aooas. Bs tda floi sjdkobr Oburamt Oa Ckrastgar pkgmts kut gm b ckrtdjkigml assby, Fbzgm‗s abrogast wrgtgmls km nçjkupbla gm naptd, sujd bs —Krskm \aooas‗ Jkmtrgfutgkm‗ bmn —\googbi \yoar, tda @bmsamgstt kc Igsa am sjäma‗ @bmsamgs s jäma‗ (fkt (fktdd ����), �� ��), sdkw tda nalraa tk wdgjd wd gjd da wbs struje fy tdagr usa kc giikfgoa jkipksgtgkms„tda kppksgta kc Vamkgr‗s tajdmgqua kc tda ����s. Ckr Fbzgm, nçjkupbla gm naptd kpaman up tda pkssgfgogty kc floigml tda bjtgkm wgtd b �������� ����, gm wdgjd bm amtgra nrbibtgj saquamja gs floian wgtdkut b jdbmla kc sdkt (skiatdgml tdbt gs mkt bowbys strgjtoy trua gm \aooas bmn \yoar), tdarafy gm bnngtgkm kam kjjbsgkmgml tda usa kc b ikfgoa jbiarb. Dara fktd jbiarb ikvaiamt bmn tda oalgfgogty kc tda bjtgkm bjrkss savarbo pobmas kc tda gibla, rajangml gmtk b raobtgvaoy ngstbmt fbjelrkumn, wara usan gm pobja kc bmboytgjbo nçjkupbla tk sdg tda nrbibtgj ckjus kc tda sjama bmn bnvbmja tda mbrrbtgva. \darabs ��������� gs mkribooy bsskjgbtan prajgsaoy wgtd jdbmlas kc sdkt, dara Fbzgm usas tda tari tk nasjrgfa bm bastdatgj wdgjd jkuon rapobja sujd b tajdmgqua wgtd kma tdbt wbs bfoa tk bvkgn jdbmlas kc sdkt fy ikfgogsgml tda pkssgfgogtgas ckr sdggml vgawar bttamtgkm bkrnan fy naptd kc flaon (bmn b ikfgoa jbiarb). Cramjd mjd floi gmnustry N�������� ��������� „B tari usan gm tda Cra ckr b sdkktgml sjrgpt, kr b floi sjrgpt ������ ���� gmtk b ckribt gmngjbtgml tda ��������� tk ckookw km tda floi sat fy tda floiibear bmn jraw, fy iabms kc sdkt jdbmlas bmn tda typas kc sdkt gmtamnan tk rajkrn tda sjrgpt‗s sdggml bjtgkm bmn ngboklua, usubooy bjjkrngml tk tda ngjtbtas kc ���������� ���������. Fbzgm bosk skiatgias usas tdgs sbia tari, nçj nçjkup kupbla bla taj tajdmgq dmgqua ua , tk nasjrgfa tda km-sat bjtgvgty kc usgml tda tajdmgjbo raskurjas kc jgmaib tk rajkrn tda �������� ��������� kc ngrajtgml tda bjtkrs bmn wgtd gt tk ������ �� tda bjtgkm. Gm tdgs jbsa tda tari gs trbmsobtan bs ��������� ���������. N����� �� ( nçjkupar )„Ogea ����� ����, ngvgna up gs bm ax nçjkupar )„Ogea
prassgkm usan fy tda prasamt trbmsobtkr tk ramnar tda varf ckri kc gmtk bm ��������� lgvam tda ngjuoty kc gmjkrpkrbtgml nçjkupar gmtk Amlogsd samtamja. \darabs frabe nkwm gs usan tk nasjrgfa tda bjtgkm kc crbliamtgml tda sjrgpt tk jrabta b sdkktgml sjrgpt kr ���������
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���������, ngvgngml up gs tda crbliamtgml kc tda bjtgkm km tda sat wdgoa floigml kr, gm ktdar taris usan fy Fbzgm, tdrkuld tda kmsat �������� ��������� bmn ��������� ���������. nçj kupbla bla nrb nrbibt ibtgqu gquaa)„Gm jobssgjbo N������� ��������� ( nçjkup
Cramjd jgmaib, tda tari nçjku nçjkupbla pbla nrbibtgqua nrbibtgqua wbs skiatgias usan tk nasjrgfa b ckri kc tda wrgttam sjrgpt wdgjd dbn faam ������ ���� gmtk nrbibtgj umgts, pokttgml tda floi sjama fy sjama fut wgtdkut wgtd kut tda tajdmgjbo tajdmgjbo gmckribtgkm gmckribtgkm kc tda ��������� ���������, wdgjd gmngjbtas tdgmls sujd bs jbiarb pksg pksgtgkm tgkm bmn ikvaiamt ikvaiamt.. ^dgs samsa kc tda axprassgkm gs trbmsobtan gm tdgs vkouia, gm tda kma assby gm wdgjd gt bppabrs, tda ���� taxt km \googbi \yoar (p. ��), bs nrbibtgj frabenkwm, gm eaapgml wgtd tda usa kc tda axprassgkm frabe nkwm tk nasjrgfa tda wkre gmvkovan gm jrabtgml b nçjkupbla tajdmgqua. Fbzgm bosk usas tda tari nçjkupbla nrbibtgqua tk racar tk wdbt gs trbmsobtan gm tdgs vkouia vkouia bs �������� ���������. N������� ��������� ( nçjkupbla nçjkupb la nrbibtg nrbibtgqua qua)„Gm dgs taxts km
Krskm \aooas gm tda prasamt vkouia, Fbzgm usas tda tari nçjk nçjkupbl upblaa nrbibtgqua nrbib tgqua tk nasjrgfa tda km-sat bjtgvgty kc �������� �� tda bjtgkm bmn ngrajtgml tda bjtkrs wdgoa sdkktgml. ^dgs samsa gs trbmsobtan bs nrbibtgj nçjkupbla5 gt gs jbrrgan kut gm tbmnai wgtd ��������� ���������, kr tda tajdmgjbo iabms (sujd bs jbiarb pobjaiamt bmn ikvaiamt) usan tk rajkrn gt. Gm Fbzgm, tda tari nrbibtgj nçjkupbla fabrs tda sbia mbia, nçjk nçjkupb upbla la nrb nrbibt ibtgqu gquaa, bs wdbt gs trbmsobtan dara bs �������� ���������, `ust bs tajdmgjbo nçjkupbla fabrs tda sbia mbia bs tda ��������� ��������� kr sdkktgml sjrgpt. I������� ���� (rbjjkrn )„B )„B stugn trbmsgtgkm fatwaam twk sdkts
bjdgavan fy —ibtjdgml‗ tda bjtgkm kr b vgsubo aoaiamt. Emkwm bifglukusoy bs b rbjjkrn (jkmmajtgkm) (jkmmajtgkm) gm Cramjd, gm Amlogsd gt gs lamarbooy jbooan b —ibtjd jut‗ bmn wgnaoy naaian bm �������� kr —angtgml‗ na vgja.. ^da axprassg vgja axprassgkm km —ibtjdg —ibtjdgml ml sdkt‗ dbs dbs faam bnkpt bnkptan an dara fajbusa Fbzgm ngn mkt vgaw b rbjjkrn bs bs b —jut‗ kr bm bssaifoy navgja, bs saam gm tda taxt —Krskm \aooas‗ Jkmtrgfutgkm‗ (p. ���), fut rbtdar bs b ��������� tajdmgqua. Gm tda jobssgjbo arb gm wdgjd Fbzgm wkrean, fackra tda wgnasprabn jkmtaipkrbry prbjtgja kc —jkvarbla‗ (sdkktgml b sjama crki tda vbmtbla pkgmt kc savarbo jbiarbs sgiuotbmakusoy tk bvkgn ratbeas bmn tk bookw tda lrabtast staxgfgogty gm tda bssaifoy
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kr juttgml rkki), sujd ibtjdgml wbs pobmman gm tda ��������� ��������� kr sdkktgml sjrgpt bmn/kr navgsan km tda sat fy tda floi ngrajtkr bmn jgmaibtklrbpdar tdrkuld ��������� ���������. B pbrtgjuobr egmn kc ibtjdgml sdkt kr rbjjkrn gs gs emkwm gm Cramjd bs b ^dgs navgja saas tda rbjjkrn nbms o‗ o‗bxa bxa bmn gm Amlogsd bs bm bxgbo jut. ^dgs jbiarb ikva bokml bm giblgmbry ogmabr —bxgs‗ joksar tk kr cbrtdar bwby crki gts suf`ajt„crki b iangui sdkt tk b joksa-up kc b jdbrbjtar, ckr axbipoa, wgtd tda jbiarb ikvgml bokml b strbgldt ogma joksar tk tda bjtkr. ^dgs tkk gs saam bs bm bssaifoy navgja gm Amlogsd, bs sullastan fy gts mbia, fut Fbzgm wkuon joabroy dbva saam gt bs b jbiarb-fbsan tajdmgqua (bm —bxgbo ibtjd‗, wa igldt jboo gt) navgsan km tda sat kr pobmman gm tda nçjkupbla tajdmgqua. X���� ( bmboysar )„Kma kc savarbo taris usan fy Fbzgm tk nasjrgfa bmboysar )„Kma
tda crbliamtgml kc tda bjtgkm, obrlaoy gm tda ���������� ��������� kc jobssgjbo jgmaib, bmn tda ikst wgnaoy usan tari ckr tdgs purpksa gm tdgs vkouia, bpbrt crki tda varf nçjku bmn tda mkum nçjkupar par bmn ��������� (cumjtgkmgml ikst kam gm trbmsobtgkm bs b larumn0 tda UjobssgjboY nçjkupbla kc b sjama gs symkmyikus wgtd tda pbrsgml kc gt). Gm eaapgml wgtd dgs vgaw kc jgmaib bs b obmlubla bmn dgs nasgra tk jkmjaptubogsa bmn systaibtgsa tda lrbiibtgjbo kparbtgkm bmn avkoutgkm kc tdbt obmlubla, pbrtgjuobroy gm tda ���� taxt —Nçjkupbla‗, Fbzgm ogean tk aipoky b tari kc ogmlugstgjs, b spajgbogsan iabmgml kc tda varf bmboysa (—tk ngstgmlugsd tda lrbiibtgjbo aoaiamts kc b wkrn, pdrbsa kr samtamja5 tk raskova b samtamja gmtk aoaiamts parckrigml ngstgmjt cumjtgkms gm tda axprassgkm kc tdkuldt‗„Kxckrn Amlogsd Ngjtgkmbr Ngjtgkmbryy) tk nasjrgfa tda wby jobssgjbo jgmaib crbliamts bm bjtgkm tdrkuld nçjkupbla. Gm Amlogsd tdgs lrbiibtgjbo bjtgvgty gs emkwm bs pbrsgml b samtamja, b tari usan dara tk bvkgn jkmcusgkm wgtd b ikra lamarbo samsa kc bmboysa, tk —axbigma —axbigm a jrgtgjbooy . . . tk lgva tda assamja kc‗ kc ‗ b wkre kc ogtarbtura (KAN), b samsa ckumn gm tda jkiikm axprassgkm —floi bmboysgs‗, tda stuny kc b floi‗s bastdatgjs. pobm-sçquamja)„B tari saaigmloy gmvamtan fy Z������� ���� ( pobm-sçquamja
Fbzgm gm ���� gm b sdkrt taxt km Krskm \aooas amtgtoan —Krskm \aooas‗ Jkmtrgfutgkm‗, gmjounan gm tda prasamt vkouia, tk nasjrgfa tda sdkktgml kc bm amtgra mbrrbtgva saquamja gm kma sdkt ( pobm pobm) rbtdar tdbm �������� �� tda sjama gmtk muiarkus jbiarb parspajtgvas tdrkuld ���������� kr ��������� ��������� . Gm krnar tk
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jkmvay tda saquamja‗s mbrrbtgva navaokpiamt bmn dkon tda bungamja‗s bttamtgkm, saquamja sdkts kam aipoky b ikfgoa jbiarb bmn/ kr naptd-kc-flaon jgmaibtklrbpdy, wdgjd Fbzgm jbooan ��������� �� �����. Gm Cramjd tda tari pobm ikra lamarbooy iabms pobma, bmn gt wbs mk nkuft bnkptan gm floi jgrjoas tk gmngjbta tda jdbmla kc pobma kr sdkt sjboa kjjurrgml wgtd b jdbmla kc jbiarb pksgtgkm. ^da saquamja sdkt, skiatgias bosk jbooan b okml tbea gm Amlogsd, wbs b naflmgml cabtura kc Fbzgm‗s bastdatgj nkjtrgma, jamtrbo tk tda styoa kc iaifars kc dgs pbmtdakm kc floi ngrajtkrs sujd bs Krskm \aooas, @abm Vamkgr V amkgr bmn \googbi \yoar. \yoar. ^da floi sjdkob sjdkobrr Oburamt Ob uramt Oa Ckrastgar, gm dgs ckrtdjkigml assby —Ikmtbla‗ gm tda vkouia Ikmtbla, Nçjkupbla, Nçjkup bla, Igsa am am sjäma0 sjäma0 Assbys Assbys km Cgoi Cgoi Ckri Ckri (tk wdgjd tda trbmsobtkr dbs jkmtrgfutan tda assby km nçjkupbla), brluas tdbt gm taxts sujd bs —Krskm \aooas‗ Jkmtrgfutgkm‗ bmn —\googbi \yoar, tda @bmsamgst kc Igsa am sjäma‗ (bosk ����), gmjounan gm tda prasamt vkouia, tda tari pobm bosk iabmt —crbia‗ bmn tdbt Fbzgm‗s krglgmbo jkmjaptgkm kc tda saquamja sdkt, gm tda wkre kc \googbi \yoar bmn Krskm \aooas, wbs tdbt gt usan nçjkupbla gm naptd wgtdgm b sgmloa flxan crbia. nçj kupbla la taj tajdmgq dmgqua ua )„^da tajdmgjbo ^�������� ��������� ( nçjkupb
kparbtgkms jbrrgan kut km tda floi sat, ikstoy gmvkovgml tda wby tda jbiarb gs ibmgpuobtan tk rajkrn tda jkipoaiamtbry �������� ���������, kr tda crbliamtgml kc tda bjtgkm kc tda sjama bmn ngrajtgml tda bjtkrs, tk jrabta b floi‗s ��������� gm b frkbn samsa bmn mkt `ust tdbt kc tda ���������� ��������� kc jobssgjbo jgmaib. ^da bfkva taris bsskjgbtan wgtd ���������„���������� ���������, ����� ����, ���� ���� ������ , ��������� ��������� , ���������-��������, ��������� �� ����� , ��������� ���������, ������ ��, �������� ���������, �������� ���������, �������� ����, ����� , �������� ���� bmn ��������� ���������„bppabr gm jbpgtbo oattars bs sdkwm ckr tda flrst kjjurramja gm abjd jdbptar bmn gm okwar jbsa rkibm kr gtbogj typa tdarabar.
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�. Ikmtbla I������ , ��������, ����������� (ikmtbla)„^rbngtgkmbooy, wdam trbmsobtgml tda tari ikmtbla gmtk Amlogsd, floi sjdkobrs bmn trbmsobtkrs kc Cramjd-obmlubla floi tdakry bmn jrgtgjgsi, sgmja tda Zajkmn \kron \br gm bmy avamt, dbva jdksam fatwaam ikmtbla bmn angtgml. \a kwa fktd taris bs b trbmsobtgkm kc ikmtbla tk Gvkr Ikmtblu, wdk gmtrknujan tdai gm dgs ���� trbmsobtgkm kc Ssavkokn Xunkvegm‗s Cgoi ^aj ajdmg dmgqu quaa. ^da ckriar tari tda Vussgbms dbn fkrrkwan crki Cramjd, fut tda obttar wbs parpoaxgmloy nasjrgfan fy Ikmtblu bs —tda kmoy pkssgfoa aqugvboamt‗ gm Amlogsd tk ikmtbla (Xunkvegm, p. ���), botdkuld da aipokys fktd gt bmn ikmtbla. ^da tari angtgml dbn borabny faam gm usa gm Amlogsd sgmja bt oabst tda ign-����s, fut gm Ikmtblu‗s tgia juttgml wbs ikra pravboamt. \dam Zkvgat floi wrgtgmls falbm tk fa emkwm gm Amlobmn `ust fackra Ikmtblu‗s trbmsobtgkm kc Xunkvegm, pkssgfoy falgmmgml wgtd tda cbikus `kgmt stbtaiamt km skumn floi wrgttam fy Zarlag Agsamstagm, Xunkvegm bmn Lrglkrg Boaesbmnrkv, pufogsdan gm Amlogsd trbmsobtgkm gm Kjtkfar ����, ikmtbla wbs trbmsobtan, jkrrajtoy, bs —ikumtgml‗, wgtd tda trbmsobtkr bnngml bm giiangbta jobrgfljbtgkm ckr Amlogsd rabnars0 —(kr juttgml)‗ (Agsamstagm at bo., p. ��). Bt tda amn kc tda najbna —ikumtgml‗ dbn faam tbeam up fy wrgtars sujd bs D.N. gm tda pblas kc tda Frgtgsd `kurmbo Joksa Qp (wdara tda stbtaiamt km skumn dbn faam pufogsdan), wdgoa ktdars sgipoy usan tda axprassgkmm —Vussgbm juttgml‗ axprassgk juttgml‗.. Avamtubooy, —angtgml‗ wkuon pravbgo ckr boo fut spajgbogsan bppogjbtgkms, fut gc wa dbn tk trbmsobta tda ikmtbla ckumn gm ign-jamtury Cramjd floi jrgtgjgsi (bmn tda jobssgjbo prbjtgjas gt nasjrgfas) wgtd b sgm sgmloa loa Aml Amlogsd ogsd wkrn wdgj wdgjdd wkuon jkva jkvarr tda tar tari‗s i‗s amt amtgra gra rbmla kc bppogjbtgkms, tdbt wkrn wkuon mkt fa angtgml fut rbtdar bssaifoy, fbsgjbooy symkmyikus wgtd ikumtgml. @ust bs ikmtbla gs usan gm Cramjd tk nasjrgfa bssaifogml skiatdgml, gm sgtubtgkms rbmlgml crki pouifgml (jkmmajtgml up pgpas) tk dgld cgmbmja (puttgml tklatdar cumngml kr b flmbmjgbo pbjebla ckr b fgl fusgmass nabo0 b ikmtbla flmbmjgar ), ), floi ikmtbla bssaifoas bmn jkmmajts iktgcs, gnabs bmn avamts (vgsubooy, gmtaooajtubooy, ngalatgjbooy, atj.). Fy jkmvamtgkm, tda Amlogsd tari ikmtbla jbia tk nasglmbta b spajgbo jbsa kc angtgml0 bm gmtaooajtubo kr dgldoy axprassgva ckri kc
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angtgml oygml kutsgna tda avarynby maans kc floi mbrrbtgva. Gm tdgs samsa„botdkuld wa iust mkt, prajgsaoy, oksa sgldt kc tda cbjt tdbt kma gs b spajgbo jbsa kc tda ktdar„tdara gs ogttoa rabskm tk ngsblraa wgtd Nbvgn Fkrnwaoo‗s naflmgtgkm kc ikmtbla, bpbrt crki dgs knn usa gm kur nby kc tda tari juttgml gm pobja kc angtgml0 ikmtbla gs pbrtgjuobroy —bfstrbjt, jkmjaptubo kr rdytdigj juttgml‗ (Fkrnwaoo, p. ��). ^da usa kc tda tari juttgml dara gs knn prajgsaoy fajbusa tda obttar-nby samsa kc juttgml gs tdbt kc bm gmnustrgbo Dkooywkkn prbjtgja, wdarabs ikmtbla ikmtbla,, ogea jkoobla, gs bm bastda bastdatgj tgj kc bssaif bssaifoy oy,, mkt kc juttgml, bmn b jrabtgva bjt„avam wdam gt, ikmtbla, sarvas iaraoy bs b stkurgsd stkurgs d (bs b —ikmtbla saquamja‗ gm b jobssgjbo Dkooywkkn floi ckr axbipoa) kr bs b nglrassgkm crki b jkmvamtgkmbo stkryogma. ^da Cramjd Lrbmn Vkfart ngjtgkmbry ngjtgkmbry naflmas ikmtbla, gm tda samsa wdgjd jkmjarms us dara, bs —bssaifogml tda pbrts kc b pgaja kc ibjdgmary kr bm bppbrbtus‗. ^da naflmgtgkm gt lgvas kc jgmaibtgj ikmtbla, ikra prksbgj tdbm kur samsa kc ikmtbla (botdkuld tda Kx), gs jkmsgstamt ckrnn Amlogsd Ngjtgkmbry ckr Ngjtgkmbry sgipoy jkmjurs wgtd tda Vk Vkfart fart ), wgtd tdgs0 —saoajtgml bmn bssaifogml tda sdkts kc b floi‗. Mkta tdbt tda sdkts borabny axgst bmn bra sgipoy saoajtan bmn bssaifoan. ^dara gs mk iamtgkm bmywdara gm tda Vkfart kc kc ikmtbla fagml gmvkovan gm juttgml,, aogigmbtgml, atj. Ikmt juttgml Ikmtbla bla prasuias tdbt tda crbliamtgml kc tda floi‗s suf`ajt dbs borabny tbeam pobja tdrkuld ��������� gm tda sjrgpt bmn km tda sat. ^da floiibear saoajts crki bmn bssaifoas tdgs ibtargbo, gmavgtbfoy oabvgml skia ckktbla fadgmn, fut tda oabvgml fadgmn gs mkt tda naflmgml bjtgkm kc tda bastdatgj, bmn tda —juttgml‗ wa bsskjgbta wgtd angtgml gm Amlogsd gs bfsamt. ^k tbea bm axbipoa kc floigj ikmtbla gm b mabroy pura ckri, tdara gs ogttoa samsa tdbt tda giblas bmn saquamjas gm Zarlag Agsamstagm‗s Ketybfr‗ (Kjtkfar , ����), dbva faam jut up kr tdbt bmytdgml dbs faam jut kut5 tdasa giblas iby dbva faam tkrm kut kc tdagr jkmtaxts, fut tda floi‗s prgibry bastdatgj, tda wby gt wbs ibna bmn gs rajagvan, gs tdbt kc bssaifogml, mkt juttgml. (Gmtarastgmloy, bm kfskoata samsa kc tda varf bssaifoa gm Amlogsd gs tk ogeam kr jkipbra.) Bmn sk gt dbppams, prajgsaoy, gm ign-jamtury Dkooywkkn, wdam Fbzgm wbs sjrgffogml bwby bjrkss tda pkmn, tdbt bssaifoy fajbia b tari ckr b rkuld jut kc b floi bmn ckr tda bjt kc ibegml tdgs kf`ajt, tdbt kc saoajtgml tda sdkts bmn bssaifogml tdai gm krnar0 —angtgml
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bmn bssaifoy bra okksa bmn frkbn taris justkibrgoy usan tk nasjrgfa tda prkjassas tdbt kjjur fatwaam tda krglgmbo rajkrns bmn tda raoabsa prgmts‗ (Kamdbusar, p. ���). Angtgml, dkwavar, gs ikra jkiikm bmn gs tda tari wdgjd dbs jkia nkwm tk obypakpoa, ibegml Amlogsd stbmn bpbrt crki ktdar obmlublas gm gts usa kc b tari ckr bssaifogml b floi wdgjd sullasts tdgs bjtgkm‗s kppksgta. Fut gc ikmtbla gm Amlogsd gs —bfstrbjt, jkmjaptubo kr rdytdigj UangtgmlY‗„oat us tbea tda ogfarty kc jkrrajtgml Fkrnwaoo km tdgs pkgmt, pamngml curtdar ravgsgkm faokw„angtgml iust fa, jkmvarsaoy, sgipoy b oass bfstrbjt, jkmjaptubo kr rdytdigj iatdkn kc bssaifogml kr jkmmajtgml. ^da ngaramja gs kma kc nalraa, mkt kc egmn. ^dgs wkuonn bos wkuo boskk fa jkm jkmsgs sgstam tamtt wgtd tda bfg bfgogt ogtyy kc Cramj Cramjdd sp spabea abears rs tk rabn agtdar samsa gmtk tda kma wkrn0 fktd Agsamstagm bmn Dkwbrn Dbwes jbrry kut ikmtbla5 ckr kma tdgs gs ikmtbla, ckr tda ktdar gt gs angtgml. ^da prkfoai gs mkt kmoy tdbt ikmtbla bmn ikmtbla nk mkt majassbrgoy kr avam usubooy iabm tda sbia tdgml gm Amlogsd bmn Cramjd, fut tdbt wdam trbmsobtgml b Cramjd tdgmear, pbrtgjuobroy crki tda ign-twamtgatd jamtury, bmn avam ikra pbrtgjuobroy Bmnrç Fbzgm, tda usa kc tda tari ikmtbla tk nasjrgfa tda wkre kc b fllura sujd bs Dkwbrn Dbwes gs qugta umogea wdbt gs umnarstkkn gm Amlogsd wdam kma spabes kc dgs angtgml. Mkt tdbt gm Cramjd tda tari ikmtbla aoavbtas b ngrajtkr ogea Dbwes gmtk tda rbraflan btikspdara bsskjgbtan wgtd ikmtbla gm Amlogsd, km tda jkmtrbry. Vbtdar, tdbt b jobssgjbo stungk ngrajtkr ogea Dbwes gs saam gmstgmjtgvaoy bs bssaifogml dgs flois bmn mkt bs juttgml tdai. Ckr, fajbusa kc tda bfsamja gm Amlogsd kc tda jkmjaptubo jbtalkry nçjkupbla, tda bjtgvgty tdgs tari nasjrgfas„crbliamtgml kr ngaramtgbtgml tda bjtgkm kc tda floi ckr bssaifoy gm tda ikmtbla„dbs faam giputan tk angtgml, tdbt pkkr trbmsobtgkm kc ikmtbla. Gm pbrtgjuobr, wgtd raspajt tk tda egmn kc jgmaib Fbzgm mbturbooy wrkta bfkut ikst, tda jobssgjbo Cramjd bmn Biargjbm jgmaib km agtdar sgna kc tda wbr, tdgs crbliamtgml wbs bssuian fy tda umgquaoy Bmlokpdkma bmn truoy ikmlrao jkmjapt jkmtgmugty angtgml. Gm tda vgaw kc tda prkpkmamts kc tda jkmtgmugty angtgml systai, tk angt gs mkt tk bssaifoa fut tk jut, bs saam prajgsaoy gm Fkrnwaoo‗s sogp gm naflmgml ikmtbla. Km tda kma dbmn tdgs gs arrkmakus, ckr wa emkw em kw tdbt b floi‗s jkmtgmug jkmtgmugty ty gs astbfog astbfogsdan sdan gm gts ���������
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Dkooywkkn pbrobmja„bmn km ���������„gts jkmtgmugty sjrgpt, gm Dkooywkkn sat gm gts �������� ��������� bmn ��������� ���������. Gm bmktdar, umgmtamnan samsa, dkwavar, Fkrnwaoo gs rgldt0 ibmy kc tda prbjtgjas da nasjrgfas bs jkmtgmugty angtgml bra sgipoy juttgml, mkt angtgml. Jkmtgmugty angtgml, wdam gt jkias nkwm tk gt, gs sgipoy jkmtgmugty juttgml. Gt tbeas pobja skoaoy gm tda bssaifoy fkktd tk put tda flmgsdgml tkujdas km b jkmtgmugty systai wdksa cumnbiamts waraa natarigman war natarigman bmn ambjtan ambjtan gm tda nçjkupbla nçjkupbla prkjass prkjass okml fackra tda ckktbla rabjdan tdgs fkktd. Mkta tdbt wdgoa b floi gs rkuldan kut gm gts bssaifoy prgmt, bs nasjrgfan bfkva, faykmn puttgml tda sjamas gm krnar tdgs prgmt dbs mkt, prajgsaoy, jbrrgan kut jartbgm tbses bsskjgbtan wgtd jkmtgmugty angtgml, sujd bs ayaogma ibtjdas bmn �������� km tda bjtgkm. bjt gkm. —Jkmtgmugty angtgml‗ bmn —juttgml‗ bra iara bppamnblas kr raflmaiamts kc nçjkupbla. Ckr gm jobssgjbo jkmtgmugty bssaifoy, b floi‗s ckktbla gs rglkrkusoy ibtjdan tk tda nçjkupbla tajdmgqua, wdgjd bs Fbzgm raibres —ckrasaas avarytdgml UbmnY dbs vgrtubooy jrabtan tda floi fackra tda flrst nby kc sdkktgml‗ sdk ktgml‗ (pp. ��‚��). ��‚��). Bssaifoy nkas gmnaan majassbrgoy gmvkova juttgml strgps kc floi tk `kgm sdkts, sjamas bmn saquamjas, fut tda rabo �������� ���� bmn �������� �� kc tda bjtgkm kjjurs okml fackra. (^da bssaifoy stbla gs avam jbooan —pkst-prknujtgkm‗ tk sglmbo tdbt tda wkre kc jkmjagvgml tda cgoi dbs borabny faam jkipoatan.) Gt gs b jrgtgjbo jkiikmpobja tdbt Fbzgm daon ikmtbla gm jkmtaipt. Gm cbjt, Fbzgm navaokpan b raflman tdakry kc ikmtbla, kr bssaifoy, wdgjd wgoo fa axpokran faokw. Fut wgtdkut tda jkmjapt nçjkupbla bmn boo kc gts Fbzgmgbm vbrgbmts nasjrgfan gm tda nçjkupbla amtrgas bfkva, gt gs gipkssgfoa tk umnarstbmn dkw bmn wdy gm jartbgm gmstbmjas Fbzgm skuldt bm botarmbtgva tk ikmtbla„oabvgml Amlogsd spabears wgtd tda mkmsamsgjbo prkpksgtgkm tdbt da prkpksan bm bastdatgj kc iara jgmaibtklrbpdy (naptd kc flaon, fut rbtdar, gm cbjt, ��������� �� ����� ) kvar bssaifoy. Gmnaan Fbzgm wbs cbr oass sjaptgjbo kc ikmtbla tdbm da wbs kc tda prkjass arrkmakusoy nasjrgfan gm Amlogsd bs jkmtgmugty angtgml0 ���������� ���������. ^dgs, tda crbliamtgml kc tda bjtgkm bjjkrngml tk jobssgjbo bastdatgj bmn mbrrbtgva jkmvamtgkms fackra tda floi rabjdas tda bssaifoar„b gm Cramjd, kr rbtdar b ikmtausa0 tda parskm wdk ikumts ikmtaur gm
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tda floi„gs tda gmgtgbo bmn trua bastdatgj jrgia. \dbt Fbzgm bfdkrran bfkut bssaifoy wbs gts usa kc syifkogsi bmn iatbpdkr5 tda wby ckrwbrn wbs b ckri kc bssaifoy fbsan mkt km tda giblgmbry„km tda gibla„fut rbtdar km tda rabo„km tda cbgt . Brtgstgj bssaifoy wbs tdus skiatdgml mkt gmvbrgbfoy sjkrman fy Fbzgm. Dgs pracarran butdkrs, sujd bs @kdm Nks Xbssks bmn Bmnrç Iborbux, mkt tk iamtgkm \googbi Cbuoemar bmn dgs botarmbtgml stkrgas gm ^da \gon Xbois, joabroy amlblan tk b obrla axtamt gm bssaifogml ngspbrbta ibtargbos gm tdagr ogtarbtura, kr gm Iborbux‗s jbsa gm jrabtgml sglmgfljbmt aoogpsas fatwaam bmn wgtdgm dgs mbrrbtgva apgsknas. Fut wdbt wara tday bssaifogml; ^dagr fljtgkmbo bmn saig-fljtgkmbo bjjkumts wara, bs Fbzgm brluas, fbsan tk b dgld nalraa km tda egmn kc rabogstgj vglmattas obtar ckumn gm Vkfartk Vkssaoogmg‗s sgx-pbrt X Xbgsè bgsè (����). Bmn Vkssaoogmg‗s vglmattas, Fbzgm raibres, wara bssaifoan gm sujd b ibmmar tdbt —tdara gs mk prklrassgkm gm tda krnargml kc tda stkrgas ktdar tdbm jdrkmkoklgjbo‗ (p. ��), jkmtrbry tk tda bastdatgj kc bmboytgjbo nçjkupbla. Bs wgtd tda �������� ����, gm jkmtrbst wgtd tda sdkt‚ravarsa sdkt, sk tkk wgtd bssaifoy0 Fbzgm tkke tda okml vgaw bmn prgvgoal prgvgoalan an ngrajt bmn spkmtbmakus spkmtbmakus gmtarbjtg gmtarbjtgkm km wgtd rabogty rabogty.. Okkean bt gm tdgs ogldt, Fbzgm‗s obunbtkry jkiiamts km tda sargbo flois kc Okugs Caugoobna gm tda ����s, saaigmloy bm umogeaoy jdkgja ckr dgs sabo kc bpprkvbo, ibea ikra samsa. Gm kma gmstbmja da nasjrgfas tdasa flois‗ sargbo strujtura„tdbt kc bssaifoan crbliamts„bs assamtgbo tk Caugoobna‗s brtgstry, bmn gm bmktdar raibres0 —Vkssaoogmg sat kut wgtd dgs jbiarb, skia floi bmn skia sjrgpt kutogmas, wdgjd da ikngflan bjjkrngml tk dgs gmspgrbtgkm, dgs duibm bmn ibtargbo raskurjas, mbtura, tda obmnsjbpa, atj. ^dgs wbs dkw Caugoobna wkrean okml blk gm sabrjd kc okjbtgkms gm tda straats kc Xbrgs ckr tda maxt gmstboiamt kc Oas Sbipgras (����‚��) kr C Cbmtþibs bmtþibs (����‚��), b jkmtgmubtgkm da wbs mk joabrar bfkut tdbm tda vgawars oa qugvargml wgtd bmxgaty tda waae fackra‗ (p. ��). Avarytdgml napamns km tda mbtura kc tda crbliamtan bmn bssaifoan ibtargbo bmn wdatdar tda kparbtgkm jkmckris kr mkt tk tda bastdatgj ngjtbtas kc jobssgjbo bmboytgjbo nçjkupbla. Gm jartbgm jbsas, bs wa bra bfkut tk saa, Fbzgm prbgsan bmn avam jdbipgkman bm bastdatgj kc bssaifoy. ^dgs wbs prgibrgoy trua kc mkm-fljtgkm floi, fut wbs bosk trua kc tda fljtgkm flois da wbs nrbwm
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tk fajbusa kc tdagr umgqua frbmn kc rabogsi„tdgs gmjounas, pbrbnkxgjbooy, tda cbmtbsy floi ckr jdgonram„bmn tdagr prkxgigty tk rabogty tkut jkurt . Gm fktd tda Vkfart Frasskm bmn tda mak-rabogsi assbys, ckr axbipoa, da nasjrgfas tdagr bastdatgj bs kma wdgjd raspajts tda —rbw ‗„b tari trbmsobtan bs ���� gm tda ckriar jbsa bmn bs ����� gm cbgt ‗„b tda obttar, ckr rabskms axpobgman gm tda lokssbry amtry km cbgt faokw. faokw. ^dgs bastdatgj kc tda cbgt jbm jbm fa ckumn gm b floi sujd bs Frasskm‗s Oas Nbias nu Fkgs na Fkuoklma (����)„bt flrst fousd mkt wdbt kma igldt nasjrgfa bs b —rabogst floi‗, fut dara tda rabogsi rasgnas prajgsaoy gm tda trabtiamt kc tda stu kc jgmaib, tdrkuld tda ngrajtkr —pobjgml rabogty gm jkumtarpkgmt wgtd gtsaoc‗0 —Frasskm gs jkumtgml km tda umcbigogbr aajt kc uprkktgml b rabogstgj tboa bmn pobjgml gt gm b ngaramt rabogstgj sattgml‗. Fbzgm bnns0 —boo Frasskm maanan tk jrabta b ngboklua crki Vbjgma wbs tda skumn kc b jbr‗s wgmnsdgaon wgpar sobppgml up blbgmst Ngnarkt‗ (pp. ���‚��). ���‚��). ^dgs jkumtarpkgmt gs b ckri kc bssaifoy, bmn wa wgoo flmn gt blbgm gm b floi km Xgjbssk. Gm dgs taxt —Nabtd Avary Barmkkm‗ crki tda sbia yabr, Fbzgm bjemkwoanlas bmn ra`ajts tda pkssgfoa pbrbnkx kc dgs pksgtgkm, botdkuld ogea boo pbrbnkxas da joabroy raogsdas tdgs kma. Nkjuiamtbry crbliamts sujd bs tdksa ckumn gm tda floi Ob Jkursa na tburabu tburabuxx ( Fuooflldt Fuoo flldt , ����), da raobtas, ibea pkssgfoa tdagr rapatgtgkm bmn bssaifoy gm b wby qugta umogea tda cbosadkkns kc fljtgkmbo bmboytgjbo nçjkupbla0 —mk ogvan ikiamt gs gnamtgjbo tk bmy ktdar, fut tdasa ikiamts jbm rasaifoa abjd ktdar ogea tda oabvas kc b traa. ^dgs gs wdy tdagr jgmaibtgj rapatgtgkm gs ikra pbrbnkxgjbo gm tdakry tdbm gm prbjtgja5 wa bnigt tdgs rapatgtgkm naspgta gts kmtkoklgjbo jkmtrbngjtgkm, ogea b egmn kc kf`ajtgva ratbea kc iaikry‗ (p. ���). Fbzgm nasjrgfas Fuooflldt bs bs b floi na ikmtbla. \a iust fawbra kc tdgs tari bmn mkt igsumnarstbmn gt, bs b pravgkus trbmsobtkr kc Fbzgm‗s taxt ramnaran gt, bs b —ikmtbla floi‗, iabmgml b floi wgtd b pbrtgjuobroy —bfstrbjt, rdytdigj kr jkmjaptubo‗ ckri. Gt gs, rbtdar, wdbt wa jboo gm Amlog Amlogsd sd sgip sgipoy oy b jkip jkipgobtg gobtgkm km floi kc pravgk pravgkusoy usoy axgstgml ckktbla. Fbzgm spabes kc tdgs floi‗s ckktbla bs rbssaifoç at ikmtç , kr lbtdaran bmn bssaifoan (p. ���)0 dara blbgm, ckr Fbzgm bmn ckr boo Cramjd jrgtgjs kc tda nby, ikmtbla wbs bm bastdatgj kc bssaifoy, mkt kc juttgml. B cgoi sk amtgraoy fbsan km b ikmtbla bastdatgj tk fa jbooan b floi na ikmtbla gs, prajgsaoy, kma bssaifoan
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kut kc ckktbla crki ktdar flois. ^ajdmgjbooy spabegml, mktdgml gs jut, fajbusa mktdgml wbs sdkt. ^da pbrbnkx dara ogas gm tda wby Fbzgm jaoafrbtas tda ibmgpuobtgkm kc rabogty bmn kc jgmaibtgj spbja bmn tgia gmdaramt gm b jkipgobtgkm floi sujd bs tdgs. Dkw gs gt tdbt da kf`ajts tk tda bfstrbjtgkm kc b fljtgkmbo avamt fy bmboytgjbo nçjkupbla iaraoy fajbusa kc tda wbyy gt ngssajts tda bjtg wb bjtgkm km fackr f ackraa tda jbia jbiarb, rb, fut fut sbmjtgkms tda jrabtgkm kc bm amtgraoy giblgmbry spbja bmn tgia kut kc rabo avamts tdrkuld bssaifoy; ^k tda pkgmt, gm cbjt, tdbt b floiibear jbm jrabta crki sjrbtjd wdbt igldt fa jbooan giblgmbry avamts, bs saam gm Fuoo flldt , wdara b sargas kc vgaws kc wdbt bppabrs tk fa b sgmloa bjtgkm gs gm cbjt jkffoan tklatdar kut kc ngspbrbta skurjas kc ckktbla, kma kc tda dbooibres bmn —trgje aajts‗ kc b jartbgm egmn kc jkipgobtgkm floi. ^da bmswar ogas gm tda ngaramt iabms bmn amns kc tdasa twk kparbtgkms0 b mbrrbtgva floi crbliamts bm gmtalrbo fljtgkmbo avamt bmn b jkipgobtgkm floi bssaifoas crbliamts kc rabo avamts. Borabny wa jbm jb m saa tdbt tda twk kpa kparbtgk rbtgkms ms bra cumnb cumnbiamt iamtbooy booy ngss ngssgigob gigobr. r. Ckr Fbzgm, tda kparbtgkm bt wkre gm tda ckriar„tda bmboytgjbo nçjkupbla kc b umgflan bjtgkm„ibeas kur aya bmn igmn pbssgva, bjjaptgml b rabny-ibna sargas kc parspajtgvas km b sgmloa avamt, wdgoa tdbt kc tda obttar„bss obttar„bssaifogml aifogml ngspbrbt ngspbrbtaa crbliam crbliamts ts kc rabo avamts„ckrjas us tk bnkpt bm gmtaooajtubo stbmja tkwbrns wdbt wa bra vgawgml. ^da bjt kc bssaifogml ngspbrbta crbliamts, nasjamngml crki tda iknarmgst trbngtgkm kc jkoobla (gm iknarm brt bm bssaifobla gs b tdraa-ngiamsgkmbo jkoobla), gm tbmnai wgtd tda lubrbmtaa tdbt tdasa crbliamts bra mkmatdaoass rabo, butdamtgj bmn jkmjrata, umogea tda bjtan fljtgkms kc bmboytgjbo nçjkupbla, prkipts prajgsaoy tdgs gmtaooajtubo prkfgml kc wdbt wa bra wbtjdgml. \a trust gm tda rabogty kc tda giblas, fut bra ckrjan tk pkmnar tdagr iabmgml gm raobtgkm tk ktdar sujd giblas. wkuon prkvgna Fbzgm wgtd b vary usacuo umgqua bmn Fuooflldt Fuoofll dt wkuon axtraia axbipoa. Da kfsarvas, wgtd raspajt tk tda kma umrapabtbfoa avamt gm ogca„nabtd„tdbt wbtjdgml b rabo nabtd km sjraam gs gmtkoarbfoa ckr iatbpdysgjbo rabskms faykmn tda duibm dkrrkr kc sujd b tdgml. Da rajkgos fackra mawsraaos kc suspajtan Jdgmasa jkiiumgsts fagml axajutan gm pufogj0 —tdasa iam wara fagml egooan boo kvar blbgm‗ (p. ���). Bmn yat tdgs kfsarvbtgkm jkuon lgva rgsa tk
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b mktgkm jkmsgstamt wgtd dgs tdakrgas0 b floi sujd bs Fuoofll Fuooflldt dt , fy nkjuiamtgml tda nabtd kc b fuooflldtar bmn ramnargml gt gmflmgtaoy raprknujgfoa, sbmjtgkms tda ibmgcast cbosadkkn kc sujd gmflmgta raprknujgfgogty (wdk jkuon tdgme, wbtjdgml tda floi b sajkmn tgia, tdbt tday wara wbtjdgml tda sbia parskm nga twgja;) fajbusa kc b iatbpdysgjbo trutd gt ravabos bfkut jgmaib0 —jgmaib dbs lgvam tda nabtd kc Ibmkoata b ibtargbo atarmgty. Km sjraam, tda tkrark ngas avary barmkkm‗ (p. ���). Abroy gm dgs jbraar, Fbzgm ibna wdbt saais ogea, ckr dgi, b surprgsgml najobrbtgkm0 bssaifoy„ikmtbla„gs tda —ikiamt kc bfskouta gmngvgnubo jrabtgkm‗ (p. ��). ^dgs raibre jkias gm b ngsjussgkm kc butdkrgbo styoa gm b floi kc nkjuiamtbry-ogea varbjgty wgtd tda bgr kc b jkipgobtgkm floi, sk joksaoy jkmmajtan tk rabogty gs gts ckktbla bmn sk prkmkumjan bra gts mbrrbtgva aoogpsas0 Bmnrç Iborbux‗s Aspkg Aspkgr r (����/����). Ckr tdara jbm fa ogttoa nkuft tdbt bssaifogml crbliamts kc rabogty aoogptgjbooy kars cbr lrabtar butdkrgbo craanki tdbm ckookwgml b nçjkupbla tajdmgqua bmn strgvgml tk jrabta stugn bmboytgjbo nçjkupbla. Daragm oby tda bppabo kc bssaifoy ckr Fbzgm. Gm tda jbsa kc nkjuiamtbry flois prkpar, wdgjd gm b samsa bra majassbrgoy jkipgobtgkm flois kc b skrt, avam gc tda ckktbla wbs sdkt fy tda floiibear ckr dgs kr dar floi, tda prknujtgkm tajdmgquas sujd flois butdkrgsa pksa p ksa b nubo prkfoai, fktd tajdmgjbo bmn ikrbo. Ngsjussgml @bjquas-Wvas Jkustabu‗s bmn Okugs Ibooa‗s umnarwbtar nkjuiamtbry Oa Ikm Ikmna na nu sg sgoam oamja ja (^da Zgoamt \kron , ����) gm bm brtgjoa kc tda sbia tgtoa nbtgml crki tdbt sbia yabr, Fbzgm sats kut b jkmumnrui0 kma iust —jdabt gm krnar tk saa fattar bmn yat mkt najagva tda vgawar‗ (Fbzgm ����, p. ��). Da aobfkrbtas km tdgs pkgmt gm bmktdar taxt nbtgml crki tda sbia yabr, —B Farlskmgbm Cgoi0 ^da Xgjbssk Xg jbssk Iyst Iystary ary‗, bfkut tdgs nkjuiamt kc Xgjbssk bt wkre fy DamrgLakrlas Jokuzkt0 —gs mkt ikmtbla, fy aogigmbtgml aipty ikiamts kr okml pbssblas bs tda ngrajtkr poabsas . . . bm aqubooy gmbnigssgfoa trgje aajt; Iy bmswar gs mk. Ckr wa iust ngstgmlugsd fatwaam trgje aajt bmn cbosgfljbtgkm‗ (pp. ���‚��). \a sdkuon dbot dara b ikiamt bmn quary tda iabmgml kc tda wkrn ikmtbla gm tda samtamja `ust quktan, lgvam tda bfgogty kc Cramjd spabears tk umnarstbmn tda tari bs tda aqugvboamt kc fktd —angtgml‗ bmn —ikmtbla‗ gm Amlogsd, kr rbtdar bs b spajtrui kc egmns
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kc bssaifoy. Nkas mkt tda nasjrgptgkm kc ikmtbla giiangbtaoy ckookwgml tda tari, bs — aogigmbtgm aipty ikiamts kr okml pbssblas aogigmbtgml l aipty bs tda ngrajtkr poabsas‗, gmngjbta prajgsaoy tda egmn kc —trgiigml‗ (bs tda Cramjd floi dgstkrgbm Oburamt Oa Ckrastgar jboos gt, brlugml gm parskmbo jkrraspkmnamja wgtd tda prasamt trbmsobtkr ckr tdgs gmtarpratbtgkm kc ikmtbla dara) bsskjgbtan wgtd angtgml, kr juttgml; Naspgta tdgs jkipaoogml brluiamt, gm tdgs pbssbla tda prasamt trbmsobtkr ramnars tda tari ikmtbla bs bssaifoy, umnarstkkn gm jkmtrbngstgmjtgkm tk tda juttgml gipogan gm —angtgml‗. Ckr gs bmy aogigmbtgkm dara mkt sajkmnbry tk tda bssaifoy kc nkjuiamtbry cbgts, Xgjbssk‗s pdysgjbo lasturas bs da pbgmts dgs —jbmvbs‗; Ikrakvar, mk kma wkuon fa ckkoan fy Jokuzkt‗s bssaifoy, Fbzgm ibgmtbgms5 tda ngrajtkr avam ibeas twk kc Xgjbssk‗s strkeas bppabr sgiuotbmakusoy km tda ravarsa sgna kc tda trbmspbramt jbmvbs km wdgjd wa wbtjd dgs wkres navaokp0 —kmoy tda gmbttamtgva, tda gifajgogj kr tdksa wdk emkw mktdgml bfkut jgmaib rgse mkt mktgjgml‗. Bs bowbys, bs ^dkrkon Ngjegmskm wbs quktan raibregml gm tda lokssbry amtry km nçjkupbla bfkva, ckris kc bssaifoy mkt fbsan km bmboytgjbo nçjkupbla (—juttgml‗ kr —angtgml‗) bra mkt trbmspbramt fut nrbw bttamtgkm tk tdaisaovas gm b taoogml ibmmar. Avam tda umckongml kc tda bjtgkm tdwbrts kur axpajtbtgkms, umogea mbrrbtgva juttgml gm jkmckribmja wgtd bmboytgjbo nçjkupbla0 Xgjbssk‗s —dbmn bmn tda jrbykm fagml gmvgsgfoa, mktdgml ravabos tdagr pksgtgkm axjapt tda ogma kr pkgmt bs gt bppabrs, bmn vary skkm tda igmn saaes ikra kr oass jkmsjgkusoy tk luass bmn ckrasaa, fut abjd tgia Xgjbssk‗s najgsgkm jkipoataoy fbas kur axpajtbtgkm. \a tdgme dgs dbmn gs km tda rgldt fut tda ogma bppabrs km tda oa. \a axpajt b ogma, b nbuf bppabrs5 wa axpajt b nbuf, bmn b pkgmt bppabrs. ^da sbia gs kam trua kc dgs suf`ajts0 b flsd fajkias b fgrn bmn b fgrn fajkias b cbum‗ (p. ���). Gt gs bs gc tdasa lasturas wara bssaifoan ogea b jkipgobtgkm floi, bmn yat tday bra rabo, strgjtoy ckookwgml tda navaokpiamt kc tda pbgmtgml. ^da bastdatgj kc —pobjgml rabogty gm jkumtarpkgmt wgtd gtsaoc‗ iamtgkman bfkva jbm fa ckumn avam gm Jokuzkt‗s najgsgkm tk floi Xgjbssk‗s wkres gm jkokur bmn tda rast kc tda floi gm fobje bmn wdgta, jrabtgml bssaifoy gm tda ckri kc vgsubo jkumtarpkgmt bs mbturbo bs —mgldt ckookwgml nby‗ bmn gm wdgjd —tda trua raobtgkms kc rabogty dbva mkt faam ikngflan‗ (p. ���).
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Bfkva boo, tda bssaifoan sdkts gm Jokuzkt‗s floi, umogea juttgml, raspajt tda nurbtgkm kc tda cbgt 0 —Jokuzkt tkke lrabt jbra„bmn wa jbmmkt jkmlrbtuobta dgi amkuld„tk spbra us tda trgje kc tda stkwar-pbgmtgml furstgml gmtk fokki Utdgs wkuon fa b juttgml aajtY ogea tda pobmts gm cbst-iktgkm sjgamja flois. Fut, bs b floi ngrajtkr, da umnarstkkn bmn caot tda maan ckr b parckribtgva tgia, usgml jkmjrata nurbtgkm tk tdgs amn fut wgtdkut ngstkrtgml tdbt nurbtgkm‗ (p. ���). Ckr avam tdkuld boo jgmaib gs gmnaogfoy stbipan wgtd tda iangui‗s gmtrgmsgj —tajdmgjbo rabogsi‗ (p. �), kmoy tda nkjuiamtbry cbgt , tdbt —crbliamt kc rbw rabogty, gmdaramtoy iuotgcbrgkus bmn bifglukus‗ (p. ��), butdkrgsas bssaifoy. ^da jbiarb‗s tajdmgjbo rabogsi, bs pkwarcuo bs gt gs, gs mk ibtjd ckr bastdatgj rabogsi. ^dgs rabogsi kc tda cbgt gs gs lakoklgjbo, prasarvgml —ckssgogsan tgia‗ bmn lrbmtgml us b logipsa kc tda atarmbo —kmoy fy umrasarvanoy blraagml tk okke ckr gt gm tda axbjtgtuna kc bm gmstbmt‗ (p. �). Bs b rasuot, tdasa gmstbmts, tdasa cbgts, jbm fa sduan bt wgoo, tdrkuld bm bssaifoy bastdatgj kc ������������� (p. ��). Gm cbjt gt gs boo tda fattar wdam tday bra sk bssaifoan. Fbzgm gmtrknujas tdgs tari tk dgs wkre gm b nasjrgptgkm kc tda styoa kc Iborbux tda mkvaogst (bmn floiibear) bmn dgs Biargjbm jkmtaipkrbrgas, wdgjd jkmsgsts gm —pobjgml crbliamts kc rabogty gm tgia‗ (p. ��). ^da butdamtgjgty kc tdgs bpprkbjd gs prajgsaoy wdbt gs objegml gm tda flois kc Krsk Krskmm \aooas, ckr c kr axbipoa (p. ��). ��) . Kmoy pdysgjbo rabogsi, mkt `ust tda tajdmgjbo rabogsi kc tda jgmaibtgj gibla, jbm fa ibmgpuobtan gm tdgs wby. Kr, ikra prajgsaoy, kmoy pdysgjbo rabogsi kr wdbt gs bjdgavan tdrkuld bm bastdatgj sujd bs mak-rabogsi, wgtd gts bndaramja tk tda Obw kc tda Bibolbi bmn tda wby gt bssaifoas ngspbrbta avamts aoogptgjbooy. aoogptgjbooy. Kr yat blbgm, gm cbjt, b egmn kc floi tdbt gs saaigmloy mak-rabogsi‗s kppksgta0 tda jdgonram‗s cbmtbsy floi. Fbzgm aipokys b sgigobr oklgj gm b spbta kc brtgjoas bfkut floi, ogtarbtura bmn tdabtra, wdara da ibeas axpogjgt tda lakoklgjbo iatbpdkr tk `ustgcy Vkfart Frasskm‗s pajuogbr bnbptbtgkm kc tda mkvao Ngbry kc b Jkum Jkumtry try Xrgast 0 —Frasskm juts fut mavar jkmnamsas, fajbusa wdbt raibg raibgms ms kc b taxt taxt tdbt dbs dbs faam jut jut gs stgoo stgoo bm krglgmbo krglgmbo crbl crbliamt. iamt. @ust bs b fokje kc ibrfoa dbs faam tbeam crki b qubrry qubrry,, tda wkrns spkeam gm tda floi bra stgoo b pbrt kc tda mkvao‗ (p. ���). (Mkta tdbt tda
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—juttgml‗ nasjrgfan dara gs tdbt kc sdkrtamgml tda mkvao ckr floigml, mkt tda bjt kc —angtgml‗ —angtgml‗ tda floi‗s ckktbla5 gm tda taxts gm tda prasamt vkou vk ouia ia Fb Fbzg zgmm usa usass tda tda tari tari ju jut,t, ag agtda tdarr bs bs b mku mkumm kr va varf, rf, kmo kmoyy twgj twgjaa gm gm jkmmajtgkm wgtd floi tajdmgqua. ^da flrst nasjrgfas tda gmtarpkobtan joksa-ups kc Cranrgj Ibrjd gm tda nçjkupbla gm naptd taoapdkma fkktd sjama gm ^da Fast Wabrs kc Kur Ogvas Up. ��Y. Avam tdam Fbzgm raibres kmoy tdbt tda nçjkupbla gm naptd ckktbla gs —twgja jut fy U jkupç jkupç pbr Y b joksa-up‗, wdgjd jkuon `ust bs absgoy fa umnarstkkn bmn trbmsobtan bs —gmtarruptan fy‗ gmstabn. ^da sajkmn jkias gm dgs taxt km tda jkipgobtgkm floi Fuooflldt , ngsjussan bfkva.) Gm cbjt Fbzgm‗s obmlubla gm dgs ngsjussgkm kc ogtarbry bmn tdabtrgjbo bnbptbtgkms gm tda abroy ����s (`ust wdam da wbs wrgtgml bfkut bssaifoy gm Fuooflldt ) gs pariabtan wgtd b obmlubla kc bssaifoy bmn tda rbpprkjdaiamt kc kc ngaramt brtgstgj systais, tda jgmaibtgj bmn tda ogtarbry kr tdabtrgjbo. ^k qukta `ust b caw smgppats kc dgs raibres crki tda Frasskm assby kc ����, ckr axbipoa, wa flmn Frasskm‗s prajurskr @abm-Xgarra Iaovgooa —jkmcrkmtUgmlY taxt bmn gibla‗ (p. ���)5 tdbt tda styoa kc Frasskm‗s floi gs tda —jobsd‗ kc tda rabogty kc tda gibla bmn tda —rbw —rbw bastdatgj cbjt‗ (tda mkvao) bt gts skurja (p. ���)5 bmn tdbt tda floi nkas mkt tbea tda pobja kc tda mkvao fut rbtdar —axgstUsY bokmlsgna bok mlsgna gt‗ gt ‗ bmn gs —jkmstr —jkmstrujtUanY ujtUanY km tkp kc UgtY‗ Ugt Y‗ (p. ���). Bt tda ikiamt nçjkupbla falbm tk cbna crki Fbzgm‗s systai, dbvgml cbgoan tk flmn bndaramts, da falbm tk navaokp b tdakry kc bssaifoy. Zgigobroy gm ^da Xgjbssk Iystary, ckr axbipoa, crbliamtgml tda prkfloigj bjtgkm gs parigssgfoa, p arigssgfoa, avam b sglm kc k c tda ngrajtkr‗s lamgus, fajbusa gt prasarvas tda rabogty kc tda avamt tda wby Frasskm bmn Jkjtabu bmn Oburamja Kogvgar prasarva tda (taxtubo kr parckrian) rabogty kc tdagr skurja. Gm ^da Xgjbssk Iystary, crbliamts ibgmtbgm tda avamt‗s jkmjrata qubogty bt tda sbia tgia bs tda rbpprkjdaiamt kc tdasa crbliamts daops us tk fattar lrbsp Xgjbssk‗s iatdkn bmn lamgus wdgoa mkt ngstkrtgml tda avamt‗s nurbtgkm. (\datdar sujd bm bastdatgj kc rbpprkjdaiamt gs gs jkipbtgfoa wgtd tda bastdatgj prklrbi bmmkumjan gm tda brtgjoa‗s tgtoa, tk tda accajt tdbt tdgs gs b —Farlskmgbm floi‗, gs bmktdar ngsjussgkm amtgraoy.) Gm fljtgkmbo nçjkupbla, km tda jkmtrbry, tk turm kur bttamtgkm mkw tk tdgs ikra jamtrbo kc Fbzgm‗s jkmjarms, wdbt gs raqugran gs tk raspajt amtgraoy tda gmtalrgty kc tda tgia bmn spbja kc b sgmloa bjtgkm.
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Fbzgm‗s nçjkupbla, tda nçjkupbla da pksgtan gm kppksgtgkm tk bmboytgjbo nçjkupbla, raspajts tda tdraa umgtgas kc jobssgjbo Cramjd tdabtra. Avam bmboytgjbo nçjkupbla, tk wdgjd da wbs kppksan umtgo tda amn, avam bar da falbm jboogml gt ikmtbla, lgvas tda giprassgkm kc nkgml tda sbia (brlubfoy vgkobtgml tda jobssgjbo umgtgas ogttoa ikra tdbm gts tdabtrgjbo iknao, wdgjd majassbrgoy aipokyan taipkrbo gc mkt spbtgbo aoogpsas gm tda bjtgkm). Bssaifoy, dkwavar, bndaras tk mk sujd prklrbi. Daragm ogas tda cumnbiamtbo ngstgmjtgkm fatwaam gt bmn nçjkupbla gm mbrrbtgva jgmaib, axjapt gm tda tdraa spajgbo jbsas Fbzgm bmboysas0 mak-rabogsi, ogtarbry bnbptbtgkms wdgjd tk b obrla axtamt trbmspksa tda krglgmbo wkre gmtbjt, bmn b jartbgm egmn kc jdgonram‗s floi. Gm tda flmbo tdgrn kc Fbzgm‗s frgac jbraar, dkwavar, bmn brkumn tda jdgonram‗s floi gm pbrtgjuobr, dgs bastdatgj systai, sk joabroy amumjgbtan gm b muifar kc taxts, falbm tk fajkia jkmcusan. Mkt kmoy ngn racaramjas tk nçjkupbla fajkia gmjrabsgmloy sjbrja, bar flmngml ogttoa raskmbmja bikml dgs paars5 da mkw falbm tk aqubta bssaifoy bmn nçjkupbla gm wbys wdgjd axpogjgtoy jkmtrbngjt dgs ckriar stbmja. Gm ����, bstkmgsdgmloy amkuld gm tda okml assby —Nçjkupbla‗, dgs jkmjapts fajkia `uifoan, skiatgias gm lobrgml wbys. @ust wdbt Fbzgm wbs jkiigssgkman tk wrgta bfkut ckr tda Gtbogbm floi castgvbo jbtboklua gm wdgjd dgs taxt bppabran„tda castgvbo‗s Amlogsd bmn Gtbogbm trbmsobtkrs tgtoan gt —Ikmtbla‗ bmn —Ikmtbllgk‗ raspajtgvaoy„gs umjoabr, bmn jartbgm fobtbmt gmjkmsgstamjgas gm tda taxt ibea kma wkmnar gc gt wbs angtan wgtdkut dgs gmvkovaiamt. Gm twk sujjassgva pbrblrbpds da racars tk —‟gmvgsgfoa’ bssaifoy‗ bmn tdam —‟gmvgsgfoa’ nçjkupbla‗, iabmgml ckr tdai tk fa umnarstkkn bs kma bmn tda sbia tdgml (p. ���). B caw pblas obtar da raibres tdbt —wgtd ���������� �������� (ikmtbla bmboytgqua) vgawars maan kmoy ckookw tdagr lugna bmn ckjus tdagr bttamtgkm km tdbt kc tda floiibear floiibear,, wdk jdkksa jd kksass ckr tdai wdbt tday t day sdkuon s dkuon saa‗ (p. ���). ^dgs gs pura, umbnuotarbtan bmboytgjbo nçjkupbla, bs tda jkmjapt wbs naflman bmn vglkrkusoy aipokyan fy Fbzgm dgisaoc, bmn rums jkumtar tk avary ngstgmjtgkm fatwaam nçjkupbla bmn bssaifoy da rapabtanoy ibna. Fbzgm‗s assby, wdgjd sdkuon dbva faam dgs naflmgml stbtaiamt km nçjkupbla fut gmstabn gs rgnnoan wgtd gmjkmsgstamjgas bmn jkmtrbngjtgkms, dbn caw raparjussgkms gm Crbmja. B twamty-kma-yabr-kon
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@abm-Ouj Lknbrn raspkmnan @abm-Ouj raspkmnan tk gt gm tda pblas kc Jbdgars nu Jgmçib, nacamngml Dkooywkkn‗s —jobssgjbo nçjkupbla‗ blbgmst Fbzgm gm kma kc dgs abrogast pufogsdan taxts. Bmn tdam Fbzgm‗s taxt sbme wgtdkut b trbja, rasurcbjgml kmoy gm ����, wdam, km dgs nabtdfan, Fbzgm ra vgsan gt ckr pufogjbtgk pufogjbtgkmm gm g m Ru‗ Ru‗astast-ja ja qua oa jgmçib; ^dara gt wbs rajdrgstaman —O‗Çvkoutgkm nu obmlbla jgmçibtklrbpdgqua‗ (—^da Avkoutgkm kc Cgoi Obmlubla‗) bmn tda rkoa kc nçjkupbla gm tda brtgjoa wdgjd kmja fkra gts mbia wbs curtdar ranujan, tdgs tgia mkt wgtd raspajt tk bssaifoy (tdara tda nbibla dbn borabny faam nkma) fut fy jkipkumngml tda jkmcusgkm gm bttrgfutgml tk igsa am sjäma tda strujturgml pkwars kc tda naptd kc flaon jbiarb (Fbzgm ����, p. ���). Qmtgo tda prasamt trbmsobtkr umabrtdan tda krglgmbo taxt wdgoa prapbrgml tda vkouia \dbt gs Jgmaib; gm ����, tdara gs mk avgnamja tdbt bmykma dbn jkmsuotan gt sgmja Fbzgm‗s nby. Fut borabny fy ���� gm cbjt, `ust twaova ikmtds bar tda pufogjbtgkm kc —Nçjkupbla‗, bmy mktgkm tdbt tdgs taxt wbs bm bmkiboy wbs aajtgvaoy ngspaooan fy b vary frgac bmn saaigmloy fkgoarpobta brtgjoa gm Jbdgars nu Jgmçib km jdgonram‗s flois, —^da Vabo bmn tda Giblgmbry‗.. ^dara Fbzgm bry‗ Fbz gm naogvaran tda jkup na lræ lræja ja tk nçjkupbla fy stbtoy bttrgfutgml tda sdkt‚ravarsa sdkt, tda sglmbtura ckribo navgja kc bmboytgjbo nçjkupbla, tk bssaifoy0 —tda giblgmbry wkron sdkwm km tda sjraam iust dbva tda spbtgbo namsgty kc rabogty. Bssaifoy jbm fa usan gm sujd jbsas kmoy wgtdgm prajgsa ogigts, km pbgm kc tdrabtamgml tda vary kmtkokly kmtkokly kc tda jgmaibtgj cbfoa. Ckr axbipoa, tda ngrajtkr gs mkt bookwan bookwan tk sgnastap, tdrkuld b sdkt‚ravarsa sdkt jkmstrujtgkm, tda ngjuoty kc napgjtgml twk sgiuotbmakus vgaws kc bm bjtgkm‗ (p. ���). Kut kc tdgs kfsarvbtgkm, tda sbia da dbn bowbys ibna gm dgs kf`ajtgkms tk bmboytgjbo nçjkupbla, da ckriuobtan dgs cbikus —bastdatgj ruoa‗0 —\damavar tda assamtgbo bspajt kc bm avamt napamns km tda sgiuotbmakus prasamja kc twk kr ikra blamts, bssaifoy gs prkdgfgtan‗ (p. ���). ^dgs sgiuotbmakus prasamja gs, kc jkursa, tdbt kc tda sgmloa prkfloigj spbja crbliamtan fy bmboytgjbo nçjkupbla, bppabrgml dara umnar tda mbia bssaifoy. ^draa yabrs obtar, tda yabr kc tda assby km ^da Xgjbssk Iystary bmn twk yabrs fackra dgs nabtd, Fbzgm wrkta wdbt gs pardbps dgs flmbo ib`kr stbtaiamt km floi obmlubla0 yat bmktdar brtgjoa km jdgonram‗s flois, fl ois, wdksa tgtoa, —Ikmtbl —Ikmtblaa gmtarngt‗ gm tarngt‗ (—Bssaifoy (—Bssaifoy Xrkdgfgtan‗ Xrkdgfgtan‗,,
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b ckriuobtgkm bppabrgml mkwdara gm tda taxt gtsaoc), wbs fkrrkwan crki tda ruoa brtgjuobtan gm tda ���� brtgjoa. Bokmlsgna tda ngsjussgkm kc bssaifoy, tda tkpgjs da avkeas gm tda obtar taxt blbgm gmjouna tda quastgkm kc iytd bmn tda gmtarpamatrbtgkm gm jgmaib kc —tda rabo bmn tda giblgmbry‗. Fut tdasa tdaias bra iujd ikra jrabtgvaoy na vaokp va okpan an gm tda obtar taxt, bfkut twk qugta ngssgigobr flois. Da dkons kma bs fagml kc gmtarast kmoy tk jdgonram umnar tam yabrs kc bla, fut tda ktdar tk fa b —jdgonram‗s floi ckr lrkwm-ups‗ (p. ���). Ikra gipkrtbmtoy, da rajklmgsas crki tda kutsat tdbt tda twk flois aipoky —rbngjbooy ngaramt‗ bpprkbjdas tk bssaifoy5 tda rabnar gs wbrman tdbt dgs taxt gs —mkt b trua pgaja kc floi jrgtgjgsi‗ bs dgs kmoy lkbo gs tk bmboysa tdasa flois crki tda pkgmt kc k c vgaw kc bssaifoy (p. ���). ���). Gt wbs mktan bfkva wgtd raspajt tk Fbzgm‗s jkipobgmt bfkut tda floi \dgta Ibma tdbt dgs jdbrbjtargsbtgkm kc b eay sdkt‚ravarsa sdkt gm tdbt floi bs b ckri kc bssaifoy wbs, bjjkrngml tk dgs kwm systai, arrkmakus, bs gt wbs gmstabn b joabr axbipoa kc bmboytgjbo nçjkupbla. Gm tda jbsa kc dgs ngsjussgkm gm —Bssaifoy Xrkdgfgtan‗ kc tda floi Qma Cçaa pbs jkiia oas butras (^da Zajrat kc Iblgj Gsobmn , ����), dkwavar, gt Cç gs wkrtd mktgml tdbt Fbzgm gs qugta jkrrajt gm stbtgml tdbt tdgs floi wbs ibna —gm tda bssa bssaifoy‗ ifoy‗ bmn bm n tdbt gts vgsgf vgsgfoa oa bjtgk bjtgkmm —prbjtgjbooy —prbjt gjbooy mavar axgstUsY prgkr tk tda floi‗ (p. ���). Dara tdara gs mk prkfloigj avamt kr bjtgkm tk crbliamt tdrkuld bmboytgjbo nçjkupbla, fut iaraoy b sargas kc umraobtan stblan sdkts jkmmajtan kmoy tdrkuld tdagr obtar bssaifoy. Fbzgm gs tdus qugta rgldt tk gmvkea Euoasdkv‗s cbikus axpargiamt. Fbzgm nasjrgfas dgs pracarran floi, Bofart Obikrgssa‗s Oa Fbookm rkula ( ^da Van Fbookkm, ����), mkt bs b —stkry tkon wgtd giblas‗, ogea ^da Zajrat kc Iblgj Gsobmn , fut rbtdar bs —tda gibla kc b cbfoa‗ kr bm —giblgmbry nkjuiamtbry‗ (p. ���, aipdbsgs gm tda krglgmbo). ^dgs qubogty oabns gt tk raskrt tk bssaifoy kmoy —gmbnvartamtoy‗ (p. ���, aipdbsgs gm tda krglgmbo). ^dus wdarabs tdrkuld bssaifoy tda floi‗s iblgj fbookkm —wkuon axgst kmoy km tda sjraam‗, wgtdkut bssaifoy tda fbookkm —frgmls us fbje tk rabogty‗ (p. ���). Ckr, umogea Iblgj Gsobmn , avary sdkt gm tda floi tbeas pobja gm b rabo, gnamtgflbfoa gnamtgflbfoa okjbtgkm. \a bra tdus gm tda prasamja kc b naikmstrbtgkm kc tda assamja kc jgmaib„b naikmstrbtgkm fagml lgvam, pbrbnkxgjbooy, fy b cbmtbsy floi ckr jdgonram. ^dgs assamja gs b rabogsi wdgjd kfsarvas —sgipoa
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pdktklrbpdgj raspajt ckr tda umgty kc spbja‗ (p. ���). Bjemkwoanlgml ^da Van Fbookkm‗s trgje aajts, da gmsgsts tdbt tday bra axjusbfoa fajbusa tdagr —goousgkm gs fkrm kc rabogty‗0 jgmaib jbm fa b cbfoa, b —pura gmvamtgkm kc tda igmn‗, bs okml bs gt gs lrkumnan gm rabogty (pp. ���‚��). Bs Fbzgm raibres gm tda Frasskm assby, yku tdgme yku dbva saam tdgs fackra. Wku dbva0 gm dgs bmboysgs kc tda floi na ikmtbla ikmtbla kr jkipgobtgkm floi Fuoofll gm tda brtgjoa —Nabtd Avary Barmkkm‗ Fuooflldt dt gm ngsjussan bfkva. ^dara Fbzgm bookws tda jkipgobtgkm floi avary craanki tk bssaifoa crbliamts bs gt wgsdas, fy vgrtua kc tdagr fbsgs gm rabogty. Fut wdarabs Fuooflldt bssaifoan bssaifoan crbliamts kc rabogty tk jrabta b maw umgty, ^da Van Fbookkm `uxtbpksas rabo aoaiamts (tda prgmjgpbo aoaiamt, tda ran fbookkm, fagml fktd rabo bmn giblgmbry gm mbtura) wgtdgm b sgmloa crbia. \a dbva saam tdgs fackra bs waoo0 gm ^da Xgjbssk Iystary, ibna tda sbia yabr bs ^da Van Fbookkm. ^da obttar floi rapogjbtas tda bastdatgj kc tda ckriar rgldt nkwm tk gts pajuogbr usa kc jkokur0 b naap, frgldt ran ckr tda fbookkm bmn iutan, nuoo, skifra jkokurs ckr tda jgty bmn gts gmdbfgtbmts. ^dgs gs b ibmmar, kmja blbgm, kc pobjgml rabogty —gm jkumtarpkgmt wgtd gtsaoc‗. Naspgta tdgs floi‗s raspajt ckr tda umgty kc spbja, bmn naspgta Fbzgm‗s ra`ajtgkm kc bm bastdatgj kc bssaifoy, wa jbm tdus gnamtgcy b ngaramt egmn kc bastdatgj bssaifoy bt wkre gm ^da Van Fbookkm. ^dara gs mk nkuft bs tk gts stbtus bs cbfoa, bs Fbzgm najobran tda floi tk fa, fy vgrtua gm pbrt kc gts igx kc tda —rabo bmn tda giblgmbry‗5 gts giiamsa bmn amnurgml pkpuobr bmn jrgtgjbo sujjass bjrkss juoturas (Dku Dsgbk-dsgam ngrajtan bm dkibla tk gt gm ����) gs bosk gmngjbtgva kc gts umgvarsbo tdaia. Bmn gt gs gm tdgs jk-axgstamja kc tda rabo bmn tda giblgmbry, prajgsaoy, tdbt wa jbm saa tda kutogmas kc b egmn kc bssaifoy umogea fktd —ikmtbla‗ bmn —angtgml‗, abjd kc wdgjd kparbtas bjrkss crbias. Dara blbgm Fbzgm gs brigml gmstabn bm bastdatgj kc gmtrb-crbia rbpprkjdaiamt kc kc ngaramt aoaiamts kc rabogty. ^dgs ckri kc bssaifoy wbs borabny kutogman mkt `ust gm tda taxt km ^da Xgjbssk Iystary, fut bosk gm dgs assbys km mak-rabogsi bmn ogtarbry bnbptbtgkm. ^dara rbpprkjdaiamt tbeas tbeas tda ckri, gm tda jbsa kc mak-rabogsi, gm navgjas sujd bs tda —bibolbi‗ kc prkcassgkmbo bmn mkm-prkcassgkmbo bjtkrs bmn tda pobjgml kc fljtgkmbo mbrrbtgvas gm rabo-ogca avamts5 bmn gm tda jbsa kc bnbptbtgkm gm tda pbopbfoa bmn ngsruptgva prasamja kc tda skurja wkre gm tda floi.
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Kmja blbgm, tda cbjt tdbt tda floi fagml ngsjussan gm —Bssaifoy Xrkdgfgtan‗‗ gs bm axjaptgkm tk tda mkri„gt gs mkt kmoy b jdgonram‗s Xrkdgfgtan floi, fut b jdgonram‗s floi ckr lrkwm-ups„oabns tk gmsgldts gmtk tda mbtura kc jgmaib ikra frkbnoy. ^da bssaifoy gm ^da Van Fbookkm iby fa tda dagldt kc cbmtbsy, fut gt gs rabogstgjbooy sat gm b pkkr, lrgiy abst-amn magldfkurdkkn kc Xbrgs. Gts frgldtoy-jkokuran fbookkm stbmngml kut blbgmst tda nrbf lray kc tda jgty, tda floi nkas gmnaan dbva tda bppabrbmja kc bm giblgmbry nkjuiamtbry, kc b rbp kc rabo cbgt prkjdaia prkj daiamt mt kc cbgtss. ^da iblgj fbookkm jrabtas b egmn kc cbmtbstgj jkipgobtgkm aajt blbgmst b rajklmgsbfoy butdamtgj urfbm rabogty gm b wby rasaifogml jkoobla5 wa igldt sby tdbt tda floi‗s sdkts bra, gm cbjt, bssaifoblas, gm tda iknarm brt samsa kc tda tari. Gmnaan tday bra boikst surrabo gm tdagr rbpprkjdaiamt kc kc tda rabo bmn tda giblgmbry (kma tdgmes kc flois sujd bs Vkiçk Fksattg‗s ���� Ob Jkursa bux pktgrkms U^da Xuipegm VbjaY bmn tda giprassgkm gt ibna km tda Zurrabogsts). Jkmvgmjan tdbt —gm tda prasamt ikiamt UbssaifoyY gs b ogtarbry bmn bmtg-jgmaibtgj tajdmgqua‗, Fbzgm ckumn axbipoas kc ngaramt ckris kc bssaifoy kutsgna kc nkigmbmt mbrrbtgva jgmaib. ^dgs bssaifoy„gm tda prasamt jbsa tda gmtrb-crbia rbpprkjdaiamt kc kc rabo aoaiamts„gs bt kmja iknarmgst bmn lrkumnan gm rabogty, bmn jbm fa ckumn gm tda saaigmloy umogeaogast kc pobjas. Fut dkw jbm wa bjjkumt ckr tda gmjkmsgstamjgas gm Fbzgm‗s systai, wdam wdam tday bra mkt kutrgldt jkmtrbngjtgkms kr ravarsbos; Gm parskmbo jkrraspkmnamja wgtd tda prasamt trbmsobtkr, Oburamt Oa Ckrastgar iamtgkms tda ckumngml kc b floi angtkrs‗ lugon bmn floiibears‗ gmjrabsgml gmvkovaiamt bar tda wbr gm tda bssaifoy kc tdagr flois bs cbjtkrs gm tda gmjrabsgml gipkrtbmja bmn stbtura kc bssaifoy gm tda Cramjd floi vkjbfuobry bmn tda tamnamjy ckr gt tk tbea km tda cumjtgkms kc nçjkupbla gm pakpoa‗s igmns. \a iby fa wgtmass wgtm assgml gml tdgs sdg sdg kjjur k jjur gm Fbz Fbzgm‗s gm‗s sta stabny bny str strabi abi kc puf pufogsd ogsdan an jrgtgjgsi. ^k tdgs tda prasamt trbmsobtkr wkuon bnn, bs b dypktdasgs wdgjd ckr tda ikiamt da jbm kmoy sullast, tdbt Fbzgm gmavgtbfoy jbia umnar tda gmstuamja kc Amlogsd floi taris, gm wdgjd tda jkmjapt jkm japt nçjkupbla gs jkipoataoy umemkwm bmn dgs —bastdatgj kc tda raobtgkms fatwaam sdkts‗ gs saam bs tda skoa raspkmsgfgogty kc bssaifoy. ^dgs gmstuamja wkuon dbva faam caot fktd ngrajtoy, tdrkuld Amlogsd-obmlubla floi pufogjbtgkms bmn Fbzgm‗s kwm gmtarvgaws bmn
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amjkumtars wgtd Biargjbm bmn Frgtgsd floiibears, gm tda jkursa kc wdgjd tk spabe kc nçjkupbla wkuon dbva ibna mk samsa tk dgs gmtarokjutkr, bmn wdgjd da kr bm gmtarpratar iby dbva trbmsobtan bs juttgml kr angtgml5 bmn gmngrajtoy tdrkuld dgs paars, pbrtgjuobroy tda Wkuml ^ures, tda cutura Mkuvaooa Sblua ngrajtkrs gmcbtubtan wgtd Bia Biargjb rgjbmm jgma jgmaib ib wdk bosk jbrr jbrrgan gan kut b lrab lrabtt ibm ibmyy gmt gmtarar vgaws wgtd Biargjbm floiibears. Biargjbm Biar gjbm juotura wbs wbsdgml kvar Crbmja bmn aspajgbooy Cramjd floi juotura gm tda obta ����s bmn abroy ����s, wdam Fbzgm flrst navaokpan bmn tdam bfruptoy obrlaoy nrkppan dgs tdakry kc nçjkupbla bmn jbpgtuobtan gm jboogml gt bssaifoy bssai foy.. ^dgs —Biargjbm —Biargjbm \bva‗ iby waoo dbva sufiar sufiarlan lan kma kc Fbzgm‗s ikst gipkrtbmt sglmbtura jkmjapts, fut gt lbva rgsa gm turm tk b mkvao tdakry kc bssaifoy. ^da taris �������, �������� (bmn �������� bmn ���������� , fut mkt bssaifoy ogma kr bssaifobla) bmn ����������� bppabr gm jbpgtbo oattars bs sdkwm ckr tda flrst kjjurramja k jjurramja gm abjd jdbptar bmn gm okwar jbsa tdarabar. Zuppoaiamtbry skurjas0 Bmnrç Fbzgm, Jbdgars nu Jgmçib �� (@bmubry ����)5 Bmnrç Fbzgm, Ru‗ Ru‗ast-ja ast-ja qua oa jgmçib;, vko. � (Xbrgs0 Çngtgkms nu Jarc, ����)5 Bmnrç Fbzgm, \dbt gs Jgmaib;, trbms. ^giktdy Fbrmbrn (Ikmtrabo0 jbfkksa, ����)5 Nbvgn Fkrnwaoo, Km tda Dgstkry kc Cgoi Ztyoa (Jbifrgnla0 Dbrvbrn Qmgvarsgty Xrass, ����)5 Z.I. Agsamstagm, \.G. Xunkwegm ( sgj sgj) bmn L.S. Boaxbmnrk ( sgj sgj), —^da Zkumn Cgoi0 B Ztbtaiamt crki Q.Z.Z.V.‗ (Kjtkfar ����), gm @bias Nkmbon, Bmma Crganfarl bmn Oburb Ibrjus, ans., Joksa Qp ����‚����0 Jgmaib bmn Iknarmgsi Iknar mgsi (Okmnkm0 Jbssaoo, ����)5 \googbi D. Kamdbusar, ��-Ii UsgjY Zkumn Iktgkm Xgjturas0 B Ibmubo ckr tda Xrkcassgkmbo bmn tda Bibtaur Bibt aur (Maw Wkre bmn Okmnkm0 Gmtarsjgamja Xufogsdars, ����)5 Ssavkok savkoknn Xunkvegm, Cgoi ^ajdmgqua (���� bmn ����), ^ajdmgqua bmn Cgoi Bjtgml (���� trbms. Gvkr Ikmtblu (Maw Wkre0 Fkmbmzb Fkkes, ���� U���� bmn ����Y). B��������� �������� (ikmtbla bmboytgqua)„Bm bmkiboy gm
Fbzgm‗s wrgtgmls, bppabrgml `ust kmja gm tda prasamt vkouia, gm tda ���� assby —Nçjkupbla‗ (p. ���) bokmlsgna bmn saaigmloy symkmyikus wgtd ���������� ��������� bmn ��������� ���������. Gt
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gs pkssgfoa tdbt tdgs kma racaramja„bokmlsgna tda systaibtgj igstrbmsobtgkm kc ��������� bs angtgml bmn juttgml gm tda sbia bmn ktdar taxts„gs tda krglgmbo skurja kc tda mkw ufgqugtkus axprassgkm bmn jkmjapt bmboytgjbo angtgml gm Amlogsd, wdara gt gs symkmyikus wgtd tda avam ikra pravboamt tari jkmtgmugty angtgml. Bmboytgjbo bssaifoy, dkwavar, gs b jkmtrbngjtgkm gm taris, bs tda skrt kc bmboysgs kr ������� Fbzgm gs racarrgml tk gm tda —Nçjkupbla‗ taxt partbgms, prajgsaoy, tk b floi‗s nçjkupbla bmn mkt gts ��������. Bssaifoy bssaifoas tdgmls, gt nkas mkt —bmboysa‗ (pbrsa) tdai kr tbea tdai bpbrt. (—Jkmtgmugty angtgml‗ gs `ust bs gmjkdaramt, bs tda jkmtgmugty kc b jkmvamtgkmbo mbrrbtgva floi‗s bjtgkm gs astbfogsdan, prajgsaoy, gm gts —jkmtgmugty‗, bm gmnustry tari ckr tda sdkktgml sjrgpt kr ��������� ���������5 tda tbse kc tda jobssgjbojobs sgjbo-arb arb —angtkr‗ —angtkr‗,, kr rbtdar rbtd ar tda —bssaifoar‗, bt oabst bs cbr bs tda floi‗s jkmtgmugty wbs jkmjarman, wbs tk ibtjd tda ��������� kc tda bjtgkm gm tda sdkktgml sdk ktgml sjrgpt.) Gm dgs ���� assby —Krskm \aooas‗ Jkmtrgfutgkm‗, bmktdar eay stbtaiamt km nçjkupbla, Fbzgm ibeas prajgsaoy tda brluiamt tdbt tda jobssgjbo tboegml jgmaib kc tda ����s da wkuon obtar ngsjuss gm tda —Nçjkupbla‗ brtgjoa wbs b jgmaib kc (bmboytgjbo) nçjkupbla bmn mkt bssaifoy, wdgjd ckr Fbzgm wbs b craar ckri kc gmtarvamtgkm gm tda bjtgkm (p. ���). \dy da aipokyan tda tari bmboytgjbo bssaifoy„`ust kmja gm tda prasamt vkouia„gs b iystary wdgjd wgoo mavar fa skovan.
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�. C Cbgt bgt )„^da cbgt )„^da A����, ���� , ���������, ���� , ���� �������� ( cbgt Cramjd Lrbmn Vkfart ngjtgkmbry ngjtgkmbry naflmas cbgt , gm tda samsa raoavbmt tk kur purpksas dara, bs —wdbt dbs dbppaman, wdbt dbs tbeam pobja‗5 —tdbt wdgjd rabooy axgsts, tdbt wdgjd partbgms tk rabogty‗5 bmn —bmy ibtargbo avamt‗. (^da varf cbgra iabms tk ibea kr tk nk bmn gs bs jkiikm bmn iuotgcbjatan bs tdasa Amlogsd varfs.) ^dam, kc jkursa, tdara gs tda axprassgkm bnkptan gmtk Amlogsd, cbgt bjjkipog, skiatdgml tdbt dbs dbppaman bmn wdgjd jbmmkt fa botaran, rankma kr quastgkman. Mkt kmoy bra tdasa tdgmls mkt boo axbjtoy tda sbia, bmn mkt kmoy gs tdara mk sgmloa wkrn gm Amlogsd wdgjd amjkipbssas boo tda iabmgmls kc cbgt bmn bmn wbys gm wdgjd gt jbm fa usan5 Fbzgm bosk aipokys tda tari gm ngaramt wbys bmn jkmtaxts. Damja tda raobtgvaoy okml ogst kc Amlogsd taris gm tda dabngml kc tdgs lokssbry amtry km cbgt , taris wdgjd dbva boo faam aipokyan gm ngaramt jkmtaxts gm tda prasamt trbmsobtgkm (b jkmtrkvarsgbo najgsgkm gm gtsaoc, ckr skia, botdkuld gt sdkuon mkt fa) bmn wdgjd wgoo fa ngsjussan gm turm dara gm nasjamngml krnar kc craquamjy kc usa. Fackra wa falgm spogttgml dbgrs, dkwavar, bs tdara gs skia nafbta, prajgsaoy, kvar tda fast tari tk usa tk trbmsobta cbgt bmn bmn jkmvay gts iabmgml ckr Fbzgm, wdk ckr b tgia obgn jkmsgnarbfoa aipdbsgs km gt gm dgs wkre, gt sdkuon fa mktan tdbt tda Cramjd tari, bmn tdgs gs jkmflrian kjjbsgkmbooy k jjbsgkmbooy fy Fbzgm‗s Fbzgm‗s usa kc gt, skiatgias skiatgias dbs b vary fbmbo, avarynby samsa, sgigobr gm Amlogsd tk tda tari —tdgml‗. ^da prasamt trbmsobtkr faogavas f aogavas tdbt tda Amlogsd tari wdgjd, ikst kam, gs joksast tk tda naflmgtgkms bfkva bmn fast jkrraspkmns tk Fbzgm‗s usa kc tda tari gs avamt. Jkmsgnar, fackra turmgml tk Fbzgm, tda naflmgtgkm kc avamt gm tda Kxckrn Amlogsd Ngjtgkmbry0 —tda . . . cbjt kc bmytdgml dbppamgml5 tda kjjurramja kc ‗. Gc wa okke bt tda ‗s naflmgtgkm kc tda jkrraspkmngml tari gm Cramjd, çvçm Vkfart Vk fart ‗s çvçmaiam aiamt t , wa flmn tda umtrbmso umtrbmsobtbfoa btbfoa raibre —cbgt — cbgt buquao vgamt bfkut bfkutgr gr uma sgtubtgkm‗ sgtub tgkm‗,, kr —b cbg gm wdgjd b sgtubtgkm juoigmbtas‗. B cbg cbgt t gm cbgt t , tda rabnar wgooo rajboo, wgo rajboo, gs —b —bmy my ibtargbo ibtargbo avamt‗ avamt‗0 gm Cramjd, Cramjd, cbg bmn çvç jgrjoa cbgt t bmn çvçmai maiamt amt jgrjoa brkumn kma bmktdar. Gm b rajamt bmn bs yat umpufogsdan brtgjoa, —Zdkts �� bmn �� kc Xbgsè X bgsè‗, bfkut tda Vkfartk Vkssaoogmg floi kc ���� wdgjd sarvas bs tda jamtrapgaja kc Fbzgm‗s ngsjussgkm kc cbg cbgt t , Ztavam Ibrjdbmt jkmsgnars
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Vkssaoogmg‗s usa kc tda Gtbogbm tari cbttk tk nasjrgfa dgs wkre. ^dgs tari pksas boikst gnamtgjbo ngoaiibs ckr tda trbmsobtkr bmn kars boikst gnamtgjbo skoutgkms. Ibrjdbmt survays tda jkmstgjtgml trbmsobtgkms bvbgobfoa bmn jkmjounas tdbt tda ikst bpprkprgbta tari tk ramnar Vkssaoogmg‗s iabmgml gs, gmnaan, avamt. ^da flrst `ustgfljbtgkm ckr usgml avamt tk trbmsobta cbgt gs gs tdbt Fbzgm dgisaoc usas avamt, çvçm çvçmaiamt aiamt , cbgroy craquamtoy gm wdbt saai ogea gnamtgjbo sgtubtgkms. Gm tda taxts gmjounan gm tda prasamt vkouia, flrst bppabrs gm tda ���� assby km Bmnrç Iborbux (p. ��) bmn tdam cbgt flrst rajurs kmoy gm ����, wgtd tda assby km Gtbogbm mak-rabogsi gm wdgjd gt gs jamtrbo, fut tda wkrn çvçmai gs usan ogfarbooy gm dgs wrgtgmls çvçmaiamt amt gs crki tda sbia pargkn gm sgigobr kr gnamtgjbo wbys, gmjoungml gm tda Iborbux taxt. Gs tdara bmy sglmgfljbmja tk tda cbjt tdbt Fbzgm usas rbtdar tdbm cbgt boo boo tda wby tdrkuld tda taxt km Jgtgzam çvçmaiamt rbtdar Ebma Eb ma gm ����, lgvam dgs vgaw tdbt Krskm \aooas‗ flois obje tda butdamtgjgty kc tda mak-rabogsts, bm butdamtgjgty bjdgavan gm pbrt tdrkuld tda gipkrtbmja kc cbgt cbgtss tk tda obttar; Kr gs tdgs `ust dbppamstbmja, bs Fbzgm jdurman kut taxt bar taxt km tda sty; Kr nkas gt gmngjbta tdbt botdkuld da dbn borabny usan cbgt fackra wrgtgml tda Jgtgzam Ebma brtgjoa, gt dbn mkt yat flrioy astbfogsdan gtsaoc gm dgs tdkuldt; ^dara gs rabooy mk wby tk taoo. Fut wdarabs cbgt gs gs jamtrbo tk Fbzgm‗s brluiamt bfkut Vkssaoogmg gm ����, gm dgs ngsjussgkm obtar tdbt sbia yabr kc Oujdgmk Sgsjkmtg‗s Ob tar tarrb rb trai traibb (����), gm wdgjd Sgsjkmtg aipokys bm bastdatgj kc sdkktgml gm rabo okjbtgkms wgtd mkm-prkcassgkmbo bjtkrs wdgjd lkas faykmn avam wdbt Vkssaoogmg dbn nkma wgtd X Xbgsè bgsè, Fbzgm raibres, prajgsaoy wdara kma wkuon axpajt dgi tk usa cbg cbgt t , tdbt Sgsjkmtg —systaibtgjbooy jkmstrujts dgs gibla km tda çvçmaiamt ‗ (����, p. ��). Avam gm dgs jamtrbo ngsjussgkm kc tda cbg gm Vkssaoogmg, Fbzgm flrst ra cbgt t gm ibres tdbt —b wdkoa sargas kc çvç çvçmaia maiamts mts gs ogmean tklatdar‗ bmn tdam, twk samtamjas obtar, spabes kc —b sujjassgkm kc cbgt cbgtss‗ (p. ��). ^da ngaramja fatwaam b sargas kc avamts bmn b sujjassgkm kc cbgts gs bmykma‗s luass. Muiarkus ktdar axbipoas jkuon fa jgtan. Gm tda okml assby km \googbi \yoar, bosk bppabrgml gm ����, Fbzgm aipokys çvçma çvçmaiamt iamt tdrkuldkut. Gs tdara, kmja blbgm, bmy sglmgfljbmja gm tda cbjt tdbt \yoar, ogea \aooas, gs wkregml gm stungks gmnkkrs; Bs tda trbmsobtkr dbs raibrean è prkpks kc Fbzgm bmn \yoar, —\gtd \yoar Fbzgm dbn
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sattoan ckr tda spbtgbo ngaramtgbtgkm kc b strgjtoy prklrbiibtgj mbrrbtgva naptd kc flaon bt tda axpamsa kc rabogsi bmn tda spbtgktaipkrbo ngaramtgbtgkm assamtgbo tk gts jgmaibtgj raprasamtbtgkm0 tda jbiarb‗s bfgogty tk rajkrn tda gmflmgtasgibo jdbmla jkmstbmtoy tbegml pobja gm tda wkron brkumn us‗ (Fbrmbrn, p. ��). ^k bttaipt b ikra sufstbmtgva `ustgfljbtgkm ckr tda usa kc tda tari avamt tk trbmsobta cbgt gm tda ib`krgty kc jbsas gm wdgjd gt bppabrs gm tda taxts gmjounan gm tdgs vkouia, tda trbmsobtkr faogavas tdbt kc tda jdkgjas bvbgobfoa, avamt fast jkmvays tda ogva qubogty kc bmn Fbzgm‗s brluiamt ckr tda pbrtgjgpbtgkm kc tda jbiarb (bmn cbgt bmn tdus tda vgawar) gm tdgs umckongml kc tda cbg cbgt t . Zkia kc tda ktdar pkssgfoa taris gm Amlogsd wdgjd jkuon dbva faam usan gm tdasa jbsas gm cbjt fattar ramnar tda qugta ngaramt samsas kc cbgt ckumn ckumn aosawdara gm tdasa wrgtgmls, bmn tdasa taris bra aipokyan gm tdksa tdk sa sgtubtgkms. Fut mk ktdar Amlogsd tari, gm tda trbmsobtkr‗s vgaw, kma jkiikm amkuld tk bppabr wgtd raobtgva craquamjy tdrkuldkut tda taxt wgtdkut jbusgml tda rabnar tk stuifoa kvar gt, jbm jkmvay bs waoo bs avamt tda naflmgml qubogty kc Fbzgm‗s cbgt bs bs bm avkovgml, ogvgml tdgml0 —b crbliamt kc rbw rabogty, gmdaramtoy iuotgcbrgkus bmn bifglukus, wdksa ‟iabmgml’ fajkias bppbramt kmoy bar tda cbjt‗„g.a. bar gts jkipoatgkm bs bm avamt. \gtd kma axjaptgkm, ngsjussan faokw, mk ktdar tari dbs boo tdasa qubogtgas, gm bnngtgkm tk sullastgml giiangbjy bmn nurbtgkm5 tda obttar wbs bm kvarrgngml jkmjarm kc Fbzgm‗s. Gm tda —Nçjkupbla‗ assby kc ����, bs pbrt kc dgs brluiamt gm cbvkur kc ��������� kvar �������� bmn tdus ckr b jbiarb-fbsan bastdatgj wdgjd da bosk bsskjgbtan wgtd cb cbgt gt , Fbzgm raibres tdbt umnar nçjkupbla —tda bjtgkm gs bowbys gm tda prkjass kc fagml jbrrgan kut ‗ (p. ���5 aipdbsgs gm tda krglgmbo). Ktdar pkssgfoa trbmsobtgkms kc cbgt kfsjura kfsjura tdgs assamtgbo qubogty0 gm jgmaib, avarytdgml avarytdgml dbs tda qubogty kc fagml bm avamt. —Avamt‗ gs bm aspajgbooy bpt jdkgja gm tda jbsa kc tda ktdar eay brluiamt Fbzgm ibeas brkumn tda cbg cbgt t gm X Xbgsè bgsè0 —avamts nk mkt iasd ogea tda ogmes kc b jdbgm km b stywdaao. Kur igmns iust fastrgna tdai tda wby kma dkps crki stkma tk stkma wdam jrkssgml b rgvar. Gm jkmvamtgkmbo nçjkupbla, gm b ibmmar sgigobr tk jobssgjbo ogtarbry mbrrbtgva, tda avamt gs bssbgoan fy tda jbiarb, crbliamtan, pbrsan bmn rajrabtan‗ (p. ��). ^drkuldkut dgs jbraar Fbzgm skuldt bm
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bastdatgj gm wdgjd tda sdkt„tda ogmes kc b jdbgm„wkuon mkt fa cumnbiamtbo5 jkmjagvgml b floi bs b sargas kc avamts bmn mkt b sargas kc sdkts wkuon fa kma wby tk bjdgava tdgs wdgoa bosk jrabtgml mbturbo aoogpsas fatwaam tdai, ckrjgml us tk dkp crki stkma tk stkma bmn tdus pby bttamtgkm tk tda stkmas bmn tk kur parjaptgkm kc tdai. Fadgmn tdgs ngsjussgkm okkis tda �������� ����, b tari Fbzgm gmvamtan tk nasjrgfa kma kc tda eay aoaiamts kc dgs bastdatgj bmn pardbps tda prgmjgpbo tajdmgjbo iabms ckr nkgml bwby wgtd tda mktgkm kc tda sdkt. Bmn b saquamja sdkt, kc jkursa, jbpturas bm amtgra avamt, iabmgml b jkipoata mbrrbtgva bjtgkm, gm b sgmloa jbiarb tbea. ^dus tda floi gibla gtsaoc wbs jkmjagvan, gnabooy, bs bm avamt, lgvgml rgsa tk b sajkmnbry tari gm Fbzgm‗s ngsjussgkm kc Vkssaoogmg0 tda gibla-cbgt , trbmsobtan dara bs gibla-avamt (p. ��). Vabnars iby fa b fgt sjaptgjbo kc tda trbmsobtgkm, kr gmnaan kc Fbzgm‗s gnab, wdam tday ngsjkvar tdbt tda axbipoa kc bm gibla-avamt da prkvgnas gs b . . . nkkr0 —Gm X Xbgsè bgsè . . . joksa-ups kc nkkremkfs bra rapobjan fy tda ‟gibla-avamt’ kc b nkkr, boo kc wdksa jkmjrata qubogtgas bra aqubooy vgsgfoa‗‗ (p. ��). ^da axbipoa, kr tda trbmsobtgkm, iby gmnaan fa b fgt vgsgfoa joumey, fut gt sullasts prajgsaoy tdbt avam b floi gibla kc b nkkr gs mkt stbtgj fut rbtdar, km floi, bm avkovgml avamt, kpamgml up (sk tk spabe) fktd spbtgbooy bmn taipkrbooy faykmn gtsaoc bmn tda spbja bmn tgia gm wdgjd wa saa gt. ^da nkkr wa saa gs bjtubooy dbppamgml km tda sjraam fackra us (bmn wa wgoo turm tk tdgs tari gm b ikiamt). \dgoa gt iby fa f a trua, bs Fbzgm raibres rai bres gm tdgs t dgs sbia sbi a assby, assby, tdbt, ogea b nkkr, —tda wkron qugta sgipoy gs‗ (p. ��5 aipdbsgs gm tda krglgmbo), tdgs wkron gs jkmstbmtoy umckongml bs avamt bmn tda vgawar, bmn jbiarb, bra jkmstbmtoy gmtarbjtgml wgtd gt. Xardbps, dkwavar, tda tari avamt bs b trbmsobtgkm kc cbgt bmn bmn sdbnas kcc nbmlarkusoy tkwbrns kma kc gts iabmgmls0 gibla-cbgt sdbnas wdbt tda KAN nasjrgfas bs —gm iknarm usa, jdgasty rastrgjtan tk kjjurramjas kc skia gipkrtbmja‗. (Dara tda trbmsobtkr jbm kmoy bse tdbt tda rabnar jkmsgnar tda tari gmstabn gm tda ikra duinrui samsa avkean fy Frgtgsd prgia igmgstar Dbrkon IbjIgoobm wdam bsean wdbt eaaps lkvarmiamts crki gipoaiamtgml tdagr blamnb0 —avamts, iy nabr fky, avamts‗.) Xardbps wdbt gs maanan tk trbmsobta cbg cbgt t gs skiatdgml ikra . . . cbjtubo; Zdkuon wa gm cbjt jboo tda cbgt b b cbjt bmn tda gibla-cbgt bm bm gibla-cbjt, tdarafy stgjegml tk tda cbjts bmn
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ogigtgml tda tari tk trbmsobtgml tda cbjtubo qubogty kc tda tari cbgt ; Gmnaan tdgs gs dkw cbgt gs gs ramnaran (wgtd b sprgmeogml kc avamt) gm b pravgkus trbmsobtgkm kc Fbzgm, bmn tda ngjtgkmbry jbm fa ibrsdbooan gm nacamja kc tdgs jdkgja0 b cbjt gs b —tdgml nkma kr parckrian‗5 —skiatdgml tdbt dbs rabooy kjjurran‗5 —wdbt dbs bjtubooy dbppaman‗. Mkta tdbt tda KAN sullasts tdbt avamt dbs bm kmlkgml qubogty fut tdbt cbjt dbs b jkipoatan qubogty. ^da trbmsobtkr saas twk prgmjgpbo kf`ajtgkms tk tda lamarbo usa kc cbjt tk trbmsobta cbgt . Cgrst, `ust bs avamt sdbnas k gmtk —spajgbo avamt‗ gm iknarm usbla, tknby cbjt avam ikra joabroy bmn prkfoaibtgjbooy avkeas wdbt tda KAN jboos —b pbrtgjuobr trutd‗ kr —trutd bttastan fy ngrajt kfsarvbtgkm‗. Kma jbmmkt tdgme kc tda jkmjapt cbjt tknby wgtdkut bosk jboogml tk igmn wdbt dbs fajkia gts kppksgta, cbosadkkn, bmn gm floi, fljtgkm0 b pbgr kc taris wdgjd jboos tk igmn gm turm nkjuiamtbry bmn fljtgkm floi. B cbjt, tk tda iknarm igmn, gs `ust bs iujd kr ikra sk b stbtaiamt kc trutd bs gt gs b tdgml tdbt dbs iaraoy kjjurran. Bmn trutd gs b dgldoy prkfoaibtgj jkmjapt tk fa gmtrknujgml gmtk Fbzgm, wdam da gs spabegml kc rajkrngml rabogty gm b wby wdgjd oabvas gts gmtarpratbtgkm kpam tk tda vgawar. Zajkmn, Fbzgm borabny brluas axtamsgvaoy gm muiarkus brtgjoas gm tdgs vkouia ckr tda gmdaramt rabogsi, kr cbjtubo mbtura (—wdbt dbs bjtubooy dbppaman‗), kc tda jgmaibtgj gibla, mk ibttar wdbt gs fagml floian, falgmmgml gm ���� wgtd tda taxt —Km Vabogsi‗, wdara da jboos tdgs pdamkiamkm —bastdatgj rabogsi‗ (p. �). Da dbs mk maan ckr bm bnngtgkmbo tari gm b sapbrbta yat aqubooy assamtgbo ngsjussgkm kc tda mbtura kc tda floi gibla bmn tda vgawar‗s gmtarbjtgkm wgtd gt. Bmn wkuon mkt bm gibla-cbjt kc b nkkr, gm cbjt, jkmflma jkmflma tda nkkr tk tda crkzam, gmart axgstamja wa wkuon mkribooy bttrgfuta tk gt; ^dgs nkkr wkuon dbva b flxan bmn umjdbmlgml bspajt, giikfgoa bmn gipamatrbfoa. B cbjt gs jkipoatan bmn jkmflman tk tda pbst. Gt objes tda avamt‗s nurbtgkm gm tda prasamt. Bmn jgmaib jbm turm avam b nkkr gmtk bm gibla-avamt, fajbusa jgmaib turms avarytdgml gmtk bm avamt gm tda prasamt. Fajbusa kc jgmaib‗s gmdaramt rabogsi tda prkfloigj gibla gi bla gs borabny borabn y bmn umbotarbfoy umbota rbfoy,, tk kur aya, bm gibla-cbjt. gibla -cbjt. ^dgs gs tda samsa, prajgsaoy, gm wdgjd tda trbmsobtkr dbs kptan tk usa cbjt tk trbmsobta cbgt gm skia gmstbmjas gm tda prasamt vkouia. Ckr tdara gs mk nkuft tdbt b cbgt gm gm Vkssaoogmg bmn b cbgt gm gm Vkfart
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Frasskm, wdara tda tari bosk kjjurs gm Fbzgm‗s ngsjussgkm kc tda obttar‗s bnbptbtgkm kc tda mkvao Ngbry kc b Jkumtry Xrgast (bokmlsgna (bokmlsgna ), jbmmkt çvçmaiamt çvçmaiam t , prajgsaoy wdara kma igldt axpajt tk flmn cbgt ), dbva axbjtoy tda sbia iabmgml. \darabs Fbzgm nasjrgfas tda cbgt gm Vkssaoogmg bs b ogvgml, avkovgml avamt wdgjd tda jbiarb sgiuotbmakusoy rajkrns bmn gmtarbjts wgtd, gm Frasskm b cbgt gs gs b jkon, dbrn, stuffkrm tdgml tdbt rasgsts boo bttaipts tk famn bmn sdbpa gt0 gt gs b qubrry crki wdgjd kma jbm kmoy jut fokjes kc ibrfoa (p. ���). ^da floiibear bmn tda vgawar strulloa wgtd tdgs cbgt , wdgjd nkas mkt ygaon tk tdai. Dara wa dbva cbg bs umbotarbfoa cbjt. Gmnaan Frasskm‗s cbgt t bs gs mkt prkfloigj rabogty umckongml fackra us bs gt gs gm Vkssaoogmg cbgt gs fut bm gmart kf`ajt, b mkvao, bm borabny axgstgml kf`ajt wgtd wdgjd kma jbmmkt tbipar. B mkvao, umogea ogvgml avamts, jbmmkt dbva jgmaibtgj nurbtgkm, jbmmkt fa jk-jrabtan fy tda jbiarb (axjapt gm tdksa iatdkns kc ogtarbry bnbptbtgkm wdgjd Frasskm ra`ajts). Gm dgs taxt km Frasskm bmn Ngbry kc b Jkumtry Xrgast Xrgast , Fbzgm jkipbras b sjama gm tda floi tk Vamkgr0 tdbt kc tdraa kr ckur nabn rbffgts gm tda Jkita‗s lbia fbl, stbrgml bt tda jkumtry prgast wgtd lobssy ayas. Gt gs tda majassbry flxgty kc tdagr lbza, tda umbotarbfoa mbtura kc tda sjama, tda flmbogty kc tdagr nabtd, wdgjd dbumts tda prgast. Gmnaan gm dgs taxt —Cramjd Vamkgr‗ pufogsdan tda ckookwgml yabr bmn gmjounan gm tda prasamt vkouia, cbgt raturms. raturms. Lgvam Vamkgr‗s styoa bmn gts ngstbmja crki tdbt kc Frasskm, bmn lgvam tda wby gm wdgjd Vamkgr saais tk dbva floian avamts„wdkkps„ikra ogea Vkssaoogmg, gm b prktk-mak-rabogst ibmmar gm avarytdgml crki jbiarb tajdmgqua tk tda bjtgml tk tda staxgfoa sjrgpt (Frasskm‗s sjrgpt wbs jbst gm stkma), kma igldt tdgme tdbt b cbgt gm gm Vamkgr wkuon fa bm avamt. Vabngml tda pbssbla gm quastgkm, dkwavar, tda trbmsobtkr jbia tk tda jkmjousgkm tdbt tdgs cbgt gs, gs, gmnaan, b cbjt0 —Fkunu‗s cboo wkuon raibgm bm bjt. Fut qugjeoy Vamkgr, ogea dgs jdbrbjtar, ckrlats tda bjt gm cbvkur kc tda cbjt , bmn bmn tda trua purpksa kc tda gibla lrbnubooy jabsas tk fa Fkunu‗s gmtamtgkms tk fajkia tda spajtbjoa kc dgs naogldt, iabmgml tda naogldt Vamkgr tbeas gm dgs arrbmt dark‗s poabsura. ^da wbtar gs mk okmlar `ust ‟wbtar’, fut prajgsaoy tda iurey yaookw wbtar kc tda Ibrma gm Bulust‗ (p. ���, aipdbsgs gm tda krglgmbo). Jartbgmoy tdara gs bm avamt dara. B cbgroy spajtbjuobr kma gm cbjt0 b lrkwm ibm spobsdgml bfkut gm b rgvar wabrgml dgs Zumnby fast.
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Fut gs mkt tda aipdbsgs dara km tda avamt bs cbjt; ^da rabskm ckr tdgs, gc tda trbmsobtkr gs jkrrajt, iby dbva tk nk wgtd wdbt Fbzgm nasjrgfas gm tda prajangml pbrblrbpd bs Vamkgr‗s —jkiigtiamt tk bppabrbmjas‗ (p. ���)0 ogea Frasskm‗s bttgtuna tk dgs skurja mkvao, Vamkgr tbeas tda bppabrbmja kc tda tdgmls fackra dgs jbiarb bs giiutbfoa cbjts, avam bs da naovas gmtk tdai bmn jgrjoas brkumn tdai ikra gm tda ibmmar kc Vkssaoogmg. Fkunu‗s spajtbjuobr bjt gs qugjeoy ckrlkttam gm cbvkur kc jkmtaipobtgml tda najgnanoy um-spajtbjuobr iurey yaookw wbtar kc tda Ibrma gm Bulust. ^da rabnar iby dbva mktgjan gm tda ngsjussgkm tk tdgs pkgmt b tari wdgjd rajurs gm gt bmn gm tda ngjtgkmbry naflmgtgkms quktan kc cbgt , avamt bmn cbjt0 dbppamgml. B caw yabrs blk, gm dgs sdkrt vkouia Nçjkupbla Nçjku pbla (����), tda prasamt trbmsobtkr iusan tdbt pardbps tdgs wkuon wku on fa tda fast tari, naflman naflman fy tda KAN sgipoy bs —bm avamt, bm kjjurramja‗, tk ramnar Fbzgm‗s cbg cbgt t . Fut dbppamgml gs bosk, kc jkursa, sgmja Fbzgm‗s tgia, —bm giprkvgsan kr spkmtbmakus tdabtrgjbo . . . amtartbgmiamt‗. Avam wgtdkut tdgs spajgflj bnngtgkmbo iabmgml, tk jkmtaipkrbry abrs tda tari dbs b jartbgm dgpstar rgml tk gt, bmn gs b fgt umwgaony tk aipoky craquamtoy ckr Fbzgm‗s sgipoa cbgt . ^da trbmsobtkr tkke dabrt, dkwavar, wdam sgmja tdbt tgia da dbn kjjbsgkm tk jkmsuot @kdm \gooatt‗s ���� trbmsobtgkm kc tda wrgtgmls kc Fartkot Frajdt bmn jbia upkm tdgs flrst samtamja kc tda taxt —B Zdkrt Krlbmui ckr tda ^dabtra‗ (����)0 —‟^dabtra’ jkmsgsts gm tdgs0 gm ibegml ogva raprasamtbtgkms kc rapkrtan kr gmvamtan dbppamgmls‗ (Frajdt, p. ���). (^da Laribm tari gs Lasjdadmgssam, bmn gs trbmsobtan gm tda Cramjd angtgkm kc Frajdt‗s taxt bs çvçmaiamts.) Qmckrtumbtaoy, tda Frajdt sjdkobrs raspkmsgfoa ckr b rajamt ravgsgkm kc \gooatt‗s trbmsobtgkm dbva kptan tk botar tdgs trbmsobtgkm tk rabn . . . avamts. Mavartdaoass, b caw kppkrtumgtgas brksa gm tda prasamt vkouia tk try dbppamgml km bmn saa dkw gt flts. Gm tda taxt —Ckr bm Gipura Jgmaib0 Gm Nacamja kc Bnbptbtgkm‗, Fbzgm wrgtas tdbt —mkvaogsts tknby usa mbrrbtgva tajdmgquas bmn aipdbsgsa dbppamgmls gm wbys wdgjd fabr joabr rasaifobmja tk jgmaibtgj iabms kc axprassgkm‗ (p. ���). Da gs racarrgml ikstoy tk dgs pracarran butdkrs, tda ign-jamtury Biargjbm sjdkko kc Nks Xbssks, Daigmlwby, Ztagmfaje, Cbuoemar bmn Zbrkybm, bokml wgtd Fbzgm‗s jkipbtrgkt Iborbux, bmn dara gt saaian tk tda trbmsobtkr tdbt tdasa butdkrs raobta mkt sk iujd avamts, wgtd tda nbmlar kc avkegml —spajgbo avamts‗, kr cbjts, wgtd tda
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nbmlar kc avkegml trutd, fut sgipoy dbppamgmls„kr lkgmls-km, gc gt wara mkt ckr tda ktdar jkmmktbtgkms tdgs obttar tari dbs bs waoo. Gm tdasa mkvaogsts‗ wkre, wdgjd kam aipokys aoogpsas bmn ktdar mkm-ogmabr navgjas wgtdkut ckjus km b sgmloa kr nkigmbmt mbrrbtgva tdrabn, dbppamgml saais fast sugtan tk jkmvay tdasa qubogtgas. Gt wbs bosk vary taiptgml tk usa dbppamgml gm tda pbssbla crki tda taxt km Vamkgr nasjrgfan bfkva, wdam Fkunu tuifoas gmtk tda rgvar, dbn tdara mkt faam ikra jkipaoogml rabskms tk aipoky cbjt dara0 —fut qugjeoy Vamkgr, ogea dgs jdbrbjtar, ckrlats tda bjt gm cbvkur kc tda cbjt , bmn bmn tda trua purpksa kc tda gibla lrbnubooy jabsas tk fa Fkunu‗s gmtamtgkms tk fajkia tda spajtbjoa kc dgs naogldt, iabmgml tda naogldt Vamkgr tbeas gm dgs arrbmt dark‗s poabsura‗ (p. ���). Km kma kjjbsgkm gm tda prasamt vkouia, yat bmktdar tari dbs faam usan tk ramnar Fbzgm‗s cbgt 0 naan. Gm tda taxt km Gtbogbm makrabogsi, Fbzgm nasjrgfas tda sjama gm X Xbgsè bgsè gm wdgjd b cbigoy kc flsdars gs egooan fy tda Laribm briy, oabvgml kmoy tdagr gmcbmt jdgon ogvgml0 —Bm gmcbmt jrgas wdgoa gts cbigoy ogas nabn brkumn gt. ^dara yku dbva gt0 tda naan wbs nkma‗ (p. ��). (^da Cramjd gs —vkgoè, j‗ast um cbgt‗.) Dara tda axprassgkm —tda naan wbs nkma‗ saaian ikra axprassgva bmn flmbo, wgtd tda samsa kc —avgo naan‗ ouregml fadgmn tda tari, tdbm sgipoy sbygml s bygml —tdara yku dbva gt, gt‗s b cbjt‗ cbjt‗.. Cgmbooy, km tda ckookwgml pbla, gm tda ignst kc Fbzgm‗s ikst sustbgman ngsjussgkm kc cbgt gm Vkssaoogmg, tda trbmsobtkr usas cbgt bjjkipog tk jkmvay Fbzgm‗s pkgmt0 —bm avamt gs b cbgt bjjkipog‗ (p. ��). ^da Cramjd gs —oas cbgts skmt oas cbgts‗„—cbjts bra cbjts‗, fut tdgs nkas mkt nk `ustgja tk tda gnab axprassan. Dara gt gs dkpan cbgt bjjkipog wgoo fa rabn bs —gmngsputbfoy rabo‗. ^da taris �����, ����, ��������� , ���� bmn ���� �������� bppabr gm jbpgtbo oattars bs sdkwm abjd tgia tday bra usan tdrkuldkut tda vkouia wdam tday bra trbmsobtgkms kc tda tari cbgt . Gm tdgs wby, jkmcusgkm gs bvkgnan wgtd kjjbsgkms wdara Fbzgm aipokys taris ktdar tdbm cbgt wdgjd wdgjd dbva bosk faam trbmsobtan bs avamt, cbjt, dbppamgml kr naan (kr, gm tda jbsa kc cbjt, wdam tda wkrn cbgt dbs dbs mk jkmmajtgkm wgtd tda gssuas ngsjussan gm tdgs lokssbry amtry). Gm tdasa jbsas, tdasa wkrns bppabr gm okwar jbsa typa. ^dgs ambfoas tda rabnar tk okjbta kjjurramjas kc cb gm tda taxt bmn, jkmvarsaoy, tk mkta wdam cbgt gt gm taris sujd bs avamt bra usan fut bra mkt trbmsobtgkms kc cbgt .
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Zuppoaiamtbry skurjas0 ^giktdy Fbrmbrn, Nç Nçjk jkupb upbla la , �mn an. (Ikmtrabo0 jbfkksa, ���� U����Y)5 Bmnrç Fbzgm, Ru‗ast Ru‗ast-ja ja qua oa jgmçib; jgmçi b;, vko. � (Xbrgs0 Çngtgkms nu Jarc, ����)5 Fartkot Frajdt, Fraj Frajdt dt km ^dabtra0 ^da Navaokpiamt kc bm Bastdatgj (����), trbms. @kdm \gooatt (Maw Wkre0 Wkre0 Dgoo bmn \bml, ���� U����Y). U� ���Y).
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