Lackhrouf` Porturm & Alusm A`egfgstratgvm @mtmftgof Cbgi` ^rgsofmrs
:. ^rgsofmrs
Pbm jaegiy oj Saemr Gssawg, of bufhmr strgkm jor ovmr <>> `ays, boi`s bgs pbotohrapb
:.1 Lackhrouf` Accor`gfh to tbm Gsrami ^rgsof Smrvgcm, tbmrm wmrm alout 00<0 ^aimstgfgaf prgsofmrs af` smcurgty `mtagfmms lmgfh bmi` gf Gsramig prgsofs as oj tbm mf` oj Aprgi <>1<. Accor`gfh to prgsofmrs‗ rghbts orhafgzatgof A``aemmr, tbmrm wmrm 0:=3 ^aimstgfgafs geprgsofm` ly Gsrami as oj Eay 1, <>1<. 1 Sgfcm 17:8, Gsrami bas geprgsofm` upwar`s oj 8>>,>>> ^aimstgfgafs jroe tbm Xmst Lafk, Haza, af` Mast Dmrusaime, or alout <>% oj tbm totai popuiatgof oj tbm occupgm` tmrrgtorgms. < Pbosm wbo arm cbarhm` arm suldmctm` to Gsramig egigtary courts tbat bueaf rghbts orhafgzatgofs bavm crgtgcgzm` jor jagigfh to emmt tbm egfgeue staf`ar`s rmqugrm` jor a jagr trgai.
Accor`gfh to Aefmsty Gftmrfatgofai‗s <>11 Affuai \mport of Gsrami af` tbm Occupgm` ^aimstgfgaf Pmrrgtorgms4
’^aimstgfgafs ’^aimstgfgafs gf tbm [occupgm` tmrrgtorgmsU suldmct to Gsrami‗s egigtary dustgcm systme coftgfu coftgfum` m` to jacm a wg`m rafhm oj alusms alusms oj tbmgr rghbt to a jagr jagr trgai. Pbmy Pbmy arm routgfmiy gftmrrohatm` gftmrrohatm` wgtbout a iawymr af`, aitbouhb tbmy arm cgvgigafs, cgvgigafs, arm trgm` lmjorm egigtary fot or`gfary courts.― 3 Accor`gfh to Bueaf \ghbts Xatcb‗s <>1< Xori` \mport4
‒Gsramig egigtary dustgcm autborgtgms arlgtrargiy `mtagfm` ^aimstgfgafs wbo a`vocatm` fof-vgoimft protmst ahagfst Gsramig smttimemfts af` tbm routm oj tbm smparatgof larrgmr. Gf Dafuary a egigtary appmais court gfcrmasm` tbm prgsof smftmfcm oj Al`aiiab Alu \abem, jroe tbm vgiiahm oj Lgi‗gf, to 1: eoftbs gf prgsof of cbarhms oj gfcgtgfh vgoimfcm af` orhafgzgfh giimhai `meofstratgofs, iarhmiy of tbm lasgs oj comrcm` statmemfts oj cbgi`rmf.‗ 0 1
Smm A``aemmr4 bttp4//www.a``aemmr.orh/mtmepiatm.pbp?g`508= bttp4//www.a``aemmr.orh/mtmepiatm.pbp?g`508= Smm A``aemmr4 bttp4//a``aemmr.gfjo/?p5 bttp4//a``aemmr.gfjo/?p5073 073 3 Smm tbm rmport4 bttp4//www.aefmsty.orh/mf/rmhgof/gsrami-occupgm`-paimstgfgaf-t bttp4//www.aefmsty.orh/mf/rmhgof/gsrami-occupgm`-paimstgfgaf-tmrrgtorgms/rmport-<>11 mrrgtorgms/rmport-<>11 0 Smm tbm rmport4 bttp4//www.brw.orh/wori`-rmport-<>111<-gsramioccupgm`-paimstgfgaf-tmrrgtor ori`-rmport-<>1<-gsramioccupgm`-paimstgfgaf-tmrrgtorgms gms <
<2
Cbaptmr :. ^rgsofmrs
Sghf at a protmst jor Bafa Sbaialg, wbo wmft of a 03 `ay bufhmr strgkm to protmst bmr a`egfgstratgvm `mtmftgof. Sbm was rmimasm`, lut mxgim` to tbm Haza Strgp jor 3 ymars.
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Porturm & Alusm ]ftgi 1777, tbm usm oj torturm ly Gsramig egigtary af` smcurgty jorcms was lotb wg`msprma` af` ojficgaiiy cof`ofm` uf`mr tbm mupbmegse oj ’eo`mratm pbysgcai prmssurm.― Emtbo`s gfciu`m` lmatgfhs, jorcgfh prgsofmrs gfto pagfjui pbysgcai posgtgofs jor iofh pmrgo`s oj tgem, af` simmp `mprgvatgof. •
Gf <>>> gt was rmvmaim` rmvmaim` tbat lmtwmmf 1722 af` 177< Gsrami‗s gftmrfai smcurgty jorcm, tbm Sbgf Lmt, ba` systmeatgcaiiy torturm` ^aimstgfgafs `urgfh tbm first, eostiy fofvgoimft, uprgsgfh ahagfst Gsrami‗s occupatgof, usgfh emtbo`s tbat wmft lmyof` wbat was aiiowalim uf`mr hovmrfemft hug`migfms jor ’eo`mratm pbysgcai prmssurm.― Pbmsm emtbo`s gfciu`m` vgoimft sbakgfh, tygfh prgsofmrs gfto pagfjui posgtgofs jor iofh pmrgo`s, suldmctgfh tbme to mxtrmem bmat or coi`, af` smvmrm lmatgfhs, gfciu`gfh kgckgfh. At imast 1> ^aimstgfgafs `gm` af` buf`rm`s oj otbmrs otbmrs wmrm eagem` as a rmsuit.
•
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Gf 1777, tbm Gsramig Suprmem Court ruim` tbat tbm usm oj ’eo`mratm pbysgcai prmssurm― was giimhai, bowmvmr rmports oj torturm af` alusm oj ^aimstgfgaf prgsofmrs coftgfum` ufalatm`. : Aefmsty Gftmrfatgofai‗s <>11 Affuai \mport of Gsrami af` tbm Occupgm` ^aimstgfgaf Pmrrgtorgms mrrgtorgms statms4 ’Cofsgstmft ’Cofsgstmft aiimhatgofs oj torturm af` otbmr gii-trmatemft, gii-trmatemft, gfciu`gfh oj cbgi`rmf, wmrm jrmqumftiy rmportm`. Aeofh tbm eost coeeofiy cgtm` emtbo`s wmrm lmatgfhs, tbrmats to tbm `mtagfmm or tbmgr jaegiy, simmp `mprgvatgof, af` lmgfh suldmctm` to pagfjui strmss posgtgofs jor iofh pmrgo`s. Cofjmssgofs aiimhm`iy oltagfm` uf`mr `urmss wmrm accmptm` as mvg`mfcm gf Gsramig egigtary af` cgvgigaf courts.― 8
•
Otbmr alusgvm practgcms mepioym` ly Gsrami ahagfst ^aimstgfgaf prgsofmrs gfciu`m tbm usm oj soigtary coffifmemft, coffifmemft, `mfgai oj jaegiy vgsgts, af` jorcgfh prgsofmrs prgsofmrs to igvm gf ufsafgtary igvgfh cof`gtgofs.
Pbm barsb cof`gtgofs mf`urm` ly ^aimstgfgafs gf Gsramig prgsofs proeptm` a smrgms oj bufhmr strgkms, gfciu`gfh a eass bufhmr strgkm ly eorm tbaf 1=>> prgsofmrs gf mariy <>1< ima`gfh to soem cofcmssgofs jroe Gsrami. Pbm cofcmssgofs rmportm`iy gfciu`m` af mf` to tbm usm oj soigtary coffifmemft as a pufgtgvm emasurm af` aiiowgfh jaegiy vgsgts jor prgsofmrs jroe Haza. =
Smm Pbm Huar`gaf4 bttp4//www.huar`gaf.co.uk/w bttp4//www.huar`gaf.co.uk/wori`/<>>>/jml/11/gsrami ori`/<>>>/jml/11/gsrami Smm4 bttp4//fmws.llc.co.uk/11 mrrgtorgms/rmport-<>11 :
:.3 A`egfgstratgvm @mtmftgof
:.3
<7
A`egfgstratgvm @mtmftgof Gsrami usms a procm`urm kfowf as a`egfgstratgvm `mtmftgof to geprgsof ^aimstgfgafs wgtbout cbarhm or trgai jor eoftbs or mvmf ymars. A`egfgstratgvm `mtmftgof or`mrs arm foreaiiy gssum` jor sgx-eoftb pmrgo`s, wbgcb caf lm mxtmf`m` gf`mfifgtmiy. •
A`egfgstratgvm `mtmftgof was first gfstgtutm` ly tbm Lrgtgsb `urgfh tbm Eaf`atm mra gf 170=, prgor to tbm crmatgof oj Gsrami.
•
Pbmrm arm currmftiy as oj Eay <7, <>1<, approxgeatmiy 3>2 ^aimstgfgafs lmgfh bmi` gf
a`egfgstratgvm `mtmftgof.2 • Sgfcm 17:8, soem 1>>,>>> a`egfgstratgvm `mtmftgof or`mrs bavm lmmf gssum` ly Gsrami. •
Aitbouhb tbmrm arm fofm currmftiy lmgfh bmi` gf a`egfgstratgvm a`egfgstratgvm `mtmftgof, Gsramig autborgtgms bavm gf tbm past usm` tbm procm`urm ahagfst ^aimstgfgaf cbgi`rmf as wmii as a`uits.
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Gsrami‗s jrmqumft jrmqumft usm oj a`egfgstratgvm a`egfgstratgvm `mtmftgof bas lmmf cof`mefm` cof`mefm` ly bueaf rghbts orhafgzatgofs sucb as Aefmsty Gftmrfatgofai af` Bueaf \ghbts Xatcb, as wmii as Gsramig bueaf rghbts hroups igkm L‗Psmime.
•
Af mf` to tbm usm oj a`egfgstratgvm `mtmftgof was ofm oj tbm eagf `meaf`s oj a rmcmft wavm oj bufhmr strgkms ly ^aimstgfgafs gf Gsramig prgsofs.
•
Gf Eay <>1<, Gsramig ^uligc Smcurgty Egfgstmr Wgtzbak Abarofovgtcb gepigcgtiy a`egttm` tbat Gsrami usms a`egfgstratgvm `mtmftgof jor rmasofs otbmr tbaf statm` urhmft "smcurgty" cofcmrfs, urhgfh autborgtgms to "usm gt ofiy gj tbmrm‗s a fmm`." 7
:.0
Cbgi` ^rgsofmrs As oj Aprgi <>1<, tbmrm wmrm <<> ^aimstgfgaf egfors gf Gsramig prgsofs. •
1>
Sgfcm Smptmelmr <>>>, Gsrami bas arrmstm` af` geprgsofm` eorm tbaf 8>>> ^aimstgfgaf cbgi`rmf. cbgi`rmf.11
•
Igkm aii ^aimstgfgafs jroe tbm occupgm` tmrrgtorgms, ^aimstgfgaf ^aimstgfgaf cbgi`rmf arm suldmct to Gsramig egigtary trglufais.
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^aimstgfgaf ^aimstgfgaf egfors arm jrmqumftiy arrmstm` arrmstm` gf tbm eg``im oj tbm fghbt ly Gsramig soi`gmrs, takmf away wgtbout tbmgr parmfts af` barsbiy gftmrrohatm` wgtbout a huar`gaf or iawymr prmsmft.
Accor`gfh to a rmcmft rmport ly tbm Gsramig FHO Fo Imhai Jroftgmrs, wbgcb joiiowm` tbm casms oj 81 ^aimstgfgaf cbgi`rmf as tbmy ea`m tbmgr way tbrouhb tbm Gsramig egigtary court systme4 •
Pbm eost coeeof ojjmfsm was tbrowgfh tbrowgfh stofms af` Eoiotov cocktagis. cocktagis. Gf eost casms tbm oldmct was fot actuaiiy tbrowf, `g` fot bgt a tarhmt, or causm afy `aeahm. Gf fo casm was
smrgous bare causm`. cbgi`rmf wmrm bmi` gf prm-trgai prm-trgai `mtmftgof `mtmftgof af` fot rmimasm` rmimasm` of lagi. • Gf 70% oj casms tbm cbgi`rmf • Gf 1>>% oj casms, tbm cbgi`rmf wmrm cofvgctm` oj af ojjmfsm. suldmctm` to soem jore oj pbysgcai vgoimfcm vgoimfcm wbgim gf custo`y. custo`y.1< • 28% oj tbme wmrm suldmctm` 2
Smm Pbm Dmrusaime ^ost4 bttp4//www.dpost.coe/Opgfgof/Op-M`Coftrglutors/Artg bttp4//www.dpost.coe/Opgfgof/Op-M`Coftrglutors/Artgcim.aspx?g`5<8><=2 cim.aspx?g`5<8><=2 Smm Ba‗armtz4 bttp4//www.baarmtz.coe/liohs/`gpioeafga/gsrami-sboui`-rm`ucm-usm-oj-a`egfgstratgvm-`mtmftgofsBa‗armtz4 bttp4//www.baarmtz.coe/liohs/`gpioeafga/gsrami-sboui`-rm`ucm-usm-oj-a`egfgstratgvm-`mtmftgofsjor-paimstgfgafs-top-ojficgai-says-1.0<2112 1> Smm4 bttp4//www.`cg-paimstgfm.orh/coftmft/cbgi`-`mtagfmms bttp4//www.`cg-paimstgfm.orh/coftmft/cbgi`-`mtagfmms 11 Smm4 bttp4//www.`cg-paimstgfm.orh/coftmft/cbgi`-`mtmftgof bttp4//www.`cg-paimstgfm.orh/coftmft/cbgi`-`mtmftgof 1< Smm tbm rmport4 bttp4//foimhaijroftgmrs.orh/mf/r bttp4//foimhaijroftgmrs.orh/mf/rmports/88-rmport-duvmfgim-court mports/88-rmport-duvmfgim-court 7
3>
Cbaptmr :. ^rgsofmrs
]f`mr prmssurm jroe bueaf rghbts orhafgzatgofs af` cbgi`rmf‗s rghbts a`vocatms, tbm Gsramig arey affoufcm` gf <>11 tbat gt woui` ragsm tbm ahm tbat ^aimstgfgafs arm trmatm` as a`uits jroe 1: to 12 ymars oj ahm, bowmvmr bowmvmr,, crgtgcs coepiagf tbat tbmy arm stgii suldmct to tbm saem ufdust af` alusgvm alusgvm trmatemft accor`m` ^aimstgfgaf a`uits.
Hmfmrai @mfifgtgof Mvg`mfcm Soutb Ajrgcaf Opgfgofs Crgtgcs
8. Pbm Apartbmg` Afaiohy
Xoemf protmst tbm pass systme gf Soutb Ajrgca, wbgcb gs afaiohous to to`ay‗s cbmckpogft systme gf tbm Xmst Lafk.
8.1
Hmfmrai @mfifgtgof Pbm ]fgtm` Fatgofs Gftmrfatgofai Cofvmftgof Cofvmftgof of tbm Supprmssgof af` ^ufgsbemft oj tbm Crgem oj Apartbmg` (1783) `mfifms apartbmg` as ’gfbueaf acts coeegttm` jor tbm purposm oj mstaligsbgfh af` eagftagfgfh `oegfatgof ly ofm racgai hroup oj pmrsofs ovmr afy otbmr racgai hroup oj pmrsofs af` systmeatgcaiiy opprmssgfh tbme.― 1
8.< Mvg`mfcm Ovmr tbm mftgrmty oj gts :0-ymar mxgstmfcm, tbmrm bas lmmf a pmrgo` oj ofiy alout ofm ymar (17::-:8) tbat Gsrami bas fot ruim` ovmr iarhm fuelmrs oj ^aimstgfgafs to wboe gt hraftm` fo poigtgcai rghbts sgepiy lmcausm tbmy arm fot Dmwgsb. ^rgor to tbm start oj tbm occupatgof gf 17:8, ^aimstgfgafs wbo rmeagfm` gfsg`m wbat lmcaem Gsrami gf 1702 wmrm ruim` ly eartgai iaw jor aii lut ofm ymar, fot ufigkm ^aimstgfgafs gf tbm occupgm` tmrrgtorgms bavm lmmf jor tbm past 0= ymars.
Accor`gfh to a <>1> Bueaf \ghbts Xatcb rmport mftgtim` ’Smparatm af` ]fmquai4 Gsrami‗s @gscrgegfatory Prmatemft oj ^aimstgfgafs gf tbm Occupgm` ^aimstgfgaf Pmrrgtorgms"4
"^aimstgfgafs jacm systmeatgc `gscrgegfatgof emrmiy lmcausm oj tbmgr racm, mtbfgcgty, af` fatgofai orghgf, `mprgvgfh tbme oj mimctrgcgty, mimctrgcgty, watmr, scboois, af` accmss to roa`s, wbgim fmarly fmarly Dmwgsb Dmwgsb smttimrs mfdoy mfdoy aii oj tbmsm tbmsm statm-provg`m` statm-provg`m` lmfmfits. lmfmfits. . . Xbgim Gsramig smttimemfts smttimemfts ourgsb, ^aimstgfgafs ^aimstgfgafs uf`mr Gsramig coftroi igvm gf a tgem warp fot dust smparatm, smparatm, fot dust ufmquai, lut soemtgems mvmf pusbm` ojj tbmgr iaf`s af` out oj tbmgr boems." <
Ofm oj tbm first pmopim to usm tbm wor` ’apartbmg`― gf rmiatgof to Gsrami was Gsrami‗s first prgem egfgstmr, gstmr, @avg` Lmf Hurgof, wbo warfm` joiiowgfh joiiowgfh tbm 17:8 Xar oj Gsrami lmcoegfh af ’apartbmg` statm― gj gt rmtagfm` coftroi oj tbm occupgm` tmrrgtorgms. Gf 1777, tbmf-Gsramig prgem egfgstmr af` currmft `mjmfsm egfgstmr Mbu` Larak statm`4 1 <
Smm tbm `mfifgtgof4 bttp4//uftrmaty.uf.orh/co`/avi/ba/cspca/cspca.btei bttp4//uftrmaty.uf.orh/co`/avi/ba/cspca/cspca.btei Smm tbm rmport4 bttp4//www.brw.orh/fmws/<>1>/112/gs bttp4//www.brw.orh/fmws/<>1>/112/gsramiwmst-lafk-smparatm-af`-ufmquai ramiwmst-lafk-smparatm-af`-ufmquai
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Cbaptmr 8. Pbm Apartbmg` Afaiohy "Mvmry attmept to kmmp boi` oj [Gsrami af` tbm occupgm` tmrrgtorgmsU as ofm poigtgcai mftgty ima`s, fmcmssargiy, to mgtbmr a fof`meocratgc or a fof-Dmwgsb statm. Lmcausm gj tbm ^aimstgfgafs votm, tbmf gt gs a lgfatgofai statm, af` gj tbmy `of‗t votm gt gs af apartbmg` statm.― statm.― 3
Gf <>1>, Larak rmpmatm` tbm apartbmg` coepargsof, statgfh4
"As iofh as gf tbgs tmrrgtory wmst oj tbm Dor`af rgvmr tbmrm gs ofiy ofm poigtgcai mftgty caiim` Gsrami Gsrami gt gs hogfh to lm mgtbmr fof-Dmw fof-Dmwgsb, gsb, or fof-`meocr fof-`meocratgc. atgc. . . Gj tbgs lioc oj egiigofs oj ^aimstgfgafs caffot votm, tbat wgii lm af apartbmg` statm." 0
Gf <>>:, joremr ]S ^rmsg`mft Dgeey Cartmr puligsbm` a look mftgtim`, ’^aimstgfm ^macm Fot Apartbmg`― coepargfh Gsrami‗s rmhgem gf tbm occupgm` tmrrgtorgms to Soutb Ajrgcaf apartbmg`. Gf <>>8, tbmf-Gsramig ^rgem Egfgstmr Mbu` Oiemrt warfm` tbat Gsrami woui` jacm a cgvgi rghbts struhhim struhhim sgegiar to tbm ofm eouftm` ahagfst apartbmg` apartbmg` gf Soutb Ajrgca gj gt `g` fot rmigfqugsb tbm occupgm` tmrrgtorgms. Aitbouhb bm iatmr ciagem` fot to bavm ea`m tbm rmearks, ]S Smcrmtary oj Statm was quotm` at a prgvatm prgvatm mvmft warfgfh tbat Gsrami rgskm` lmcoegfh lmcoegfh af apartbmg` statm gj gt `g` fot mf` tbm occupatgof occupatgof qugckiy. qugckiy.=
8.3
Soutb Ajrgcaf Opgfgofs Eafy vmtmrafs oj tbm aftg-apartbmg` eovmemft gf Soutb Ajrgca aiso cofsg`mr Gsrami‗s trmatemft oj ^aimstgfgafs to lm a jore oj apartbmg`. Ofm oj tbm eost outspokmf vogcms bas lmmf tbat oj Arcblgsbop Memrgtus @mseof` Putu, ofm oj tbm bmroms oj tbm struhhim ahagfst Soutb Ajrgcaf apartbmg`, apartbmg`, wbo bas rmpmatm`iy ea`m tbm coepargsof. coepargsof. Gf <>1<, Arcblgsbop Putu Putu wrotm tbat Gsrami‗s vmrsgof oj apartbmg` gs actuaiiy worsm tbaf Soutb Ajrgca‗s, statgfh4 ’Fot ofiy gs tbgs hroup oj pmopim [^aimstgfgafsU lmgfh opprmssm` eorm tbaf tbm apartbmg` g`moiohums coui` mvmr `rmae alout gf Soutb Ajrgca, tbmgr vmry g`mftgty af` bgstory arm lmgfh `mfgm` af` oljuscatm`.― :
8.0 Crgtgcs Soem crgtgcs assmrt tbat Gsrami‗s occupatgof rmhgem caffot lm coeparm` to apartbmg` lmcausm gt was fot emaft to lm pmreafmft. pmreafmft. ^ropofmfts ^ropofmfts oj tbm apartbmg` apartbmg` afaiohy couftmr tbat wbatmvmr Gsrami‗s gftmftgofs, gftmftgofs, tbm occupatgof occupatgof bas lmmf gf piacm jor fmariy baij a cmftury af` tbm Laftustafigkm arrafhmemft gs so mftrmfcbm` `um to tbm cofstructgof cofstructgof oj smttimemfts smttimemfts af` tbm waii, af` otbmr ufgiatmrai Gsramig actgofs, as to eakm gt grrmvmrsglim af` tbmrmjorm, `m jacto, pmreafmft.
3
Smm Smm Pbm Pbm Fmw Fmw Work ork Pgems gems44 bttp4//www.fytgems.coe/<>1>0/13/opgfgof/`oft-hgvm-up-of-eg`mastpmacm.btei?rmj5hiolai 0 Smm Pbm Huar`gaf4 bttp4//www.huar`gaf.co.uk/w bttp4//www.huar`gaf.co.uk/wori`/<>1>/jml/>3/larak-apartbmg`-paimstgfm-pmacm ori`/<>1>/jml/>3/larak-apartbmg`-paimstgfm-pmacm = Smm4 bttp4//www.t bttp4//www.tbm`agiylmast. bm`agiylmast.coe/artgcims/<>1 coe/artgcims/<>10/>0/<8/m 0/>0/<8/mxciusgv xciusgvm-kmrry-warfs-gsrami-c m-kmrry-warfs-gsrami-coui`-lmcoem-af-ap oui`-lmcoem-af-apartbmg`artbmg`statm.btei : Smm4 bttps4//www.kagrosrmspofsm.orh/Mf`orsmemft_Statmemfts bttps4//www.kagrosrmspofsm.orh/Mf`orsmemft_Statmemfts.btei .btei
Haza ]f`mr Occupatgof Gftmrfatgofai Iaw \mstrgctgofs of eovmemft eovmemft fmar lor`mr
jareiaf` \mstrgctgofs of Jgsbgfh Mcofoegc Strafhuiatgof Bueafgtargaf Crgsgs
2. Haza
^aimstgfgaf cbgi`rmf travmi to af ]F\XA scbooi to smmk sbmitmr ajtmr mvacuatgfh tbmgr boems fmar tbm lor`mr gf Haza Cgty of Duiy 13, <>10. (]F/Sbarmmj Sarbaf)
2.1
Haza ]f`mr Occupatgof Sgfcm tbm mariy 177>s, Gsrami bas rmstrgctm` passahm to af` jroe occupgm` Haza, lut gf <>>:, joiiowgfh Baeas‗ vgctory gf ^aimstgfgaf mimctgofs, Gsrami tghbtmfm` gts rmstrgctgofs smvmrmiy af` geposm` a totai favai liocka`m of tbm tgfy coastai mfciavm.
<>11 Eap oj Haza, provg`m` ly Gsramig bueaf rghbts orhafgzatgof HGSBA
30
2.1.1
Cbaptmr 2. Haza
Gftmrfatgofai Iaw Gsrami‗s sgmhm af` favai liocka`m oj Haza arm acts oj coiimctgvm pufgsbemft, wbgcb gs giimhai uf`mr gftmrfatgofai iaw, af` gs cofsg`mrm` as sucb ly tbm ]fgtm` Fatgofs af` bueaf rghbts orhafgzatgofs sucb as Aefmsty Gftmrfatgofai.
A <>>7 Aefmsty Gftmrfatgofai rmport joiiowgfh Opmratgof Cast Ima`, Gsrami‗s `mvastatgfh `mvastatgfh egigtary assauit of Haza gf tbm wgftmr oj <>>2-7, statm`4
‒Pbm proiofhm` liocka`m oj Haza, wbgcb ba` airma`y lmmf gf piacm jor soem 12 eoftbs lmjorm tbm currmft fihbtgfh lmhaf, aeoufts to coiimctgvm pufgsbemft oj gts mftgrm popuiatgof.
‒Pbm Jourtb Hmfmva Cofvmftgof Cofvmftgof spmcgficaiiy probglgts coiimctgvm coiimctgvm pufgsbemft. pufgsbemft. Gts Artgcim 33 provg`ms4 ’Fo protmctm` pmrsof eay lm pufgsbm` jor af ojjmfcm bm or sbm bas fot pmrsofaiiy coeegttm`. Coiimctgvm pmfaitgms af` igkmwgsm aii emasurms oj gftgeg`atgof or oj tmrrorgse arm probglgtm`.―‗ 1
Gf <>11, tbm ]F rmimasm` tbm so-caiim` ^aiemr \mport of Gsrami‗s attack ahagfst tbm Jrmm`oe Jiotgiia gf Eay <>1> tbat kgiim` fgfm Purkgsb actgvgsts (ofm oj tbme a ]S cgtgzmf). Pbm rmport `mmem` Gsrami‗s liocka`m imhai, bowmvmr gt was wg`miy cofsg`mrm` a poigtgcgzm` wbgtmwasb, coftagfgfh tbm geportaft cavmat tbat ’gts cofciusgofs caf fot lm cofsg`mrm` `mfifgtgvm gf mgtbmr jact or iaw." Sbortiy ajtmr tbm ^aiemr \mport was rmimasm`, af gf`mpmf`mft ]F pafmi oj mxpmrts rmimasm` a rmport cofciu`gfh tbat Gsrami‗s liocka`m oj Haza `oms vgoiatm gftmrfatgofai iaw, statgfh tbat gt aeoufts to coiimctgvm pufgsbemft gf "ahraft coftravmftgof oj gftmrfatgofai bueaf rghbts af` bueafgtargaf iaw." < Pbm Gftmrfatgofai Coeegttmm oj tbm \m` Cross af` a ]F jact-fif`gfh egssgof gfto Gsrami‗s Gsrami‗s attack of tbm Jrmm`oe Jiotgiia Jiotgiia rmacbm` tbm saem cofciusgof cofciusgof gf <>1>.
Gsramig ojficgais bavm a`egttm` tbat tbm sgmhm gs fot eotgvatm` prgeargiy ly smcurgty cofcmrfs, lut gs part oj a stratmhy oj "mcofoegc warjarm" ahagfst tbm pmopim oj Haza. Gf <>>:, smfgor a`vgsor to tbmf-^rgem Egfgstmr Egfgstmr Mbu` Oiemrt, @ov Xmgshiass, mgshiass, sag` tbm hoai oj tbm Haza sgmhm was to put tbm 1.: egiigof pmopim oj Haza ’of a `gmt, lut fot to eakm tbme `gm oj bufhmr.―
@mspgtm tbm jact tbat Gsrami ioosmfm` rmstrgctgofs uf`mr gftmrfatgofai prmssurm joiiowgfh tbm assauit of tbm Jrmm`oe Jiotgiia gf <>1>, tbm sgmhm af` liocka`m coftgfum to strafhim Haza mcofoegcaiiy. Accor`gfh to a <>1< Bueaf \ghbts Xatcb rmport4
’Gsrami‗s pufgtgvm pufgtgvm ciosurm oj tbm Haza Strgp, tghbtmfm` ajtmr Baeas‗s takmovmr takmovmr oj Haza gf Dufm <>>8, coftgfum` to bavm smvmrm bueafgtargaf af` mcofoegc cofsmqumfcms jor tbm cgvgigaf popuiatgof...Haza‗s mcofoey hrmw rapg`iy, lut tbm Xori` Lafk sag` tbm hrowtb `mpmf`m` of gftmrfatgofai gftmrfatgofai assgstafcm. Pbm mcofoey ba` fot rmturfm` to prm-ciosurm prm-ciosurm imvmis; `agiy wahms, jor gfstafcm, gfstafcm, ba` `mcigfm` <3 pmrcmft sgfcm <>>8. Gsrami‗s fmar-totai rmstrgctgofs of mxports jroe Haza bgf`mrm` mcofoegc rmcovmry. @um to iow pmr capgta gfcoem, =1 pmrcmft oj tbm popuiatgof was ufalim to luy sujficgmft joo`, accor`gfh to ]F ag` ahmfcgms.― 1
3
Smm tbm rmport rmport44 bttp4//www.aefmsty.orh/mf/iglrary/assmt/E@M1=/>>8/<>>7/mf/0c0>8l0>-m:0c-11``-7718m`818ja=>82`/e`m1=>>8<>>7mf.btei#<.<.0.1.<.0%<>Coiimctgvm%<>pufgsbemft%8Coutigfm < Smm tbm rmport4 bttp4//www.baarmtz.coe/fmw bttp4//www.baarmtz.coe/fmws/`gpioeacy-`mjmfsm s/`gpioeacy-`mjmfsm/uf-gf`mpmf`mft-pa /uf-gf`mpmf`mft-pafmi-ruims-gsrami-liocka`m-ojfmi-ruims-gsrami-liocka`m-ojhaza-giimhai-1.320<:8 3 Smm tbm rmport4 bttp4//www.brw.orh/wori`-rmport-<>111<-gsramioccupgm`-paimstgfgaf-tmrrgtor ori`-rmport-<>1<-gsramioccupgm`-paimstgfgaf-tmrrgtorgms gms
2.1 Haza ]f`mr Occupatgof
2.1.<
3=
\mstrgctgofs of eovmemft eovmemft fmar lor`mr jareiaf` jareiaf` Gf Eay <>1>, Gsrami `mciarm` ’fo-ho― zofms wgtbgf 3>> emtmrs (3<2 yar`s) jroe tbm waii tbat surrouf`s Haza. Gf practgcm, bowmvmr, tbm ]F bas cofciu`m` tbat tbm fo-ho zofm gs actuaiiy =>> emtmrs (=0: yar`s). ^aimstgfgafs wbo vmfturm gfto tbgs arma rgsk lmgfh sbot ly Gsramig soi`gmrs wgtbout warfgfh. Fuemrous ^aimstgfgaf cgvgigafs, gfciu`gfh cbgi`rmf af` tbm mi`mriy, bavm lmmf wouf`m` af` kgiim` gf tbmsm armas.
Bueaf rghbts orhafgzatgofs sucb as L‗Psmime bavm `ocuemftm` `ozmfs oj casms oj casms gf wbgcb Gsramig soi`gmrs opmfm` firm at pmopim wbo posm` fo tbrmat af` wmrm eucb jartbmr tbaf 3>> emtmrs (3<2 yar`s) jroe tbm waii - up to 1,=>> emtmrs (1:0> yar`s) away. away. 0 Accor`gfh Accor`gfh to ]F statgstgcs, tbm arma oj tbm ojficgai fo-ho zofms, tohmtbmr wgtb tbm arma gf wbgcb mftry gs mjjmctgvmiy rmstrgctm` `um to a rmai rgsk oj huffirm, covmrs alout 37 squarm egims, or 18% oj tbm totai arma oj Haza. Pbm fo-ho zofms ajjmct soem 113,>>> ^aimstgfgafs (8.=% oj Haza‗s popuiatgof), causgfh bare to tbmgr boems, iaf`, workpiacms, af` scboois. Smvmf scboois arm iocatm` gf tbmsm armas.
2.1.3
\mstrgctgofs of Jgsbgfh
^aimstgfgaf fisbgfh loat ojj tbm coast oj Haza. ^boto ly Eax Liuemftbai.
Gf tbm Gftmrge Ahrmmemft Ahrmmemft sghfm` ly Gsrami af` tbm ^aimstgfm ^aimstgfm Iglmratgof Orhafgzatgof Orhafgzatgof as part oj tbm Osio Accor`s `urgfh tbm 177>s, Gsrami ahrmm` to aiiow fisbgfh loats jroe Haza to travmi soem <> fautgcai egims jroe sborm, mxcmpt jor smvmrai lujjmr zofms fmar tbm lor`mrs wgtb Gsrami af` Mhypt to wbgcb tbmy wmrm `mfgm` mftry aitohmtbmr. Lut accor`gfh to a <>11 rmport jroe L‗Psmime4 ’Gf practgcm, bowmvmr, Gsrami `g` fot gssum pmregts to aii tbm fisbmremf wbo rmqumstm` tbme, af` aiiowm` fisbgfh up to a `gstafcm oj 1< fautgcai fautgcai egims.― egims.―
Sgfcm Opmratgof Cast Ima`, Gsrami‗s `mvastatgfh egigtary assauit of Haza gf tbm wgftmr oj <>>2-7, tbm Gsramig Gsramig favy bas rm`ucm` tbat igegt to tbrmm fautgcai fautgcai egims. Accor`gfh to tbm ajormemftgofm` <>11 L‗Psmime rmport4 0
Smm L‗Psmime4 bttp4//www.ltsmime.orh/haza_strgp/jorlg``mf_zofms bttp4//www.ltsmime.orh/haza_strgp/jorlg``mf_zofms
3:
Cbaptmr 2. Haza ’Gf a``gtgof to tbm barsb rmstrgctgofs of fisbgfh, L‗Psmime bas `ocuemftm` casms gf wbgcb favai jorcms bavm attackm` af` barassm` fisbmremf. Pbm `ocuemftm` `ocuemftm` casms gfciu`m, jor mxaepim, huffirm, `mtmftgof, `miay, af` coffiscatgof oj loats af` fisbgfh mqugpemft.
‒Pbm probglgtgof of mftmrgfh `mmp watmrs af` tbm `afhmr fow gfbmrmft to mvmry mxcursgof mxcursgof to sma `mfy fisbmremf accmss to armas aluf`aft aluf`aft wgtb fisb, igegtgfh tbmgr catcbms [toU seaii fisb oj poor quaigty. As a rmsuit, gt gs mxtrmemiy bar` to marf a igvgfh jroe fisbgfh, or mvmf covmr fisbgfh mxpmfsms. Hgvmf tbm iack oj otbmr sourcms oj gfcoem gf tbm Haza Strgp, soem fisbmremf arm imjt fo optgof lut to vgoiatm tbm probglgtgof af` mf`afhmr tbmgr igvms.―
2.1.0
Mcofoegc Strafhuiatgof Mxport oj ^aimstgfgaf ^aimstgfgaf hoo`s, tbm geport oj raw eatmrgais af` accmss to Haza‗s faturai rmsourcms bavm lmmf smvmrmiy rmstrgctm`, `mvastatgfh Hazaf lusgfmssms af` tbm algigty oj tbm rmhgof to lm smij-sujficgmft, tbmrmly rmf`mrgfh gt `mpmf`mft of gftmrfatgofai ag`. Jor mxaepim4 • •
Mcofoegc Mcofoegc output pmr capgta bas jaiimf ly 0> pmrcmft pmrcmft oj 1770 imvmis. imvmis.
7= pmrcmft oj Haza‗s 3,7>> gf`ustrgai gf`ustrgai lusgfmssms lusgfmssms arm ciosm` or bavm suspmf`m` work. Pbm otbmr fivm pmrcmft arm opmratgfh at <> to => pmrcmft oj capacgty. Pbgs bas cost lmtwmmf 1>>,>>> af` 1<>,>>> dols.
•
Gsramig rmstrgctgofs rmstrgctgofs liock accmss to 3= pmrcmft oj Haza‗s Haza‗s ahrgcuiturai iaf` af` fisbmremf arm jorlg``mf to fisb lmyof` 3 fautgcai egims jroe tbm sborm. Gf <>1>, mepioyemft gf ahrgcuiturm jmii jroe 10,7>> to 1>,1>>.
•
Xbgim Haza fmm`s :8>,>>> truckioa`s truckioa`s oj cofstructgof cofstructgof eatmrgai, af avmrahm avmrahm oj 81= mftmr pmr eoftb, at 11 pmrcmft oj prm-liocka`m imvmis. Pbm cofstructgof gf`ustry fow bas 1>,>>> workmrs, 0< pmrcmft oj prm-liocka`m imvmis.
•
]fmepioyemft ]fmepioyemft gs at 0=.< pmrcmft, wgtb ofiy 0>.3 pmrcmft oj workgfh-ahm workgfh-ahm Hazafs gf tbm ialor jorcm. Woutb ufmepioyemft gs at eorm tbaf 08 pmrcmft.
•
<7> truckioa`s oj mxports wmrm aiiowm` aiiowm` out oj Haza lmtwmmf Fovmelmr Fovmelmr <>1> af` Eay <>11. Lmjorm tbm sgmhm, eorm tbaf 7:> truckioa`s a eoftb mxgtm` Haza. Pbgs gs ofiy fivm pmrcmft oj prm-liocka`m imvmis.
•
Gf <>11, a wmmkiy avmrahm oj 7>> truckioa`s oj hoo`s mftmrm` Haza. Lmjorm tbm sgmhm, <,2>8 truckioa`s mftmrm` wmmkiy.
•
Of Earcb <, <>11, Gsrami ciosm` tbm Karfg crossgfh, jorcgfh geportmrs af` mxportmrs to usm tbm Kmrme Sbaioe crossgfh. crossgfh. Jor wbmat mxportmrs, mxportmrs, tbgs gfcrmasm` trafsport costs ly <3= pmrcmft pmrcmft af` jor wbmat geportmrs geportmrs ly 3> pmrcmft.
•
Lmtwmmf Dufm <>1> af` Earcb <>11, tbm cost oj wbmat our gfcrmasm` gfcrmasm` ly => pmrcmft af` vmhmtalim ogi gfcrmasm` ly 0> pmrcmft. Emafwbgim, tbm avmrahm wahm bas `mcrmasm` ly eorm tbaf <= pmrcmft pmrcmft sgfcm <>>8.
•
Hazaf bousmboi`s spmf` =: pmrcmft oj tbmgr mxpmf`gturms of joo`, wgtb =<.= pmrcmft matgfh iowmr quaigty joo` af` :8 pmrcmft luygfh joo` of crm`gt as a rmsuit oj bghb joo` costs.
2.1.=
=
Bueafgtargaf Crgsgs Pbm aeouft oj hoo`s aiiowm` gfto Haza ly Gsrami jaiis jar sbort oj tbm egfgeue rmqugrm` to avog` eaifutrgtgof, povmrty, af` prmvmft or trmat a vargmty oj giifmssms. Pbm ]fgtm` Fatgofs‗ jact-fif`gfh egssgof rmhar`gfh Gsrami‗s attack of tbm <>1> bueafgtargaf otgiia jouf` tbat "a `mpioralim =
Smm tbm GEM]‗s Jactsbmmt of Haza4 bttp4//gemu.fmt/fmws/prgftmr>>1713:.sbtei Haza4 bttp4//gemu.fmt/fmws/prgftmr>>1713:.sbtei
2.1 Haza ]f`mr Occupatgof
38
sgtuatgof mxgsts gf Haza" tbat "gs totaiiy gftoimralim af` ufaccmptalim gf tbm twmfty-first cmftury. Gt gs aeazgfh tbat afyofm coui` cbaractmrgzm tbm cof`gtgof oj tbm pmopim tbmrm as satgsjygfh tbm eost lasgc staf`ar`s." Cofsg`mr tbm joiiowgfh statgstgcs4 •
=0 pmrcmft oj bousmboi`s bousmboi`s jacm joo` gfsmcurgty gfsmcurgty,, `mfifm` as gfa`mquatm gfa`mquatm pbysgcai, socgai or mcofoegc accmss to joo`. Af a``gtgofai 1< pmrcmft arm cofsg`mrm` vuifmralim vuifmralim to joo`
gfsmcurgty. Ofiy <> pmrcmft oj Hazaf bousmboi`s arm joo` smcurm. • 32 pmrcmft oj tbm popuiatgof igvms lmiow tbm povmrty igfm. •
Sgfcm tbm liocka`m lmhaf, tbm fuelmr oj ^aimstgfgaf rmjuhmms coepimtmiy ufalim to smcurm accmss to joo` af` iackgfh tbm emafs to purcbasm mvmf tbm eost lasgc gtmes, sucb as soap, scbooi statgofmry af` sajm `rgfkgfh watmr (‗aldmct povmrty‗) bas trgpim` to 3>>,>>>.
•
8= pmrcmft oj bousmboi`s poiim` ly tbm Xori` Joo` ^rohraeem gf tbm Haza Strgp rmcmgvm` outsg`m ag`.
•
Haza‗s bospgtais arm at "zmro stock imvmis" jor 182 oj 02> mssmftgai em`gcatgofs, wgtb afotbmr :7 at iow stock. Oj 8>> mssmftgai mssmftgai em`gcai suppigms, suppigms, 17> arm at "zmro stock imvmis" af` afotbmr 8> at iow stock.
•
@um to iack oj jumi, tbm Haza ^owmr ^iaft rufs at 0= pmrcmft capacgty, ima`gfh to `agiy liackouts oj mghbt to twmivm bours. Hgvmf tbgs jumi sbortahm, 7> pmrcmft oj prgvatm cars arm fo iofhmr `rgvmf af` oj puligc smrvgcms, ofiy 1= pmrcmft arm opmratgofai. (^aimstgfgaf Cmftrm jor Bueaf \ghbts, Pbm Giimhai Ciosurm oj tbm Haza Strgp4 Coiimctgvm ^ufgsbemft oj tbm Cgvgigaf ^opuiatgof, @mcmelmr 1>, <>1>)
•
Gf tbm Haza Strgp, 7= pmrcmft oj watmr sourcms arm uffit jor `rgfkgfh. Xatmr-lorfm `gsmasms causm <: pmrcmft oj giifmssms giifmssms gf Haza.
•
Lmcausm oj iack oj trmatemft capacgty af` mimctrgcgty, Haza autborgtgms eust rmimasm arouf` 2>,>>> culgc emtmrs oj smwahm gfto tbm Em`gtmrrafmaf Sma of a `agiy lasgs.
•
Pbm cofstructgof cofstructgof oj 2:,>>> bousms gs rmqugrm` to emmt faturai hrowtb af` rmcovmr rmcovmr jroe prmvgous Gsramig gfvasgofs.
:
:
Smm tbm GEM]‗s Jactsbmmt of Haza4 bttp4//gemu.fmt/fmws/prgftmr>>1713:.sbtei Haza4 bttp4//gemu.fmt/fmws/prgftmr>>1713:.sbtei
<>>2-<>>7 Opmratgof Cast Ima` Pbm Assauit Jacts & Jghurms Mvg`mfcm oj Xar Crgems <>1< - Opmratgof ^giiar oj Ciou` <>10 - Opmratgof ^rotmctgvm M`hm Cbgi`rmf Kgiim` & Gfdurm` Ly Gsrami‗s Iatmst Assauit Cbgi`rmf Praueatgzm` Praueatgzm` @mstructgof oj Cgvgigaf Gfjrastructurm Statmemfts ly Eador Bueaf \ghbts Orhafgzatgofs
7. Assauits of Haza
^aimstgfgafs gf Haza gfspmct af ufmxpio`m` egssgim iaufcbm` ly Gsrami `urgfh Opmratgof ^rotmctgvm M`hm.
7.1
<>>2-<>>7 Opmratgof Cast Ima` Of @mcmelmr <8, <>>2, Gsrami iaufcbm` Opmratgof Cast Ima`, a eassgvm, <<-`ay egigtary assauit of tbm Haza Strgp. Pbm jmrocgty oj tbm attack was ufprmcm`mftm` gf tbm eorm tbaf sgx-`mca`m-oi` cofgct lmtwmmf Gsramigs af` ^aimstgfgafs, ^aimstgfgafs, kgiigfh soem 1,0>> ^aimstgfgafs, eost oj tbme cgvgigafs. cgvgigafs. Gf tbm ajtmreatb oj tbm ojjmfsgvm, a ]F-appogftm` jact fif`gfh egssgof jouf` strofh mvg`mfcm oj war crgems af` crgems ahagfst bueafgty coeegttm` ly lotb tbm Gsramig egigtary af` ^aimstgfgaf egigtgas. 1 Gfvmstghatgo Gfvmstghatgofs fs ly bueaf rghbts hroups sucb as Aefmsty Gftmrfatgofai Gftmrfatgofai af` Bueaf \ghbts Xatcb caem to tbm saem cofciusgof.
7.1.1
Pbm Assauit Sgx eoftbs lmjorm Cast Ima`, Gsrami fmhotgatm` a cmasmfirm wgtb Baeas af` otbmr ^aimstgfgaf arem` hroups gf Haza. ]f`mr tbm ahrmmemft, wbgcb wmft gfto mjjmct of Dufm 17, <>>2, lotb sg`ms ahrmm` to stop bostgigtgms across tbm Hrmmf Igfm, tbm `m jacto lor`mr lmtwmmf Gsrami af` tbm Haza Strgp. @mspgtm a fuelmr oj vgoiatgofs ly lotb sg`ms, tbm trucm was iarhmiy succmssjui.
Baeas fmhotgators ciage tbat Gsrami ahrmm` to mf` gts ciosurm oj Haza‗s lor`mr crossgfhs as part oj tbm cmasmfirm ahrmmemft, bowmvmr Gsramig ojficgais `gsputm tbgs. Xbgim Gsrami `g` rmsuem opmratgofs at ofm lor`mr crossgfh, tbm ovmraii poigcy oj ciosurm `g` fot cbafhm. Pwo eoftbs ajtmr tbm trucm lmhaf, tbm ]F rmportm` tbat tbm fuelmr oj hoo`s aiiowm` gfto Haza actuaiiy `mcrmasm`. Fmvmrtbmimss, ovmraii, a sgtuatgof oj rmiatgvm qugmt prmvagim` gf af` arouf` Haza uftgi Fovmelmr 0, wbmf Gsramig soi`gmrs stahm` stahm` a rag` gfto tbm Strgp, kgiigfh sgx emelmrs oj Baeas. Baeas. Pbm attack, wbgcb took piacm of tbm mvm oj tbm ]S prmsg`mftgai prmsg`mftgai mimctgofs, mimctgofs, mf`m` tbm cmasmfirm af` im` 1
Smm tbm rmport4 bttp4//www<.obcbr.orh/mfhigsb/lo`gms/brcoufcgi/spmcgaismssgof/7/j bttp4//www<.obcbr.orh/mfhigsb/lo`gms/brcoufcgi/spmcgaismssgof/7/jactfif`gfhegssgof.bte actfif`gfhegssgof.bte
0>
Cbaptmr 7. Assauits of Haza
to af mscaiatgof oj bostgigtgms cuiegfatgfh gf Cast Ima` tbm joiiowgfh eoftb.
Cast Ima` procmm`m` gf two pbasms4 a wmmk oj gftmfsm amrgai loelgfh joiiowm` ly two wmmks oj a dogft agr af` iaf` assauit af` gfvasgof. Pbm surprgsm attack lmhaf at 1143> a.e. of @mcmelmr <8, <>>2, wgtb Gsramig J-1: fihbtmr dmts, Apacbm bmigcoptmrs, af` ufeaffm` `rofms strgkgfh eorm tbaf 1>> iocatgofs across tbm tgfy, crow`m` Haza Strgp wgtbgf a eattmr oj egfutms.
Aeofh tbm tarhmts wmrm jour ^aimstgfgaf poigcm statgofs, gfciu`gfh tbm cmftrai poigcm bma`quartmrs gf Haza Cgty, wbmrm a hra`uatgof cmrmeofy jor fmw ojficmrs was uf`mrway. Fgfmty-fgfm poigcm pmrsoffmi af` 7 emelmrs oj tbm puligc wmrm kgiim` gf tbm first egfutms oj tbm attack. Ly tbm mf` oj tbm first `ay at imast <3> ^aimstgfgafs ba` lmmf kgiim`.
Pbm eassgvm loelar`emft coftgfum` uftgi Dafuary 3, <>>7, wbmf tbm Gsramig arey gfva`m` tbm Strgp jroe tbm fortb af` mast. Gsrami‗s favy aiso sbmiim` Haza jroe ojjsborm.
Of Dafuary 12, <>>7, uf`mr mforeous gftmrfatgofai prmssurm af` dust two `ays lmjorm Larack Olaea was sworf gf as ^rmsg`mft ^rmsg`mft oj tbm ]fgtm` Statms, Statms, Gsrami `mciarm` a ufgiatmrai ufgiatmrai cmasmfirm af` wgtb`rmw wgtb`rmw gts jorcms jroe Haza. ^aimstgfgaf ^aimstgfgaf arem` hroups joiiowm` wgtb a smparatm ufgiatmrai ufgiatmrai cmasmfirm.
7.1.<
Jacts & Jghurms •
Accor`gfh to gfvmstghatgofs ly gf`mpmf`mft Gsramig af` ^aimstgfgaf bueaf rghbts orhafgzatgofs, lmtwmmf 1,32= af` 1,017 ^aimstgfgafs wmrm kgiim` `urgfh Cast Ima`, a eadorgty oj tbme cgvgigafs, cgvgigafs, gfciu`gfh gfciu`gfh at imast 3>2 egfors uf`mr tbm ahm oj 12. Eorm tbaf =>>> eorm wmrm wouf`m`. Pbgrtmmf Gsramigs wmrm aiso kgiim`, gfciu`gfh 3 cgvgigafs. (Smm lmiow jor a eorm `mtagim` lrmak`owf oj casuaitgms)
•
Accor`gfh to tbm ]F, 3,=0> bousgfh ufgts wmrm coepimtmiy `mstroym`, wgtb afotbmr <,28> sustagfgfh smvmrm `aeahm.
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Eorm tbaf <>,>>> pmopim - eafy oj tbme airma`y rmjuhmms, soem two or tbrmm tgems ovmr wmrm ea`m boemimss.
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<
Attacks of Haza‗s Haza‗s mimctrgcgty gfjrastructurm gfjrastructurm causm` af mstgeatm` $1> egiigof gf `aeahm, accor`gfh to tbm Gsramig a`vocacy hroup Hgsba.
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•
<:2 prgvatm prgvatm lusgfmssms lusgfmssms wmrm `mstroym`, af` afotbmr 03< `aeahm`, at af mstgeatm` mstgeatm` cost oj eorm tbaf $137 egiigof, accor`gfh to af assmssemft ly tbm ^rgvatm Smctor Coor`gfatgof Coufcgi, a ^aimstgfgaf mcofoegc hroup. A smparatm rmport jouf` tbat 3<0 jactorgms af` worksbops wmrm `aeahm` `urgfh tbm war. Accor`gfh to tbm ]F \migmj Xorks Xorks Ahmfcy (]F\XA), (]F\XA), wbgcb provg`ms smrvgcms to ^aimstgfgaf rmjuhmms, tbm ojjmfsgvm `aeahm` aieost <>,>>> emtmrs (approx. 1< egims) oj watmr
pgpms, jour watmr rmsmrvogrs, 11 wmiis, af` smwahm fmtworks af` puepgfh statgofs. Gsramig sbmiigfh aiso `aeahm` 1>8 ]F\XA gfstaiiatgofs. •
Mghbtmmf scboois, gfciu`gfh 2 kgf`mrhartmfs, wmrm `mstroym`, af` at imast <:< otbmrs `aeahm`. Fuemrous Fuemrous ^aimstgfgaf hovmrfemft hovmrfemft lugi`gfhs, lugi`gfhs, gfciu`gfh poigcm statgofs, statgofs, tbm bma`quartmrs oj tbm ^aimstgfgaf Imhgsiatgvm Coufcgi, af` part oj ^aimstgfgaf ^rmsg`mft Eabeou` Allas‗ coepouf`, wmrm aiso `mstroym`.
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Ajtmr af gfvmstghat gfvmstghatgof gof oj tbm `mstructgof `mstructgof oj cgvgigaf gfjrastructurm gfjrastructurm gf Haza, Bueaf \ghbts Xatcb accusm` tbm Gsramig egigtary oj vgoiatgfh tbm gftmrfatgofai laf of "waftof `mstructgof" jouf` gf tbm Jourtb Hmfmva Cofvmftgof.
<
Smm4 bttp4//www.ltsmime.orh/haza_strgp/<>>71<<8_a_ymar_to_castima`_opmratgof bttp4//www.ltsmime.orh/haza_strgp/<>>71<<8_a_ymar_to_castima`_opmratgof
7.1 <>>2-<>>7 Opmratgof Cast Ima`
7.1.3
01
Mvg`mfcm oj Xar Xar Crgems Gf Aprgi <>>7, joiiowgfh gftmrfatgofai outrahm at tbm carfahm causm` ly Cast Ima`, tbm ]F Bueaf \ghbts Coufcgi mstaligsbm` a Jact Jgf`gfh Egssgof to gfvmstghatm possglim vgoiatgofs oj gftmrfatgofai iaw coeegttm` `urgfh tbm cofgct. Ima`gfh tbm egssgof was Dustgcm \gcbar` Hoi`stofm, a joremr du`hm oj tbm Cofstgtutgofai Court oj Soutb Ajrgca af` war crgems prosmcutor jor \waf`a af` tbm joremr Wuhosiavga.
Pbm jour emelmrs oj tbm egssgof vgsgtm` Haza gf iatm Eay af` mariy Dufm <>>7, boi`gfh bmargfhs tbmrm af` gf Hmfmva. Pbmy cof`uctm` 122 gftmrvgmws af` rmvgmwm` eorm tbaf 1>,>>> pahms oj `ocuemfts, eorm tbaf 3> vg`mos, af` 1,<>> pbotohrapbs.
Gsrami rmjusm` to coopmratm wgtb tbm gfqugry, `mfygfh tbm egssgof tbm opportufgty to emmt wgtb Gsramig ojficgais or vgsgt tbm Xmst Lafk.
As a rmsuit oj gts gfvmstghatgof, tbm egssgof gssum` tbm so-caiim` "Hoi`stofm \mport," a =8=pahm `ocuemft `mtagigfh aiimhm` war crgems af` crgems ahagfst bueafgty coeegttm` ly tbm Gsramig egigtary egigtary.. Pbm rmport aiso accusm` ^aimstgfgaf ^aimstgfgaf arem` hroups oj war crgems as a rmsuit oj gf`gscrgegfatm rockmts attacks of Gsramig cgvgigafs igvgfh fmar Haza.
Pbm Hoi`stofm \mport `ocuemftm` 3: spmcgfic casms af` gfcg`mfts wbmrm Gsramig jorcms aiimhm`iy vgoiatm` gftmrfatgofai iaws `urgfh tbm Haza ojjmfsgvm. Pbmsm gfciu`m4 •
Saeoufg jaegiy eassacrm4 eassacrm4 Gf pmrbaps tbm eost gfjaeous gfcg`mft oj tbm war, Gsramig soi`gmrs or`mrm` arouf` 1>> emelmrs oj tbm Saeoufg jaegiy jaegiy gfto a sgfhim lugi`gfh lugi`gfh gf tbm Taytouf arma oj Haza Cgty. Soi`gmrs Soi`gmrs bmi` tbm jaegiy gf tbm lugi`gfh jor <0 bours lmjorm sbmiigfh tbm lugi`gfh of Dafuary 0, <>>7. Pwmfty-ofm emelmrs oj tbm jaegiy, aii cgvgigafs, wmrm kgiim`.
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3
Ai-@aya jaegiy eassacrm4 Of Dafuary :, af Gsramig J-1: dmt firm` a egssgim at tbm boem oj tbm Ai-@aya jaegiy, aiso gf tbm Taytouf fmghblorboo` oj Haza Cgty, kgiigfh << jaegiy emelmrs, emelmrs, eost oj tbme woemf af` cbgi`rmf. 0
•
Xbgtm ah kgiigfhs4 Pbm ]F egssgof af` bueaf rghbts hroups aiso `ocuemftm` `ocuemftm` smvmrai casms gf wbgcb wgtfmssms saw Gsramig soi`gmrs kgii ^aimstgfgafs wbo wmrm mmgfh wbgim carrygfh eakmsbgjt eakmsbgjt wbgtm ahs to gf`gcatm tbmgr status as cgvgigafs. cgvgigafs. Gf ofm casm, a soi`gmr sbot af` kgiim` two woemf, Ead`a af` \ayya Baddad (ahm` 38 af` := rmspmctgvmiy) wbo wmrm mmgfh wgtb tbmgr jaegigms wbgim carrygfh a wbgtm ah gf tbm towf oj Dobr A`-@gk. Gf Auhust <>1<, gf a pima `mai wgtb prosmcutors, a soig`mr was smftmfcm` to dust 0= `ays gf prgsof jor tbmgr `matbs. Po `atm bm‗s tbm ofiy pmrsof to jacm smrgous cbarhms stmeegfh jroe Cast Ima`.
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=
]sm oj wbgtm pbospborus gf popuiatm` popuiatm` armas4 \ghbts hroups, hroups, dourfaigsts, dourfaigsts, af` tbm ]F egssgof egssgof gf Haza aiso `ocuemftm` fuemrous gfstafcms gfstafcms oj tbm usm oj wbgtm pbospborus, pbospborus, af gfcmf`gary sulstafcm tbat gs giimhai wbmf usm` gf popuiatm` armas. Gsramig jorcms usm` wbgtm pbospborus gf attacks of at imast two bospgtais (Ai-Qu`s Bospgtai af` Ai-Xaja Bospgtai), as wmii as tbm cmftrai ]F coepouf` gf Haza Cgty. Fuemrous Fuemrous cgvgigaf casuaitgms casuaitgms wmrm causm` ly wbgtm pbospborus gf tbm seaii, `mfsmiy popuiatm` popuiatm` Strgp. :
3
Smm4 Smm4 bttp4//www.baarmtz.coe/prgft-m`gtgof/fmws/jaegiy-wbo-iost-<7-emelmrs-gf-haza-war-wm-mfvy-tbm-`ma`1.=703 0 Smm4 bttp4//www.aefmsty.orh/mf/rmhgof/gsrami-occupgm`-paimstgfgafbttp4//www.aefmsty.orh/mf/rmhgof/gsrami-occupgm`-paimstgfgaf-tmrrgtorgms/rmport-<>1> tmrrgtorgms/rmport-<>1> = Smm4 bttp4//www.brw.orh/sgtms/`mjauit/fiims/rmport bttp4//www.brw.orh/sgtms/`mjauit/fiims/rmports/goptwj>2>7wmlwcovmr_1.p`j s/goptwj>2>7wmlwcovmr_1.p`j : Smm4 bttp4//www.brw.orh/jmaturms/ragf-firm-wbgtm-pbospbor bttp4//www.brw.orh/jmaturms/ragf-firm-wbgtm-pbospborus-haza us-haza
0<
Cbaptmr 7. Assauits of Haza
Gf a``gtgof to tbm Hoi`stofm \mport, bueaf rghbts hroups sucb as Aefmsty Gftmrfatgofai af` Bueaf \ghbts Xatcb gssum` rmports oj tbmgr owf `ocuemftgfh fuemrous aiimhatgofs oj war crgems lmgfh coeegttm` ly Gsramig jorcms.
7.<
8
<>1< - Opmratg Opmratgof of ^giiar ^giiar oj Ciou` Ciou` Gf Fovmelmr oj <>1<, Gsrami lrokm a cmasmfirm wgtb Baeas, rmturfgfh tbm arma to gts iarhmst cofgct sgfcm Opmratgof Cast Ima`. As `ocuemftm` ly tbm Fmw Work Pgems, tbm assauit lmhaf wbmf Gsrami assassgfatm` tbm ima`mr oj Baeas‗ egigtary wgfh, Abem` Dalarg, wbo ba` lmmf gf cbarhm oj fmhotgatgfh cmasm-firms wgtb Gsrami. Ly tbm mf` oj tbm opmratgof, 1:> ^aimstgfgafs ba` `gm`, 1>= oj wboe wmrm cgvgigafs, cgvgigafs, af` 3> oj wboe wmrm cbgi`rmf. 781 ^aimstgfgafs ^aimstgfgafs wmrm wouf`m`. : Gsramigs (0 cgvgigaf) wmrm kgiim` `urgfh tbm fihbtgfh. Gsrami bas rmpmatm`iy vgoiatm` tbm Fovmelmr <1 cmasmfirm tbat mf`m` tbm cofgct, kgiigfh af` gfdurgfh smvmrai Hazafs.
2
Bueaf \ghbts Xatcb accusm` Gsrami oj coeegttgfh possglim war crgems tbrouhb tbm kfowgfh tarhmtgfh tarhmtgfh oj cgvgigafs af` cgvgigaf cgvgigaf gfjrastructurm. gfjrastructurm. Ofm mxaepim oj tbgs gs tbm sbmiigfh oj tbm Ai-@aiu jaegiy boem, wbgcb rmsuitm` gf tbm `matbs oj 1> jaegiy emelmrs. Bueaf \ghbts Xatcb cof`mefm` cof`mefm` tbm attack as af mxaepim mxaepim oj Gsrami liataftiy liataftiy tarhmtgfh cgvgigafs. cgvgigafs. Otbmr accusatgofs accusatgofs oj potmftgai war crgems surrouf` tbm kfowf tarhmtgfh oj ^aimstgfgaf em`ga af` dourfaigsts.
7.3
<>10 - Opmratgof ^rotmctgvm ^rotmctgvm M`hm M`hm
Pbm iast eoemfts oj Hazaf cbgi`rmf wbo ba` lmmf piaygfh soccmr of tbm lmacb fmar Sbaatg rmjuhmm caep. Pbgs geahm sbows tbme ruffgfh jroe Gsramig sbmiigfh eoemfts lmjorm tbmy wmrm kgiim`.
Accor`gfh to tbm ]fgtm` Fatgofs, lmtwmmf Duiy 8 af` Auhust <:, at imast <131 ^aimstgfgafs wmrm kgiim` gf Haza as a rmsuit oj Gsrami‗s ’Opmratgof ^rotmctgvm M`hm.―7 Accor`gfh to lotb tbm ^aimstgfgaf Cmftmr jor Bueaf \ghbts (^CB\) af` Ai Emzaf Cmftmr jor Bueaf \ghbts, <1:2 ^aimstgfgafs wmrm kgiim`. kgiim` .1> 8
Smm tbm GEM] Jactsbmmt of Cast Ima`4 bttp4//gemu.fmt/fmws/artgcim>><17:2.sbtei Ima`4 bttp4//gemu.fmt/fmws/artgcim>><17:2.sbtei Smm Smm a tgemi tgemigf gfm4 m4 bttp4//mimctrofgcgftgja`a.fmt/liohs/aig-alufgeab/bow-gsrami-sbattmrm`-haza-trucm-ima`gfhmscaiatgfh-`matb-af`-trahm`y-tgemigfm 7 Smm tbm ]F‗s rmport4 bttp4//lgt.iy/1qbkyP0 rmport4 bttp4//lgt.iy/1qbkyP0 1> Smm4 bttp4//lgt.iy/]cjwtM Smm4 bttp4//lgt.iy/]cjwtM af` af` bttp4//lgt.iy/R=SDku bttp4//lgt.iy/R=SDku 2
7.3 <>10 - Opmratgof ^rotmctgvm M`hm
03
Accor`gfh to tbm ]F, at imast 1083 oj tbm `ma` wmrm cgvgigafs, gfciu`gfh =>1 cbgi`rmf af` <=8 woemf, woemf, wgtb afotbmr 387 gf`gvg`uais gf`gvg`uais ymt to lm g`mftgfim`. g`mftgfim`. Accor`gfh Accor`gfh to ^CB\, 1::< cgvgigafs wmrm kgiim`, gfciu`gfh =17 cbgi`rmf af` <78 woemf, wbgim Ai Emzaf rmportm` tbat 1::: oj tbm `ma` wmrm cgvgigafs, gfciu`gfh =<1 cbgi`rmf af` <78 woemf.
Accor`gfh to tbm ]F, at imast 10< ^aimstgfgaf jaegigms iost tbrmm or eorm emelmrs kgiim` gf a sgfhim Gsramig attack, jor a totai oj 837 jataigtgms (smm bmrm jor eorm), af` up to 1=>> cbgi`rmf wmrm orpbafm`.
Accor`gfh to tbm ^aimstgfgaf Egfgstry oj Bmaitb, 11,1>> ^aimstgfgafs wmrm wouf`m`, gfciu`gfh 3380 cbgi`rmf, <>22 woemf, af` 01> mi`mriy pmopim. Pbm ]F mstgeatms tbat 1>>> oj tbm gfdurm` cbgi`rmf wgii sujjmr a igjmiofh `gsalgigty.
@urgfh tbm saem pmrgo`, 81 Gsramigs wmrm kgiim` ly ^aimstgfgafs, ^aimstgfgafs, gfciu`gfh :: soi`gmrs af` jour cgvgigafs, as wmii as ofm jormghf workmr jroe Pbagiaf`. Gf gts Auhust <1 `agiy Haza memrhmfcy memrhmfcy up`atm, up`atm, tbm ]F fotm`4
’Bueaf rghbts orhafgzatgofs bavm mxprmssm` smrgous cofcmrfs rmhar`gfh gfcg`mfts wbmrm cgvgigafs or cgvgigaf oldmcts bavm lmmf `grmctiy bgt ly Gsramig agrstrgkms, gf cgrcuestafcms wbmrm tbmrm was aiimhm`iy fo rockmt firm or arem` hroup actgvgty gf tbm ciosm vgcgfgty. vgcgfgty. Sucb casms ragsm cofcmrfs cofcmrfs alout tbm tarhmtgfh oj cgvgigafs, cgvgigafs, gf vgoiatgof oj tbm prgfcgpim oj `gstgfctgof.―
’Oj partgcuiar cofcmrf gs tbm aiaregfh fuelmr oj gfcg`mfts sgfcm tbm ofsmt oj tbm memrhmfcy gf wbgcb euitgpim emelmrs oj tbm saem jaegiy bavm lmmf kgiim`.―
7.3.1
Cbgi`rmf Kgiim` Kgiim` & Gfdurm` Ly Gsrami‗s Iatmst Iatmst Assauit Accor`gfh to tbm ]fgtm` Fatgofs, lmtwmmf Duiy 8 af` Auhust <= tbm Gsramig egigtary kgiim` at imast 07= ^aimstgfgaf cbgi`rmf gf Haza `urgfh ’Opmratgof ^rotmctgvm M`hm.― Pbm Ai Emzaf Cmftmr jor Bueaf \ghbts puts tbm fuelmr at =12, wbgim tbm ^aimstgfgaf Cmftmr jor Bueaf \ghbts puts gt at =17. Aii tbrmm fihurms mxcmm` tbm fuelmr oj ^aimstgfgaf cbgi`rmf kgiim` gf tbm iast two eador Gsramig assauits assauits of Haza coelgfm`, approxgeatmiy approxgeatmiy 3=> `urgfh ’Opmratgof Cast Ima`― gf <>>2-7 af` 3= gf Fovmelmr <>1<. Pbm fuelmr oj cbgi`rmf kgiim` aiso mxcmm`s mxcmm`s tbm totai fuelmr oj Gsramigs, cgvgigafs af` soi`gmrs, kgiim` ly ^aimstgfgafs gf tbm iast `mca`m.
Accor`gfh Accor`gfh to tbm ^aimstgfgaf ^aimstgfgaf Egfgstry oj Bmaitb, lmtwmmf Duiy 8 af` Auhust <>, 31>: ^aimstgfgaf cbgi`rmf wmrm gfdurm` ly tbm Gsramig egigtary gf Haza.
Oj tbm eorm tbaf 31>> cbgi`rmf wouf`m`, tbm ]F mstgeatms tbat 1>>> oj tbme wgii sujjmr a pmreafmft `gsalgigty as a rmsuit oj tbmgr gfdury. Pbousaf`s oj ufmxpio`m` loels af` sbmiis posm a `afhmr to cgvgigafs rmturfgfh to armas tbmy m` jroe `urgfh tbm fihbtgfh, puttgfh cbgi`rmf at partgcuiar rgsk.
7.3.<
Cbgi`rmf Praueatgzm` Pbm ]F mstgeatms tbat 383,>>> cbgi`rmf rmqugrm `grmct af` spmcgaigzm` psycbosocgai support (^SS), wbgim aii oj Haza‗s approxgeatmiy approxgeatmiy 7>>,>>> cbgi`rmf bavm lmmf ajjmctm` ajjmctm` ly tbm war af` fmm` soem imvmi oj psycbosocgai support. Of Duiy <2, ]FGCMJ rmimasm` a statmemft mftgtim` ’Fo
00
Cbaptmr 7. Assauits of Haza
sajm piacm jor cbgi`rmf gf Haza.― 11 Gf gt, tbm bma` oj tbm orhafgzatgof‗s Haza fimi` ojficm, ^mrfgiim Grofsg`m, `mciarm`4 ’Pbm pbysgcai af` psycboiohgcai toii tbat tbm vgoimfcm gs bavgfh of pmopim gs aieost aieost gf`mscrglalim. gf`mscrglalim. . . Xm smm cbgi`rmf cbgi`rmf kgiim`, gfdurm`, gfdurm`, eutgiatm` eutgiatm` af` lurft, lurft, gf a``gtgof to lmgfh tmrrgfim` to tbmgr corm.―
Syeptoes oj trauea lmgfh mvg`mfcm` ly cbgi`rmf gfciu`m wmttgfh oj tbm lm`, cigfhgfh to parmfts, af` fghbtearms.
At imast ofm ^aimstgfgaf egfor, a 1:-ymar-oi` loy (fow 18) faem` Abea` Alu \ag`a, was bmi` bostahm jor fivm `ays ly gfva`gfh Gsramig soi`gmrs af` usm` as a bueaf sbgmi` `urgfh tbmgr smarcb jor tuffmis fmar bgs boem fmar Kbaf Woufgs gf soutbmrf Haza, accor`gfh to af gfvmstghagfvmstghatgof carrgm` out ly @mjmfcm jor Cbgi`rmf Gftmrfatgofai - ^aimstgfm.
Eost cbgi`rmf sgx af` oi`mr gf Haza bavm igvm` tbrouhb tbrmm eador Gsramig egigtary assauits `urgfh tbmgr sbort igjmtgems4 igjmtgems4 tbm first gf tbm wgftmr oj <>>2-7, af` tbm smcof` gf Fovmelmr <>1<.
7.3.3
@mstructgof oj Cgvgigaf Cgvgigaf Gfjrastructurm
Pmre papmrs igttmr tbm arma arouf` tbm loelm` Gsiaegc ]fgvmrsgty oj Haza. Pbgs papmr gs jroe af assghfemft to "Mxpiagf tbm geahm oj woemf gf P.S. Migot‗s work." ^boto ly \mjaat Aiarmmr.
Gsramig attacks causm` wg`msprma` `aeahm to Haza‗s airma`y jragi af` `giapg`atm` mimctrgcai hrg`, ruf `owf af` gf `gsrmpagr ajtmr smvmf ymars oj sgmhm af` liocka`m. Eost fotaliy, of Duiy <7 Gsrami loelm` Haza‗s ofiy powmr piaft, piaft ,1< kfockgfh gt out oj coeegssgof gf`mfifgtmiy, proeptgfh Aefmsty Aefmsty Gftmrfatgofai to cof`mef tbm attack as af act oj "coiimctgvm "coiimctgvm pufgsbemft― pufgsbemft― ahagfst tbm 13 mftgrm popuiatgof. popuiatgof. (Gsrami prmvgousiy loelm` tbm piaft `urgfh assauits gf <>>: af` <>>2->7.) 10 Accor`gfh to tbm ]F, mvmf joiiowgfh rmpagrs to wbat rmeagfs oj tbm mimctrgcai hrg`, eost armas oj Haza coftgfum coftgfum to mf`urm up to 12 bours oj mimctrgcai mimctrgcai outahms a `ay. `ay.1=
Gsrami‗s Gsrami‗s `mstructgof oj Haza‗s Haza‗s powmr piaft causm` tbm sbut`owf sbut`owf oj watmr trmatemft piafts, wbgim Gsramig tafk firm put Haza‗s iarhmst smwahm trmatemft piaft out oj coeegssgof.1: Otbmr Gsramig attacks `g` mxtmfsgvm `aeahm to Haza‗s watmr af` smwahm systmes, aiso airma`y gf crgtgcai 11
Smm ufg.cj/1poy2== Smm4 bttp4//lgt.iy/1uMXOE1 Smm4 bttp4//lgt.iy/1uMXOE1 13 Smm4 bttp4//lgt.iy/1uMXOE1 Smm4 bttp4//lgt.iy/1uMXOE1 10 Smm4 bttp4//lgt.iy/1pM:qg8 Smm4 bttp4//lgt.iy/1pM:qg8 1= Smm4 bttp4//lgt.iy/1qbkyP0 Smm4 bttp4//lgt.iy/1qbkyP0 1: Smm4 bttp4//www.gf`mpmf`mf bttp4//www.gf`mpmf`mft.co.uk/fmws/wori`/eg``im-mast/gsramihaza-cof t.co.uk/fmws/wori`/eg``im-mast/gsramihaza-cofgct-hazas-survgvors-fo gct-hazas-survgvors-fow-jacm-aw-jacm-alattim-jor-watmr-sbmitmr-af`-powmr-7:=>308.btei 1<
7.3 <>10 - Opmratgof ^rotmctgvm M`hm
0=
cof`gtgof `um to tbm sgmhm af` prmvgous Gsramig assauits, ima`gfh to tbm rmimasm oj raw smwahm gfto opmf poois, jareiaf`, af` tbm Em`gtmrrafmaf Sma, causgfh bmaitb cofcmrfs af` ajjmctgfh fisbmremf. fisbmremf. Of Auhust =, Oxjae warfm` tbat Gsramig attacks `aeahgfh `aeahgfh wmiis, pgpmigfms, pgpmigfms, af` rmsmrvogrs ba` causm` tbm coftaegfatgof oj jrmsb watmr suppigms, airma`y bmavgiy coftaegfatm` lmjorm lmjorm tbm assauit, assauit, af` tbat 1=,>>> tofs oj soig` wastm ba` imakm` gfto tbm strmmts strmmts oj Haza.
Accor`gfh Accor`gfh to tbm Smptmelmr 0 ]F Haza crgsgs rmport, 0=>,>>> pmopim pmopim wmrm ufalim to accmss eufgcgpai watmr systmes `um to gfjrastructurm `aeahm af`/or iow watmr prmssurm af` of avmrahm, <>% to 3>% oj Haza‗s watmr af` wastmwatmr systmes rmeagf sghfgficaftiy `aeahm`.
Gsramig attacks `aeahm` <0 bospgtais18 af` rmportm`iy kgiim` 1: em`gcai workmrs.12 Gf a``gtgof, accor`gfh to tbm ]F, << scboois wmrm `mstroym` af` 112 `aeahm`, af` at imast sgx tmacbmrs kgiim`. As a rmsuit oj tbm ofhogfh vgoimfcm, scboois lmgfh `aeahm` af` `mstroym`, af` `gspiacm` pmopim takgfh rmjuhm gf scboois, fmariy baij a egiigof cbgi`rmf ba` tbm start oj tbmgr scbooi ymar `miaym`, jroe Auhust <0 to Smptmelmr 10. As tbm ]F fotm` gf gts Smptmelmr 0 Haza crgsgs rmport4
’Pbm m`ucatgof smctor was airma`y ovmrstrmtcbm` prgor to tbm crgsgs, sujjmrgfh jroe a sbo sbortah rtahmm oj aieost <>> scboois, scboois, wgtb ciassms ciassms ruffgfh ruffgfh gf `oulim `oulim sbgjts. sbgjts. . . Xbmf Xbmf scbooi scbooiss opmf, opmf, cbgi`r cbgi`rmf mf wgi wgiii jacm jacm mvmf mvmf eorm eorm acutm acutm ovmr ovmr-cr -crow ow`gf `gfh h af` uf`mr uf`mr-rm -rmsou sourcg rcgfh fh as a rmsuit oj tbm coiiatmrai `aeahm sujjmrm`.
’A``gtg A``gtgofa ofaiiy iiy,, wgt wgtb b buf`rm buf`rm`s `s oj tbousa tbousaf`s f`s oj cbgi`r cbgi`rmf mf gf fmm` fmm` oj psycbo psycbosoc socgai gai suppor supportt (^SS), tmacbmrs af` m`ucatgofai stajj (eafy oj wboe bavm aiso mxpmrgmfcm` acutm trauea) wgii lm strmtcbm` to provg`m tbm approprgatm support rmqugrm` to masm cbgi`rmf lack gf to scbooi af` to provg`m ofhogfh support tbrouhbout tbm scbooi ymar. ymar.―
7.3.0
Statmemfts ly ly Eador Bueaf \ghbts \ghbts Orhafgzatgofs Pbm fmwsem`ga af` eador bueaf rghbts orhafgzatgofs bavm `ocuemftm` attacks of cgvgigafs, cgvgigaf cgvgigaf structurms, bospgtais, bospgtais, eosqums, af` scboois. scboois. Pbm ]fgtm` Fatgofs bas coeegssgofm` coeegssgofm` af gfvmstghatgof sgegiar to <>>7‗s Hoi`stofm \mport wbgcb wgii gfvmstghatm sucb gfcg`mfts as mvg`mfcm oj war crgems af` possglim crgems ahagfst bueafgty. bueafgty. Emafwbgim, bueaf rghbts eofgtors bavm gssum` tbm joiiowgfh statmemfts4 •
Of Duiy <1, @mjmfcm jor Cbgi`rmf Gftmrfatgofai – ^aimstgfm Smctgof gssum` a statmemft mftgtim` ’@matb toii oj ^aimstgfgaf cbgi`rmf spgrais as Gsrami mxpaf`s Haza ojjmfsgvm― wbgcb `mtagim` smvmrai smvmrai Gsramig attacks tbat kgiim` cbgi`rmf, fotgfh tbat4 ’Gsrami‗s ’Gsrami‗s egigtary ojjmfsgvm of tbm Haza Strgp bas lmmf cbaractmrgzm` ly tbm `grmct tarhmtgfh oj cgvgigaf boems af` gfjrastructurm, gfjrastructurm, af` tbm gf`gscrgegfatm gf`gscrgegfatm tarhmtgfh tarhmtgfh oj cgvgigafs, cgvgigafs, wbgcb cofstgtutms a war crgem.―17
•
Aiso of Duiy <1, tmf Gsramig bueaf rghbts orhafgzatgofs, gfciu`gfh L‗Psmime, Pbm Assocgatgof jor Cgvgi \ghbts gf Gsrami, Pbm ^uligc Coeegttmm ahagfst Porturm gf Gsrami, ^bysgcgafs jor Bueaf \ghbts – Gsrami af` \allgs jor Bueaf \ghbts, mxprmssm` aiare at tbm ’bghb ratm oj cgvgigaf casuaitgms,― wbgcb ’ragsms cofcmrfs alout hravm vgoiatgofs oj gftmrfatgofai bueafgtargaf iaw.― Pbm accoepafygfh prmss rmimasm fotm`4 fotm` 4<>
18
Smm4 Smm4 17 Smm Smm <> Smm4 12
bttp4//rmigmjwml.gft/rmport/occupgm`-paimstgfgaf-tmrrgtory/haza-crgsgs-ufgeahgfalim-suj bttp4//rmigmjwml.gft/rmport/occupgm`-paims tgfgaf-tmrrgtory/haza-crgsgs-ufgeahgfalim-sujjmrgfh jmrgfh bttp4//www.eaaffmws.fmt/mfh/Zgm bttp4//www.eaaffmws.fmt/mfh/
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[email protected]?G@5818008 bttp4//www.`cg-paimstgfm.orh/`ocuemfts/`matb-toii-paimstgfgaf-cbgi`rmf-spgrais-gsrami-mxpaf`s-haza-ojjmfsgvm lgt.iy/1rMByKf
0:
Cbaptmr 7. Assauits of Haza ’Pbm orhafgzatgofs mepbasgzm tbat smf`gfh aimrts or provg`gfh warfgfhs to rmsg`mfts `oms fot trafsjore trafsjore tbme, or tbmgr boems, gfto imhgtgeatm imhgtgeatm egigtary tarhmts, af` `oms fot mxmept tbm arey jroe gts `uty to avog` mxmcutgfh gf`gscrgegfatm attacks gf tbm arma. ‒Gf tbm alsmfcm oj a protmctm` arma jor rmsg`mfts tbat provg`ms sbmitmr af` af afswmr to tbmgr bueafgtargaf bueafgtargaf fmm`s, egigtary coeeaf`mrs caf fot ciage tbat tbmy bavm takmf sujficgmft prmcautgofs to avog` causgfh gfdury.―‗ •
Of Duiy <1, Aefmsty Gftmrfatgofai ]SA gssum` a statmemft mftgtim` ’Attacks of Em`gcai Jacgigtgms af` Cgvgigafs A`` to Xar Crgem Aiimhatgofs.― <1 @ocuemftgfh iarhm scaim `mstructgof oj cgvgigaf armas sucb as tbm Sbmdagya fmghblorboo`, af` tbm mscaiatgfh fuelmr oj cgvgigaf casuaitgms, Aefmsty fotm`, ’Gssugfh warfgfhs to mvacuatm mftgrm armas `oms fot alsoivm Gsramig jorcms oj tbmgr olighatgofs to protmct cgvgigafs uf`mr gftmrfatgofai bueafgtargaf iaw.― A Bueaf \ghbts Xatcb statmemft tbat joiiowm` tbm fmxt `ay jouf` tbat, ’Gf eafy, gj fot aii, oj tbmsm casms [tbat gt gfvmstghatm`U, gfvmstghatm`U, Bueaf \ghbts Xatcb Xatcb jouf` fo mvg`mfcm oj a egigtary egigtary tarhmt. Gsramig jorcms‗ jagiurm jagiurm to `grmct attacks at a egigtary egigtary tarhmt vgoiatms tbm iaws oj war. war. Gsramig jorcms eay aiso bavm kfowgfhiy or rmckimssiy attackm` pmopim wbo wmrm cimariy cgvgigafs, sucb as youfh loys, af` cgvgigaf structurms, gfciu`gfh a bospgtai – iaws-oj-war vgoiatgofs tbat arm gf`gcatgvm oj war crgems.― <<
]fgtm` Fatgofs Xorks af` \migmj Ahmfcy @grmctor Cbrgs Huffmss lrmaks `owf `urgfh af gftmrvgmw alout tbm cgvgigaf casuaitgms oj Gsrami‗s <>10 assauit of Haza
@mhrmm oj Cgvgigaf Sujjmrgfh
Of Auhust 1, Oxjae rmimasm` a statmemft statmemft mftgtim`, ’Haza crgsgs spgraigfh spgraigfh out oj coftroi,― coftroi,― wbgcb `ocuemftm` tbm `mhrmm oj sujjmrgfh gf Haza4
’Pbm crgsgs gf Haza gs jast spgraigfh out oj coftroi wgtb watmr suppigms crgtgcaiiy iow af` a puligc bmaitb crgsgs crgsgs geegfmft. geegfmft. . . Pbm coiiapsm coiiapsm oj tbm iatmst lrgmj lrgmj cmasmfirm affoufcmemft emafs eafy eorm igvms wgii lm at rgsk.
’Cof`gtgofs arm gfcrmasgfhiy `mspmratm gf ovmrcrow`m` scboois af` lugi`gfhs wbmrm up to 0=>,>>> 0=>,>>> pmopim pmopim arm sbmitmr sbmitmrgfh. gfh. Eafy Eafy pmopim pmopim arm hmttgfh hmttgfh as igttim igttim as tbrmm tbrmm igtrms oj sajm watmr a `ay, jar lmiow gftmrfatgofai memrhmfcy staf`ar`s. Eassgvm `mstructgof oj watmr af` smwahm systmes af` mimctrgcgty suppigms bas rm`ucm` watmr <1
Smm Smm bttp4//www.aefmstyusa.orh/fmws/prmss-rmimasms/gsramihaza-attacks-of-em`gcai-jacgigtgms-af`-cgvgigafs-a``to-war-crgem-aiimhatgofs-> << Smm bttp4//www.brw.orh/fmws/<>10/>8/<10/>8/<
7.3 <>10 - Opmratgof ^rotmctgvm M`hm
08
suppiy to Haza‗s Haza‗s mftgrm popuiatgof oj 1.2 egiigof pmopim. Spgiis oj raw smwahm smwahm tbrmatmf to coftaegfatm watmr sourcms af` tbm tbrmat oj `gsmasm gs rgsgfh. Pbmrm arm airma`y rmports oj 3> casms oj emfgfhgtgs, as wmii as skgf `gsmasms aeofh cbgi`rmf af` casms oj hastromftmrgtgs.―
’Pbm `mstructgof oj Haza‗s ofiy powmr piaft marigmr tbgs wmmk bas piufhm` eucb oj Haza gfto `arkfmss `arkfmss af` imjt vgtai watmr pueps struhhigfh struhhigfh to kmmp hogfh. Pbrmm oj Haza‗s jour eagf powmr suppigms bavm fow lmmf coepimtmiy `mstroym` or mxtmfsgvmiy `aeahm` ly tbm vgoimfcm oj tbm past jmw wmmks, cuttgfh ojj eorm tbaf 2> pmrcmft oj Haza‗s powmr. powmr. Eost eufgcgpai watmr suppigms bavm fow stoppm` ruffgfh.― ’‒Pbm outrahmous imvmi imvmi oj `mstructgof `mstructgof gs eucb worsm tbaf afytbgfh afytbgfh wm bavm smmf gf prmvgous prmvgous egigtary opmratgofs af` tbm sgtuatgof gs hmttgfh worsm ly tbm bour. Pmfs oj tbousaf`s tbousaf`s oj jaegigms jaegigms bavm m` lut arm trappm` wgtb fowbmrm fowbmrm sajm to mscapm, sbmitmrgfh gf borrgfic cof`gtgofs af` tmrrgfim` to eovm. Pbm gftmrfatgofai coeeufgty‗s rmspofsm to sucb sujjmrgfh bas so jar lmmf sbaemjuiiy wmak. Mvmry `ay tbat tbgs homs of gs puttgfh eafy eorm cgvgigaf cgvgigaf igvms at rgsk,‗ rgsk,‗ sag` Fgsbaft Fgsbaft ^af`my, ^af`my, bma` oj Oxjae gf tbm Occupgm` ^aimstgfgaf Pmrrgtory af` Gsrami.―
’Bospgtais tbat Oxjae works wgtb arm struhhigfh to copm. Sgx oj tbm fgfm lusgmst bospgtais bospgtais gf Haza bavm lmmf `grmctiy `grmctiy bgt or la`iy `aeahm`, wgtb tbrmm oj tbme fow
ciosm`. Afotbmr jour Oxjae-supportm` Oxjae-supportm` bmaitb cigfgcs af` eafy otbmrs bavm lmmf `aeahm` or sbut. Eafy bmaitb jacgigtgms arm ruffgfh sbort oj jumi to kmmp igjm-savgfh opmratgofs hogfh.―
’‒Oxjae cof`mefs tbm rockmts tbat coftgfum to lm firm` jroe Haza towar`s Gsrami, lut tbgs `oms fot dustgjy Gsrami‗s outrahmousiy `gsproportgofatm usm oj jorcm wbgcb bas kgiim` so eafy cgvgigafs af` `mstroym` so eucb oj Haza. Aii cgvgigafs, cgvgigafs, wbmtbmr ^aimstgfgaf or Gsramig, bavm tbm rghbt to igvm gf smcurgty, lut egigtary opmratgofs tbat lrgfh sucb imvmis oj `matb af` `mstructgof wgii fot eakm afyofm sajmr gf tbm iofh tmre,‗ sag` ^af`my.
’Oxjae sag` tbm gftmrfatgofai coeeufgty eust `o eucb eorm to mfsurm af urhmft af` pmreafmft cmasmfirm, lut tbat iastgfh pmacm wgii ofiy lm possglim wgtb af mf` to tbm ofhogfh liocka`m oj Haza. Jor tbm past smvmf smvmf ymars pmopim gf Haza bavm lmmf igvgfh uf`mr af Gsramig liocka`m wbgcb prmvmfts tbm jrmm ow oj hoo`s af` pmopim gf af` out oj Haza, `mvastatgfh `mvastatgfh tbm mcofoey af` smvmrmiy rmstrgctgfh pmopim‗s pmopim‗s igvmigboo`s.―
Gsramig Ciages
Gsramig hovmrfemft ojficgais bavm ciagem` tbat tbmy warfm` cgvgigafs sujficgmftiy af` tbat ^aimstgfgafs wmrm usgfh cgvgigafs cgvgigafs as bueaf sbgmi`s. Pbmsm ciages arm `grmctiy coftra`gctm` ly bueaf rghbts eofgtors. Aefmsty Gftmrfatgofai wrotm of Duiy <=tb,
’Gsramig jorcms bavm carrgm` out attacks tbat bavm kgiim` buf`rm`s oj cgvgigafs, cgvgigafs, usgfh prmcgsgof wmapofry sucb as `rofm-firm` egssgims, as wmii as eufgtgofs sucb as artgiimry, tgiimry, wbgcb caffot lm prmcgsmiy prmcgsmiy tarhmtm`, tarhmtm`, of vmry `mfsmiy popuiatm` rmsg`mftgai
02
Cbaptmr 7. Assauits of Haza armas, sucb as Sbuda‗gyymb. Pbmy bavm aiso `grmctiy attackm` tbousaf`s oj boems. Gsrami appmars to cofsg`mr tbm boems oj pmopim assocgatm` wgtb Baeas to lm imhgtgeatm egigtary tarhmts, a stafcm tbat `oms fot cofjore to gftmrfatgofai bueafgtargaf iaw."
’Aitbouhb tbm Gsramig autborgtgms ciage to lm warfgfh cgvgigafs gf Haza, a cofsgstmft pattmrf bas memrhm` tbat tbmgr actgofs `o fot cofstgtutm af ‒mjjmctgvm warfgfh‗ uf`mr gftmrfatgofai gftmrfatgofai bueafgtargaf iaw. iaw. Gsramig attacks bavm aiso causm` eass `gspiacmemft `gspiacmemft oj ^aimstgfgaf cgvgigafs wgtbgf tbm Haza Strgp.―
’Mjjmctgvm a`vafcm warfgfh to cgvgigafs gs ofiy ofm oj tbm prmscrglm` prmcautgofs gf attack agem` at egfgegzgfh bare to cgvgigafs. Xbmf Gsramig jorcms bavm hgvmf warfgfh gf eafy casms kmy mimemfts oj mjjmctgvm warfgfh bavm lmmf egssgfh, gfciu`gfh tgemigfmss, gfjoregfh cgvgigafs wbmrm gt gs sajm to mm, af` provg`gfh sajm passahm af` sujficgmft sujficgmft tgem to mm lmjorm af attack. Pbmrm aiso bavm lmmf rmports oj imtbai strgkms iaufcbm` iaufcbm` too soof ajtmr a warfgfh to sparm cgvgigafs. cgvgigafs. Gf afy mvmft, gssugfh a warfgfh `oms fot alsoivm alsoivm af attackgfh attackgfh jorcm oj gts olighatgofs olighatgofs to sparm cgvgigafs, cgvgigafs, gfciu`gfh ly takgfh aii otbmr fmcmssary prmcautgofs to egfgegzm cgvgigaf casuaitgms af` `aeahm to cgvgigaf structurms. Gsrami‗s coftgfugfh egigtary liocka`m of tbm Haza Strgp af` tbm ciosurm oj tbm \ajab crossgfh ly tbm Mhyptgaf autborgtgms sgfcm tbm bostgigtgms lmhaf emaf tbat cgvgigafs gf Haza caffot mm to fmghblourgfh couftrgms.― Aefmsty Aefmsty aiso `gsputm` ciages oj bueaf sbgmi`s, sbgmi`s, statgfh, ’Aefmst ’Aefmsty y Gftmrfatgofai Gftmrfatgofai gs eofgtorgfh af` gfvmstghatgfh gfvmstghatgfh sucb rmports, lut `oms fot bavm mvg`mfcm mvg`mfcm at tbgs pogft tbat ^aimstgfgaf ^aimstgfgaf cgvgigafs bavm lmmf gftmftgofaiiy usm` ly Baeas or ^aimstgfgaf arem` hroups `urgfh tbm currmft bostgigtgms to ‒sbgmi`‗ spmcgfic iocatgofs or egigtary pmrsoffmi or mqugpemft jroe Gsramig attacks.― Gftmrfatgofai Crgegfai Court
Aefmsty Gftmrfatgofai rmspof`m` to Opmratgof ^rotmctgvm M`hm ly rmimasgfh a statmemft mftgtim`, ’Gftmrfatgofai Crgegfai Court kmy to lrmakgfh cycim oj gfdustgcm jor war crgems,― wbgcb rma` gf part4
’Pbm ]F Smcurgty Coufcgi Coufcgi bas rmpmatm`iy rmpmatm`iy jagim` to takm mjjmctgvm mjjmctgvm actgof to rmspof` to vgoiatgofs gf Gsrami af` tbm Occupgm` ^aimstgfgaf Pmrrgtorgms or boi` pmrpmtrators accouftalim, gf iarhm part lmcausm oj opposgtgof jroe tbm ]SA, wbgcb bas rmpmatm`iy vmtom` rmsoiutgofs crgtgcai oj Gsrami. Of soem occasgofs tbm ]SA bas lmmf tbm soim vogcm ahagfst aii otbmr emelmrs oj tbm Coufcgi.―
’Aefmsty Gftmrfatgofai gs aiso caiigfh of lotb tbm ^aimstgfgaf af` Gsramig autborgtgms to support a Smcurgty Coufcgi rmjmrrai, af` takm otbmr emasurms tbat woui` aiiow tbm GCC to stmp gf af` mfsurm tbmgr co-opmratgof co-opmratgof wgtb tbm Court.
’Gf partgcuiar, tbm orhafgzatgof caiis of tbm ^aimstgfgaf Autborgty to sulegt a `mciaratgof accmptgfh tbm GCC‗s durgs`gctgof ovmr crgems uf`mr gftmrfatgofai iaw coeegttm` sgfcm 1 Duiy <>><, wbmf tbm Court was mstaligsbm`. Aefmsty Gftmrfatgofai aiso caiis of tbm ^aimstgfgaf Autborgty to lmcoem a party to tbm \oem Statutm, tbm trmaty tbat mstaligsbm` tbm GCC.―
7.3 <>10 - Opmratgof ^rotmctgvm M`hm
07
’Pbm ^aimstgfgaf Autborgty bas lmmf cofsgstmftiy prmssurm` ly tbm ]SA, Gsrami, Cafa`a, tbm ]K af` otbmr M] Emelmr Statms fot to takm stmps to hraft tbm GCC durgs`gctgof; sucb prmssurm bas gfciu`m` tbrmats to wgtb`raw fifafcgai assgstafcm of wbgcb tbm ^aimstgfgaf Autborgty `mpmf`s.―
Bueaf \ghbts Xatcb bas dogfm` Aefmsty Gftmrfatgofai gf strofhiy rmcoeemf`gfh tbm gftmrvmftgof oj tbm Gftmrfatgofai Crgegfai Court. Ares Melarho
Aefmsty Aefmsty Gftmrfatgofai af` Bueaf \ghbts Xatcb Xatcb bavm lotb takmf strofh posgtgofs gf javor javor oj mf`gfh egigtary trafsjmrs to Gsrami af` Haza pmf`gfh a`bmrmfcm a`bmrmfcm to gftmrfatgofai iaw. iaw. Aefmsty Aefmsty Gftmrfatgofai‗s Duiy statmemft rma` gf part, ’Aefmsty Gftmrfatgofai gs aiso caiigfh of tbm ]F to geem`gatmiy geem`gatmiy geposm a coeprmbmfsgv coeprmbmfsgvmm ares melarho of Gsrami, Baeas af` ^aimstgfgaf ^aimstgfgaf arem` hroups wgtb tbm age oj prmvmftgfh prmvmftgfh jurtbmr smrgous vgoiatgofs oj gftmrfatgofai bueafgtargaf iaw af` bueaf rghbts ly tbm partgms to tbm cofgct. ^mf`gfh sucb af melarho, aii statms eust geem`gatmiy suspmf` aii trafsjmrs oj egigtary egigtary mqugpemft, assgstafcm af` eufgtgofs to tbm partgms, partgms, wbgcb bavm jagim` to propmriy gfvmstghatm gfvmstghatm vgoiatgofs coeegttm` gf prmvgous cofgcts or lrgfh tbosm rmspofsglim to dustgcm.― dustgcm.―
<3
Bueaf \ghbts Xatcb Xatcb dogfm` tbgs caii of Auhust 11tb. Pbm Mxmcutgvm Mxmcutgvm @grmctor oj gts Eg``im Mast @gvgsgof, Sarab Imab Xbgtsof, wrotm to ]S Statm @mpartemft, urhgfh gt to ’bmip lrgfh af mf` to tbmsm [bueaf rghbtsU vgoiatgofs― vgoiatgofs― ly4 •
Suspmf`gfh tbm provgsgof oj wmapofs to Gsrami tbat bavm lmmf `ocuemftm` or crm`gliy aiimhm` to bavm lmmf usm` gf tbm coeegssgof oj war crgems or otbmr smrgous iaws-ojwar vgoiatgofs, as wmii as juf`gfh af` support jor sucb eatmrgmi. Gepimemftgfh bueaf rghbts vmttgfh, as pmr tbm provgsgofs oj tbm Imaby Iaw, to gfciu`m vmttgfh oj egigtary mqugpemft aiiocatm` to Gsrami uf`mr tbm Jormghf Egigtary Jgfafcgfh accouft, to mfsurm tbat fo mqugpemft mqugpemft rmacbms Gsramig egigtary ufgts crm`gliy aiimhm` to bavm coeegttm` hross vgoiatgofs oj gftmrfatgofai bueaf rghbts or bueafgtargaf iaw af` to safctgof ufgts tbat arm jouf` to bavm coeegttm` sucb vgoiatgofs.
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Coftrglutgfh to tbm mjjmctgvmfmss oj tbm jact-fif`gfh egssgof tbat tbm ]F Bueaf \ghbts Coufcgi mstaligsbm` of Duiy <3 – `mspgtm tbm soim ]S ’fo― votm – ly urhgfh aii partgms to coopmratm wgtb af` provg`m accmss to tbm egssgof; ly urhgfh tbm egssgof to rmport of iaws-oj-war vgoiatgofs ly aii partgms to tbm cofgct; af` ly supportgfh tbm egssgof as a stmp towar` boi`gfh aii partgms accouftalim.
•
Mf`gfh opposgtgof to, af` tbm mfcourahmemft oj otbmr hovmrfemfts to opposm, ^aimstgfgaf gfgtgatgvms to mfalim tbm Gftmrfatgofai Crgegfai Court (GCC) to mxmrcgsm durgs`gctgof ovmr smrgous gftmrfatgofai crgems coeegttm` of af` jroe ^aimstgfgaf tmrrgtory ly aii partgms to tbm cofgct.
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Caiigfh of Gsrami af` Mhypt to mf` tbmgr ufiawjui liocka`m oj Haza af` aiiow tbm passahm oj cgvgigaf hoo`s af` pmopim, wgtb rmstrgctgofs igegtm` ofiy to tbm geport oj egigtary mqugpemft tbat bas lmmf usm` to vgoiatm tbm iaws oj war. war.<0
<3
Smm bttp4//www.aefmsty.orh/mf/fmws/gsramihaza-u bttp4//www.aefmsty.orh/mf/fmws/gsramihaza-uf-eust-geposm-ares-melarho-af`-eaf` f-eust-geposm-ares-melarho-af`-eaf`atm-gftmrfatgofaiatm-gftmrfatgofaigfvmstghatgof-cgvgigaf-`matb-t <0 Smm bttp4//www.brw.orh/fmws/<>10/>2/11/bueaf-rghbts bttp4//www.brw.orh/fmws/<>10/>2/11/bueaf-rghbts-watcb-imttmr-us-statm-s -watcb-imttmr-us-statm-smcrmtary mcrmtary
Pbm Fakla Jacts Jacts alout Pbm \ghbt \ghbt oj \mturf \mturf & ^aims ^aims-tgfgaf \mjuhmms ^aimstgfgaf \mjuhmms4 Jacts & Jghurms \mspofsglgigty jor tbm ^aimstgfgaf \mjuhmm ^rolime
1>. \mjuhmms
Af mi`mriy ^aimstgfgaf rmjuhmm boi`s bgs oi` G@ car` gf tbm Sbatgia rmjuhmm caep gf tbm soutbmrf sulurls oj Lmgrut
1>.1
Pbm Fakla Xbgim Gsramigs iook lack at Eay 1=tb, 1702 as a `ay oj gf`mpmf`mfcm af` takm tbmgr cmimlratgofs to tbm strmmts, ^aimstgfgafs iook lack at tbat vmry saem `ay af` smm af mftgrmiy `gjjmrmft story. := ymars aho, ovmr 8>>,>>> ^aimstgfgafs iost tbmgr boems af` eost oj tbmgr possmssgofs, tbmgr iaf` af` tbmgr lusgfmssms, lusgfmssms, af` watcbm` as tbmgr towfs af` vgiiahms wmrm mrasm` ojj tbm eap ly Gsramig jorcms. Dmwgsb egigtgas smmkgfh to crmatm a statm wgtb a Dmwgsb eadorgty gf ^aimstgfm, af` iatmr, tbm Gsramig arey, `rovm out fmariy a egiigof ^aimstgfgafs af` eovm` Dmws gfto tbm fmwiy-meptgm` ^aimstgfgaf ^aimstgfgaf boems. Ai-Fakla, Ai-Fakla, or Pbm Catastropbm, wgii lm rmemelmrm` rmemelmrm` ly ^aimstgfgafs ^aimstgfgafs as tbm `ay tbmgr socgmty was `mstroym` af` tbmgr boemiaf` was takmf ovmr, crmatgfh tbm rmjuhmm crgsgs tbat pmrsgsts to`ay.
1>.<
Jacts alout Pbm \ghbt oj \mturf & ^aimstgfgaf ^aimstgfgaf \mjuhmms \mjuhmms •
Aii rmjuhmms bavm a rghbt to rmturf to armas jroe wbgcb tbmy bavm m` or wmrm jorcm`, to rmcmgvm coepmfsatgof jor `aeahms, af` to mgtbmr rmhagf tbmgr propmrtgms or rmcmgvm coepmfsatgof af` support jor voiuftary rmsmttimemft. Pbgs rghbt `mrgvms jroe a fuelmr oj imhai sourcms, gfciu`gfh custoeary gftmrfatgofai iaw, gftmrfatgofai bueafgtargaf iaw hovmrfgfh hovmrfgfh rghbts oj cgvgigafs `urgfh war, war, af` bueaf rghbts iaw. iaw. Pbm ]fgtm` Fatgofs‗ ]fgvmrsai ]fgvmrsai @mciaratgof oj Bueaf \ghbts statms gf Artgcim 13(<) tbat "[mUvmryofm "[mUvmryofm bas tbm rghbt to imavm afy couftry, gfciu`gfh bgs owf, af` rmturf to bgs owf couftry." Pbgs gs af gf`gvg`uai rghbt af` caffot lm ufgiatmraiiy alrohatm` ly tbgr` partgms. 1
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Gf @mcmelmr 1702, joiiowgfh joiiowgfh Gsrami‗s Gsrami‗s mstaligsbemft af` tbm attmf`aft `gspiacmemft `gspiacmemft oj approxgeatmiy 8=>,>>> ^aimstgfgafs jroe armas tbat jmii wgtbgf gts coftroi, tbm ]F Hmfmrai Assmeliy passm` \msoiutgof 170, wbgcb statms,
"[\Umjuhmms wgsbgfh wgsbgfh to rmturf to tbmgr boems af` igvm igvm at pmacm wgtb tbmgr fmghblours sboui` lm pmregttm` to `o so at tbm marigmst practgcalim `atm, af` tbat coepmfsatgof sboui` lm pag` jor tbm propmrty oj tbosm cboosgfh fot to rmturf af` jor ioss 1
Smm tbm @mciaratgof4 bttp4//www.uf.orh/mf/`ocuemfts/u`br/ bttp4//www.uf.orh/mf/`ocuemfts/u`br/
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Cbaptmr 1>. \mjuhmms oj or `aeahm to propmrty wbgcb, uf`mr prgfcgpims oj gftmrfatgofai iaw or gf mqugty, sboui` lm ea`m hoo` ly tbm Hovmrfemfts or autborgtgms rmspofsglim." < •
Pbm ^aimstgfgaf rghbt oj rmturf bas lmmf coffirem` rmpmatm`iy ly tbm ]F Hmfmrai Assmeliy, Assmeliy, gfciu`gfh tbrouhb \msoiutgof 3<3:, wbgcb "\majfires aiso tbm gfaigmfalim rghbt oj tbm ^aimstgfgafs ^aimstgfgafs to rmturf to tbmgr boems af` propmrty jroe wbgcb tbmy bavm lmmf `gspiacm` af` uprootm`, af` caiis jor tbmgr rmturf."
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Pbm ^aimstgfgaf ^aimstgfgaf rghbt oj rmturf bas aiso lmmf rmcohfgzm` ly eador bueaf rghbts orhafgzatgofs sucb as Aefmsty Gftmrfatgofai, wbgcb gssum` a poigcy statmemft of tbm suldmct gf <>>1. Gt cofciu`m`4 cofciu`m`4
’Aefmsty Gftmrfatgofai caiis jor ^aimstgfgafs wbo m` or wmrm mxpmiim` jroe Gsrami, tbm Xmst Lafk or Haza Strgp, aiofh wgtb tbosm oj tbmgr `mscmf`afts wbo bavm eagftagfm` eagftagfm` hmfugfm igfks wgtb tbm arma, to lm alim to mxmrcgsm mxmrcgsm tbmgr rghbt to rmturf. ^aimstgfgafs wbo wmrm mxpmiim` jroe wbat gs fow Gsrami, af` tbmf jroe tbm Xmst Lafk or Haza Strgp, eay lm alim to sbow tbat tbmy bavm hmfugfm igfks to lotb piacms. Gj so, tbmy sboui` lm jrmm to cboosm lmtwmmf rmturfgfh rmturfgfh to Gsrami, tbm Xmst Xmst Lafk or Haza Strgp.
‗^aimstgfgafs wbo bavm hmfugfm igfks to Gsrami, tbm Xmst Lafk or Haza Strgp, lut wbo arm currmftiy igvgfh gf otbmr bost statms, eay aiso bavm hmfugfm igfks to tbmgr bost statm. Pbgs sboui` fot `gegfgsb or rm`ucm tbmgr rghbt to rmturf to Gsrami, tbm Xmst Lafk or Haza Strgp.―
3
Accor`gfh to a statmemft gssum` ly Bueaf \ghbts Xatcb gf <>>>4
’B\X urhms Gsrami to rmcohfgzm tbm rghbt to rmturf jor tbosm ^aimstgfgafs, af` tbmgr `mscmf`afts, `mscmf`afts, wbo m` jroe tmrrgtory tmrrgtory tbat gs fow wgtbgf tbm Statm oj Gsrami, af` wbo bavm eagftagfm` approprgatm igfks wgtb tbat tmrrgtory. Pbgs gs a rghbt tbat pmrsgsts mvmf wbmf sovmrmghfty ovmr tbm tmrrgtory gs coftmstm` or bas cbafhm` baf`s.― •
0
Pbm ].S. hovmrfemft supportm` \msoiutgof 170, af` cofsgstmftiy votm` to ajfire gt uftgi 1773, wbmf tbm a`egfgstratgof oj ^rmsg`mft Lgii Cigftof lmhaf to rmjmr to ^aimstgfgaf rmjuhmm rghbts as a eattmr to lm fmhotgatm` lmtwmmf tbm two partgms gf a fifai pmacm ahrmmemft. Gf rmcmft ymars, tbm ].S. bas supportm` tbm rghbt oj rmjuhmms to rmturf to piacms igkm Losfga-Bmrzmhovgfa, Kosovo, af` Mast Pgeor.
1>.<.1
^aimstgfgaf \mjuhmms4 Jacts & Jghurms • ^aimstgfgaf rmjuhmms arm tbm iarhmst af` iofhmst-staf`gfh popuiatgof oj `gspiacm` pmrsofs gf tbm wori`. \migalim \migalim fihurms of tbmgr fuelmrs arm bar` to fif`, as tbmrm gs fo cmftraigzm cmftraigzm` `
ahmfcy or gfstgtutgof cbarhm` cbarhm` wgtb eagftagfgfh tbgs gfjoreatgof. gfjoreatgof. Bowmvmr Bowmvmr,, a survmy rmimasm` gf <>1> ly LA@GI, tbm \msourcm Cmftmr jor ^aimstgfgaf \msg`mfcy af` \mjuhmm \ghbts, jouf` tbm rmjuhmm af` `gspiacm` popuiatgof to lm at imast 8.1 egiigof, ea`m up oj :.: egiigof rmjuhmms af` 0<8,>>> gftmrfaiiy `gspiacm` `gspiacm` pmrsofs. Gt aiso jouf` tbat rmjuhmms coeprgsm` coeprgsm` :8% oj tbm ^aimstgfga ^aimstgfgaf f popuiatgof as a wboim. = •
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Eost ^aimstgfgaf rmjuhmms arm ^aimstgfgafs af` tbmgr `mscmf`afts wbo wmrm mxpmiim` jroe tbmgr boems gf tbm parts oj bgstorgc ^aimstgfm tbat wmrm gfcorporatm` gfto tbm fmwiy crmatm`
Smm tbm \msoiutgof4 bttp4//`oegfo.uf.orh/ufgspai.fsj/>/c8=2=8
>2=<=:lcj>>88m=1a?Opmf@ocuemft \msoiutgof4 bttp4//`oegfo.uf.orh/ufgspai.fsj/>/c8=2=8>2=<=:lcj>>88m=1a?Opmf@ocuemft Smm4 bttp4//www.aefmsty.orh/mf/iglrary/assmt/E@M1=/>13/<>>1/mf/3c`l12j0-`l:m-11``-aj3c1j`0ll2cj=2m/e`m1=>13<>>1mf.p`j 0 Smm4 bttp4//www.brw.orh/fmws/<>>>/1<1/bueaf-rghbts bttp4//www.brw.orh/fmws/<>>>/1<1/bueaf-rghbts-watcb-urhms-attmftgof-juturm-paims -watcb-urhms-attmftgof-juturm-paimstgfgaf-rmjuhmms tgfgaf-rmjuhmms = Smm LA@GI4 bttp4//www.la`gi.orh/ bttp4//www.la`gi.orh/ 3
1>.< Jacts al alo out Pbm \ghbt oj \mturf & ^aimstgfgaf \mjuhmms
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statm oj Gsrami gf 1702. Otbmr ^aimstgfgaf ^aimstgfgaf rmjuhmm catmhorgms catmhorgms gfciu`m ^aimstgfgafs ^aimstgfgafs wbo m` tbmgr boems lut rmeagfm` gftmrfaiiy `gspiacm` gf armas tbat lmcaem Gsrami gf 1702; ^aimstgfgafs wbo wmrm `gspiacm` jor tbm first tgem ajtmr Gsrami occupgm` tbm Xmst Lafk, Mast Dmrusaime af` Haza Strgp gf tbm 17:8 Xar; ^aimstgfgafs wbo imjt tbm occupgm` tmrrgtorgms sgfcm 17:8 af` bavm lmmf prmvmftm` ly Gsrami jroe rmturfgfh `um to rmvocatgof oj rmsg`mfcy rghbts, `mfgai oj jaegiy rmufgficatgof, or `mportatgof; af` ^aimstgfgafs gftmrfaiiy `gspiacm` gf tbm Xmst Lafk, Mast Dmrusaime, af` tbm Haza Strgp sgfcm 17:8. • Eost ^aimstgfgaf rmjuhmms igvm gf caeps gf tbm occupgm` tmrrgtorgms af` fmghblorgfh Aral
couftrgms, wgtb 1.7 egiigof gf Dor`af, 1.1 egiigof gf Haza, soem 887,>>> gf tbm Xmst Lafk, 0<8,>>> gf Syrga, af` 0<=,>>> gf Imlafof. Pbrouhbout tbm rmhgof, eafy ^aimstgfgafs rmiy of tbm ]fgtm` Fatgofs \migmj af` Xorks Ahmfcy jor ^aimstgfm \mjuhmms gf tbm Fmar Mast (]F\XA) to survgvm.
1>.<.< \mspofsglgigty jor jor tbm ^aimstgfgaf ^aimstgfgaf \mjuhmm ^rolime
^aimstgfgafs mm Dajja ly loat `urgfh tbm Fakla. •
@urgfh tbm crmatgof oj Gsrami (1708-7), approxgeatmiy 8=>,>>> ^aimstgfgafs wmrm mxpmiim` ly Tgofgst egigtgas af` Gsramig hovmrfemft jorcms smmkgfh to crmatm a Dmwgsb-eadorgty statm gf bgstorgc ^aimstgfm, wbmrm tbm gf`ghmfous ^aimstgfgaf Aral popuiatgof was tbm ovmrwbmiegfh ovmrwbmiegfh eadorgty (approxgeatmiy (approxgeatmiy :8% gf 1708). ^aimstgfgafs ^aimstgfgafs caii tbgs tbm "Fakla," Aralgc jor "catastropbm" or "`gsastmr." :
•
Ly tbm tbm tgem tgem oj tbm tbm `mci `mciar arat atgo gof f oj tbm tbm stat statmm oj Gsra Gsrami mi gf Eay Eay 1702 1702 af` af` tbm tbm mftr mftry y oj fmgh fmghbl blor orgf gfh h Aral couftrgms gfto tbm cofgct, eorm tbaf <>> ^aimstgfgaf towfs ba` airma`y lmmf meptgm` as pmopim m` gf jmar or wmrm `rgvmf `rgvmf out ly Tgofgst paraegigtargms paraegigtargms..
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Ly tbm mf` oj 1702, soem tbrmm-quartmrs oj tbm ^aimstgfgaf Aral popuiatgof ba` lmmf mxpmiim`. Gt‗s mstgeatm` tbat eorm tbaf baij wmrm `rgvmf out uf`mr `grmct egigtary assauit. Otbmrs m` as fmws sprma` oj eassacrms eassacrms coeegttm` ly Tgofgst Tgofgst jorcms gf ^aimstgfgaf ^aimstgfgaf cgtgms af` towfs sucb as @mgr Wassgf, A` @awaygea, Mgialouf, Saigba, af` Iy``a.
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Eorm tbaf 0>> ^aimstgfgaf cgtgms af` towfs woui` lm systmeatgcaiiy `mstroym` ly Tgofgst af` Gsramig jorcms. Gf `wmiigfhs tbat wmrmf‗t `mstroym`, Gsrami rapg`iy eovm` Dmws, eafy oj tbme rmcmftiy arrgvm` geeghrafts jroe Muropm, gfto tbm fmwiy meptgm` ^aimstgfgaf boems.
Smm4 bttp4//www.ufrwa.orh/usmrfiims/<>1>>112101733.p`j bttp4//www.ufrwa.orh/usmrfiims/<>1>>112101733.p`j
Lackhrouf` Gfstgtutgofaigzm` `gscrgegfatgof Prmf`s oj Gftoimrafcm gfsg`m Gsrami @gscrgegfatgof gf tbm M`ucatgofai Smctor @gscrgegfatory imhai structurm Xgiijui `gscrgegfatgof ahagfst ^aimstgfgafs4 ^aimstgfgafs4 Aca`megc support jor vgoimfcm
11. ^aimstgfgafs gf Gsrami
^aimstgfgaf cbgi`rmf `afcm at a sueemr caep bmi` gf tbm `mstroym` vgiiahm oj Gqrgt, gf Gsrami
11.1 Lackhrouf` ^aimstgfgaf cgtgzmfs oj Gsrami arm tbosm ^aimstgfgafs wbo rmeagfm` lmbgf` gf wbat lmcaem tbm statm oj Gsrami joiiowgfh tbm Fakla (1708-7), or "catastropbm," wbmf approxgeatmiy 8=>,>>> ^aimstgfgafs wmrm mxpmiim` jroe tbmgr boems af` iaf` ly Tgofgst jorcms gf or`mr to eakm way jor a Dmwgsb-eadorgty statm.
Lmtwmmf 1702 (wbmf Gsrami `mciarm` gf`mpmf`mfcm) af` 17::, ^aimstgfgafs igvgfh gf Gsrami wmrm wmrm hraftm` hraftm` fo poigtgc poigtgcai ai rghbts rghbts af` wmrm wmrm sul suldmct dmct to Gsramig Gsramig egigtary egigtary ruim. Ajtmr Ajtmr 17::, 17::, tbmy tbmy wmrm hraftm` tbm rghbt to votm af` otbmr cgvgi rghbts, lut to tbgs `ay tbmy coftgfum to sujjmr jroe wg`msprma`, systmeatgc af` gfstgtutgofaigzm` `gscrgegfatgof ajjmctgfh mvmrytbgfh jroe iaf` owfmrsbgp af` mepioyemft opportufgtgms to jaegiy rmufgficatgof rghbts. Po`ay, tbmrm arm approxgeatmiy 1.< egiigof ^aimstgfgaf cgtgzmfs oj Gsrami, alout <>% oj tbm popuiatgof.
11.<
Gfstgtutgofaigzm` `gscrgegfatgof •
Pbmrm arm eorm tbaf 3> iaws tbat `gscrgegfatm `gscrgegfatm ahagfst ^aimstgfgaf ^aimstgfgaf cgtgzmfs oj Gsrami. `grmctiy or gf`grmctiy, lasm` soimiy of tbmgr mtbfgcgty, rmf`mrgfh tbme smcof` or tbgr` ciass cgtgzmfs
gf tbmgr owf boemiaf`. 1 • 73% oj tbm iaf` gf Gsrami gs owfm` mgtbmr ly tbm statm or ly quasg-hovmrfemftai ahmfcgms,
sucb as tbm Dmwgsb Fatgofai Juf`, tbat `gscrgegfatm ahagfst fof-Dmws. ^aimstgfgaf cgtgzmfs oj Gsrami jacm sghfgficaft imhai olstacims gf hagfgfh accmss to tbgs iaf` jor ahrgcuiturm, rmsg`mfcm, or coeemrcgai `mvmiopemft. •
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Eorm tbaf smvmfty ^aimstgfgaf vgiiahms af` coeeufgtgms gf Gsrami, soem oj wbgcb prm-`atm tbm mstaligsbemft oj tbm statm, arm ufrmcohfgzm` ly tbm hovmrfemft, rmcmgvm fo smrvgcms, af` arm fot mvmf igstm` of ojficgai eaps. Eafy otbmr towfs wgtb a eadorgty ^aimstgfgaf popuiatgof iack lasgc smrvgcms af` rmcmgvm sghfgficaftiy imss hovmrfemft juf`gfh tbaf `o eadorgty-Dmwgsb towfs.
1 <
Smm A`aiab4 bttp4//www.a`aiab.orh/upfiims/<>11/A`aiab_Pbm_Gfmquaigty_\mport_Earcb_<>11.p`j bttp4//www.a`aiab.orh/upfiims/<>11/A`aiab_Pbm_Gfmquaigty_\mport_Earcb_<>11.p`j Smm4 bttp4//www.jorwar`.coe/artgcims/<2=0/ bttp4//www.jorwar`.coe/artgcims/<2=0/
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Cbaptmr 11. ^aimstgfgafs gf Gsrami •
Sgfcm Gsrami‗s jouf`gfh jouf`gfh gf 1702, eorm tbaf :>> Dmwgsb eufgcgpaigtgms bavm bavm lmmf mstaligsbm`, wbgim fot a sgfhim fmw Aral towf or coeeufgty bas lmmf rmcohfgzm` rmcohfgzm` ly tbm statm.
•
Gsramig hovmrfemft rmsourcms arm `gsproportgofatmiy `grmctm` to Dmws af` fot to Arals, ofm jactor gf causgfh tbm ^aimstgfgafs oj Gsrami to sujjmr tbm iowmst igvgfh staf`ar`s gf Gsramig socgmty ly aii socgo-mcofoegc gf`gcators.
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Hovmrfemft juf`gfh jor Aral scboois gs jar lmiow tbat oj Dmwgsb scboois. Accor`gfh to `ata puligsbm` gf <>>0, tbm hovmrfemft provg`ms tbrmm tgems as eucb juf`gfh to Dmwgsb stu`mfts stu`mfts tbaf gt `oms to Aral stu`mfts. 3
•
Accor`gfh to tbm <>>7 ]S Statm @mpartemft Gftmrfatgofai \mighgous Jrmm`oe \mport, ’Eafy oj tbm fatgofai af` eufgcgpai poigcgms gf Dmrusaime wmrm `msghfm` to igegt or `gegfgsb tbm fof-Dmwgsb popuiatgof oj Dmrusaime.― 0
•
Pbm Fatgofaigty af` Mftry gfto Gsrami Iaw prmvmfts ^aimstgfgafs jroe tbm occupgm` tmrrgtorgms wbo arm earrgm` to ^aimstgfgaf cgtgzmfs oj Gsrami jroe hagfgfh rmsg`mfcy or cgtgzmfsbgp status. Pbm iaw jorcms tbousaf`s oj ^aimstgfgaf cgtgzmfs oj Gsrami to mgtbmr imavm Gsrami or igvm apart jroe tbmgr jaegigms.
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Gf Octolmr <>1>, tbm Kfmssmt approvm` a lgii aiiowgfh seaiimr Gsramig towfs to rmdmct rmsg`mfts wbo `o fot sugt "tbm coeeufgty‗s juf`aemftai outiook", lasm` of smx, rmighgof, af` socgomcofoegc status. Crgtgcs siaeem` tbm eovm as af attmept to aiiow Dmwgsb towfs to kmmp Arals af` otbmr fof-Dmws fof-Dmws out.
•
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Pbm so-caiim` "Fakla Lgii" lafs statm juf`gfh jor hroups tbat coeemeoratm tbm trahm`y tbat lmjmii ^aimstgfgafs `urgfh Gsrami‗s crmatgof gf 1702, wbmf approx. 8=>,>>> ^aimstgfgaf Arals wmrm mtbfgcaiiy cimafsm` to eakm way jor a Dmwgsb eadorgty statm.
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8
Pbm Lrgtgsb Eaf`atm-mra Iaf` (Acqugsgtgof (Acqugsgtgof jor ^uligc ^urposms) ^urposms) Or`gfafcm iaw aiiows tbm Jgfafcm Egfstmr to coffiscatm iaf` jor "puligc purposms.― Pbm statm bas usm` tbgs iaw mxtmfsgvmiy, gf cofdufctgof wgtb otbmr iaws sucb as tbm Iaf` Acqugsgtgof Iaw af` tbm Alsmftmms‗ Alsmftmms‗ ^ropmrty Iaw, Iaw, to coffiscatm coffiscatm ^aimstgfgaf iaf` gf Gsrami. A fmw aemf`emft, wbgcb was a`optm` gf Jmlruary <>1>, coffires statm owfmrsbgp owfmrsbgp oj iaf` coffiscatm` coffiscatm` uf`mr tbgs iaw, mvmf wbmrm gt bas fot lmmf usm` to smrvm tbm orghgfai coffiscatgof purposm. Pbm aemf`emft aemf`emft was `msghfm` `msghfm` to prmvmft Aral cgtgzmfs jroe sulegttgfh iawsugts iawsugts to rmciage
coffiscatm` iaf`. • Ovmr tbm mftgrmty oj gts :3-ymar mxgstmfcm, tbmrm bas lmmf a pmrgo` oj ofiy alout ofm ymar
(17::-17:8) tbat Gsrami `g` fot ruim ovmr iarhm fuelmrs oj ^aimstgfgafs to wboe gt hraftm` fo poigtgcai rghbts. •
Joremr Gsramig prgem egfgstmrs Mbu` Larak af` Mbu` Oiemrt bavm lotb warfm` tbat a coftgfuatgof oj tbm occupatgof wgii ima` to Gsrami lmcoegfh af "apartbmg`" statm. Larak statm`4 "As iofh as gf tbgs tmrrgtory wmst oj tbm Dor`af rgvmr tbmrm gs ofiy ofm poigtgcai mftgty mftgty caiim` Gsrami Gsrami gt gs hogfh to lm mgtbmr fof-Dmwg fof-Dmwgsb, sb, or fof-`meocrat fof-`meocratgc. gc. . . Gj tbgs lioc oj egiigofs oj ^aimstgfgafs caffot votm, tbat wgii lm af apartbmg` statm."
•
Arcblgsbop Arcblgsbop @mseof` Putu af` Fmisof Eaf`mia, bmroms oj tbm struhhim ahagfst apartbmg` apartbmg` gf Soutb Ajrgca, bavm lotb coeparm` Gsrami‗s trmatemft oj ^aimstgfgafs to apartbmg`.
•
Po`ay, tbmrm gs a vgrtuai castm systme wgtbgf tbm tmrrgtorgms tbat Gsrami coftrois lmtwmmf tbm Dor`af \gvmr af` Em`gtmrrafmaf Sma, wgtb Gsramig Dmws at tbm top af` Eusige af` Cbrgstgaf ^aimstgfgafs gf tbm occupgm` tmrrgtorgms at tbm lottoe. Gf lmtwmmf arm ^aimstgfgafs wgtb Gsramig cgtgzmfsbgp af` ^aimstgfgaf rmsg`mfts oj occupgm` Mast Dmrusaime.
3
Smm4 bttp4//www.a`aiab.orh/upfiims/<>11/A`aiab_Pbm_Gfmquaigty_\mport_Earcb_<>11.p`j bttp4//www.a`aiab.orh/upfiims/<>11/A`aiab_Pbm_Gfmquaigty_\mport_Earcb_<>11.p`j Smm tbm rmport4 bttp4//www.statm.hov/h/`ri/ris/grj/<>>7/1<8307.bte bttp4//www.statm.hov/h/`ri/ris/grj/<>>7/1<8307.bte = Smm A`aiab4 bttp4//www.a`aiab.orh/mfh/jaeufgj.pbp bttp4//www.a`aiab.orh/mfh/jaeufgj.pbp : Smm Ba‗armtz4 bttp4//www.baarmtz.coe/fmws/fatgofai/kfmssmt-pafmi-appro bttp4//www.baarmtz.coe/fmws/fatgofai/kfmssmt-pafmi-approvms-coftrovmrsgai-lgii-aiiowg vms-coftrovmrsgai-lgii-aiiowgfh-towfsfh-towfsto-rmdmct-rmsg`mfts-1.3<1033 8 Smm4 bttp4//78
11.3 Prmf`s oj Gftoimrafcm gfsg`m Gsrami •
=8
@urgfh Opmratgof ^rotmctgvm M`hm, af Gsramig ^rojmssor wbo mxprmssm` syepatby jor ^aimstgfgafs af` Gsramigs was tbm tarhmt oj gftmfsm fatgofai crgtgcgse af` was puligciy rmlukm` ly bgs ufgvmrsgty. ufgvmrsgty.2
•
Aiso `urgfh Opmratgof ^rotmctgv ^rotmctgvmm M`hm, \ghbt wgfh cgtgzmfs crmatm` igsts oj imjtgsts wbo post crgtgcgse oj tbm war of tbmgr socgai em`ga accoufts af` iaufcbm` a coor`gfatm` mjjort to hmt tbme firm` jroe tbmgr dols. 7
•
Sgegiariy, eafy workpiacms `gscgpigfm` or firm` ^aimstgfgaf cgtgzmfs oj Gsrami wbo spokm out ahagfst tbm war. war.1>
11.3
Prmf`s oj Gftoimrafcm Gftoimrafcm gfsg`m gfsg`m Gsrami •
Gf Smptmelmr <>11 a survmy jouf` tbat a tbgr` oj Gsramig Dmws `of‗t cofsg`mr Aral cgtgzmfs to lm rmai Gsramigs.
•
11
Accor`gfh to a Jmlruary <>11 survmy, =<% oj Gsramig Dmws woui` lm wgiigfh to igegt prmss jrmm`oes to protmct tbm statm‗s statm‗s geahm, wbgim ==% woui` accmpt igegts of tbm rghbt to opposm tbm hovmrfemft‗s hovmrfemft‗s "`mjmfsm poigcy. poigcy.― 1<
•
A poii `ofm ly tbm Gsrami @meocracy Gfstgtutm af` rmimasm` gf Dafuary <>11 jouf` tbat fmariy baij oj Gsramig Dmws `of‗t waft to igvm fmxt `oor to af Aral.
•
13
Gf Fovmelmr <>1> tbm cbgmj rallg oj tbm towf oj Sajm`, Sbeumi Migyabu, gssum` a ruigfh jorlg``gfh Dmws jroe rmftgfh propmrty to Arals. Migyabu ba` prmvgousiy a`vocatm` bafhgfh
tbm cbgi`rmf oj tmrrorgsts. • Gf @mcmelmr <>1>, `ozmfs oj eufgcgpai cbgmj rallgs of tbm hovmrfemft payroii sghfm` a
imttmr supportgfh Migyabu af` bgs `mcrmm probglgtgfh probglgtgfh Dmws jroe rmftgfh propmrty to fofDmws. Ofm oj tbm sghfatorgms, \allg Wosmj Wosmj Scbmgfmf, bma` oj tbm Asb`o` Wmsbgv Wmsbgvaa (rmighgous scbooi), scbooi), statm`, statm`, "\acgse orghgfatm` orghgfatm` gf tbm Porab. Porab. . . Pbm iaf` oj Gsrami gs `msghfatm` `msghfatm` jor tbm pmopim oj Gsrami." 10 •
Gf @mcmelmr <>1>, tbm wgvms oj 3> proegfmft rallgs sghfm` af opmf imttmr caiigfh of Dmwgsb Dmwgsb woemf fot to `atm or work wgtb Arals. Arals. Pbm imttmr statm`4 "Jor your sakm, jor tbm sakm oj juturm hmfmratgofs, af` so you `of‗t uf`mrho borrglim sujjmrgfh, wm turf to you wgtb a rmqumst, a pima, a praymr. @of‗t `atm fof-Dmws, `of‗t work at piacms tbat fof-Dmws jrmqumft, af` `of‗t `o fatgofai smrvgcm wgtb fof-Dmws.― 1=
•
Accor`gfh to a Smptmelmr <>1> poii, baij oj Gsramig Dmwgsb stu`mfts `of‗t waft Arals gf tbmgr ciassrooes, wbgim af marigmr survmy jouf` alout tbm saem fuelmr opposm mquai rghbts jor Arals.
•
2
1:
Gf Auhust <>1>, \allg Wgtzbak Sbapgra, bma` oj a statm-juf`m` rmighgous scbooi gf tbm Xmst Lafk smttimemft oj Wgtzbar, puligsbm` a look tbat cof`ofm` tbm eur`mr oj fofDmwgsb cbgi`rmf of tbm hrouf`s tbat tbmy eay hrow up to posm a tbrmat to tbm statm, wrgtgfh tbat fof-Dmws arm "ufcoepassgofatm ly faturm" af` attacks ahagfst tbme "curl tbmgr mvgi
Smm4 bttp4//www.baarmtz.coe/fm bttp4//www.baarmtz.coe/fmws/fatgofai/.prmegue-1.:>8222 ws/fatgofai/.prmegue-1.:>8222 Smm4 bttp4//www.baarmtz.co.gi/captagf/fmt/.prmeg bttp4//www.baarmtz.co.gi/captagf/fmt/.prmegue-1.<322011 ue-1.<322011 1> Smm4 bttp4//www.baarmtz.coe/fm bttp4//www.baarmtz.coe/fmws/fatgofai/1.:>::21 ws/fatgofai/1.:>::21 11 Smm4 bttp4//www.dta.orh/fm bttp4//www.dta.orh/fmws/artgcim/<>11 ws/artgcim/<>11/>7/<=/3>27= />7/<=/3>27=2>/stu`y-of 2>/stu`y-ofm-tbgr`-oj-dm m-tbgr`-oj-dmwgsb-gsramigs-say wgsb-gsramigs-say-aral-cgtgzmfs-aral-cgtgzmfsarmft-gsramigs 1< Smm4 Smm4 bttp4//www.baarmtz.coe/prgft-m`gtgof/fmws/poii-eost-gsramig-dmws-wgiigfh-to-igegt-em`ga-jrmm`oe-1.30>0:1 13 Smm tbm IA Pgems4 bttp4//artgcims.iatgems.coe/<>11/daf/<3/wori`/ia-jh-gs bttp4//artgcims.iatgems.coe/<>11/daf/<3/wori`/ia-jh-gsrami-gftoimrafcm-<>11>1<3 rami-gftoimrafcm-<>11>1<3 10 Smm Ba‗armtz4 bttp4//www.baarmtz.coe/fm bttp4//www.baarmtz.coe/fmws/fatgofai/top-rallgs-eovm-to-jorlg`-rmftgfh-bo ws/fatgofai/top-rallgs-eovm-to-jorlg`-rmftgfh-boems-to-arals-sayems-to-arals-saygsrami-lmiofhs-to-dmws-1.3<73<8 1= Smm Ba‗armtz4 bttp4//www.baarmtz.coe/fm bttp4//www.baarmtz.coe/fmws/fatgofai/rallgs-wgvms-urhm ws/fatgofai/rallgs-wgvms-urhm-gsramig-woemf-stay-away-jroe-aral-gsramig-woemf-stay-away-jroe-aralemf-1.333201 1: Smm Ba‗armtz4 bttp4//www.baarmtz.coe/fm bttp4//www.baarmtz.coe/fmws/fatgofai/po ws/fatgofai/poii-baij-oj-gsramig-tmmfs-`of-t-waf ii-baij-oj-gsramig-tmmfs-`of-t-waft-aral-stu`mfts-gf-tbmgr t-aral-stu`mfts-gf-tbmgr-ciass-1.31<087 7
=2
Cbaptmr 11. ^aimstgfgafs gf Gsrami gfcigfatgof.― Smvmrai otbmr proegfmft rallgs sulsmqumftiy mf`orsm` tbm look. •
Gf Duiy, <>>7, Gsrami‗s Gsrami‗s Bousgfh Egfgstmr, Egfgstmr, Argmi Atias, warfm` ahagfst tbm "sprma`" oj Gsrami‗s Aral popuiatgof af` sag` tbat Arals af` Dmws sboui`f‗t igvm tohmtbmr, statgfh4 "gj wm ho of igkm wm bavm uftgi fow, fow, wm wgii iosm tbm Haigimm. ^opuiatgofs ^opuiatgofs tbat sboui` fot egx arm
sprma`gfh tbmrm. G `of‗t tbgfk tbat gt gs approprgatm jor [Dmws af` AralsU to igvm tohmtbmr." • Gf tbm ajtmreatb oj Opmratgof Cast Ima`, Gsrami‗s `mvastatgfh tbrmm-wmmk egigtary assauit
ahagfst Haza tbat kgiim` eorm tbaf 13>> ^aimstgfgafs gf tbm wgftmr oj <>>2-7, <>>2-7, tbm Gsramig `agiy Ba‗armtz rmportm` tbat Gsramig arey ufgts ba` lmmf prgftgfh t-sbgrts `mpgctgfh `gsturlgfh, vgoimft geahms sucb as `ma` ^aimstgfgaf lalgms, ^aimstgfgaf eotbmrs wmmpgfh of tbmgr cbgi`rmf‗ cbgi`rmf‗s hravms, a huf agem` at a cbgi`, loelm`-out loelm`-out eosqums, af` a prmhfaft prmhfaft ^aimstgfgaf woeaf wgtb a tarhmt supmrgeposm` of bmr lmiiy af` tbm captgof, ’1 sbot, < kgiis―. Afotbmr sbowm` a ^aimstgfgaf ^aimstgfgaf laly, laly, hrowgfh gfto a loy af` tbmf af arem` a`uit, wgtb tbm gfscrgptgof, gfscrgptgof, ’Fo eattmr bow gt lmhgfs, wm‗ii put af mf` to gt." 18 •
11.0
@urgfh Opmratgof ^rotmctgvm M`hm a fuelmr oj mxaepims oj gfcgtmemft to vgoimfcm, batm crgems, af` gfstafcms oj eol vgoimfcm ahagfst ^aimstgfgaf cgtgzmfs oj Gsrami wmrm rmportm`. 12
@gscrgegfatgof gf tbm M`ucatgofai Smctor Aitbouhb tbm Gsramig ufgvmrsgty systme gs melm``m` gf a statm structurm wbgcb `gscrgegfatms ahagfst gts ^aimstgfgaf egforgty, tbmsm ufgvmrsgtgms aiso takm gf`mpmf`mft actgofs wbgcb rmgfjorcm tbm systmeatgc `gscrgegfatgof ahagfst tbm ^aimstgfgaf egforgty gf Gsrami.
11.0.1 @gscrgegfatory imhai structurm Statm poigcgms oj gfmquaigty arm appigm` to ufgvmrsgtgms, wbgcb aiso eakms tbme smctors oj `gscrgegfatgof. crgegfatgof. Jor mxaepim, tbm Alsorptgof oj @gscbarhm` @gscbarhm` Soi`gmrs Iaw hgvms joremr soi`gmrs mxtmfsgvm lmfmfit packahms gfciu`gfh tugtgof sulsg`gms, jrmm af` prmjmrmftgai accmss to bousgfh, mtc, of tbm lasgs oj egigtary smrvgcm or rmsg`mfcy gf a prgorgty arma. Lmcausm ^aimstgfgaf cgtgzmfs oj Gsrami `o fot smrvm gf tbm egigtary egigtary,, tbmsm typms oj iaws appmar jacgaiiy fmutrai lut tbmgr gepact gs `gscrgegfatory gf mjjmct.
Gf a sgegiar eaffmr, wbmf tbm Gsramig hovmrfemft vgoiatms gftmrfatgofai iaw ly lugi`gfh gf occupgm` tmrrgtory, tmrrgtory, Gsramig ufgvmrsgtgms ufgvmrsgtgms coepiy ly mxpaf`gfh mxpaf`gfh smrvgcms to tbmsm armas. Gsramig ufgvmrsgtgms, igkm Bmlrmw ]fgvmrsgty, bavm giimhaiiy lugit parts oj tbmgr caepusms gf tbm occupgm` tmrrgtorgms. tmrrgtorgms.17 Argmi ]fgvmrsgty gs mftgrmiy lugit gf tbm giimhai smttimemft oj Argmi, `mmp gfsg`m tbm Occupgm` Xmst Lafk.
11.0.<
Xgiijui `gscrgegfatgof `gscrgegfatgof ahagfst ahagfst ^aimstgfgafs4 ^aimstgfgafs4 •
<>% oj tbm Gsramig popuiatgof gs ^aimstgfgaf, ymt ofiy 11% oj ufgvmrsgty stu`mfts arm ^aimstgfgaf. ^aimstgfgaf.<>
•
18
^aimstgfgaf appigcafts to Gsramig ufgvmrsgtgms arm tbrmm tgems eorm igkmiy to lm rmdmctm` tbaf Dmwgsb Dmwgsb appigcafts. 3<% oj Dmwgsb appigcafts appigcafts emmtgfh egfgeai rmqugrmemfts arm accmptm`
Smm4 bttp4//www.egjtab.orh/^rgftmrJ bttp4//www.egjtab.orh/^rgftmrJ.cje?@ocG`5171:: .cje?@ocG`5171:: Smm bttp4//7813/>7/`o-fot-appiy-opmf-imttmr-caepaghf-to-lo bttp4//www.usaclg.orh/<>13/>7/`o-fot-appiy-opmf-imttmr-caepaghf-to-loycott-bmlrmw-ufgv ycott-bmlrmw-ufgvmrsgty/ mrsgty/ <> Smm4 bttp4//www.baarmtz.coe/fmws/fatgofai/gsrami-to-iaufcb-caepaghf-to-attract-eorm-aral-stu`mfts-toufgvmrsgtgms.prmegue-1.081120(Gf ufgvmrsgtgms.prmegue-1.081120( Gf tbm ]S, ly coftrast, wbgcb gs fo pgcfgc jor Ajrgcaf Aemrgcafs, tbm Liack popuiatgof gs 13.1%, wbgim tbm Liack stu`mft popuiatgof gf ufgvmrsgtgms gs 10%.) 12
11.0 @gscrgegfatgof gf tbm M`ucatgofai Smctor
=7
gfto Gsramig ufgvmrsgtgms, wbgim ofiy 17% oj ^aimstgfgaf stu`mfts emmtgfh tbosm rmqugrmemfts arm accmptm`.― accmptm`.― <1 •
\mcmftiy, tbm Caremi Aca`megc Cmftmr gf Bagja ciosm` gts accouftgfh eador lmcausm, as ofm oj gts ima`mrs was rmcor`m` saygfh, tbmrm wmrm too eafy Arals mfroiigfh. <<
•
Gf <>>8, Pmi Avgv Avgv ]fgvmrsgty‗ ]fgvmrsgty‗ss em`gcai scbooi crmatm` bghb ahm rmstrgctgofs jor stu`mft mfroiiemft, wbgcb `oms fot ajjmct Dmwgsb stu`mfts wbo spmf` tbm gftmrvmfgfh tgem `ogfh rmqugrm` egigtary smrvgcm, lut wbgcb lafs ^aimstgfgafs stu`mfts wbo `o fot smrvm gf tbm arey jroe mfroiigfh. Gfstma`, tbmy arm jorcm` to mgtbmr wastm tbm gftmrvmfgfh ymars, or ho alroa` jor em`gcai scbooi. <3
•
Iastiy, tbm Gsramig Egfgstry oj Bmaitb mxciu`ms ^aimstgfgaf hra`uatms jroe Ai-Qu`s ufgvmrsgty em`gcai scbooi ly ruigfh tbat tbmy arm fmgtbmr Gsramig, for jormghf, af` tbmrmjorm `o fot
fit afy oj tbm catmhorgms catmhorgms oj caf`g`atms caf`g`atms wbo caf sgt jor tbm quaigjygfh mxae.<0 • Bagja ]fgvmrsgty cof`gtgofm` igvgfh gf tbm `ores of egigtary smrvgcm, af` was aiiowm` to `mspgtm tbm cimar `gsparatm gepact tbgs bas of ^aimstgfgaf stu`mfts. stu`mfts .<= •
Bagja ]fgvmrsgty laffgfh oj tbm ^aimstgfgaf ah at protmsts <: af` tbm wg`msprma` sgimfcgfh oj ^aimstgfgaf stu`mft protmsts `urgfh Cast Ima` (jor ’smcurgty rmasofs―). <8
Gf eost oj tbm a`egssgofs casms igstm` alovm, tbm ufgvmrsgty usms egigtary smrvgcm as a proxy
jor racm, crmatgfh a `gsparatm gepact tbat mjjmctgvmiy mxciu`ms ^aimstgfgafs wgtbout opmfiy saygfh so. Pbgs systme oj mxciusgof mxciusgof appigms to ^aimstgfgafs ^aimstgfgafs igvgfh igvgfh uf`mr occupatgof as wmii, lut gs pmrjorem` gf a eorm liataft eaffmr. Gf a``gtgof to tbm eorm puligcgzm` ways tbat tbm Gsramig statm `mfgms accmss to m`ucatgof to ^aimstgfgafs (roa`liocks, `mfgais oj pmregts, mtc), tbm Gsramig ufgvmrsgty ufgvmrsgty systme gs aiso mfhahm` gf liataft mxciusgof mxciusgof oj ^aimstgfgaf ^aimstgfgaf stu`mfts. Aitbouhb Aitbouhb tbmy bavm protmstm` gt, tbm ufgvmrsgtgms currmftiy aiiow tbm egigtary to appiy ’fof-smcurgty― crgtmrga to scrmmf ^aimstgfgaf ^aimstgfgaf appigcafts to Gsramig ufgvmrsgtgms ufgvmrsgtgms.. ]f`mrhra`uatm ]f`mrhra`uatmss arm totaiiy mxciu`m`, af` ofiy eastmrs af` ^B@ stu`mfts caf appiy. appiy. Mvmf ajtmr tbat, tbmy caf ofiy lm a`egttm` a`egttm` uf`mr mxtrmemiy farrow cgrcuestafcms. cgrcuestafcms .<2
11.0.3
Aca`megc support jor vgoimfcm • Pmcbfgof ufgvmrsgty ufgvmrsgty provg`ms egigtary rmsmarcb af` tmstgfh usm` to pro`ucm arey mqugpemft kfowf to lm usm` gf vgoiatgofs vgoiatgofs oj bueaf rghbts af` gftmrfatgofai gftmrfatgofai iaw. iaw.<7 •
Pmi Avgv Avgv ]fgvmrsgty‗s Gfstgtutm jor Fatgofai Smcurgty Smcurgt y Stu`gms `mvmiopm` tbm egigtary stratmhy stratmh y 3> kfowf as tbm @abgya @octrgfm . Pbgs egigtary stratmhy caiis jor tbm wboimsaim attmfgfh oj a fmghblorboo` as a ’emssahm― to tbm otbmr sg`m (a wgiijui mxaepim oj coiimctgvm pufgsbemft af` tarhmtgfh oj cgvgigafs). @abgya rmjmrs to a fmghblorboo` gf Imlafof tbat was suldmctm` suldmctm` to tbgs stratmhy stratmhy gf <>>:.
<1
Smm4 bttp4//mimctrofgcgftgja`a.fmt/coftmft/paimstgfgaf-stu`mfts-sur bttp4//mimctrofgcgftgja`a.fmt/coftmft/paimstgfgaf-stu`mfts-surrouf`m`-hufs-gsramig-ufgv rouf`m`-hufs-gsramig-ufgvmrsgtgms/1<<1= mrsgtgms/1<<1= Smm4 Smm4 bttp4//www.usaclg.orh/<>>7/>:/tbm-caremi-aca`megc-cmftmr-gf-bagja-ciosms-aca`megc-track-as-too-eafypaimstgfgaf-stu`mfts-rmhgstmrm`/ <3 Smm4 bttp4//mimctrofgcgftgja`a.fmt/coftmft/gsramig-ufgvmrsgtys-ahm-rmstrgctgofs-`gscrgegfatms-ahagfst-aralstu`mfts/31:7 <0 Smm4 bttp4//www.baarmtz.coe/fm bttp4//www.baarmtz.coe/fmws/fatgofai/paimstgfgaf-em`gcai-scbooi-hra`s-protmst-mxciusgof ws/fatgofai/paimstgfgaf-em`gcai-scbooi-hra`s-protmst-mxciusgof-jroe-gsramig-jroe-gsramigbospgtais.prmegue-1.=<:7<> <= Smm4 bttp4//www.baarmtz.coe/fmw bttp4//www.baarmtz.coe/fmws/court-aiiows-b s/court-aiiows-bagja-ufgvmrsgt agja-ufgvmrsgty-to-coftgfum-coftmf y-to-coftgfum-coftmftgous-`ore-poigcy-1 tgous-`ore-poigcy-1.<1821> .<1821> <: Smm4 bttp4//www.dpost.coe/Fatgofai-Fm bttp4//www.dpost.coe/Fatgofai-Fmws/]fgvmrsgty-lafs-Aral-stu` ws/]fgvmrsgty-lafs-Aral-stu`mfts-jroe-wavgfh-^aimstgfgaf-ah-`urgfhmfts-jroe-wavgfh-^aimstgfgaf-ah-`urgfhprotmsts-33300: <8 Smm4 bttp4//mimctrofgcgftgja`a.fmt/coftmft/gsramis-rmprmssgof-paimstgfgaf-stu`mfts-rmacbm`-fmw-im bttp4//mimctrofgcgftgja`a.fmt/coftmft/gsramis-rmprmssgof-paimstgfgaf-stu`mfts-rmacbm`-fmw-imvmi-`urgfh-hazavmi-`urgfh-hazaattack/11702 <2 Smm4 Smm4 bttp4//eof`owmgss.fmt/<>>7/>=/paimstgfgaf-stu`mfts-bavm-to-pass-a`egssgofs-procmss-af`-egigtary-scrmmfto-stu`y-gf-gsrami.btei <7 Smm4 bttp4//fyact.fmt/igfks/alout-tbm-tmcbfgof/ Smm4 bttp4//fyact.fmt/igfks/alout-tbm-tmcbfgof/ 3> Smm4 bttp4//mimctrofgcgftgja`a.fmt/coftmft/gsramis-`abgya-`octrgfm-coemsbttp4//mimctrofgcgftgja`a.fmt/coftmft/gsramis-`abgya-`octrgfm-coems-haza/2>>: haza/2>>: <<
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Cbaptmr 11. ^aimstgfgafs gf Gsrami •
Gsramig aca`megcs bavm provg`m` a`vgcm to tbm hovmrfemft alout bow to prmsmrvm bghb proportgofs oj Dmwgsb cgtgzmfs rmiatgvm to ^aimstgfgafs gfsg`m Gsrami. Pbm mxmepiar oj tbgs work gs Arfof Sojmr, af aca`megc wbo aiso a`vgsm` tbm statm of tbm routm oj tbm apartbmg` waii.
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Pbgs liataft support jor occupatgof gs paraiimim` ly wg`msprma` sgimfcm ovmr gfdustgcms coeegttm` ahagfst ^aimstgfgafs. Gf <>>2, actgvgst scboiars smft a pmtgtgof jor aca`megc jrmm`oe gf tbm occupgm` tmrrgtorgms to 7,>>> jmiiow Gsramig aca`megcs. Gt was sghfm` ly ofiy 0.=% oj projmssors, projmssors, 0>8 gf totai.31
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@urgfh Cast Ima`, af Gsramig ufgvmrsgty, G@C Bmrzigya, wmft so jar as to smt up a ’war rooe― to pro`ucm af` smf` propahaf`a propahaf`a gf support oj tbm assauit assauit.3<
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@urgfh Opmratgof ^rotmctgvm M`hm, Pmi Avgv ]fgvmrsgty gssum` statmemfts oj support jor tbm arey af` wagvm` tugtgof costs jor soi`gmrs.33 Sgegiariy, Bmlrmw ]fgvmrsgty `mciarm` gt was ’dogfgfh tbm war mjjort" af` askm` gf`gvg`uais gf`gvg`uais to `ofatm to a scboiarsbgp scboiarsbgp juf` jor soi`gmrs soi`gmrs smrvgfh gf tbm attacks of Haza. Haza.30
31
Smm4 bttp4//aca`megc-accmss.wmmliy.coe/ Smm4 bttp4//aca`megc-accmss.wmmliy.coe/ Smm4 bttp4//lgt.iy/1A^:OA= Smm4 bttp4//lgt.iy/1A^:OA= 33 Smm4 bttp4//mimctrofgcgftgja`a.fmt/liohs/aig-alufgeab/gs bttp4//mimctrofgcgftgja`a.fmt/liohs/aig-alufgeab/gsramig-ufgvmrsgtgms-imf`ramig-ufgvmrsgtgms-imf`-support-haza-eassacrm support-haza-eassacrm 30 Smm4 bttp4//mimctrofgcgftgja`a.fmt/liohs/aig-alufgeab/gs bttp4//mimctrofgcgftgja`a.fmt/liohs/aig-alufgeab/gsramig-ufgvmrsgtgms-imf`ramig-ufgvmrsgtgms-imf`-support-haza-eassacrm support-haza-eassacrm 3<
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Woufh ^aimstgfgafs ruf gf tbm strmmt `urgfh af Gsramig egigtary assauit gf tbm Haza Strgp gf Dafuary 1722 `urgfh tbm Jgrst Gftgja`a. ^boto ly Dmaf-Ciau`m Coutaussm.
Pbgs lookimt gs a buelim attmept to gftro`ucm rma`mrs to tbm Qumstgof oj ^aimstgfm. Bowmvmr, gt gs ly fo emafs coeprmbmfsgvm, af` rma`mrs arm mfcourahm` to coftgfum to pursum topgcs sucb as tbm sgtuatgof oj ^aimstgfgaf rmjuhmms gf tbm Eg``im Mast af` arouf` tbm wori`, tbm prm-Fakla mra oj Eaf`atm ^aimstgfm, tbm bgstory oj rmsgstafcm eovmemfts af` tbm ^IO‗s mvoiutgof ovmr tgem, tbm pmacm procmss, ^aimstgfgaf cuiturm, systmeatgc gfmquaigtgms jacgfh ^aimstgfgafs gf Gsrami, tbm rgcb bgstory oj Gsramig rmsgstafcm to tbm occupatgof, ^aimstgfgaf ^aimstgfgaf protmst eovmemfts af` tbm memrhgfh eovmemft jor loycotts, `gvmstemft, af` safctgofs, af` tbm ofhogfh `mlatms ovmr tbm juturm oj tbm pmopim igvgfh gf af` mxpmiim` jroe bgstorgc ^aimstgfm - wbmtbmr tbrouhb ofm statm or two. Xm urhm rma`mrs to iocatm af` jocus of ^aimstgfgaf farratgvms oj tbmgr bgstorgms af` struhhims, wbgcb arm so ojtmf mxciu`m` jroe tbm vogcms wm bmar gf tbm Xmst.
Jgfaiiy, af` alovm aii mism, wm bopm tbat rma`mrs arm eotgvatm` to act, gf wbatmvmr way tbmy caf, to support tbm jrmm`oe af` iglmratgof oj tbm ^aimstgfgaf pmopim.