Amphiprioninae

Amphiprioninae

Amphiprion n periderai perideraion on) in their  A pair of pink anemonefish ( Amphiprio anemone home.

Ocellaris clown clownfish fish   nest nestle led d in a   magnificen magnificentt sea anem anemone one (Heteractis magnifica)

Clownfish  or  anemonefish  are fishes  are  fishes from  from the subfamily Pomacentridae. Thir Thirty ty Amphiprioninae   in the family   Pomacentridae. species are species  are recognized, one in the genus  Premnas , while the remaining are in the genus   Amphiprion. In the wild, they all form symbiotic form  symbiotic mutualisms with mutualisms  with sea  sea anemones. anemones. Depending on species, Clownfish are overall yellow, orange, ange, or a reddis reddish h or blac blackis kish h colo color, r, and many many show show white white bars or patches. The largest can reach a length of 18 centimetres (7.1 in), while the smallest barely can reach 10 centimetres (3.9 in).

Clown fish swimming movements 

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Ecol Ecolog ogy y and and habi habita tatt

Diet

Clownfish are   omnivorous  omnivorous   and can feed on undigested food from their their host host anemo anemone nes, s, and the  the   fecal   matter from the clownfish provides nutrients to the sea anemone. Clownfish primarily feed on small zooplankton small  zooplankton from  from the water column, such as copepods as  copepods and  and tunicate  tunicate larvae,  larvae, with a small small portion of their their diet coming coming from algae, algae, with the exception of  Amphiprion periderai perideraion on , which primarily feeds on algae. [1][2] They may also consume the tenta-

Clownfish are native to warmer waters of the Indian the  Indian and  and Pacific oceans, Pacific  oceans, including the Great the  Great Barrier Reef and Reef  and the Red Sea. Sea. While While most specie speciess have have restricted restricted distribudistributions, tions, others others are widesp widespread read.. Clownfis Clownfish h live live at the bottom bottom of shallow seas in sheltered  reefs  reefs or  or in shallow  lagoons  lagoons.. There are no clownfish in the Atlantic the  Atlantic.. 1

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PARENTAL INVESTMENT 

haviours and movements such as “wedging” and “switching.” Aeration of the host anemone tentacles allows for benefits to the metabolism of both partners, mainly by increasing anemone body size and both clownfish and anemone respiration.[9] Clownfish, Cardinalfish and certain damselfish are among the few species of fish that can avoid the potent poison of a sea anemone. There are several theories about how they can survive the sea anemone poison: •

A clownfish swimming.

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  The mucus coating of the fish may be based on sugars rather than  proteins. This would mean that anemones fail to recognize the fish as a potential food source and do not fire their   nematocysts, or sting organelles. The coevolution of certain species of clownfish with specific anemone host species and may have acquired an immunity to the nematocysts and toxins of their host anemone. Experimentation has shown that  Amphiprion percula  may develop resistance to the toxin from  Heteractis magnifica , but it is not totally protected, since it was shown experimentally to die when its skin, devoid of mucus, was exposed to the nematocysts of its host.[10]

Reproduction

Video of a clownfish swimming around an anemone.

cles of their host anemone.[3]

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Symbiosis and mutualism

Clownfish and   sea anemones   have a   symbiotic, mutualistic   relationship, each providing a number of benefits to the other. The individual species are generally highly host specific, and especially the genera  Heteractis  and  Stichodactyla, and the species   Entacmaea quadricolor   are frequent clownfish partners. The sea anemone protects the clownfish from predators, as well as providing food through the scraps left from the anemone’s meals and occasional dead anemone tentacles. In return, the clownfish defends the anemone from its predators, and parasites.[4][5] The anemone also picks up nutrients from the clownfish’s excrement, and functions as a safe nest site.[6] The nitrogen excreted from clownfish increases the amount of algae incorporated into the tissue of their hosts, which aids the anemone in tissue growth and regeneration.[2] It has been theorized that the clownfish use their bright coloring to lure small fish to the anemone,[7] and that theactivity of theclownfish results in greater water circulation around the sea anemone.[8] Studies on anemonefish have found that clownfish alter the flow of water around sea anemone tentacles by certain be-

In a group of clownfish, there is a strict  dominance hierarchy. The largest and most aggressive female is found at the top. Only two clownfish, a male and a female, in a group reproduce through external fertilization. Clownfish are sequential hermaphrodites, meaning that they develop into males first, and when they mature, they become females. If the female clownfish is removed from the group, such as by death, one of the largest and most dominant males will become a female. The remaining males will move up a rank in the hierarchy. Clownfish lay eggs on any flat surface close to their host anemones. In the wild, clownfish spawn around the time of the full moon. Depending on the species, clownfish can lay hundreds or thousands of eggs. The male parent guards the eggs until they hatch about six to ten days later, typically two hours after dusk.

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Parental investment

Most clownfish are protandrous hermaphrodites, meaning they alternate between the male and female sexes at some point in their lives. Anemonefish colonies usually consist of the reproductive male and female and a few juveniles, who help tend the colony. [11] Although multiple males co-habit an environment with a single female, polygamy does not occur and only the adult pair exhibit reproductive behavior. However, if the largest female

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dies, the social hierarchy shifts with the breeding male exhibiting protandrous sex reversal to become the breeding female. The largest juvenile will then become the new breeding male after a period of rapid growth. [12] The existence of protandry in clownfish may rest on the case that non-breeders modulate their phenotype in a way that causes breeders to tolerate them. This strategy prevents conflict by reducing competition between the males for one female. For example, by purposefully modifying their growth rate to remain small and submissive, the juveniles in a colony present no threat to the fitness of the adult male, thereby protecting themselves from being evicted by the dominant fish.[13] The reproductive cycle of clownfish is often correlated with the lunar cycle. Rates of spawning for clownfish peak at approximately the first and third quarters of the moon. The timing of this spawn means that the eggs will hatch around the full moon or new moon periods. One explanation for this lunar clock is that spring tides produce the highest tides during full or new moons. Nocturnal hatching during high tide may reduce predation by allowing for a greater capacity for escape. Namely, the stronger currents and greater water volume during high tide protects the hatchlings by effectively sweeping them to safety. Before spawning, clownfish exhibit increased rates of anemone and substrate biting, which help prepare and clean the nest for the spawn. [12] In terms of parental care, male clownfish are often the caretakers of eggs. Before making the clutch, the parents often clear an oval sized clutch varying in diameter for the spawn. Fecundity, or reproductive rate, of the females usually ranges from 600 to 1500 eggs depending on the size of the female. In contrast to most animal species, the female only occasionally takes responsibility for the eggs, with males expending most of the time and effort. Male clownfish care for their eggs by fanning and guarding them for 6 to 10 days until they hatch. Studies have shown that, in general, eggs develop more rapidly in a clutch when males fanned properly and that fanning represents a crucial mechanism of successfully developing eggs. This suggests that males have the ability to control the success of hatching an egg clutch by investing different amounts of time and energy towards the eggs. For example, a male could choose to fan less in times of scarcity or fan more in times of abundance. Furthermore, males display increased alertness when guarding more valuable broods, or eggs in which paternity was guaranteed. Females, on the other hand, display generally less preference for parental behavior than males. All these suggest that males have increased parental investment towards the eggs compared to females.[14]

fish bred in captivity, while the majority are captured from the wild,[15][16] accounting for decreased densities in exploited areas.[17] Public aquaria and captive breeding programs are essential to sustain their trade as marine ornamentals, and has recently become economically feasible.[18][19] It is one of a handful of marine ornamentals whose complete life cycle has been closed in captivity. Members of some clownfish species, such as the maroon clownfish, become aggressive in captivity; others, like the false percula clownfish, can be kept successfully with other individuals of the same species. When a sea anemone is not available in an   aquarium, the clownfish may settle in some varieties of  soft corals, or large polyp stony   corals. Once an anemone or coral has been adopted, the clownfish will defend it. As there is less pressure to forage for food in an aquarium, it is common for clownfish to remain within 2-4 inches of their host for their entire lifetime. Clownfish, however, are not obligately tied to hosts, and can survive alone in captivity.[20][21]

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Taxonomy •

  Genus  Amphiprion :[22] • •

Marine ornamentals

Clownfish make up 43% of the global marine ornamental trade, and 25% of the global trade comes from

Amphiprion akindynos    – anemonefish

Barrier

reef

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 Amphiprion allardi   – Twobar anemonefish

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 Amphiprion barberi 

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 Amphiprion bicinctus   – Twoband anemonefish

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  Amphiprion chagosensis  – Chagos anemonefish Amphiprion anemonefish

chrysogaster    –

Mauritian

Amphiprion anemonefish

chrysopterus    –

Orange-fin

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 Amphiprion clarkii   – Yellowtail clownfish

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 Amphiprion ephippium  – Saddle anemonefish

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  Amphiprion frenatus  – Tomato clownfish

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 Amphiprion akallopisos  – Skunk clownfish

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Amphiprion fuscocaudatus    – anemonefish

Seychelles

Amphiprion latezonatus    – Anemonefish

Wide-band

Amphiprion latifasciatus    – anemonefish

Madagascar

Amphiprion leucokranos    – anemonefish

Whitebonnet

mccullochi    –

Whitesnout

Amphiprion anemonefish

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 Amphiprion melanopus  – Fire clownfish

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  Amphiprion nigripes  – Maldive anemonefish

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 Amphiprion ocellaris  – Clown anemonefish

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 Amphiprion omanensis  – Oman anemonefish

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  Amphiprion pacificus  – Pacific anemonefish

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 Amphiprion percula  – Orange clownfish

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  Amphiprion polymnus   – Saddleback clownfish

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 Amphiprion rubrocinctus  – Red Anemonefish

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 Amphiprion sandaracinos  – Yellow clownfish

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 Amphiprion sebae  – Sebae anemonefish

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 Amphiprion thiellei   – Thielle’s anemonefish

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 Amphiprion tricinctus  – Three-band anemonefish

  Genus  Premnas :[23] •

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 Amphiprion perideraion  – Pink skunk clownfish

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 Premnas biaculeatus  – Maroon clownfish

In popular culture

In the 2003 animated film  Finding Nemo , the main character is a clownfish. The species depicted in the film is  A. ocellaris .[4]

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REFERENCES 

 Maroon clownfish (Premnas biaculeatus ), here with a tang, is the only member of the genus   Premnas , and the largest species of clownfish. Clownfish are initially male; the most dominant fish in a group becomes female.

References

[1]   Fautin, Daphne; Gerald Allen (1997). Field Guide to Anemone Fishes and Their Host Sea Anemones   (2 ed.). Perth, Australia: Western Australian Museum.   ISBN 978-0-7309-8365-1. [2] Porat, D.; Chadwick-Furman, N.E. (2005). “Effects of anemonefish on giant sea anemones: Ammonium uptake, zooxanthella content and tissue regeneration”.   Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology 29 (1): 43–51. doi:10.1080/10236240500057929. [3] Fautin, D.G.; Guo, C.; Hwang, J.S. (1995). “Costs and benefits of the symbiosis between the anemoneshrimp Periclimenes brevicarpalis and its host Entacmaea quadricolor.”. Marine Ecology Progress Series  129: 77–84. doi:10.3354/meps129077. [4]   “Clown Anemonefish”.  Nat Geo Wild : Animals . National Geographic Society. Retrieved 2011-12-19. [5]   Amphiprioninae  at the Encyclopedia of Life

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 Allard’s clownfish ( Amphiprion allardi ).   Maldive anemonefish ( Amphiprion nigripes ). It is sometimes called the Black-finned anemonefish due to its black pelvic and anal fins.  Pink skunk clownfish ( Amphiprion perideraion ).   Saddleback clownfish (Amphiprion polymnus ) off Sulawesi, Indonesia.   Yellow clownfish (Amphiprion sandaracinos ) and sea anemone off Sulawesi, Indonesia.  Yellowtail clownfish (Amphiprion clarkii ) with sea anemone.  Orange-fin anemonefish (Amphiprion chrysopterus ) is one of the few anemonefish with a white tail.   Twoband anemonefish (Amphiprion bicinctus ). It is, as suggested by its alternative common name Red Sea clownfish, almost entirely restricted to the Red Sea.   Clown anemonefish (Amphiprion ocellaris ) occurs in a 'normal' orange and a melanistic blackish variant. The exact taxonomic status of the latter is unclear.   Fire clownfish (Amphiprion melanopus ) and sea anemone at the Great Barrier Reef.

[6] Holbrook, S. J. and Schmitt,R. J.  Growth, reproduction and survival of a tropical sea anemone (Actiniaria): bene fits of hosting anemonefish, 2005, cited in [7] “Clown Anemonefishes,   Amphiprion ocellaris ". The MarineBio Conservation Society. Marinebio . Retrieved 2011-12-19. [8] Szczebak, Joseph T.; Raymond P. Henry; Fuad A. Al-Horani; Nanette E. Chadwick (2013). “Anemonefish oxygenate their anemone hosts at night”.   Jour970–976. nal of Experimental Biology 216 (9): doi:10.1242/jeb.075648. [9] Joseph T. Szczebak, Raymond P. Henry, Fuad A. Al-Horani, Nanette E. Chadwick (2012-11-03). “Anemonefish oxygenate their anemone hosts at night”. The Journal of Experimental Biology. Retrieved 2013-09-15. [10] Mebs, D. 1994. “Anemonefish symbiosis: Vulnerability and Resistance of Fish to the Toxin of the Sea Anemone.” Toxicon. Vol. 32(9):1059–1068. [11] Stephanie Boyer. “Clown Anemofish”. Florida Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 2013-09-15. [12] Robert M. Ross (1978-02-10).  “Reproductive Behavior of the Anemonefish Amphiprion melanopus on Guam”. Copeia. Retrieved 2013-09-15. [13] Peter Buston (2004-08-18).  “Does the presence of nonbreeders enhance the fitness of breeders? An experimental analysis in the clown anemonefish Amphiprion percula”. Springer-Verlag. Retrieved 2013-09-15.

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[14] Swagat Ghosh, T. T. Ajith Kumar, T. Balasubramanian (2011-08-04). “Determining the level of parental care relating fanning behavior of five species of clownfishes in captivity”. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences. Retrieved 2013-09-15. [15] Dhaneesh, K.V.; R. Vinoth, Swagat Gosh, M. Gopi, T.T. Ajith Kumar, T. Balasubramanian (2013). Sundaresan, J., ed. “Hatchery Production of Marine Ornamental Fishes: An Alternate Livelihood Option for the Island Community at Lakshadweep”. Climate Change and Island and  Coastal Vulnerability  (Capital Publishing Company) 17: 253–265. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6016-5_17. [16] Taylor, M., Green, E. and Razak, T. (2003).   From ocean to aquarium: A global trade in marine ornamental  species . UNEP world conservation and monitoring centre (WCMC). pp. 1–64. Retrieved 18 April 2013. [17] Shuman, Craig; Gregor Hodgson; Richard F. Ambrose (2005). “Population impacts of collecting sea anemones and anemonefish for the marine aquarium trade in the Philippines”. Coral Reefs  24: 564–573. doi:10.1007/s00338-005-0027-z. [18] Watson, Craig; Jeffery Hill (2006). “Design criteria for recirculating, marine ornamental production systems”. Aquacultural Engineering 34 (3): 157–162. doi:10.1016/j.aquaeng.2005.07.002. [19]   Hall, Heather; Douglas Warmolts (2003). “23”. In James C. Cato, Christopher L. Brown.  Marine Ornamental Species: Collection, Culture and Conservation. WileyBlackwell. pp. 303–326. ISBN 978-0-8138-2987-6. [20] Daphne Gail Fautin (1991). “The anemonefish symbiosis: what is known and what is not” (PDF). Symbiosis  10: 23– 46. [21] Ronald L. Shimek (2004).  Marine Invertebrates .  Neptune City, NJ: T.F.H. Publications. p. 83.   ISBN 978-1890087-66-1. [22] Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2011). Species of Amphiprion in FishBase. December 2011 version. [23] Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2011). Species of Premnas  in FishBase. December 2011 version.

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External links   Clownfish species profiles on AquariumDomain.   (German)   Photo Gallery of   Amphiprion ocellaris  and their eggs  Monterey Bay Aquarium: Video and information Clown Fish underwater photography gallery

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  Aquaticcommunity.com

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  Tolweb.org

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Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

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Text

  Amphiprioninae  Source:   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphiprioninae?oldid=635453158  Contributors:   Justfred, Josh Grosse, William Avery, Dan Koehl, Jketola, Delirium, Arpingstone, Tregoweth, Ahoerstemeier, Chrishorrocks, Angela, Jdforrester, Darkwind, Glenn, Stefan, Tkinias, Nertzy, Charles Matthews, Timwi, Dragons flight, Bevo, Fvw, Wetman, Eugene van der Pijll, PuzzletChung, Robbot, Seglea, Academic Challenger, Shelley, Caknuck, Hadal, UtherSRG, MykReeve, Mushroom, Crimson30, Leonard G., Jorge Stolfi, Solipsist, Jackol, Gadfium, Antandrus, Elembis, Oneiros, Borameer, Honguy86, Sam Hocevar, Jason mendoza, Trevor MacInnis, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Saintp, ESkog, Janderk, Plugwash, Szyslak, Kwamikagami, Chairboy, Shanes, RoyBoy, Nickj, Doppelgänger, Bobo192, Viriditas, Elipongo, Kappa, MPerel, Stephen G. 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File:Amphiprion_ocellaris_(Clown_anemonefish)_in_Heteractis_magnifica_(Sea_anemone).jpg Source:   http://upload.wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Amphiprion_ocellaris_%28Clown_anemonefish%29_in_Heteractis_magnifica_%28Sea_anemone%29. jpg  License:   CC BY-SA 3.0  Contributors:  Own work  Original artist:  Nhobgood Nick Hobgood File:Clown_Fish_Swimming.jpg  Source:    http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Clown_Fish_Swimming.jpg  License:  CC BY-SA 2.0  Contributors:   Flickr  Original artist:  Jeff Kubina File:Clown_fish_in_the_Andaman_Coral_Reef.jpg   Source:    http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Clown_fish_in_ the_Andaman_Coral_Reef.jpg License:  CC BY-SA 3.0  Contributors:  Own work  Original artist:   Ritiks File:Clownfish_in_anemone_off_Vanuatu.ogg   Source:    http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Clownfish_in_ anemone_off_Vanuatu.ogg License:  CC BY-SA 3.0  Contributors:  Own work  Original artist:  Nickj

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  File:Commons-logo.svg  Source:   http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License:  ?  Contributors:  ?  Original  artist:  ? File:Nemo_clown_fish_1.gif Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Nemo_clown_fish_1.gif License:  CC BYSA 3.0 Contributors:  Own work  Original artist:  Karthik Easvur  File:Skunk_anemonefish.jpg  Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Skunk_anemonefish.jpg License:   CC BYSA 3.0  Contributors:    Own work   Original artist:    Nhobgood  (talk) Nick Hobgood

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Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0