The plough market. Wooden
ploughs
still
turn Albania s
soil.
for opingas are being sold.
Nearby, pelts
Albania NEW NATION
A
BY VIOLA
I.
IN
AN OLD WORLD
PARADISE AND HELEN CAMPBELL
ILLUSTRATIONS FROM PHOTOGRAPHS BY THE AUTHORS
OUR the
mind
strays from discussion of Al
bania
s
politics,
for
the weekly bazaar in
Tirana capital
Albania is
s
breaking
up, and perforce you must watch the colorful
life
in
the
full-trousered, square broad-sashed men, in white fezes, gay :
and up-curling pointed moccasins; two upper-class Moslem women, shrouded in black, their faces hidden by heavy
socks,
black veils; peasants taking home their purchases; a man with a baa-ing sheep over his shoulders; a woman carrying on her head a red-and-green-painted cradle, the baby in it; a polka-dotted, trousered little
girl,
exquisitely delicate of face, a
purchase of freshly-butchered unwrapped meat in her hand; donkeys concealed un der burdens many times their size, only 566
faces
and
fore legs visible; a lithe youth, suddenly to dance in the doorway
moved of
the
veiled
mosque;
or
kerchiefed
according as they are Moham their Christian or gathering bright-colored stuffs from the ground; a
women medan
one with
few others
five eggs in her lap
hope of a tardy customer; a man washing his feet in the swift-gut tered little stream that runs through the lingering in
street.
As you gaze
gesting
the
might is
for
in the
ropean
a
old
at these things, sug world of Turkey, you
moment
way
state.
of
forget that Albania
becoming a modern Eu
But there
are reminders:
the minister of public works crossing the
square with some engineers brought in by the government from Austria; here and there foreign business men, in Albania
band a Mozart
after concessions; in the distance the
practising the Peer
sonata,
Gynt Suite, along with new Albanian
songs;
ALBANIA and
about which is Al
people
everywhere
talking
the new Shqiprija* plans for bania s name for Albania, the latter being used by the Shqiptari only when they
A battered speak a foreign language. automobile rattles into the square, and once more you turn your attention to
your companions. "You
must
find us a land of strange "
contrasts,"
says one,
man
that
with the
wooden plough; and here s this so-called Before the war there wasn t one in auto. there are about a hun the country, now there dred and fifty. Many of us still grind corn between stones in our own homes; and the city of Korcha has already raised
a mail aeroplane, and has sent students to France to study aviation." "Come back in five years," said an
money
for
other, "and you ll find us like European Albania doesn t regard itself countries "
as a part of electric
Europe
"with
through
running
trolley
and an
roads,
these
mountains, and electric light "There
interrupted And just wait
have a national
we have
trouble so
parliament."
said another, "that history to recover from
is,"
much
.
has bunched up on us, you might say.
It
But now that we
an expressive everything was "
re free
indicated
gesture
that
History has indeed
"bunched
up"
on
the Shqiptari. Aryans, descendants of the Illyrians or Pelasgians, they are prob ably the oldest race in southeastern Eu
Their last five centuries and more
the tale of steadfast maintenance of
is
Albanian personality through foreign oc Much is not far-away his cupations. tory, but current trespassings, of which
you may read echoes
in
your morning
paper.
The Turkish occupation
lasted five
hun
dred years, and ceased only in 1912. To the Turks the Albanians never really sub
*
empire from
the
Balkans.
Hopefully casting her lot with them in 1908 in establishing a Constitution for the empire, and then finding that they meant
even
independence for the subject na tionalities through complete assimilation, Albania resisted, and in August, 1912, in a vigorous uprising, captured Uskub and less
crushed the Turkish army.
Then Bul
Greece, Serbia, and Montenegro, seeing in this defeat a long-desired chance, launched the First Balkan \Var, which left
garia,
the Peninsula Turkless.
Even then Albania s her own hands. The
destiny was not in Six Powers, Ger
many, Austria-Hungary, France, Great Britain, Italy, and Russia, stepped in to determine her status and frontiers, be cause, the Turks gone, Albania s neigh
most basic
1913, the
"frontier"
date in
Albanian history, the ambassadorial con ference of these powers fixed boundaries which gave to unfriendly neighbors dis containing over a million Albanians, leaving only 900,000 in the remaining tricts
area.
They made
her a sovereign prin neutralized under their guar
cipality,
and elected William
of
Wied
When he arrived in March,
prince.
as
1914,
Albania, having independence, a conven tional
government, and neutrality, hoped
a breathing spell. Within a month her neutrality was vio lated when Greece captured Korcha. Her guarantors had not yet intervened in
for
the European War be Then, while the neutrality of Bel gan. gium was engaging the sentimental atten tion of the world, there began for Albania an avalanche of occupations, kaleido
her behalf
when
overlapping,
scopic,
assigned
prince
left
unprotested. in
September,
The too
from
and happi but, cutting Albania off from outside
olive orchards formerly covering the hills around Durazzo, bombarded into treeless
non-submissiveness
the empire insecurities of ness,
the
have been of any service. enter r the the war, Though Albania did not ente The she was one of its acute sufferers.
mitted, but succeeded in preventing their penetration into her mountain districts.
This
of
antee,
possible.
rope.
sion
an uncommonly pure form. It was Shqiprija s experience with the Young Turks which resulted in the expul
Albania the fuse, instead of a year later with wi th a different Balkan excuse. In July,
"and
r
"Our
in
plumbing. you see Korcha. Nearly
Scutari
everybody dresses in European clothes. started. We re not civilized yet, but w e re started.
We
toms
her ancient cus
now,"
youth,
till
contacts, did preserve
bors began quarrelling for her territory. Europe almost flared into \var then, with
s electric light in
a
567
Pronounced Shkipreea.
brought life
soon
to
barrenness, symbolize the
damage done
ALBANIA
568
Her
to this neutral.
intruders, however,
could not avoid catching something of the spirit of the Albanian personality. Italy, intrenched in the south, proclaimed her
independent under Austria announced
Italian
protection;
Albanian freedom from Scutari; while France, with an army
in Korcha, created the Shqiptar Republic of Korcha.
At the war gler,
s
end Albania was
like
a jug
keeping three fragile balls afloat
the
acquisitive desires of Jugoslavia, Italy, and Greece. slip in her dexterity meant national mutilation. Italy, ac
A
determining to prevent a representative Albanian government, present,
tually
formed
in
Durazzo a made-in-Italy sub
The Shqiptari, determined to have a home-made reality, contrived an
stitute.
uninterrupted gathering of the clans in
Lushnja,
in
January,
1920.
This
na
assembly forced the Durazzo gov ernment to retire, established a provi tional
sional
government
in Tirana,
and when
the parliament appointed by the confer ence convened the following March, the Shqiptari had a government of their
own
atic
During
port.
Serbs
made
1920
and 1921
serious
frequent
the
invasions
into northern Albania, and were met by a resistance characteristically Albanian,
organized
unofficially
At one time
taineers.
by this
moun
the
impromptu
forced the Serbs to leave the city of Dibra, but, although Dibra is purely Al banian, the Shqiptari did not occupy it,
army
having the forethought to realize that, officially ceded to Serbia in 1913, its occu pation would embarrass their govern ment. In the role of aggressive intruders the Serbs quite ignored that dramatic epi sode in the Great War when, defeated, before the they were in desperate retreat before
Then Albania, Austro-Bulgarian forces. in the face of a Bulgarian demand that she attack the Serbian vanguard, instead gave the Serbs refuge in her territory. Deciding to try the League of Nations on this acute and pertinent problem, Shqiprija
applied
for
membership
in
The league kept her 1920. waiting for admission two crucial months, and then indecisively referred the boun October,
difficulty to the
dary
While
bassadors.
Conference of
Am
this
claims for Valona, its hinterland, Italy and a mandate over Albania, meaning for
body pondered, however, Jugoslavic troops advanced so far in the fall of 1921 that that the the Supreme
her the control of the Adriatic and the
Council
shortest route to the Orient, were based entirely on the secret Treaty of London,
Britain,
choosing. s
which these concrete territorial rights were offered as bait by the Entente fishers
in
Albania took her problems to the Peace Conference, and after a ten months wait received an illuminating de for allies.
exactly what she wanted. Fortunately this decision was not But the actual forcing allowed to stand. cision
giving
Italy
from Valona was done by popular action, without help even from the govern It took two months of fighting, ment. but in August, 1920, Italy withdrew, acknowledging Albanian independence. Another ball to juggle holding her of Italy
northeastern boundaries against the new Jugoslavia, who, ignoring even the deci
the
of
Allies,
Great
through
intervened, requesting that the Council of the League be convoked the
time that this was done because one
first
member was invading
Simul
another.
taneously the Conference of Ambassadors announced its decision on the frontiers, practically the same as their 1913 delimi tation. On November 8 the two nations
accepted
these
boundaries,
and
three
members
of the league, for surety, super vised the evacuation of the Serbs.
Shqiprija
been
Greek
s
difficult
ball to juggle
since Greece
has not
became pre Greece had
occupied fighting Turkey. pushed her claims violently in 1914 by capturing Korcha, and at the Peace Con ference by trading votes in secret with Italy.
The conference
did
cede
in
its
sion of 1913 so favorable to Serbia, had had troops on the Albanian side since the
decision both disputed districts, Kor cha and Argyrocastro, to Greece, but the
In spite of Albania s protests to the Peace Conference in 1919 against
November,
armistice.
added to Jugoslavia Albania s choicest city, Scu tari, with its environs and nearest Adri this invasion, its first decision
first
1921,
frontier
settlement
acknowledged them as permanently Al banian. The allegiance of these two dis tricts while their possession was in ques tion
was frequently demonstrated.
When
ALBANIA the
new government,
loan
because Italy
raising an interior had seized the cus
569
and fortunately the advantage of this is realized. We do not want the govern "
2,000,000 gold francs, Argyrocastro contributed this whole sum, outdoing in generosity even the Albanians
ment
United States. These international complications are reflected in e very-day events, especially those involving the lack of intercommuni cation between close neighbors. Serbia,
At present try by growing up with the eighty deputies elect a high council of four and a prime minister, who
toms,
called
for
in the
for instance, lies so intimately
Volunteers
who came
to Tirana from the
near, yet
telephone, even though Albania has both,*
remnants of military operations, repaired and extended. And crossing Serbia s frontier
is
full
of
complications. did this on foot, the Shqiptar horseman who was leading the pack-horse
When we
with our luggage, having obtained what he thought was the proper document to al low him to take us over the border and re turn home, was stopped by the Serbian border police, instructed to wait on the
Albanian side while a Serbian soldier led the pack-horse, more privileged than its master,
across the invisible line of
un
friendliness to our near-by destination. Many details of government in the Al
banian republic are *
still
"
official in
we want one
flexibility,"
uncrystallized,
At present the telephone is limited to government use, connecting connecting only the offices of the prefects, but the telegraph is for commercial use as well. Both are for interior use only.
said
speaking of rapid changes, that will really
fit
the coun
it."
appoints
his cabinet of nine ministers.
This sarily
flexibility of
imply
form does not neces
instability,
as the govern-
mountains to help the government during the uprising
she cannot be reached by telegraph nor
stern
one
to lose all of this
of
March, 1922.
ment has met tests. The most significant was the rebellion of March, 1922, not be cause of
its size, for it
involved
less
than
hundred armed rebels, but because it thwarted the attempt of a designing neigh bor to prove Albania s inability to main tain her government. Subtlety was shown in discriminating between the leaders who five
plotted with the outsiders, mostly men of position or wealth, and those who were
used indirectly and recanted when they discover discovered ed the source and significance of the attack. Though the disloyal were executed and their lands confiscated, a
mountaineer leader
of the rebels,
who
in
the parleys through the British minister to Albania showed that he had been de ceived and regretted his action, was al lowed to go back to the mountains with his
men and
arms.
ALBANIA
570
The
real
show
of
government strength
was not the dramatic parade of soldiers and the gay ness of the band in the capital the market-day before Easter instead of
"Move!" "
like
group,
broke
another
in
lightning
!
You
of
see
two ways one spontaneously, when the news of the uprising reached the unaf fected districts and volunteers started out from every mountainside and valley over the trails to Tirana to help the govern
ment, peasant and townsman alike; and the other with consideration, when parlia ment, scheduled to meet about six weeks after the rebellion, for
four months
postponed
its
meeting
to give the ministers a
free hand.
A
more permanent proof of the govern ment s acceptability and of national unityis given by the mountain tribes of Matti,
those
indicating grass-bordered mari gold beds at intervals in the centre of Ti rana. Just recently those were old
gardens,"
Mo
"
the further further execution of rebels expected by the people. It was expressed rather in
the
hammedan
graveyards, hideous but, of Almost over course, hallowed ground. night they were changed by an edict from the minister of the interior, custom or no
custom."
But many improvements which the government would like to make must wait for money, for the nation s natural re sources to create her financial and eco nomic life. Resources there are, quite aside from agricultural possibilities, but in what degree of richness no one knows, as the Turks left no statistics and the Austrians kept the reports of their geologic It is surveys made during the war.
known
in general that there are
who, having defied successfully Roman, Venetian, Turk, serve this government One of their chief men, voluntarily.
copper, and valuable forests, which the government owns along with the entire
Ahmet
subsoil,
Zogoli, is minister of the interior, the backbone of the present government.
move,
too,"
proudly; legislate
nor
can
parliament
"And
"one
away
said
a
make
young
Albanian
was to more beys plain Mr.
of thei their r first acts all
titles.
No
pashas in Albania, just So-and-So, as with you."
things
oil,
coal,
one good Turkish inheritance.
In addition there there are the buried treasures of Durazzo, the remains of the Roman and Venetian periods, rich storehouses of art
and
history.
The nation velop
s
financial inability to de
resources
its
means the giving out
of concessions, for it
Peasants in town to market their grains, exchanging news of their
districts,
while waiting for customers.
has not borrowed.
and discussing Albania
s future,
Contrasts in transportation. There were no autos
in
Albania before the war.
Peasant carts carts arc confined to the small area of good roads.
But these concessions present difficulties. Some eager applicants represent countries
treating the forests which, though still safe from the sawmill, have been seriously
too selfishly interested in Shqiprija s po litical future; other nationalities, without
damaged by and insects.
territorial
ambitions and therefore desir
able as concessionaires, are still pondering on her stability; while the third group, in terested in a legitimate way,
demand
sta
which the new country cannot yet The young state has not been produce. tistics
overlooked by aires.
"gold
concession
brick"
An American
asked for a monopoly
we heard, firm, in film-showing,
putting its offer on a philanthropiceducational basis, and expecting to get the concession for nothing. Interest in the concessions and a shrewdness, too, is
not confined to
officials
but
is
expressively
the formation of a
with patchwork exclusiveness. The gold French napoleon is the standard coin, and the only one with a nation-wide circula tion.
According to the
cently
when
Up
to
the limit
of
their
money
the
Shqiptari are bringing in experts from several countries to advise in organizing the state. Engineers, for example, are
or, in
in its
Korcha, for small pur
own
currency, issued re Greece closed her border and
no money could be brought
in.
trast to this lack of coinage are
In con
modern
which carry Albania s letters abroad and by arduous mounted relays between her inland cities. postage-stamps,
The
show!"
you are
you may use Italian lire; stagger around under the weight of old silver Aus trian crowns; find a town where only French money is used; pay in Greek
beginnings:
r
district
in
pay
we Albanians could just be shown how. You know, the w ay American children One for the money, two for the say,
Na
no banking system, no currency of its own, using the moneys of other nations
chases,
capital is necessary for our big undertakings, there is some money here to invest nationally if
code, supplanting
Financial experts will have poleonic law. everything to plan as the country has
drachmas;
foreign
new
the old combination of Turkish and
One young man who had been general. in the United States said of their financial "Though
foreign armies, both of men Legal experts are planning
lack
of
transportation facilities thwarts the development of the country s resources. Transportation is in a primi tive
plight stretches of
no railroads and very few good road. Instead, bridle-
ALBANIA
572 trails twist
and plunge about
hold
a
in the
moun
along edges of breath-taking precipices, track shallow along rushing rivers seeking tains,
precarious
footing
places to ford, for bridges are as wanting as roads. All travellers, all goods and merchandise sent from city to city must
go on sure-footed donkeys or horses along
once more you set out. Now your chauf feur is concerned. Martial law is still in force, no one must be abroad in Tirana after eight o clock it will be midnight be fore you arrive; besides, this is the ;
set for the
hanging
rebellion.
The
of
night two leaders of the
feeling of tenseness is en
hanced by white moonlight on floating wisps of mist, dark shadows of trees, and lest
apprehension
shall
presently you actual hangings.
come upon the
But
your challenge at the gate is the official information that a room has been engaged for you.
Distances are measured by time, not miles. Korcha, you are told, is four days It took us five to make the from Tirana. trip,
most
of it in
rain.
heavy
We
went
with a train of ten horses, all but three used to transport a cargo of salt and sugar.
The third passenger was a young Moham medan volunteer against the rebellion, now returning home to Korcha. The leader of the train
The
walked.
and
his
two helpers
horses
trappings were primitive: characteristic peasant saddles
made
broad
wood, mounted on leather, for the horses not the riders comfort, were softened by gay handof
strips of
woven blankets.
Shepherds with crooks are not only sung about, but seen on city streets.
these
trails.
Peasant-carts, so character
stirrups.
The rope
beads
blue
harm
that
of us asked
unknown. Adventure is the one natural resource of Albania not blockaded by bad roads.
However,
roads,
Even by auto perhaps you late
on a two-hour
trip.
are five hours
While the chauf
you enjoy some peasant s hospitality, sitting on a mat on the sod floor before his fire, at which he makes you Turkish coffee and tries in feur dissects the engine,
vain to talk talk with you in Albanian, Greek, or Turkish. You while away time learn ing a few Albanian words, and wondering
whether the canvas curtain hanging from smoke-blackened rafters conceals his wife.
A man
also present, which unseemly for a Moslem
passenger
would make
it
is
wife to appear. At last the car is fixed it is now eleven at night by your watch, four by your host s Turkish time and
a
of rope served as
bridles,
trimmed with
against the invite upon a
protection
praise
might
were chiefly ornamental, Shqiptar horse for the horses were not bitted. When one
a feature of most agricultural regions, are, except in the small areas of good istic
Loops
horseman
how
to guide our animal, the handed her a lock of the mane !
was only
an early ignorant moment that we thought ourselves capa
ble
of
knew
it
in
beasts, who every rock and twist of the trail, to step, and when to put their four assisting
the clever
where feet and head together, like a Remington and slide down a steep place; who picture, could climb up steep slabs of rock, could hold a footing up the middle of a swift
mountain stream; and needed assistance only in the widest river, where two powerful men, wading waist-deep, saw
them across one at a time, leaning against them to keep them from being carried down-stream. The steepest descents we climbed and skidded down on foot. Our first night we spent in a khan, or barn, one of the occasional shelters main tained along the trail for the horsemen
A
and
street in the capital, the post-office,
Ours was selected as especially good, having an up-stairs room, their horses.
providing
us
A
chimneyless fireplace and two straw mats on the floor were its entire furnishings. We dried our privacy.
and horse-blankets, and wrapped ourselves up in the latter our entire bed clothes
ding.. It is only
and one
homes not unlike the khans where we slept in our clothes on the floor, and sat on the floor to eat our simple supper, perhaps one pewter pan of scrambled eggs, with a wooden spoon for each guest, and a single bowl of warm milk, to be to spacious passed from one to the other
homes
when stopping
at such khans
of the shepherds it serves.
of rich families,
bountifully and savored again the sweet The best a luxury of clean linen sheets.
or at hotels that one pays for one s lodg And even at these money is some ing.
village
times refused.
we were
we
Once, stopping for coffee, chatted with our host about the United
States,
where he had a nephew.
Just that slim thread made him regard us as his personal guests, and he refused pay
When no khans or hotels
ment. able,
the traveller
house.
However
would refuse any
is
welcomed at any
poor offer
are avail
your host, of payment.
he
Hospitality is the religion of Albania. In the northern mountains, where the safety of a traveller
is
guaranteed by some
mountaineer s bessa, any harm that comes even to a chance guest is a wrong to be
avenged just as if it had happened to a kinsman, and could start a vendetta on his behalf a blood feud, to be handed down from father father to son.
The
hospitality offered us ranged from
where we dined
had
to offer
was at our
disposal, for
travelling, so to speak, under the government s bessa. Everywhere, in rich
homes or
in poor,
was a wealth
of hos
Once, on a mountain-top, pass ing two shepherds eating their cornbread and cheese, our Albanian friend asked for
pitality.
a taste of bread; whereupon they tried to press their whole little store upon us, their cheese as well.
The Shqiptar
peasant,
most European peasants, lives on a meagre diet a single meal of cornbread and cheese and onions often forming his Our horsemen com entire daily ration. like
did ten prosperous persons coffee hours hard work on a small cup of coffee
paratively
morning and a bowl of and cheese and bread at eleven.
at four four in olives
the
a figurative sense that be said to be Albania s
It is not only in
hospitality
may
573
ALBANIA
574
Although 71 per cent of the people are Moslem, 19 per cent Albanian Orthodox,* 10 per cent Roman Catholic, Formal rethey are not ritual-bound. a matter of cusligion is parenthetical torn, and in no way divides the people, Christian and Moslem children attend the same schools. At an Easter midnight mass we saw nearly as many Mohammedans as Christians in the Orthodox church; and others were waiting outside religion.
to
bid
Iman
their
Ali,
friends
the
Indian
a
Easter,
happy delegate
to
the
defending Albania s request for membership, said that Albania was the only country in the world where
League
of Nations,
"
Christians and
gether like
Mohammedans
lived to-
adaptability
the
of
Al-
constantly demonstrated. The served by no newspeasants we met papers, often illiterate, with no experience
banians
is
own remote mountains and villages, most of them Mohammedan, with strict views about their own women outside their
found the word
"Amerikes"
sufficient
explanation and accepted us, two foreign, strangely garbed, unveiled women, readily
and graciously, and as unself-consciously as if we had been men a refreshing experience after remote regions of certain Latin countries, where wonder never ceased at our travelling without male ac-
and
held
in
place
by
leather
thongs.
Coming from
days through the most primitive mountains into the modernized city of Korcha is an experience in for the
five
The mountain
contrasts.
villages were, of scattered handfuls part,
most
now
mud and
clay bricks, now of stone, sometimes with tiled, often with
houses,
of
sometimes windowless, with outbuildings and pens and fences of braided twigs; the mountaineers always, thatched, roofs,
of course, in their native costumes.
In Korcha, however, nearly every one dresses in European clothing. In the
men
coffee-houses
are reading the latest issue of the newspaper out three times a
The
week.
brothers."
The mental
shaped
city
has
many
new,
well-
houses, equipped with plumbing, Engineers are working on a plan to supply built
Korcha with electric light; and many modern improvements are under way. Everywhere one hears English, for nearly the whole adult male population of Korcha has been in the United States. To be sure, there are still many reminders of
mounagricultural city s setting laineers come to town to buy and sell, a the
quaintly dressed shepherd, with his crook, guiding a flock of sheep through the busy
main
with high sides of braided twigs; yet on the whole the city gives a .modern atmosphere, street; ox-carts,
One does
companiment.
not, however, feel conscious of between the Albanian peasant
Their conversation was not a mere ex- a great gap change of pleasant words. They asked -and his city brother; for the peasant is the latest news in the cities from which we intelligent, self-reliant, quite without serhad come. On one trip our Albanian vility. Perhaps this is because every friend
showed photographs
of the
hanged rebels to our hosts or to peasants met by chance who wanted news. Conversation often concerned Albania, always we were asked what we thought of it, often the customs of our own country were inquired about.
A man who
America had been
asked
how
long that
peasant owns a bit of land; or perhaps his land-ownership is the result of his qualities.
("All
nians are
but
five
per cent of us Alba-
landowners,"
said an
official.)
Even when he is illiterate, he is clearheaded and penetrating, and alert to what going on in the land. In the strange, almost weird mountain song-dances, where is
commented by now everybody must be happy and nobody poor, and was disappointed at our One peasant asked regretful negative. with a twinkle why we had come to Al-
do with the happenings of the day. Thus, while we were in Tirana, several
there are only rocks and mountains and rivers and opingas to see"
evenings at sunset a group of the mountain volunteers danced and sang current
opingas being the simplest of possible
was the story of how Ahmet Zogoli and Spiro Kolleka had saved the country in its most recent distress; ,1 Ti i111 r HOW I1OW tilC Italians had been forced OUt
bania,
free,
"where
foot-gear,
mere rectangles
of pelt, slightly
Albania has carried her patriotism to the point of declnring her Orthodox church independent of the Greek.
the leaders improvise poetry which they chant as they dance, the songs have often to
events.
i
Now
it
ALBANIA was an appeal that America recognize Albania, in which case, the song proclaimed, Albania would be invincible. Possibly this last song was improvised because some Americans were At any observed among the listeners. rate, even the untaught peasant knows of
Valona; again
Albania
s
it
need of recognition by the great
Powers outside.
The
minister of the interior, speaking of the peasants attitude to the government,
Many mountain
villages are
sometimes with
always ask them," he said, "what they think of it. They inquire carefully about its purpose and how it will "I
work, and then give a considered opinion. Sometimes it is that the law is good but the
time
is
not ripe for
it.
Fre
quently they have suggestions to make." All this in a land where farming is in the most primitive stage, where not only is there
so small that he
cannot dig a living from it on an aver age four "ettoro," or about two hundred square meters, excluding forest land, which all belongs to the government; he
must therefore work
own about
for the rich beys, who 35 per cent of the land, or on
the government
farms,
which comprise
about 40 per cent. The harvest is di vided one- third for the worker, one-third for the owner, and the last third for which :
of scattered houses, now of mud or clay brick, often of stone, often with thatched roofs. The outbuildings and pens and tiled, fences are often of braided twigs.
sual for peasants to walk three days over the mountains to discuss some recent de
that
his holding is usually
mere handfuls
said that they followed every government action with interest, that it was not unu
cree.
575
no farm machinery, but wooden
ploughs are used
except in certain small areas where iron ones have been intro
tools.
Among
is
a landowner,
its
government
many new
is
undertakings the
attempting to improve and
stimulate agriculture.
The
lack of roads,
markets, machinery, and organization in a country four-fifths of which is moun
makes
a tremendous task; but the Department of Public Works has brought experts in from Turkey, Austria, and Italy, has started a farm journal, of tain land
this
distribut buted ed which a thousand copies are distri monthly to the peasants, has opened one agricultural school, and is hoping and
planning for another.
The
duced.
Although every peasant
ever of the two supplies the animals and
social
mountain
structure
districts in the
in
the
north of
remote Albania
ALBANIA
576
very different from that of central and In the north the old southern Albania.
is
hibition
is
being discussed, and the gen-
eral feeling favors
it.
The Albanian has a gift for languages, branches of a family, sometimes number- The equipment of Turkish, Greek, and over er a hundred, living in a single for- Serbian, Bulgarian, or Roumanian in addiing ov tion to Albanian, is common. tressed house. The people in the south Among have a different dialect from those who have had a foreign education, the Ghegs often all southerners French and German or Italian the Toscs, in the south; the southerners
patriarchal tribal system prevails,
all
the
have travelled back and forth to other lands, and have, perhaps, qualities of In times easier contacts with strangers. past there existed an antagonism between north and south, and, though Albania is united in a strong national feeling and in its aspirations, little
survivals of the old
antagonism crop up even now.
Thus,
during Easter week in Tirana, it often happened that groups from both north and south found themselves together in
though one the other other was always singing, group or the We once they seldom sang together. asked a man why he and his friends were "We don t know their he silent. songs," the
coffee-houses.
Yet,
said a returned immigrant, the Shqiptar s chief recreation. There
"Singing,"
are no movies here.
Instead
we spend
our evenings playing games and singing in This is quite true, the coffee-houses."
Look
are
She guages, as other nations often do. educates her young people in Italy, all countries which have France, Austria
any Tirana coffee-house of an evening, and you will see men playing chess, checkers, dominos, backgammon, and often a group singing. People into almost
One finds oneself man who was largely
been her occupiers.
in-
terviewing the
re-
sponsible for getting the Italians out of Valona in the language of his ex-enemy,
Many their
Albanians read Persian as one of
A
classics.
government
practical
whose conversation skipped easily from the recent Albanian rebellion to European politics, to hunting and dogs, to regrets that we should be leaving Shqipofficial,
the nightingales should begin quoted from a Persian classic.
rija before
to sing,
replied.
"is
added channels of intercourse, Albania has not mixed up hates with Ianthree
"I
he exclaimed, and transinto immaculate English one of
do like
lated
it
it!"
many modern languages. Boys at the American Red Cross school have learned his
in only a few months to impromptu theatricals in English,
enough English give
idiomatic, easy, with just enough foreign accent to make their grammatical correct-
living near the Elbasson prison said that
more astonishing. Even their subtle sense of humor the Shqiptari carry
every evening at sunset the prisoners sang The Albanian has a rich and together.
over into foreign languages the Albanian sense of humor
varied repertoire.
After a ringing
theme may come an song, sombre and moving,
patriotic
primeval
rhythm.
Next,
humorous alphabet song,
new
old, old folk-
in
strange,
perhaps,
the
in college-song as not, foreign
manner; then, as likely songs, sometimes with Albanian words, as in
"Tipperary"
or "Gaudeamus
Igitur";
I again with original words, as in ever Blowing Bubbles," or even "
der the Greenwood
Roast Beef
"
;
Tree,"
m For"Un-
or "Monday
and when they have warmed
to their singing they begin the favorite game of improvising songs usually jokes
ness even
or perhaps is akin to the
American, so often did we laugh heartily together.
Perhaps it has enabled
is their linguistic ability
the
Albanians
to
that
retain,
through centuries of school-less foreign occupation, their own tongue, now the most ancient in southeastern Europe. It is of
Indo-European
origin, the sole sur-
vivor of the Thraco-Illyrian group. The Encyclopaedia Britannica says: "In its relation relation to Latin
and Greek,
it
may
be
re-
garded as a co-ordinate member of the
Though
the dialects of
up
Aryan
and gibes at one another.
the Ghegs and Toscs differ, the language like the people has remained integral. It
can be procured
Though wine
in the coffee-houses, au-
thorities agree that there is little drinking, The Shqiptar prefers his coffee. Drunk-
enness
is rare.
At present national pro-
stock."
has retained
many
souvenir words from
its
various invaders, but it is strikingly distinct from all other Balkan languages. Its lack of literature
makes it
at the
same time
ALBANIA and
of peculiar interest
of peculiar diffi
The alphabet
culty to philologists.
itself
as in presents knotty problems, for, lish, there are different letters and
binations of letters for the
Eng com
same sound,
but even far less than English has the Thus "Korspelling been standardized. the name of Albania s second largest cha," is
city,
spelled
"Kortche,"
"Korce,"
and all spellings used by Alba Korcha nians. Even people s names are spelled "Korche,"
"Koritza,"
"Korc," "
"-
variously.
Among cerns
One
established,"
of
New
education.
is
being
new government
the
its
first
old
acts
s chief
con are
schools
ones
improved.
was a compulsory
education law.
The peasants
most part eager
to send their children to
school.
"Scarcely
a week
are for the said
passes,"
that does not the minister of education, bring requests for schools from remote "
Often peasants
districts.
come
the
to
recently the government sent many children abroad to study. In 1921 at the time of several hundred students
Until
countries at
were studying in foreign
government expense.
present policy
is
to cut
down
these
The
num
But with only 3 secondary, and grammar schools in the land; with 474 bers.
class,*
12 of
565 schools having only one some foreign education is still
the nation
s
students educated The necessary. abroad at government expense are prom ised
government employment, which they
agree to accept for five years after their education is The recent completed.
opening of a normal school in Elbasson, and of the National Technical School in
Con Tirana,! will reduce the numbers. sidering its narrow purse, the government has been generous with the schools, hav ing apportioned to
them
for
schools represent the highest education available for women. Of 563 schools the Over three girls have 28, the boys 535.
times
Only
as
the school
year 1921-22, 2,595,388 gold francs about one-seventh of the country s small budget.
Of
95 of the
tivity outside
Excluding an orphanage for boys and
grammar girls
and two
kindergartens for girls. t This school was opened by the American Junior Cross,
now
which
still
directs
it.
Red
The government, however,
sharing the expense, will ultimately take
it
is
over entirely,
and has already broken ground for a new building, to be paid for by the government and the Red Cross jointly.
VOL.
LXXIL
37
of
the the four four walls
her
of
a great impediment to the education of women. Indeed it is a sign
of progress when Mohammedan parents send their girls to school at all. Christian
daughters
also,
though they do not
are available for or fifteen,
and
matrimony
live
a retired
veil,
at fourteen
In a
life.
however, where many things are changing, even these fundamental cus land,
toms are beginning to relax. Korcha Mohammedan and
We
saw
in
Christian
girls of fifteen
studying geometry, other subjects, with interest.
among
position of women in Albania is just beginning to emerge from the dark One rarely sees Shqiptar women in ages.
and the work townswomen, who come to the
public, except the peasants
ing-class bazaar to sell their products; or occasional
women, shrouded almost out of all semblance to human form by their veils and black, ill-shaped garments. In the mountains the peasants often go un are at work veiled, especially when they are in the fields where they work as hard as But in most of the cities a do the men. woman goes unveiled only when with her husband and only then if the husband upper-class
is
to permit it. pointed out to us as so
"advanced"
sufficiently
One man was
jealous that he would not let even his brother see his wife unveiled.
own
Girls Marriage customs are Oriental. and boys are betrothed by their parents in early childhood, and never see one an The Orthodox and other until marriage. Roman Catholic women have a little more freedom, but the differences are not
years you
*
854 teachers are women.
will provide, is
boys than for
girls
girls.
home, her retirement behind her latticed window, to await the husband her parents
great.
Two
as
The withdrawal at adolescence of the Mo hammedan girl from school or any ac
course, in a country Oriental in cus toms, the provisions are far better for girls.
attend
many boys
The
capital to urge their establishment."
our visit 159
577
were
all
"But
told
marrying
again
won
t
this
is
changing,"
we
and again. five find many young men "In
they ve never seen," said a ve had been in America.
girls
youth who seen the
girl
other.
But
"I
I
m going to
in answer
marry,"
said an
to our questions
about her, he did not know what she
ALBANIA
578
now she had been twelve years old when he saw her, five years ago; but she was his cousin, and he knew she
looked like
"
was
all
Yet even
right."
this is
some ad
The vance over older points of view. changes are not great, but that they have actually begun
women
some parts of Albania are far from insignificant. Korcha has a thriv of
ing women s club of 300 members, both Christian and Mohammedan, with a It carries on most building of its own. of the activities characteristic of women s
clubs
is significant.
Although plural marriages are allowed
in
America
in
even
publishing a Meetings are held,
monthly magazine. lectures given
always by women, other wise the Mohammedan women could not attend philanthropic and some educa
work
tional
is
done.
Among
other things
the club has brought down a modiste from Vienna to teach modern European dress
making to a group
We
of girls.
asked often about the possibility of
woman The "We
suffrage in this new country. president of the women s club said: re
not ready for
it
yet,
women
s
opportunities have been so limited; but we are educating the next generation for s only a matter of time," said a it."
"It
"Our women can government official. have suffrage as soon as they want it.
We We
hope that time is not too far away." had expected incredulous smiles, and perhaps a comment about women s place
home
comments we did meet in But in Albania, side by Italy and Serbia. side with the most backward conditions, one finds the average mind open to every new possibility one reason why Albania in the
is
so especially interesting at the present
moment. Not
of the
Ku-Klux-Klan, but an unemancipated
Mohammedan townswoman,
It feels itself capable of
kind of progress; and yet
a white
The frequent by the Mohammedan Church, they are uncommon, and there is a strong feeling against them. Occasionally a man who has no children by his first wife will take a second; but more often, in such cases, he first.
Divorce
is
easy,
if
there are no children, and if a man can af ford to pay the high cost. For he must
return her provide for his first wife, and return A wife always brings a dowry. dowry.
Indeed
it
is
sewed, in
many
gold napo leons if she is rich, in lesser coins other wise, to her wedding-gown. Among the
philanthropic bequests of a rich man in Korcha, was a fund to provide dowries for
poor
(A church and a
city drug store were his other chief benefactions.) The evidences of progress in the status girls.
no way
descriptions of Albanians lawless people" doubtless
and spring from the frequency
as a
the
in
cocky.
cloth covering her face.
divorces
is
every
still
"wild
unfortunately
regions.
of vendettas, prevalent in certain
The new government, however,
dealing rigorously with vendetta par ticipants, all the killing now being con
is
sidered murder, even when the survivor is not the aggressor. Self-defense can sel
dom
be claimed, for even within the law lessness of these death feuds is a scrupu law: w: th the e lously respected la
enemy must be
warned, he must be armed. Any one, then, can protect himself by leaving his arms at home. The government is now to
forbid
the
of carrying The strong feeling that ven weapons. dettas are matters of sacred privacy, not
planning
to be interfered with is
beginning to give
by the government,
way
to the belief that
ALBANIA the stamping out of these feuds ful public duty.
of crimes
a right Of 794 persons accused is
ending in death in
1921, 692 these figures
were convicted.
Although do not distinguish between deaths in curred in vendettas and others, it is safe that at th the e great majority were to assume th
the former. former.
view
579 of
lawyer
for
murder
The
is
hanging,
officers of the
in the absence of daily is
simple
if
papers pub
given such punishment by the
grewsome custom
of leaving the
hanging on the crude gallows for a few hours on bazaar day.
body
of the criminal
The
actual execution takes place privately at night. One such happened while we
were in Tirana, and the white-covered body, swaying in the wind, threw a grim
shadow over the bright gaiety
of
the
s total
Elbasson,
lack of banks.
who handled
A
1000
cases last year, had One only 2 of theft. of these was committed by a man who got
drunk at a wedding and on the way home stole some sugar and coffee but left un touched the gold he might easily have
The
next
morning, sober, he came to his senses, and took the property
Korcha women
The two Mohammedan women have put back
licity
in
stolen.
The punishment
and
Albania
s club.
their veils for the picture.
to the police. In view of his intoxication and of his returning the property, he was
sentenced to one instead of the customary three years imprisonment for theft. Albania, industrially undeveloped, im ports everything not grown by her primi tive agricultural methods, or homes or shops by simple
Even is
made
in her
hand work.
her importations are small, for it a land of few luxuries, even for those so,
bazaar.
who have
Despite their vendettas the Albanians are not "wild and lawless." Women, at
ican tastes by residence abroad. For clothing, there are sewing-machines
any time
in the tailor-shops in the cities, but that of the rural population is made at home
of the
day or night, in the re motest places, are safe from molestation. There is no case on record of harm to a woman. Property crimes are all but non existent an especially striking fact in
acquired
"European"
or
Amer
from the raising of the sheep stage. These clothes have enough vigor of outline, adaptation to usefulness, and richness
CALLAHAN OF CARMINE STREET
580
gained from the quality of the material and workmanship to be an expression of art. less
mountain women, much decorative than that of the men, have
an
extreme
The
clothes of the
seeming
simplicity,
be
to
hewn
out, Stone-Age-like. In the homes are also made, for sale in
the bazaars, woollen horse-blankets, loose ly woven, soft-toned; gaily colored cloth, the gayest used for aprons, even ers in restaurants, or for
by wait head and face
coverings by the women; and, in special ized localities, silk, sheer, distinctive.
The homes
industries practised outside of the are easy to see in operation in the
Oriental, open-front shops of the \vorkerWhite fezzes grow from softmerchant. fluffed
bunches
of
wool
white
as
you
Copper water-carriers and cook ing-utensils are dramatically shaped in the watch.
and charm and refreshing lack
plicity
commercialism
of
Albania be able to
will
retain in the period of development
now
on her horizon?
Will she escape an in tensive industrialism which will iron out
her
vivid
Or
individuality?
an
even
becoming an impersonal rail road corridor from the inte interi rior or of the Will she have peninsula to the Adriatic ? the wisdom to select from the countries she is studying, and from which she has invited experts, just those measures which worse
fate,
her particular needs ? Or will she Europe put one of its rubber stamps
will fit let
on her?
Perhaps, having preserved her
personality through centuries of human invasions, she will continue to keep the
upper hand
the coming machine in Intensive industrialism may
vasion.
in
come upon her with
swiftness too bewil
Shoes, from the simplest opingas to the most pom-pomed, are cut and sewed in the
dering to withstand, or she may be for tunate enough to have a respite of agricul
Street of the Shoemakers.
defense.
Street
the
of
Copperworkers.
Saddles are
tural
development in which to plan a
carved out, woollen saddle-bags woven, all with the assurance of a knowing ar
Albania now presents her self to the world a new country, free at last, her whole future in her own hands,
tisan.
and the
made,
How
wooden
cigarette-holders
much, we wonder,
of
deftly
her
sim
At any
her
rate,
desire
and
spirit to
mould
it
to
will.
Callahan of Carmine Street ANOTHER STORY OF
"VAX
BY HENRY Author of
"Hey,
TASSEL AND BIG
H.
Toolan
s
BILL"
CURRAN Marchin
!"
etc.
ILLUSTRATIONS BY THOMAS FOGARTY
LDERMAN VAN TASSEL
stood on the
steps of the big house
Park Avenue, that had been home to
in lower
and
it
was
hesitated.
him
since the
was
born,
day he all
of
twenty-five years ago, plain to be seen that he He looked to the north and
south and dr drew ew a deep breath. What a The mid-October morning for a walk !
air
fairly
crackled in
its
crispness,
the
spent leaves rustled in the great tree over head, the white clouds floated, high and If far, on a bowl of deep, dazzling blue.
do that morning, a little more time to do it in For the Honorable James Van Tassel, who had become alderman of the seventyfifth district in August, to fill an unexpired there were only a
little
less
to
!
term, was now before the people for elec tion, by the votes of the people, for the
new term
and he was very busy canvassing the people Every min of
two years
!
ute counted in this business of vote-get-
SCRIBNER 5
MAGAZINE PUBLISHED MONTH1Y WITH ILLUSTRATIONS
VOLUME LXXII JULY-DECEMBER
CHARLES SCRIBNEKS SONS NEW TORK 7
BEAK STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND
CONTENTS
iv
CARRINGTON, JAMES
American
B.
Illustration
and
PAGE the
123
Reproductive Arts
CATHERINE DE MEDICIS AND from old
Illustrations
ST.
BARTHOLOMEW,
PAUL VAN DYKE,
.
.
.
CERTAIN VENGEANCES UPON UNCTION.
Point
of
505
View
CHAMBRUN, COMTESSE DE. A Daughter of Barbary CHARMS OF INCONSISTENCY, THE. Point of View, CHAUTAUQUA. See The Tents of the Conservative. CLARK ELIOT. American Painters of Winter Landscape.
439 375
Field of Art
CLEOPATRA
NOSE.
S
482
prints.
On
See
the Length of Cleopatra
763
s
Nose.
CLIFFORD, MRS. W. K. Joyce COARSE FISHING IN FRANCE
293
(including Frontispiece)
Illustrations
by A. B. Frost
ETHEL ROSE,
281
and Guy Rose.
COLD LIGHT
E.
from photographs and diagrams.
Illustrations
NEWTON HARVEY,
455
CORBIN, JOHN.
The Return of the Middle Class. Democracy and Womanhood,
I.
II.
198
The Valiant Woman
CORLEY, DONALD.
COWARD, THE.
348
The Book of
the Debts,
179
W.
(A STORY) from drawings by the Author.
Illustrations
(STORIES OP
H.
580 423
[The Imperturbability of Pick, TASSEL" AND "Bio BILL.")
721
\
"VAN
The Party of
CURTISS, PHILIP.
738
Callahan of Carmine Street, Hey, Toolan s Marchin !
f
CURRAN, HENRY
R. LEIGH,
DAUGHTER OF BARBARY,
the
Third Part
730
COMTESSE DE CHAMBRUN,
439
DEMOCRACY AND WOMANHOOD
JOHN CORBIN
198
DESERT, THE.
RAYMOND
A.
Decorations by T. Nadojen.
(A STORY),
Illustrations by I
e
\
(A STORY)
Edmund Duffy.
S.
SPEARS,
The Real Revolt in Our Theatre. The Significance of Recent American Drama.
DRAMATIS PERSON/E. (A STORY) EASTMAN, REBECCA HOOPER.
DONN BYRNE, The
Gentleman
233
....
147
with
Plaid Eyes
60
EATON, WALTER PRICHARD.
The Real Revolt in Our
Theatre
596
THE E WORLD EAVESDROPPING ON TH
With a photograph. EBERLE, LOUISE. In Recognition e
<>
I
\
of
ORANGE EDWARD McMEANs, 225
an American Sculptor
The Human Boy and the Microscope. The Man, the Woman, and the University.
EDWARDS, GEORGE WHARTON. Drawings in Monotone
London
Eight
401
ELUSIVE AMERICAN AND THE EX-EUROPEAN, THE, ESTY, ANNETTE.
379
ERNEST BOYD
26 87
"Rights,"
EUWER, ANTHONY. In an Oregon of Seven Drawings,
Wilderness
A
Series
133
REAL PEOPLE WHO ARE REAL SUCCESSES, FIELD OF ART, THE. Illustrated. "FATHER."
.
.
ZONA GALE,
559
Illustration and the Reproductive Arts. (James B. Carrington), American Painters of Winter Landscape. (Eliot Clark)
763
In Recognition of an American Sculptor.
379
American
The Modernist Movement Public, Artist, and Critic. Gilbert Stuart and His Wharton)
FISHING.
in Painting.
123
(Louise Eberle), (Oliver S. Tonks),
251
(Homer Saint-Gaudens) Sitters.
507
(Anne Hollingsworth 635
See Coarse Fishing in France.
FiTzGERALD,
EDWARD.
Unpublished Letters
.
161,
326
CONTENTS
v PAGE
FORCIBLE READERS. FROM IMMIGRANT TO INVENTOR
Point of View,
What
249
MICHAEL PUPIN.
Brought to America The Hardships of a Greenhorn,
III.
The End
259 409 545
IV.
From
673
I.
II.
I
of the Apprenticeship as Greenhorn Greenhorn to Citizenship and College Degree
Illustrations from photographs and old (See also Vol. LXXIII.)
prints.
FROM KITCHEN TO KITCHENETTE.
Point of View,
GALE. ZONA. GALLANT LADY, THE
632
559
"Father,"
GARIS,
ROY
CAROLINE E. MACGILL,
The
L.
A
Problem
Immigration
.
Practical
American Solution
364
GENTLEMAN WITH PLAID by Walter
Illustrations
THE
EYES,
REBECCA HOOPER EASTMAN, The Nature of
an Oath
GHOST ON THE WIRE, THE.
ROBERT
(A STORY),
P.
by Gordon Stevenson.
GLEASON, J. D. Barges, HALE, GEORGE ELLERY. A
...
LOWRY,
515
AN END? AND
!
A STORY
or
"VAN TASSEL"
by Thomas Fogarty.
HORNADAY, WILLIAM
FREDERIC C. HOWE,
.
.
HENRY H. CURRAN,
.
.
.
Come
to
3
Has
C.
an End ?
Westward Tide of Peoples
the
358
HUARD, FRANCES WILSON. A Season in Montmartre HUMAN BOY AND THE MICROSCOPE, THE,
HUMAN TOUCH AND THE
LIBRARIAN, THE,
.
.
.
.
29 .
.
OLIVER LA FARGE,
ELEANOR
.
.
.
E. LEDBETTER,
.
HUNEKER, JAMES. A Sheaf of Letters IMMIGRANT. See From Immigrant to Inventor. IMMIGRATION.
See
306
A
PRACTICAL AMER
ICAN SOLUTION
IMPERTURBABILITY OF PICK, THE IN
AND
"BiG
A
STORY
OF
BILL,"
by Thomas Fogarty.
AN OREGON WILDERNESS
A
SERIES
OF
SEVEN
DRAWINGS, INCLUDING FRONTISPIECE,
IN RECOGNITION OF
AN AMERICAN SCULPTOR.
Field of Art
JEWETT, THE SUCCESS OF JUDGE. REAL PEOPLE WHO ARE REAL SUCCESSES,
JOYCE.
(A STORY)
ROY
L.
GARIS
364
HENRY H. CURRAN, ANTHONY EUWER,
.
.
.
.
.
LOUISE EBERLE VICTOR MURDOCH,
.
.
,
.
.
the
R.
Touch
and
LET TEKS.
bee
f
|
The
Man Who Made
450
Poetry
Hum
109
738
Loaded Dice,
699
Unpublished Letters of Edward FitzGerald. A sheaf o f Letters.
LETTING GO OF A LADY. Illustrations
293
the
The Coward
LESLIE, SHANE.
433
614
Microscope,
Librarian
LEIGH, W.
133
Reginald Birch.
LA FARGE, OLIVER. The Human Boy and LEDBETTER, ELEANOR E. The Human LEE, JENNETTE.
721
379
MRS. W. K. CLIFFORD,
by
Illustrations
450
American Solution.
IMMIGRATION PROBLEM, THE
Illustrations
614
Has the Westward Tide of Peoples Come to an End? The Immigration Problem A Prac tical
"VAN TASSEL"
423
Masterpieces of American Taxi
T.
dermy,
HOWE FREDERIC
358 315
BILL"
Illustrations
455
The Wall Dog
MARCHIN
S
"Bia
153
National Focus of Science and
HARVEY, E. NEWTON. Cold Light H\S THE WESTWARD TIDE OF PEOPLES COME TO HEY, TOOLAN
208
17
Research
HERRICK, ELIZABETH.
60
Tittle.
GEROULD, KATHARINE FULLERTON. Illustrations
240
(A STORY)
by C. A. Federer.
W. EDSON
SMITH,
.
.
.
333
CONTENTS
vi
LIBRARIAN.
LOADED
See
DICE.
PAGE
The Human Touch and
the Librarian.
SHANE LESLIE
(A STORY)
699
Illustrations by Charles Baskerville.
LOCO A STUDY IN DEMONSTRATIVE AFFECTION.
500
Point of View
LONDON
EIGHT DRAWINGS
IN
GEORGE WHARTON EDWARDS,
MONOTONE,
LOOKING FOR THAT LITTLE HOME IN THE COUN TRY.
LOT
Point of View
701
A
BENJAMIN BROOKS,
BALLYHOO Bus STORY 101. Illustrations by Alice Harvey.
CARY GAMBLE. Marie LOWRY, ROBERT P. The Ghost on the LYRA SACRA. Point of View 1.0
\VN )KS, I
s
i/
M\( GILL, CAROLINE
COVE.
S
Wire
... .
.
591
JENNETTE LEE
109 .
.
.
On
the
Length
of
Cleopatra
WILLIAM T. HORNADAT,
World
END.
s
on
Eavesdropping
(he
225
BARRY
PHILIP
(A STORY)
MEDJCIS. See Catherine de M6dicis and St. -Bartholomew. MI DDLE CLASS. See The Return of the Middle Class. MODERNIST MOVEMENT IN PAINTING, THE. Field of Art,
OLIVER
S.
01 8
TOXKS,
.
.
.
MONTMARTRE. See A Season in Montmartre. MURDOCK, VICTOR. The Success of Judge Jewell
NATURE OF AN OATH, THE. Illustration
by Charles
by W.
Illustrations
J.
(A STORY),
Baskerville.
NICHOLSON, MEREDITH. OLD BLUEBELL HUNTS.
An
American
VIOLA
I.,
Albania
Illustrations I
ll
ELPS,
.
.
5:52
JR.,
BRANDER MATTHEWS,
.
.
343 119
HAKRIKT WKLLKS.
42
5GG
(A STORY),
PHILIP CUHTISS,
(A STORY),
by Clarence Rowe.
730
.
VIRGINIA CLKAVER BACON,
.
by Alice Harvey.
Vol.
208
AND CAMPBELL, HELEN
WILLIAM LYON. As
(.See also
KATHARINE FULLERTON GEROULD JOHN BIGGS,
(A STORY) Hays.
PARTY OF THE THIRD PART, THE.
PATH -TREADER, THE.
515
.
091
by Clarence Rowe.
Illustrations
GEORGE ELLERY HALE,
Citizen,
.
Illustrations
A.
....
ON THE LENGTH OF CLEOPATRA S NOSE, OREGON DRAWINGS. See In an Oregon Wilderness. OTHER PEOPLE S DOORSTEPS. Point of View, PAINTED CANYON. (A STORY) PARADISE,
633
from drawings by the Architect and from
photographs.
251
433
MUSIC HALF-HEARD. Point of View SCIENCE E AND RESEARCH, NATIONAL FOCUS OF SCIENC Illustrations
3
343
MEANS, ORANGE EDWARD. S
713
.
Nose,
MEADOW
240
MARY BRIARLY CARY GAMBLE LOWNDES,
from photographs.
MATTHEWS, BRANDER. M<
248
Frost.
MASTERPIECES OF AMERICAN TAXIDERMY, Illustrations
407
153
(A STORY)
by A. B.
Illustrations
.
713
MAN, THE WOMAN, AND THE UNIVERSITY, THE, MAN WHO MADE POETRY HUM, THE. (A STORY),
MAULEY
.
.
Cove
The Gallant Lady
E.
401
I Like
It.
LXXIII.)
(Department),
.
187
371, 408, 020, 020, 75:5
POINT OF VIEW, THE. Another View of Alumni Control, 504. At the Hospital, 122.
Lyra Sacra, 248. Music Half-Heard, 633.
Bachelor
Bugaboo, The, 378. Certain Vengeances upon Unction, 505.
Other People s Doorsteps, 119. Rented Acres, 247.
Charms
Some Distance under Their
s
of Inconsistency, The, 375.
Forcible Readers, 240.
From Kitchen Loco:
A Study
Looking
for
Sum
to Kitchenette, 632. in
That
PRINCE TATTERS. Illustrations
Sonnets by Barrie
by
Demonstrative Affection, 500. Little
Home
(A STORY) F. C.
Yohn.
in tlie
Country, 701.
s
Skins,
759.
Adopted Son, 375.
of Living, The, 376.
Wednesday Club Meets, The,
When We
760.
Are Ailing, 120.
MARY
R.
S.
ANDREWS,
.
138
CONTENTS PUBLIC, ARTIST,
vii
PACK
AND
CRITIC.
Field of Art,
.
.
.
HOMER SAINT-GAUDENS,
.
PUPIN, MICHAEL. From Immigrant to Inventor. What I Brought to America, I. The Hardships of a Greenhorn II. The End of the Apprenticeship as Greenhorn III. IV. From Greenhorn to Citizenship and College Degree
25 .)
409 515 073
LXXIII.)
(See also Vol.
QUINN, ARTHUR HOBSON. American Drama
RADIO.
The Significance of Recent 97
See Eavesdropping on the World.
RANCHWOMAN S GUESTS, A REAL PEOPLE WHO ARE REAL The Success
I.
II.
L.
An American Citizen. (Lucius B. SWIFT.) REAL REVOLT IN OUR THEATRE, THE
.
.
.
ZONA GALE MEREDITH NICHOLSON,
.
.
.
.
WALTER PRICHARD EATON,
from photographs.
RECOULY, RAYMOND.
478
VICTOR MURDOCK,
"Father,"
Illustrations
M. WESTON
SUCCESSES.
of Judge Jewett,
III.
.
JOHN COKBIN I9,s
The Valiant Woman,
348
ANNETTE ESTY,
(A STORY) by Reginald Birch.
"RIGHTS."
Illustrations
ROSE, ETHEL.
281
Drawings and Notes.
SEASON IN MONTMARTRE, A Illustrations
/
\
Books and Autograph Letters of
Ode
to Shelley.
368
.
SMITH, HARRY B. Books and Autograph SMITH, W. EDSON. Letting Go of a Lady
29
306
Shelley.
THE,
ODELL SHEPARD,
....
495 495
ARTHUR HOUSON QUINN,
.
Letters of Shelley
97 73
333
SOME DISTANCE UNDER THEIR SKINS. View
Point
of
759
SON AT THE FRONT,
A.
(SERIAL.)
Illustrations (including Frontispiece) (See also Vol. LXXIII.)
SONNETS BY BARRIE View
RAYMOND
TABER,
JAMES HUNEKKK,
SHELVING SYSTEMS SHEPARD, ODELL. Shelving Systems SIGNIFICANCE OF RECENT AMERICAN DRAMA,
SPEARS,
219
749
Edited by Royal Cortissoz. c
507
FRANCES WILSON HUARD,
by Charles Huard
SHAW, CHARLES B. "Beakers of Blushful Hippocrcnc," SHEAF OF LETTERS, A
87
Coarse Fishing in France
SAINT-GAUDENS, HOMER. Public, Artist, and Critic SCHMIDT, OSCAR F. Atuona Storms the Bastille SCIENCE AND RESEARCH. See A National Focus of Science. SEA WOLVES OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY, I. W.
wv
596
217
....
Democracy and Womanhood,
II.
<>!)!
3M7
RENTED ACRES. Point of View, RETURN OF THE MIDDLE CLASS, THE, I.
433 550
Across the Syrian Deserts by Air
plane
CTITJ-T T
507
S
ADOPTED
EDITH WHARTON,
Chapters 1-IV, by Frances Rogers. .
SON.
Point
643
of
375 S.
The Desert
STANDARDIZING THE INDIVIDUAL STEVENSON, ROBERT LOUIS. See An
233
ROGER BURLINGAME, Adventurer
in
.
.
116
a
Velvet Jacket.
STUART, GILBERT, AND HIS SITTERS. SUCCESS OF JUDGE JEWETT
Field of Art,
REAL PEOPLE
WHO ARE
REAL SUCCESSES SUM OF LIVING, THE. Point of View SWIFT, LUCIUS B. See An American Citizen. TABER, I. W. Sea Wolves of the Seventeenth Century
TAXIDERMY. Sec Masterpieces of American TENTS OFATHE CONSERVATIVE, THE,
ANNE HOLLINGSWORTH WHARTON, VICTOR MURDOCK,
.
635 .
.
433
37H 3(is
Taxidc
....
ALLEN D. ALBERT,
54
CONTENTS
viii
PAGE
THEATRE. TONKS, OLIVER See
The Real Revolt
Our Theatre.
in
The Modernist Movement in Painting
S.
251
The Man, the Woman, and the University. UNPUBLISHED LETTERS THE TRANSLATOR OF OMAR EDWARD FITZGERALD, KHAYYAM TO BERNARD BARTON, THE QUAKER POET, Barton. . In Two Parts, with an Introduction by F. R. Barton
UNIVERSITY.
See
161,
.
326
Illustrated.
VALIANT WOMAN, THE VAN DYKE, HENRY. An Adventurer in a Velvet Jacket VAN DYKE, PAUL. Catherine de Midicis and St. Bartholo
JOHN CORBIN
348 171
482
mew
\m
(
1 "^wwvRnra
i
"^
Callahan of Carmine Street.
Hev Toolan -
Marchin
s
!
The Imperturbability of Pick. A SERIES OF ENGRAVINGS DONE I
VIRGIN ISLANDS, THE ON LINOLEUM,
WALL DOG, THE. Illustrations
WELLES, HARRIET. L.
A
M.
.
.
.
Ranchu Oman
Son LXXIII.)
s
315
42
478
Guests
at the the Front.
ELSE DID FATHER
WHEN WE ARE
705
760
Gilbert
Stuart
635
Sitters
(Sec also Vol.
WIRELESS.
.
Painted Canyon
WHARTON, EDITH. A "WHAT
.
Point of View
WHARTON, ANNE HOLLINGSWORTH. and His
BALCOM,
Alice Harvey.
WEDNESDAY CLUB MEETS, THE. WESTON,
L.
ELIZABETH HERRICK,
(A STORY)
by
LOWELL
AILING.
643
Chapters 1-IV.
EDWARD W. BOK,
DO?"
.
.
.
Point of View,
660 120
See Eavesdropping on the World.
POETRY THE CALLING ROAD
MARY
THE SPIRIT OF THE DAWN PREMONITION
BERTHA BOLUNG,
Decoration by Henry Pitz.
R.
S.
ANDREWS,
.
.
... ...
MOUNTAIN PRAYER
ALICE L. BUNNER, STRUTHERS BURT, STHUTHERS BURT,
CHILD
MARTHA HASKELL CLARK,.
"BEAUTY PERSISTS,"
CHRISTMAS
S
Decoration by Beatrice Stevens.
DERELICT
Louis DODGE,
"THE
JOHN FINLEY
MY
SWAN OF
TUONELA,"
With a photograph.
PRINCESS
.
.
.
....
.
.
.
.
.
.
668 665 737 672 666 669 668 666 669 595 669
668
JOHNSON, BERNICE LESBIA KENYON, ELIA W. PEATTIE, WILLIAM ALEXANDER PERCY,
531
MILTON RAISON,
196
...
.
by W. Fletcher White.
ARCHIBALD RUTLEDGE,
ElADIO,
HOME
A SIGN, DEATH, THE SCULPTOR .
LAVENDER,"
Decoration by Henry Pitz.
THE FISH-HAWK THE SINGING SHADOWS
.
669 670 96
ROBERT UNDERWOOD
CITY RAIN
ODE TO SHELLEY "BUY MY SWEET
.
...
END THE GREAT ADVENTURE
Illustrations
.
.
S
LANIER IN THE VALLEY A CANTICLE THE CAPTAIN AND THE CREW,
.
ARTHUR DAVISON FICKE, THEODOSIA GARRISON, ETHELEAN TYSON GAW, CHARLES BUXTON GOING, ARTHUR S. HARDY, GWENDOLEN HASTE, HILDEGARDE HAWTHORNE, HILDEGARDE H. JOHN,
THE BARRED WAY THE MINOR POET, TAKEN SHIP TO DAPHNE, KNITTING THE LITTLE THEATRE INTERPRETER TRAIL
.
667
SERENITY TO A ROSE AT A WINDOW OF HEAVEN
MARGARET E. SANGSTER, MARGARET SHERWOOD, NORA ARCHIBALD SMITH, GEORGE STERLING, CHARLES HANSON TOWNE,
.
.
.
...
JOHN HALL WHEELOCK, CLEMENT WOOD, WILLIAM HERVEY WOODS, STARK YOUNG,
.
.
.
...
.
.
672 625 131
108
670 224 115
69 671
246 543 370 342-
