Agriculture-notes.pdf

Agriculture Notes With MCQs | For Revenue Patwari Exam http://www.punjabexamportal.com/ https://www.facebook.com/pbexam/ Agriculture is a primary activity. It includes growing crops, fruits, vegetables, flowers and rearing of livestock. In the world, 50 per cent of persons are engaged in agricultural activity. Two- thirds of India’s population is still dependent on agriculture. Note – Note – The The land on which the crops are grown is known as arable land Important Term

Agriculture – The science and art of cultivation on the soil, raising crops and rearing livestock. It is also c alled farming Sericulture – Commercial rearing of silk worms. It may supplement the income of the farmer Viticulture – Cultivation of grapes Pisciculture Piscic ulture – Breeding of fish in specially constructed tanks and ponds Horticulture – Horticulture Growing vegetables, flowers and fruits for commercial use. Olericulture – Study of vegetable science Green Revolution Revolution – – It It stands for a major technological breakthrough breakthrough in India based on (i) improved seeds of high yielding varieties, (ii) adequate and assured supply of water for irrigation, and (iii) increased and appropriate application of chemical fertilizers for increasing agricultural agricultural production White Revolution – It stands for remarkable increase in milk production production Blue Revolution Revolution – – It It refers to big rise in catching of fresh water and marine fish Yellow Revolution Revolution – – It It refers to remarkably steady and assured supply of poultry products Pink Revolution Revolution – – It It refers to a considerable rise in the production of quantity of apples particularly in the states of Himachal Pradesh and J&K Black Revolution Revolution – Petroleum Production Brown Revolution Revolution – Leather/non-conventional(Ind Leather/non-conventional(India)/Coco ia)/Cocoa a production Golden Fibre Revolution – Jute Product P roduction ion Golden Revolution – Fruits/Overall Fruits/Overall Horticulture Horticulture development/Honey Production Grey Revolution – Fertilizer Red Revolution Revolution – Meat & Tomato Production Round Revolution Revolution – Potato Silver Fiber Revolution – Cotton Silver Revolution – Egg/Poultry Production Evergreen Evergre en Revolution Revolution – Overall development of Agriculture Agriculture

Soils of India: Six Different Types of Soils Found in India are as follows:

Soil is our prime natural and economic resource. Soils in India differ in composition and structure. 1. Alluvial Soils:

largest and the most important soil group of India These are formed by the deposition of sediments by rivers. They are rich in humus and very fertile.

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Agriculture Notes With MCQs | For Revenue Patwari Exam http://www.punjabexamportal.com/ https://www.facebook.com/pbexam/ They are found in Great Northern plain, lower valleys of Narmada and Tapti and Northern Gujarat. These soils are renewed every year. Influence on Agriculture: Agriculture: Alluvial Alluvial soil is very productive. productive. Abundant of wheat, sugarcane, oilseeds, pulses, rice and jute and jute is grown on this soil. 2. Black Soils:

These soils are made up of volcanic rocks and lava-flow. It is concentrated over Deccan Lava Tract which includes parts of Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. It consists of Lime, Iron, Magnesium and also Potash but lacks in Phosphorus, Nitrogen and Organic matter. Influence on Agriculture: Agriculture: They They retain moisture for a long l ong period. These soils are fertile and suitable for the production of cotton, sugarcane, sugarcane, wheat and groundnut. 3. Red Soils:

These are derived from weathering of ancient metamorphic rocks of Deccan Plateau. Its redness is due to iron composition. When iron content is lower it is yellow or brown. They cover almost the whole of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Maharashtra and parts of Orissa. Influence on Agriculture: Agriculture: They are relatively less fertile, but are capable of growing good crops with the help of irrigation and fertilizers. Rice, wheat, millet, gram, pulses, sugarcane, oilseeds and cotton a re cultivated on these Soils. 4. Laterite Soils:

These soils are formed due to intense leaching and are well developed on the summits of hills and uplands. They are commonly found in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and hilly areas of Orissa and Assam. Influence on Agriculture: Agriculture: These soils are infertile as they cannot retain moisture. They are unsuitable for agriculture. Some plants like the cashew can thrive on lateritic soils. Root crops like tapioca also do reasonably well on these soils 5. Mountain Soils:

These soils are formed as a result of the accumulation of organic matter derived from forest growth. They are found in Himalayan region and vary in different regions according to altitude. Tea is grown in those areas which receive sufficient rainfall. Influence on Agriculture: Agriculture: They are fertile and suitable for cultivation of potatoes, rice, wheat, fruits and tea. 6. Desert Soils:



Agriculture Notes With MCQs | For Revenue Patwari Exam http://www.punjabexamportal.com/ https://www.facebook.com/pbexam/ They are found in Great Northern plain, lower valleys of Narmada and Tapti and Northern Gujarat. These soils are renewed every year. Influence on Agriculture: Agriculture: Alluvial Alluvial soil is very productive. productive. Abundant of wheat, sugarcane, oilseeds, pulses, rice and jute and jute is grown on this soil. 2. Black Soils:

These soils are made up of volcanic rocks and lava-flow. It is concentrated over Deccan Lava Tract which includes parts of Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. It consists of Lime, Iron, Magnesium and also Potash but lacks in Phosphorus, Nitrogen and Organic matter. Influence on Agriculture: Agriculture: They They retain moisture for a long l ong period. These soils are fertile and suitable for the production of cotton, sugarcane, sugarcane, wheat and groundnut. 3. Red Soils:

These are derived from weathering of ancient metamorphic rocks of Deccan Plateau. Its redness is due to iron composition. When iron content is lower it is yellow or brown. They cover almost the whole of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Maharashtra and parts of Orissa. Influence on Agriculture: Agriculture: They are relatively less fertile, but are capable of growing good crops with the help of irrigation and fertilizers. Rice, wheat, millet, gram, pulses, sugarcane, oilseeds and cotton a re cultivated on these Soils. 4. Laterite Soils:

These soils are formed due to intense leaching and are well developed on the summits of hills and uplands. They are commonly found in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and hilly areas of Orissa and Assam. Influence on Agriculture: Agriculture: These soils are infertile as they cannot retain moisture. They are unsuitable for agriculture. Some plants like the cashew can thrive on lateritic soils. Root crops like tapioca also do reasonably well on these soils 5. Mountain Soils:

These soils are formed as a result of the accumulation of organic matter derived from forest growth. They are found in Himalayan region and vary in different regions according to altitude. Tea is grown in those areas which receive sufficient rainfall. Influence on Agriculture: Agriculture: They are fertile and suitable for cultivation of potatoes, rice, wheat, fruits and tea. 6. Desert Soils:



Agriculture Notes With MCQs | For Revenue Patwari Exam http://www.punjabexamportal.com/ https://www.facebook.com/pbexam/ In the desert regions of Rajasthan, soils are not well developed. As evaporation is in excess of rainfall, the soil has a high salt content and saline layer forms a hard crust. These soils are generally sandy and deficient in organic matter. Influence on Agriculture: Agriculture: These These soils are not suitable for agriculture due to scanty rainfall; however, agriculture can be carried on with the help of irrigation. Bajra, wheat, groundnut groundnut can be grown on these soils. Points to remember

Type of Soil

The soil most common in Indo-gangetic plains plains

Alluvial

The soil which swells when wet and develops cracks when dry

Black

The soil which owes its colour to oxides of iron

Laterite

The soil which requires least use of fertilisers

Alluvial

The soil which requires least tilling tilling

Black

The kind of soil which is treated with gypsum to make it suitable for cropping Alkaline soil The soil which is poor in soluble salts

Laterite

The soil which is rich in surface accumulation of organic matter

Peaty soil

The soil which is most suitable for cultivation of cotton

Black

CROPPING PATTERN Rabi: Rabi crops are also known as winter winter crops.

Sown – October to December and Harvested Harveste d – – April to June. Main Crop – Wheat, barley, pea, gram and mustard. Note – Note – Punjab, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhan and Uttar Pradesh are the important producers of rabi crops. Kharif: Kharif crops are also known as summer crops.

Sown – The beginning of monosoon Harvested Harveste d – – September-October. Main Crop – Paddy, maize, jowar, bajra, tur, moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut and soyabean crops. Note – Note – Assam, Assam, West Bengal, coastal regions of Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar are important rice growing states.



Agriculture Notes With MCQs | For Revenue Patwari Exam http://www.punjabexamportal.com/ https://www.facebook.com/pbexam/ Note – In Assam, West Bengal and Orissa, three crops of paddy are grown in a year. These are called Aus, Aman and Boro. Zaid: The zaid season falls in between the rabi and kharif seasons.

Main Crop – Watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, vegetables and fodder crops Note – Sugarcane is planted in this season but takes almost a year to grow. Based on climatic condition

1) Tropical crop : Coconut, sugarcane 2) Sub-tropical crop : Rice, cotton 3) Temperate crop : Wheat, barley 4) Polar crop : All pines, pasture grasses F arm System Agricul tur e

Inputs – seeds, fertilisers, machinery and labour. Operation – Ploughing, sowing, irrigation, weeding and harvesting. Output – crops, wool, dairy and poultry products.

Farming Type

Farming can be classified into two main types. 1.Subsistence Farming Intensive Subsistence Primitive Subsistence Shifting Cultivation Nomadic Herding 2.Commercial Farming.

Commercial F rain Farming, Mixed Farming Plantation Agriculture. 1. Subsistence Farming –

This type of farming is practised to meet the needs of the farmer’s family. Traditionally, low levels of technology and household labour are used to produce on small output. Subsistence farming can be further classified as Intensive Subsistence and Primitive Subsistence Farming.



Agriculture Notes With MCQs | For Revenue Patwari Exam http://www.punjabexamportal.com/ https://www.facebook.com/pbexam/ In Intensive Subsistence Agriculture – The farmer cultivates a small plot of land using simple tools and more labour. Climate with large number of days with sunshine and fertile soils permit growing of more than one crop annually on the same plot. Rice is the main crop. Other crops include wheat, maize, pulses and oilseeds. Primitive Subsistence – agriculture includes shifting cultivation and nomadic herding. Shifting Cultivation These are the areas of heavy rainfall and quick regeneration of vegetation. A plot of land is cleared by felling the trees and burning them. The ashes are then mixed with the soil and crops like maize, yam, potatoes and cassava are grown. After the soil loses its fertility, the land is abandoned and the cultivator moves to a new plot. Shifting cultivation is also known as ‘slash and burn’ agriculture. Note – Shifting cultivation is known by different names in different parts of the world Jhumming – North-East India Milpa Mexico Roca – Brazil. Ladang – Malaysia Nomadic Herding Practised in the semi-arid and arid regions of Sahara, Central Asia and some parts of India, like Rajasthan and Jammu and Kashmir. In this type of farming, herdsmen move from place to place with their animals for fodder and water, along defined routes. This type of movement arises in response to climatic constraints and terrain. Sheep, camel, yak and goats are most commonly reared. They provide milk, meat, wool, hides and other products to the herders and their families. 2. Commercial Farming –

In commercial farming crops are grown and animals are reared for sale in market. The area cultivated and the amount of capital used is large. Most of the work is done by machines. Commercial farming includes Commercial Frain Farming , Mixed Farming and Plantation Agriculture. Commercial Grain Farming – Crops are grown for commercial purpose.



Agriculture Notes With MCQs | For Revenue Patwari Exam http://www.punjabexamportal.com/ https://www.facebook.com/pbexam/ Wheat and maize are common commercially grown grains. Severe winters restrict the growing season and only a single crop can be grown. Mixed Farming – It is a situation in which both raising crops and rearing animals are carried on simultaneously. Here farmers engaged in mixed farming are economically better of than others Plantations – It is an estate where a single cash crop is grown for sale. This type of agriculture involves growing and processing of a single cash crop purely mea nt for sale. Tea, coffee, rubber, banana and spices are all examples of plantation crops Note – Organic Farming In this type of farming, organic manure and natural pesticides are used instead of chemicals. No genetic modification is done to increase the yield of the crop.

MAJOR CROPS OF INDIA

Food grains – Crops that are used for human consumption Main Crop – Rice, Wheat, Maize, Millets, Pulses and Oil seeds Commercial Crops – Crops which are grown for sale either in raw form or in semi-processed form Main Crop – Cotton, Jute, Sugarcane, Tobacco and Oilseeds Plantation Crops – Crops Which are grown on Plantations covering large estates Main Crop – Tea, Coffee, Coconut and Rubber Horticulture – Sections of agriculture in which Fruits and Vegetables are grown Main Crop – Fruits and Vegetables Let us discuss the Important Food grains Rice – Kharif or Summer Crop

Temperature Require: Rice requires hot and humid conditions. The temperature should be fairly high i.e. 24°C mean monthly temperature with average temperature of 22°C to 32°C Rainfall: Rainfall ranging between 150-300 cm is suitable for its growth in areas of Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh where rainfall is less than 100 cm, rice is cultivated with the help of irrigation. Soil: Rice is grown in varied soil conditions but deep clayey and loamy soil provides the ideal conditions. Rice is primarily grown in plain areas. It is also grown below sea level at Kuttinad (Kerala), hill terraces of north eastern part of India and valleys of Kashmir Note – China leads in the production of rice followed by India, Japan, Sri Lanka and Egypt.



Agriculture Notes With MCQs | For Revenue Patwari Exam http://www.punjabexamportal.com/ https://www.facebook.com/pbexam/ Wheat – Rabi or Winter Crop

Temperature Require: It is primarily a crop of mid-latitude grassland. It requires cool climate. The ideal temperature is between 10°C to 15°C at the time of sowing and 21°C to 26°C at the time of ripening and harvesting. Rainfall: Wheat thrives well in areas receiving annual rainfall of about 75cm. Annual rainfall of about 100cm is th e upper limit for wheat cultivation Soil: Although wheat can be grown in a variety of soils but well drained fertile loamy and clayey loamy soil is best suited for wheat cultivation. Plain areas are very well suited for wheat production. Note – Wheat is grown extensively in USA, Canada, Argentina, Russia, Ukraine, Australia and India. In India it is grown in winter. Millets(Jawar, Bajra): Millets are s hort duration warm weather crops – Kharif Crop

Temperature Require: These crops are grown where the temperature is high which ranges between 27°C to 32°C. Rainfall: As mentioned earlier that millets are ‘dry land crops’, therefore, rainfall ranging from 50 to 100cm is ideal for their cultivation. Soil: Millets are less sensitive to soil deficiencies. They can be grown in inferior all uvial or loamy soil Pulses Note – Gram: It is the most important of all the pulses. It accounts for about 37% of the production and about 30% of the total area of pulses in India

Temperature Require : It is grown in a wide range of climatic condition. Mild cool and comparatively dry climate with 20°C-25°C temperature. Rainfall: 40-45 cm rainfall is favourable for gram cultivation. Soil: It grows well on loamy soils Other Important

Maize: Maize requires moderate temperature, rainfall and lots of sunshine. It needs well -drained fertile soils. Note – Maize is grown in North America, Brazil, China, Russia, Canada, India, and Mexico. Cotton: Cotton requires high temperature, light rainfall, two hundred and ten frost-free days and bright sunshine for its growth. It grows best on black and alluvial soils. It is one of the main raw materials for the cotton textile industry. Note – China, USA, India, Pakistan, Brazil and Egypt are the leading producers of cotton Jute: Jute was also known as the ‘Golden F ibre’. It grows well on alluvial soil and requires high temperature, heavy rainfall and humid climate. This crop is grown in the tropical areas. Note – India and Bangladesh are the leading producers of jute. Coffee: Coffee requires warm and wet climate and well drained loamy soil. Hill slopes are more suitable for growth of this crop. Note – Brazil is the leading producer followed by Columbia and India. Tea: Tea is a beverage crop grown on plantations. This requires cool climate and well distributed high rainfall throughout the year for the growth of its tender leaves It needs well-drained loamy soils and gentle slopes. Labour in l arge number is required to pick the leaves. Note – Kenya, India, China, Sri Lanka produce the best quality tea in the world.



Agriculture Notes With MCQs | For Revenue Patwari Exam http://www.punjabexamportal.com/ https://www.facebook.com/pbexam/ Note – Spice producing areas in India are Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu. Note – Tobacco producing states are Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.

Point to remember

Crop

The crop which requires water-logging for its cultivation

Rice

The crop best suited in areas where rain falls only for two months

Pulses

The ideal crop for areas with rainfall above 200 cm and sloping hills

Tea

The crop which requires a large amount of rainfall and no standing water

Tea

The crop which is sown in largest area in India

Rice (43.9 million hectares as per 2013-14 estimates)

The crop whose production is the largest in India

Sugarcane (348.4 million tonnes as per 2013-14 estimates)

The cereal crop whose production is the largest in India

Rice (106.3 million tonnes as per 2013-14 estimates)

The agricultural produce which has the highest percentage share of imports

Edible Oil (about 68% of imports of food and allied products)

The agricultural produce which has the highest percentage share of exports

Rice

Crops : India’s Rank in the World

Millets, Lemon & limes, Bananas, Ginger, Mangoes, Papayas, Jute, Castor Oil seed, Safflower oil seed First Sugarcane, Wheat, Onion, Potatoes, Garlic, Rice, Tea, Cottonseed

Second

Food Security

In order to ensure food security to all sections of society, the government has carefully designed a national food security system. It has two components:



Agriculture Notes With MCQs | For Revenue Patwari Exam http://www.punjabexamportal.com/ https://www.facebook.com/pbexam/ Buffer Stock: Once the government procures food grains through FCI (Food Corporation of India), buffer stock is maintained at various locations. This stock is utilised in case of food shortage at any place. This stock is also utilised in case of natural disasters; like flood and drought. Public Distribution System: PDS is a programme which provides food grains and other essential commodities at subsidised prices to poor people in rural and urban areas. A person needs to get a ratio card made to avail the benefits of PDS. Separate cards are made for BPL (Below Poverty Li ne) and APL (Above Poverty Line) families. The PDS is also fed by the FCI. Importance of agriculture in Indian economy. India is an agricultural country. Nearly two-thirds of its population depends directly on agriculture for its livelihood. Agriculture is the main stay of India’s economy. It accounts for 26% of the gross domestic product. It ensures food security for the country and produces several raw materials for industries. Agricultural development is therefore, a precondition of our national prosperity. Additional Important Byte

Age at which white leghorn starts laying eggs – 5-6 months Apex body of agricultural marketing – NAFED ASPEE is related to – Sprayer At which temperature milk is stored – 4c Critical Irrigation stage for Wheat – CRI Crop intensity of wheat paddy – 200% Dapog Method – Nursery preparation Depth of shallow tillge according to the CRIDA – 5-6 cm Disc angle of disc plough – 42-45 Disc harrow is involved in which kind of tillage – Secondary Farmers not classified on the basis of price, area – Ranching High pressure Sprayer – Gear pump Jwala is the variety of – Chilli Minimum Land required for loan – 2000 ha Minimum level of Water erosion – Splash irrigation Minimum loss of water – Drip irrigation Minor irrigation area – 2000 ha Mulching is – Conservative tillage Percentage of clay in sandy loam – 0-20% Plantation system having one tree at the center – Quincunx PLP initiated by – NABARD, GOI, RRB



Agriculture Notes With MCQs | For Revenue Patwari Exam http://www.punjabexamportal.com/ https://www.facebook.com/pbexam/ Power tiller – Rotatory implement Pusa kranti is the variety of – Brinjal Reason for Seed-lessness in fruit – Embryo Abortion Red label on fertilizer box indicates – Extremely toxic Rinderpest is not a disease of – Poultry Root-Rot disease related to – Groundnut Rotavator is involved in which type of tillage – Secondary tillage Seedless variety of Grapes – Thompson Size of coarse sand particle – 2mm-0.2mm Size of Mould board plough determines – Width of Cut Soil with pH less than 3.5 – Ultra acidic soil Soyabean root (which type) – Deeply-rooted Tractor working hours – 10000 hours Vaishali is the variety of – Tomato Water conservation is studied under – Soil science Water loss in air least in – Drip irrigation Which is not a micro nutrient – Ca Why puddling is done – Conserving moisture by breaking by breaking an impermeable layer Zero tillage means – Neither primary nor secondary Economic Activities

This transformation from a plant to a finished product involves three types of economic activities. These are 1) Primary – Primary activities include all those connected with extraction and production of natural resources or raw materials from the Earth. Example – Agriculture, Fishing and Gathering 2) Secondary – Secondary activities involves the transformation of raw materials into goods, Example – Manufacturing of steel, Baking of bread and Weaving of cloth 3) Tertiary Activities – Provide support to the primary and secondary sectors through services. Example – Transport, trade, banking, insurance and advertising Land Use Categories Land

Land Use Categories Land-use records are maintained by land revenue department. The land use categories add up to reporting area, which is somewhat different from the geographical area. The Survey of India is responsible for measuring geographical area of administrative units in India. Have you ever used a map prepared by Survey of India? The difference between the two concepts are that while the former changes somewhat depending on the estimates of the l and revenue records, the latter does not change and stays fixed as per Survey of India measurements The land-use categories as maintained in the Land Revenue Records are as follows : Forests : It is important to note that area under actual forest cover is different from area classified as forest. The latter is the area which the Government has identified and demarcated for forest growth. The land revenue records are consistent with the latter definition. Thus, there may be an increase in this category without any increase in the actual forest cover.



Agriculture Notes With MCQs | For Revenue Patwari Exam http://www.punjabexamportal.com/ https://www.facebook.com/pbexam/ Land put to Non-agricultural Uses : Land under settlements (rural and urban), infrastructure (roads, canals, etc.), industries, shops, etc. are included in this category. An expansion in the secondary and tertiary activities would lead to an increase in this category of land-use. Barren and Wastelands : The land which may be classified as a wasteland such as barren hilly terrains, desert lands, ravines, etc. normally cannot be brought under cultivation with the available technology. Area under Permanent Pastures and Grazing Lands : Most of this type land is owned by the village ‘Pancha yat’ or the Government. Only a small proportion of this land is privately owned. The land owned by the village panchayat comes under ‘Common Property Resources’. Area under Miscellaneous Tree Crops and Groves(Not included is Net sown Area) : The land under orchards and fruit trees are included in this category. Much of this land is privately owned. Culturable Waste-Land : Any land which is left fallow (uncultivated) for more than five years is included in this category. It can be brought under cultivation after improving it through reclamation practices. Current Fallow : This is the land which is left without cultivation for one or less than one agricultural year. Fallowing is a cultural practice adopted for giving the land rest. The land recoups the lost fertility through natural processes. Fallow other than Current Fallow : This is also a cultivable land which is left uncultivated for more than a year but less than five years. If the land is left uncultivated for more than five years, it would be categorised as culturable wasteland. Net Area Sown : The physical extent of land on which crops are sown and harvested is known as net sown area.

Varieties of Different Important Crops

Rice : (First introduced drawf variety into India), IR-8, Jaya (Blast Resistant),Padma, Mashuri, Kakatiya, Pusa Basumati, Pusa Jaldidan, Lunisree, Ratna, TKM-6 (Stem borer resistant), Kataribogh (Tungro resistant), ADT-27 (indica x japonica), Santchousong (High protein content), Dee-Gee-Woo-Gen, Bala (Drought resistant), IR-20 (Resistant to Blast, BLB, stemborer, leafhopper). Wheat : Introduction from Mexico: Lerma Rojo and sonara-64. Single gene dwarf varieties : Safed lerma, Sharbati sonara, pusa Lerma, Chotu lerma. Double gene dwarf varieties: Shera, Arjun, Janak. Triple gene dwarf varieties : Heera, Moti. HD series, Kundan, C-306 (drought resistant). Chickpea : Pusa 256 PBG-1 203, Pusa 209: Gaurav ICCC-32, Ajay. Pigeonpea : UPAS-120 9short duration), ICPH-8 (First Hybrid), (Arhar) Pusa 33, Pusa Agati, ICPL 37. Hira, Mukta, Bahar, Prabat. SBH-8. Sugarcane: Noble Canes: CO-419, Co-997



Agriculture Notes With MCQs | For Revenue Patwari Exam http://www.punjabexamportal.com/ https://www.facebook.com/pbexam/ Soybean : Bragg, Lee Clark-63, Shilajeet, Pusa 16, 20, 24, PK-327 Tomato : Pusa Sheetal, Pusa-120, Pusa Early Dwarf, Pusa Ruby, Margologe, Sioux,· Pusa Gauray, Best of All. Mango : Malika (neelam x dasheri),Amrapali (dasheri x neelam) Ratna (neelam x alphonso) Bannana : Poovan (larplur, Chakrakeli), Basrai, Champa Hill Bananas : Sirumali, virupakshi Culinary varieties : Monthan, Gross Mitchell, Mindoli Robusta Rasthali Rose: Chitra, Dr. B. P. Pal, Priyadarshini, Nehru Ceremony, Jawhar, Abisarika, B anjara, Randhawa. Califlower: Pusa Deepali, Pusa synthetic, Pusa Katki, Early Snowball, Kanwari ,Early, Patna, Patna Main crop, Snowball16, Sutton’s Snowball Japanese i mproved, Dania, Aghani, Poosi. Top producing state

Apple – Jammu & Kashmir Largest Banana – Tamil Cashew nut – Maharashtra Citrus, Lemon, Mosambi – Pradesh Coarse Cereal – Karnataka, Rajasthan Cocoa – Kerala Coconut – Tamil Nadu Cotton – Gujarat Grapes – Maharashtra Horticulture Products – West Bengal Jute – West Bengal Litchi – Bihar Maize – Andhra Pradesh Mango – Uttar Pradesh & Andhra Pradesh Oilseeds – Gujarat Orange – Punjab Rapeseed & Mustard – Rajasthan Rice – West Bengal Soyabean – Madhya Pradesh Sugar – Maharashtra Sugarcane – Uttar Pradesh Sunflower – Karnataka



Agriculture Notes With MCQs | For Revenue Patwari Exam http://www.punjabexamportal.com/ https://www.facebook.com/pbexam/ Total Food Grains – Uttar Pradesh Total Fruits – Andhra Pradesh Largest Total Spices – Andhra Pradesh Largest Total Vegetables – West Bengal Wheat – Uttar Pardesh Fruit types with Example

Berries : Grapes, Guava, Phalsa, Tomato, Brinjal, Chitiles Drupe : Mango, Peach, Plum, Cherry, Apricot Hesperidum : Citrus4. Amphisarca : Wood apple, Bael Balusta : Pomegranate Pome (false fruit) : Apple, Pear Pepo : Cuarbits Single seeded berry : Dates IMPORTANT key points to remember

U.P has highest total fertilizer consumption Crop under highest irrigation is 1st-wheat, 2nd-rice. Irrigated area to Net sown area highest in Sugarcane followed by Wheat Largest imported fertilizer is potash. 26 % of Indian population are under below poverty line State having maximum area under irrigation – Punjab Major source of irrigation in India – Canal Maximum area under fruit crops – Mango Maximum production under fruit crops – Banana First agricultural census in India conducted in 1970 As per National forest policy, for ecological balance, the forests cover should be on 1/3rd area (i.e. 33 %) of the country Famous name of crops

National fruit of India : Mango Adams fig : Banana Apple of paradise : Banana Autumn queen : Chrysanthemum



Agriculture Notes With MCQs | For Revenue Patwari Exam http://www.punjabexamportal.com/ https://www.facebook.com/pbexam/ Bio energy plant : Jatropha Brown gold : Dead pupae of silkworm Butter fruit : Avocardo China’s miracle fruit : Kiwi fruit Drosophila of crop plants : Maize Egg plant : Brinjal Famine reserves : Millets Food of god : Cocoa Glory of East : Chrysanthemum King of arid and semi fruits : Ber King of cereals : Wheat King of coarse cereals : Sorghum King of fodder crops : Berseem King of fruits : Mango King of oilseeds : Mustard King of spices : Black Pepper King of temperate fruits : Apple Kingof weeds : Congress grass Oldest cultivated tropical fruits : Banana Poor man’s food : Pearl millet Poor man’s friend : Potato Poor man’s fruit : Jackfruit, Ber Poor man’s meat : Soybean Poor man’s orange(India) and love of apple ( England) : Tomato Poor man’s sub stitute for ghee : Sesamum Queen of beverage crop : Tea Queen of cereals : Maize Queen of flowers : Rose Queen of fodder crops : Lucerne Queen of fruits : Pineapple Queen of oilseeds : Sesame Queen of spices : Cardamom Queen of vegetables : Potato Small holder’s irrigated crop : Oil palm Tree of heaven : Coconut Vegetable meat : Cowpea Wonder crop : Soybean Wonder tree : Neem Terms used with associated crops

Curing : Tobacco, Tea Stripping : Jute



Agriculture Notes With MCQs | For Revenue Patwari Exam http://www.punjabexamportal.com/ https://www.facebook.com/pbexam/ Nipping : Cotton Wrapping : Sugarcane Propping : Banana, sugarcane Trashing : Sugarcane Dapog seedling : Rice seedling De-suckering : Tobacco, Banana De-tasseling : Maize Pegging : Groundnut Retting : Jute Ginning : Cotton Tapping : Gram Staking : Tomato Arrowing : Sugarcane Rationing : Sugarcane Tipping : Tea list of Agricultural Research Centers In India

Central Arid Zone Research Institute(CAZRI) – Rajasthan Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI) – Mysore Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute(CIFRI) – West Bengal Central Institute for Cotton Research (CICR) – Maharashtra Central Institute for Research on Goats (CIRG) – Uttar Pradesh Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering (CIAE) – Bhopal Central Institute of Brackishwater Acquaculture (CIBA) – Chennai Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA) – Orissa Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI) – Kerala Directorate of Maize Research (DMR) – New Delhi Directorate of Water Management (DWM) – Bhubaneswar Directorate of Wheat Research(DWR) – Haryana Indian Agricultural Research Institute(IARI) – New Delhi Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute(IASRI) – New Delhi Indian Institute of Forest Management (IIFM) – Bhopal National Academy of Agricultural Research Management (NAARM) – Andra Pradesh



Agriculture Notes With MCQs | For Revenue Patwari Exam http://www.punjabexamportal.com/ https://www.facebook.com/pbexam/ National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI) – Uttar Pradesh National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources (NBAGR) – Haryana National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) – New Delhi National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) – New Delhi National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research (NCAP) – New Delhi National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI) – Haryana National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management (MANAGE) – Hyderabad National Institute of Agricultural Marketing (NIAM) – Rajasthan Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI) – Tamil Nadu Quick Review Some Important points

Growing of only one crop on a piece of land year after year is called – Mono Cropping Growing two or more crops on the same piece of land in one calendar year is called – Multiple cropping Growing 2 or more crops simultaneously with definite row arrangement is called -Inter cropping Growing at low or more crops in sequate on the same piece of land in a farming year – Sequential cropping Ratio between grass sown area and Net sown area is called – Cropping Intensity Cropping Intensity can be obtained from the formula – (Gross Sown Area/ Net sown areas) X 100 Growing of crops in between Kharif and rabbi season is called – Zaid cropping The slash and burn type of cultivation in the hill treats of North Eastern Region is called – Jhum/ shifting cultivation Crops which are grown primarily to cover the soil and to reduce the loss of moisture and erosion is called – Cover crop System of growing together crops of different heights at the same time on the same piece of land is called – Multy storey cropping Example of Multy storey cropping is – Coconut + Pepper + cocoa + Pineapple Botanical name of wheat – Triticum aestivum Protein of wheat is called – Gluten Bread wheat is scientifically called – Triticum aestivum Macroni wheat is scientifically called – Triticum durum Emmer wheat is scientifically called – Triticum dicoccum A condition of atmosphere at a given place at a given time is called – Weather A weather condition over a given region during a longest period is called – Climate All weather phenomenons like rain, fog occur in -Troposphere Wheat, Barley and Oat are the example of – Long day plant Rice, Sorghum and Maize are the example of – Short day plant Cotton, Sunflower and Buck wheat are the example of – Neutral plants Average rainfall in India – 120 cm Rain bearing clouds is – cumulonimbus, cumulus A chemical used for cold cloud seeding – Silver iodide



Agriculture Notes With MCQs | For Revenue Patwari Exam http://www.punjabexamportal.com/ https://www.facebook.com/pbexam/ A chemical used for warm cloud seeding – Sodium chloride Indian Meteorological Organization situated at – New Delhi(earlier Pune) Agriculture Notes (Part-1) http://www.punjabexamportal.com/2015/11/12/agriculture-notes-mcqs-1/ Multiple Choice Question

Q-1 The Crops which are grown in rainy season are

a) 1/2

called

b) 2/3

a) Rabi crop

c) 1/4

b) Seasonal crop

d) 2/5

c) Monsoon crop d) Kharif crop

Q-7 Which Indian state stands first in the production of coffee?

Q-2 Rabi Crops are grown in _______ season

a) Kerala

a) Summer

b) Karnataka

b) Spring

c) Assam

c) Winter

d) Gujarat

d) rainy

Q-8 In which type of soil does Maize grow well?

Q-3 The Bhoodan-Gramdaan movement was initiated

a) Black

by

b) Sandy Soil

a) Vinoba Bhave

c) Old alluvial

b) Mahatma Gandhi

d) None of the above

c) Pandit Nehru d) R. C. Reddy

Q-9 Which are the two main beverage crops produce in India ?

Q-4 Cultivation of coffee is confined to which of the

a) Sugar cane and oilseeds

following hills?

b) Tea and coffee

a) Nilgiri

c) Jowar and bajra

b) Aravali

d) Rice and wheat

c) Shivalik d) Chhota Nagpur Q-5 Which Indian state leads in the production of rubber?

a) Tamil Nadu b) Kerala c) Karnataka d) Gujarat

Q-10 Which country is the largest producer of oil seeds in the world?

a) China b) India c) U.S.A d) Pakistan Q-11 Which one of the following crops is known as ‘Golden Fibre’?

Q-6 What part of Total population of India is engaged

a) Wheat

in agriculture activities:

b) Rice



Agriculture Notes With MCQs | For Revenue Patwari Exam http://www.punjabexamportal.com/ https://www.facebook.com/pbexam/ c) Groundnut

Q-18 Which among the following is a fibre crop?

d) Jute

a) Rubber

Q-12 Which of the following crops is not a millet?

a) Jowar b) Maize

b) Jute

c) Tomato d) Coffee

c) Ragi

Q-19 About 90% of Rubber demand is met by

d) Bajra

a) Kerala

Q-13 The rearing of silk worms for the production of silk fiber is known as : a) Sericulture

b) Karnataka c) Tamil Nadu d) Maharashtra

b) Horticulture

Q-20 Pulses fit well in cropping system as they are —

c) Floriculture

a) Short duration crops

d) Agriculture

b) Disease resistant crops

Q-14 What is Pink Revolution –

c) Long duration crops d) Moisture stress resistant crops

a) It refers to big rise in catching of fresh water and marine fish.

Q-21 Wheat is a

b) It stands for remarkable increase in milk production c) It refers to remarkably steady and assured supply of

a) Cash crop b) Cereal crop

poultry products.

c) Covered crop

d) It refers to a considerable rise in the production of

d) None of these

quantity of apples

Q-22 Which one of following is not Agro-based

Q-15 Which of the following soil type is most suitable

industry:

for garlic cultivation ?

a) Cement Industry

a) Loamy sand b) Sandy loam

b) Jute Industry

c) Loam

d) Sugar Industry

d) Clay

c) Cotton textile Industry

Q-23 India is the larger producer as well as the

Q-16 Which type of soil is best for knolkhol ?

consumer of the world?

a) Loam b) Clayey loam

a) Apple

c) Silty clayey loam

c) Chickpeas

d) Clay

d) Millets

Q-17 Which of the following soil type has the highest

Q-24 Which of the following oil seed is both a karif and

field capacity ?

Rabi crop?

a) Loam

a) Groundnut

b) Silty loam

b) Mustard

c) Clayey loam d) Clay

c) Sesamum


b) Rice

d) Soyabean


Agriculture Notes With MCQs | For Revenue Patwari Exam http://www.punjabexamportal.com/ https://www.facebook.com/pbexam/ Q-25 Which state is the largest producer of Groundnut?

c) Does not cause pollution

a) Uttar Pradesh

d) Produced in factories

b) Gujarat

c) Maharashtra d) Andhra Pradesh

Q-32 Rhizobium (a Bacteria) which fixes atmospheric nitrogen are found in nodules growing in a) Roots of leguminous plants

Q-26 Growing different crops alternately on the same

b) Leaves of leguminous plants

land is technically called

c) Stem of Leguminous plants

a) Crop Alternation

d) All of the above.

b) Crop Rotation

c) Crop Revolution d) Crop Change

Q-33 Before sowing the seeds, it is necessary to break soil to the size of grains to get better yield. The main tools used for such are

Q-27 Moat, Dhekli and Rahat are different

a) Tractor, Hoe, Seed drill

a) Traditional methods of cultivation

b) Bullock, tiller, tractor

b) Traditional methods of Weeding

c) Plough, Hoe, Cultivator d) Plough, Seed Drill, Tractor

c) Traditional methods of Seed sowing d) Traditional methods of irrigation

Q-34 In India which crop is sown on the largest area?

Q-28 In the harvested crop the grain seed is separated

a) Jowar

from the chaff. This process id called ___ a

b) wheat

a) Threshing

c) tobacco

b) Seeding

d) rice

c) Ploughing d) Weeding

Q-35 The science concerned with vegetable culture is called

Q-29 Hoe, dao, digging sticks are associated with

a) floriculture

a) Primitive subsistence farming

b) olericulture

b) Commercial farming

c) horticulture

c) Green Revolution

d) agriculture

d) Horticulture

Q-36 The science concerned with Cultivation of grapes.

Q-30 Which of the following is grown in rotation with

a) Viticulture

other crops?

b) olericulture

a) Arhar

c) horticulture

b) Moong

d) agriculture

c) Sunflower d) Groundnut Q-31 Which of the following description is true for

Q-37 Rock phosphates are used in —

a) Saline soil

describing ‘fertiliser’

b) Sodic soil c) Acidic soil

a) Used in large quantity

d) Neutral soil

b) Organic in nature



Agriculture Notes With MCQs | For Revenue Patwari Exam http://www.punjabexamportal.com/ https://www.facebook.com/pbexam/ Q-38 Red soil is poor in which of the following nutrients

a) MS Swaminathan

?

b) VR Krisha Aiyyar

a) Phosphorus and Sulphur

c) V Kurien

b) Phosphorus and Nitrogen

d) Jawaharlal Nehru

c) Nitrogen and Zinc d) Nitrogen and Potassium

Q-45 Which soil largest and the most important soil

Q-39 What is Blue Revolution –

a) Alluvial Soils

a) It refers to big rise in catching of fresh water and

b) Black Soils

marine fish.-

c) Red Soils

b) It stands for remarkable increase in milk production

d) Laterite Soils

c) It refers to remarkably steady and assured supply of poultry products. d) It refers to a considerable rise in the production of quantity of apples

group of India

Q-46 The zaid season falls in between the rabi and kharif seasons.

a) Watermelon b) muskmelon

Q-40 Which type of soil is found near the canal banks ?

c) cucumber

a) Acidic and alkaline

d) all of above

b) Acidic c) Alkaline

d) None of these

Q-47 Which type of farming is practised to meet the needs of the farmer’s family.

a) Subsistence farming

Q-41 Which one of the following is a Kharif crop?

b) Mixed Farming

a) bajra

c) Plantation Agriculture

b) wheat

d) none of these.

c) mustard d) barley

Q-48 Growing of two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land is called

Q-42 Which one of the following is a rabi crop?

a) mixed cropping

a) rice

b) mixed farming

b) jowar

c) intercropping

c) cotton d) peas

d) fanning

Q-43 Who is known as the ‘Father of White

wheat

Revolution’?

a) 10°C to 15°C

a) V Kurien

b) 21°C to 26°C

b) MS Swaminathan

c) 22°C to 32°C

c) JP Narayan

d) 32°C to 42°C

d) Baba Amte

Q-49. Temperature Require at the time of sowing

Q-50 Farm Planning means —

Q-44 Who was the chief architect of Green Revolution

a) Farm Budgetting

that significantly improved the agricultural yield in the

b) Cropping pattern

country?



Agriculture Notes With MCQs | For Revenue Patwari Exam http://www.punjabexamportal.com/ https://www.facebook.com/pbexam/ c) Type of enterprises

b) Bathua

d) None of these

c) Parthenium

Q-51. Jalpriya is a variety of —

d) Krishna Neel

a) Maize

Q-58. Which crop requires maximum amount of

b) Jowar

nitrogen ?

c) Paddy

a) Potato

d) Barley

b) Wheat

Q-52. Sugarcane + Potato is an intercropping system of —

c) Barley d) Sugarcane

a) Autumn season

Q-59. First dwarf variety of paddy developed in India is

b) Zaid season

a) Jaya

c) Spring season

b) Saket-4

d) Rainy season

c) Govind

Q-53 Seed-rate of potato per hectare is —

d) Narendra-97

a) 25 quintal/hectare

Q-60. Sprinkler irrigation is suitable, where the soil

b) 10 quintal/hectare

has—

c) 15 quintal/hectare d) 40 quintal/hectare

a) Clayey texture

Q-54. Deficiency symptoms of calcium on plant s first appear at—

b) Loamy texture c) Undulating topography d) All of these-

a) Lower leaves

Q-61. Endosulphan is also known as

b) Middle leaves c) Terminal leaves

a) Lindane b) Thiodan

d) All leaves

c) Aldrin

Q-55. Which weedicide is used to kill broad leaf weeds

d) B.H.C.

in wheat ?

Q-62. Which of the following is systemic poison ?

a) 2, 4 – D.S.S. (WPSS)

a) Metasystox

b) 2, 4, 5 – T c) 2, 4 – DB

b) Phosphomidan c) Phorate

d) None of these

d) All of these

Q-56. Maya is the variety of —

Q-63. DDVP is known as

a) Potato

a) Nuvan

b) Gram

b) Malathion

c) Pea d) Mustard

c) Thiodan

Q-57. The weed that causes Asthma is—

Q-64. Seed treatment with Vitavex is the main

a) Hirankhuri

controlling method of


d) Sulfex


Agriculture Notes With MCQs | For Revenue Patwari Exam http://www.punjabexamportal.com/ https://www.facebook.com/pbexam/ a) Loose smut

a) Hail

b) Rust

b) Dew

c) Downy mildew d) All of these

c) Snow

Q-65. Covered smut of barley is a disease of

Q-72. How many agro-climatic zones (ACZ) are found in

a) Externally seed-borne b) Internally seed-borne

India ?

c) Air-borne

b) 18

d) None of these

c) 15

Q-66. The period of 11th Five Year Plan is

d) Fog

a) 16

d) 20

a) 2000-2005

Q-73. Tilt angle of a disc plough is generally

b) 2002-2007

a) 10°

c) 2007-2012

b) 15°

d) 2008-2012

c) 20° d) 45°

Q-67. Acid rain contains mainly

a) PO4

Q-74. Pudding is done to

b) NO2

a) Reduce percolation of water

c) NO3

b) Pulverise and levelling soil

d) CH4

c) Kill weeds

Q-68. Which of the following cakes is not edible ?

d) All of the above

a) Castor cake

Q-75. The Community Development Programme (CDP)

b) Mustard cake

was started in India on

c) Sesame cake

a) 2nd October, 1950

d) Groundnut cake

b) 2nd October, 1952

Q-69. In India, about 142 million h ectare land is under a) Cultivation

c) 2nd October, 1951 d) None of these

b) Waste land

Q-76. The main unit of Integrated Rural Development

c) Forest

Programme is

d) Eroded land

a) Family b) Village

Q-70. The headquarters of Indian Meteorological Department was established in 1875 at

a) New Delhi

c) Block d) District

b) Hyderabad

Q-77. Element of Communication is

c) Pune d) Calcutta

a) Message

Q-71. Moisture condensed in small drops upon cool surface is called


b) Feedback c) Channel d) All of these


Agriculture Notes With MCQs | For Revenue Patwari Exam http://www.punjabexamportal.com/ https://www.facebook.com/pbexam/ Q-78. The first Kshetriya Gramin Bank (KGB) was

Q-85. The most efficient use of potassium is achieved

opened in India is

by—

a) 1972

a) Broadcasting at the sowing time

b) 1980

b) Top dressing after one month of sowing

c) 1975

c) Basal placement at the sowing time

d) 1969

d) Foliar spray

Q-79. The main function of NABARD is

Q-86. The term ‘Extension’ was first used in—

a) Farmers’ loaning

a) U.K.

b) Agricultural research c) Refinancing to agricultural financing institutions

b) U.S.A.

d) Development of agriculture

d) France

Q-80. Rent theory of profit was given by

Q-87. The first K.V.K. (Krishi Vigyan Kendra) in India

a) Hawley

was established in —

b) C.P. Blacker

a) Bombay

c) Tanssig

b) Port Blair

d) F.A. Walker

c) Pondicherry

Q-81. In L.D.R., the profit will be maximum when

c) India

d) Madras

a) MC = MP

Q-88. ATMA is related to —

b) MC > MP

a) NARP

c) MP = TP d) MP > TP

b) NAARM

Q-82. Cell Organelle found only in plant s are

c) NREP d) None of these

a) Mitochondria

Q-89. Albert Mayer is the name associated with—

b) Golgi complex

a) Nilokheri Development Project

c) Ribosomes d) Plastids

b) Firka Development Project c) Etawah Pilot Project

Q-83. Proteins are synthesized in

d) Shriniketan Project

a) Centrosomes b) Ribosomes

Q-90. Co-operative Credit Societies Act was passed in

c) Mitochondria

a) 1902

d) Golgi bodies

b) 1904

Q-84. Milk fever is caused due to the deficiency of

c) 1906 d) 1912

a) P

India in—

b) Ca

Q-91. Maximum photosynthesis takes place in —

c) Mg

a) Blue light

d) K

b) Red light c) Violet light d) Green light



Agriculture Notes With MCQs | For Revenue Patwari Exam http://www.punjabexamportal.com/ https://www.facebook.com/pbexam/ Q-92. Farm Planning means —

List-II

a) Farm Budgetting

1. Fertilizer production

b) Cropping pattern

2. Fish production

c) Type of enterprises

3. Cereal production

d) None of these

4. Milk production

Q-93. The first product of photosynthesis in C3 plant

Codes : a) 4 1 2 3

is—

a) Pyruvic acid b) Phospho-glyceric acid

c) Oxalo-acetic acid d) Succinic acid Q-94. Bending of plants towards light is called — a) Phototropism

b) Vernalisation c) Photo-respiration d) None of these Q-95. Germination is inhibited by —

a) Red light b) Blue light c) U.V. light

d) I.R. light Q-96. The best method of milking is—

a) Knuckling method b) Fisting method c) Stripping method d) None of these Q-97. Line breeding is a type of — a) Inbreeding

b) Outbreeding c) Natural breeding d) None of these Q-98. Match List-I with List-II and select answer from the codes given below — List-I

a) White Revolution b) Grey Revolution c) Blue Revolution d) Green Revolution


b) 1 2 3 4 c) 2 4 3 1 d) 1 3 4 2 Q-99. ‘Tharparkar’ breed of cow is—

a) Milch breed b) Working breed c) Dual purpose breed

d) None of these Q-100. Cow and buffalo belong to the family — a) Bovidae

b) Suidae c) Equidae d) Cammelidae Q-101. What is the contribution of Animal Husbandry Sector in the agricultural growth ?

a) 10% b) 12% – 15% c) 7% – 9% d) 5% Q-102. How many labourers are required to run a 30 cows milch herd ?

a) 8 b) 6

c) 4 d) 10 Q-103. What is the availability of per day per capita milk in India presently (2008-09) ?

a) 229 gram b) 239 gram c) 219 gram d) 252 gram


Agriculture Notes With MCQs | For Revenue Patwari Exam http://www.punjabexamportal.com/ https://www.facebook.com/pbexam/ Q-104. Which place is occupied by India in egg

c) NO2 ion

production ?

d) N2

a) First

b) Second c) Third d) Fourth

Q-111. Which one of the following do not relate to groundnut ?

a) Brazil

Q-105. How much calories (cal) may be obtained from

b) 2n = 40 c) Pink disease

100 gram chicken egg ?

d) Tikka disease

a) 175 cal b) 180 cal c) 160 cal d) 130 cal

Q-112. Which of the following is produced highest in India ? a) Mango

b) Banana

Q-106. Main function of biofertilizer is —

c) Papaya

a) To increase chemical process

d) Grapes

b) To increase physiological process c) To increase biological process

d) To increase photosynthesis process

Q-113. The optimum temperature for the Banana crop is—

Q-107. How much tomato average production (q.) may

a) 30°C b) 23°C

be yield from one hectare ?

c) 21•5°C

a) 100

d) 26•5°C

b) 105-150 c) 250 d) 160-275

Q-114. Which one of the following varieties has been selected to develop Narendra Aonla-6 variety ?

a) Chakaiya

Q-108. Inland fisheries is referred to

b) Hathijhool

a) culturing fish in freshwater

c) Banarasi d) Narendra Aonla-6

b) trapping and capturing fish c) deep sea fisheries d) extraction of oil from fish

Q-115. The desired varieties of economically useful crops are raised by

Q-109. Which one is not biofertilizer ?

a) Vemalisation

a) Multiflex

b) Mutation

b) PSB

c) Natural selection

c) Vermicompost

d) Hybridization

d) NADEP

Q-116. A farming system in which airable crops are

Q-110. In which form is nitrogen absorbed by paddy

grown in alleys formed by trees or shrubs, to establish

under waterlogged condition ?

soil fertility and to enhance soil productivity, is known

a) NH4 ion

as—

b) Nitrate ion

a) Relay cropping b) Multiple cropping



Agriculture Notes With MCQs | For Revenue Patwari Exam http://www.punjabexamportal.com/ https://www.facebook.com/pbexam/ c) Alley cropping

b) Dashaheri x Langra

d) Mixed cropping

c) Langra x Dashaheri

Q-117. The cropping intensity of Groundnut + Arhar –

d) Dashaheri x Neelam

Sugarcane is—

Q-124. Seed-plot technique is adopted in —

a) 200%

a) Onion

b) 300% c) 150%

b) Potato

d) 250%

d) Tomato

Q-118. The scented variety of paddy is —

Q-125. The origin of litchi is —

a) Jaya

a) India

b) Bala

b) Philippines

c) Type-3

c) China

d) Type-1

d) Burma

Q-119. From which language is the word ‘Agronomy’

Q-126. Milk sugar is a type of

taken ?

a) Glucose

a) Latin

b) Sucrose

b) Greek

c) Lactose

c) French

d) Fructose

d) German

c) Sugarcane

Q-127. Muriate of Potash is

Q-120. Tarameera is belonged to which family ?

a) K2SO4

a) Cruciferae

b) KCl

b) Linaceae

c) K2HPO4

c) Compositae

d) KNO3

d) Graminae

Q-128. Azotobacter fixes atmospheric nitrogen in the

Q-121. The size of clay particles are—

soil by

a) 1•0 mm

a) Symbiotically

b) 0•2 – 0•02 mm

b) Non-symbiotically

c) < 0•02 mm

c) Both a) and b)

d) < 0•002 mm

d) None of these

Q-122. When one plant has both male and female

Q-129. The chemical formula of iron pyrites is

flowers separately, is called —

a) FeSO4

a) Monophrodits

b) FeS c) FeS2

b) Monoecious c) Hermaphrodite d) Apomixis

d) Fe2(SO4)3

Q-123. Aamrapali is the cross of —

deficiency of

a) Neelam x Dashaheri

a) N


Q-130. Intervenous chlorosis is caused due to the


Agriculture Notes With MCQs | For Revenue Patwari Exam http://www.punjabexamportal.com/ https://www.facebook.com/pbexam/ b) Mg

b) Sugarcane – Maize – Sudangrass – Bajra

c) S

c) Sugarcane – Cotton – Paddy – Maize

d) Fe

d) Cotton – Maize – Bajra –Sugarcane

Q-131. Kinnow is the hybrid variety of

Q-138. Match List-I (crops) with List-II (water

a) Citrus

requirement) and select your answer from the code

b) Orange c) Mandarin

given below—

d) Lemon

a) Jowar

Q-132. The permanent preservative, which is used for preservation of fruit and vegetables, is

a) Sodium chloride b) Potassium metabisulphate

c) Potassium sulphate d) Sugar

List-I

b) Soybean c) Cotton d) Groundnut List –II

1. 140 mm – 300 mm 2. 350 mm – 450 mm 3. 200 mm – 300 mm

Q-133. Whip tail disease of cauliflower is caused by

4. 300 mm – 350 mm

deficiency of

Codes :

a) Nitrogen

a) b) c) d)

b) Boron c) Molybdenum

a) 3 1 2 4

d) Zinc

c) 1 4 2 3

b) 4 2 3 1 d) 3 1 4 2

Q-134. The word ‘Agriculture’ is derived from

a) Greek b) Latin

Q-139. In which state, are there biggest area, highest

c) Arabic

Sugarcane ?

d) French

a) Maharashtra

production and number of Sugar Mills in relation to

b) Bihar Q-135. Motha (Grass nut) belongs to the family of

c) Uttar Pradesh

a) Cruciferae

d) Andhra Pradesh

b) Tiliaceae c) Cyperaceae

Q-140. Which is not prepared by potato ?

d) Graminaceae

a) Acetic Acid b) Paper

Q-136. Which of the followings are short day crops ?

c) Wine

a) Maize, Lobia, Bajra b) Wheat, Mustard, Gram

d) Fanina

c) Moong, Soybean, Bajra

Q-141. Uttar Pradesh is occupying which place in India,

d) Wheat, Soybean, Bajra

for Guava production ? a) Second

Q-137. What is the sequence of C4 plants ?

b) First

a) Sudangrass – Sugarcane –Paddy – Bajra



Agriculture Notes With MCQs | For Revenue Patwari Exam http://www.punjabexamportal.com/ https://www.facebook.com/pbexam/ c) Third

b) Compost fertilizer

d) Fifth

c) Ammonium Chloride

Q-142. Which of the following is TPS variety of Potato ?

d) Urea

a) JH 222

Q-149. Insecticides are specific inhibitors of —

b) Chipsona-II

a) Excretory system

c) Anand d) HPS-1/113

b) Digestive system

Q-143. What is VAM ?

c) Nervous system d) Blood Circulatory system

a) Virus

Q-150. The credit for the success of Krishi Vigyan

b) Bacteria

Kendras (KVK) goes to —

c) Algae

a) Dr. R. S. Paroda

d) Fungi

b) Dr. Chandrika Prasad

Q-144. What is the main function of zinc in the plants ?

c) Dr. Mohan Singh Mehta d) Dr. Mangla Rai

a) Synthesis of nitrogen b) Synthesis of phosphorus

Q-151. Cauliflower belongs to the family —

c) Required for synthesis of Tryptophos

a) Cruciferae

d) To increase activity of the boron

b) poacae

Q-145. What is the area in floriculture (in 000 hectare) in India ?

c) Malvaceae d) Leguminaceae

a) 40 – 50

Q-152. The trade name of phorate is —

b) 60 – 80

a) Temic

c) 100 – 120

b) Thiodan c) Phortox

d) None of these Q-146. Which of the following factors does not affect

d) Metasystox

the nitrification ?

Q-153. The sprayers are cleaned before use by —

a) Air b) Seed

a) 1% chlorine water b) 1% hydrochloric acid

c) Temperature

c) 1% ammonia water

d) Moisture

d) 1% bromine water

Q-147. Which is the correct sequence of soil erosion ?

Q-154. The cyanogas pump is a /an —

a) Rill – Sheet – Gulley

a) Duster

b) Gulley – Sheet – Rill c) Sheet – Rill – Gulley

b) Fumigator

d) Sheet – Gulley – Rill

d) Emulsifier

Q-148. Zinc Sulphate (ZnSO4) should not be mixed

Q-155. The main reason of Irish Famine in Potato was —

with—

a) Late Blight disease

a) D.A.P.

b) Bacterial Blight disease


c) Sprayer


Agriculture Notes With MCQs | For Revenue Patwari Exam http://www.punjabexamportal.com/ https://www.facebook.com/pbexam/ c) Blast disease

b) Cereal crop

d) Ear Cockle disease

c) Covered crop

Q-156. The instrument, which is used for sowing of

d) None of these

seed with fertilizer together at a time, is —

Q-163. Autumn sugarcane is planted in month of —

a) Seed drill

a) February-March

b) Dibbler c) Seed sowing behind plough

b) July c) October

d) Ferti-cum Seed drill

d) December

Q-157. Seed treatment is done to control—

Q-164. Seed-rate for timely sown wheat is —

a) Soil-borne disease

a) 75 kg/ha

b) Air-borne disease

b) 100 kg/ha

c) Seed-borne disease

c) 125 kg/ha

d) None of these

d) 150 kg/ha

Q-158. Salt tolerant crop is—

Q-165. Most critical stage in wheat for irrigation is —

a) Cowpea

a) C.R.I.

b) Field pea

b) Flowering

c) Garlic

c) Milk

d) Longmelon

d) Dough

Q-159. Which of the following is not a dairy breed of

Q-166. Name of most popular variety of wheat in Uttar

cattle ?

Pradesh is—

a) Sahiwal

a) PBW – 343

b) Sindhi

b) U.P. – 2338

c) Nagore

c) K – 7903

d) All these

d) K – 9107

Q-160. Which of the following pesticides has been

Q-167. KPG – 59 (Udai) is a variety of —

banned in India ?

a) Field pea

a) Rogor

b) Vegetable pea

b) DDT

c) Lentil d) Gram

c) Metasystox d) Dimecron

Q-168. In plain, Rajma is cultivated during —

Q-161. Pulses fit well in cropping system as they a re —

a) Kharif

a) Short duration crops

b) Rabi

b) Disease resistant crops

c) Zaid

c) Long duration crops d) Moisture stress resistant crops

d) None of these

Q-162. Wheat is a—

cultivation in Uttar Pradesh ?

a) Cash crop

a) Vegetable pea


Q-169. Which crop is recommended for Zaid season


Agriculture Notes With MCQs | For Revenue Patwari Exam http://www.punjabexamportal.com/ https://www.facebook.com/pbexam/ b) Groundnut

c) Selection

c) Barley

d) Production of crop

d) Lentil

Q-177. Which of the following is an example of kharif crop?

Q-170. Which one among the following chemicals is used for causing defoliation of forest trees?

a) Posphon D b) Malic hydrazide c) 2, 4-D d) Amo 1618 Q-172. Norin-l0 gene from Japan is a a) Dwarf gene of wheat

b) Dwarf gene of rice c) Dwarf gene of maize d) disease resistant gene of rice Q-173. Bioherbicides have been recommended a) to prevent ecodegradation

b) Because of their ready availability c) Because of their cheap rates d) Because of their abundance Q-174. The Mexican dwarf wheat variety was developed by

a) Swami Nathan b) Borlaugh

a) Rice

b) Wheat c) Gram d) Mustard Q-178. Removal of stamens in an inter-sexual flower before they dehisce is called

a) Protogyny b) Protandry c) Inducing male sterility d) Emasculation . Q-179. Selection of homozygous plant is a) Pure line selection

b) Mass selection c) Mixed selection d) Introduction Q-180. The study of fish culture is called

a) Ophiology b) Ichthyology c) Herpetology ‘

d) Pisciculture

c) Watson

Q-181. Murrah is a high-yielding breed of

d) Khush

a) cow

Q-175. High-yielding varieties of wheat were primarily developed by Indian scientist by crossing- breeding traditional varieties with

a) American varieties b) Mexican varieties c) European varieties d) African varieties Q-176. A plant breeder: waists to develop a disease resistant variety. What should he do first?

a) Hybridization b) Mutation


b) hen c) buffalo

d) sheep Q-182. Which of the following is called the “Father of White Revolution” in India?

a) Hargobind Khorana b) V. Kurian c) M.S. Swaminathan d) P. K. Sethi Q-183. Foot and Mouth Disease is a highly conta gious disease almost exclusive to cattle, sheep, swine, goats,


Agriculture Notes With MCQs | For Revenue Patwari Exam http://www.punjabexamportal.com/ https://www.facebook.com/pbexam/ and other cloven-hoofed animals. It is caused by

c) fructose -1-6 diphosphate

a) fungi

d) Glucose -6-phosphate

b) bacteria c) protozoa

Q-190. Compensation point is

d) Erus

a) where there is neither photosynthesis nor respiration b) when rate of photosynthesis is equal to the rate of

Q-184. Anthrax is a serious disease of

respiration

a) cattle

c) when there is enough water just to meet the

b) poultry

requirements of plant

c) fish

d) when the entire food synthesized in photosynthesis

d) all of these

remain unutilized

Q-185. High milk yielding varieties of cows are obtained by

a) super ovulation

Indian Agriculture – MCQs with answers – Part I (01-192015) Indian Agriculture – MCQs with answers – Part I

b) artificial insemination

Q-191. Which sector is the backbone of Indian

c) use of surrogate mothers

economy?

d) all of these

a) Service Sector

Q-186. Which of the following is the high milk yielding variety of cow?

a) Jamunapari

b) Financial Sector c) Tourism Sector d) Agriculture Sector

b) Murrah c) Holstein

Q-192. Which among the following is not a cereal?

d) Kathiyabari

b) Wheat

Q-187. A fan produces a feeling of comfort during hot weather because

a) Fan supplies cold air b) Our perspiration evaporates rapidly c) Our body radiates more heat in air d) Conductivity of air increases

a) Rice c) Gram

d) Maize Q-193. Who announced the introduction of National Food Security Act? a) Pranab Mukherjee

b) Manmohan Singh

Q-188. The water can be made to boil even at 0°C if t he

c) P.Chidambaram

pressure of surrounding is

d) Arun Jaitley

a) 76cm of Hg b) 5cm of Hg c) 0.1 cm of Hg d) 4.6 mm of Hg

Q-189. First stable compound in C3 cycle i s a) Phosphoglyceraldehyde

b) Phosphoglyceric acid


Q-194. When was NFSM launched?

a) Mid of 9th Five-Year Plan b) End of 10th Five-Year Plan c) Mid of 11th Five-Year Plan d) End of 11th Five-Year Plan Q-195. Who announced the launch of Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana?


Agriculture Notes With MCQs | For Revenue Patwari Exam http://www.punjabexamportal.com/ https://www.facebook.com/pbexam/ a) Narendra Modi

incidence of poverty in rural areas.

b) Dr. Manmohan Singh

a) I only

c) Atal Bihari Vajpayee

b) II only c) Both

d) I.K.Gujral Q-196. Which among the following does not belong to

d) None

welfare schemes for the farmers?

Q-202. Consider the following statements. Identify the

a) Kisan Credit Card Scheme

right ones.

b) SHG Bank Linkage Programme

I. There are three distinct crop seasons in the northern

c) National Agricultural Insurance Scheme d) Employee Referral Scheme

and interior parts of the country, namely kharif, rabi and

Q-197 when did the Government present Kisan Credit Card Scheme?

a) April 1853 b) August 1998 c) July 1991 d) November 1995 Q-198 When was On Farm Water Management Scheme launched?

a) July 2000 b) March 2002

c) March 2004 d) January 2004 Q-199 When were Kisan Call Centres established?

zaid) II. The kharif season largely coincides with Southwest Monsoon. a) I only b) II only c) Both

d) None Q-203. Which of these are not rabi crop?

a) Wheat b) Mustard c) Barley d) Cotton Q-204. Match the following crop seasons with respective months.

a) July 2000

I. Kharif —– A) October- March

b) March 2002 c) March 2004

II. Rabi —— B) April-June

d) January 2004

a) IA,IIB,IIIC

Q-200. Which of the following is the largest fertiliser

b) IB,IIC,IIIA c) IC,IIA,IIIB

producer in India?

a) Coromande International Ltd.

III. Zaid —– C)June-September

d) IC,IIB,IIIA

b) Indian Farmers Fertiliser Corporation Limited


c) Gujarat State Fertilizers & Chemicals Ltd.

right ones.

d) Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertlizers Ltd.

I. On the basis of main source of moisture for crops, the

Q-201. Consider the following statements. Identify t he right ones.

I. Agriculture is a purely land based activity unlike secondary and tertiary activities. II. The lack of access to land is directly correlated with


farming can be classified as irrigated and rain fed) II. While irrigated farming is dependent on irrigation facilities but rain fed farming is done with the help of rainfall received during Southwest Monsoon. a) I only b) II only


Agriculture Notes With MCQs | For Revenue Patwari Exam http://www.punjabexamportal.com/ https://www.facebook.com/pbexam/ c) Both

b) II only

d) None

c) Both

Q-206. Consider the following statements about dry

d) None

land farming. Identify the right ones.

Q-210. Consider the following statements about the

I. The dry land farming is largely confined to the regions

pulses. Identify the right ones.

having annual rainfall less than 75cm. II. These regions grow hardy and drought resistant crops. a) I only b) II only c) Both d) None Q-207. Consider the following statements about wetland farming. Identify the right ones.

I. In wet land farming, the rainfall is in excess of soil moisture requirement of plants during rainy season. II. These areas grow various water intensive crops such as rice, jute and sugarcane. a) I only b) II only c) Both

I. Pulses are very important ingredient of vegetarian food as these are rich sources of proteins. II. These are legume crops which increase the natural fertility of soils through nitrogen fixation. a) I only b) II only c) Both

d) None Q-211. Which of these are oilseeds growing regions of the country?

I. Maharashtra II. Telangana III. Andhra Pradesh IV. Uttar Pradesh a) I and III only

d) None

b) II and III only c) I,II and III only


d) All

right ones.

I. Food grains are dominant crops in all parts of the country. II. Rice is a staple food for the overwhelming majority of population in India) a) I only b) II only c) Both

Q-212. Consider the following statements. Identify the right ones.

I. Cotton is a tropical crop grown in kharif season in semi-arid areas of the country. II. India grows both short staple cotton as well as long staple cotton. a) I only

d) None

b) II only c) Both


d) None

right ones.

I. Maize is a food as well as fodder crop grown under semi-arid climatic conditions. II. Yield level of maize is higher than other coarse cereals. a) I only


Q-213. Consider the following statements about jute crop. Identify the right ones.

I. Jute is one of the fibre crops grown in India) II. It is used for making coarse cloth, bags, sacks and decorative items. III. It is grown in the states of West Bengal, Assam and


Agriculture Notes With MCQs | For Revenue Patwari Exam http://www.punjabexamportal.com/ https://www.facebook.com/pbexam/ Bihar.

Q-217. Consider the following statements about

a) I and II only

agricultural development in India) Identify the right

b) II and III only

ones.

c) I and III only

I. Indian agriculture economy was largely subsistence in

d) All

nature before independence.

Q-214. Consider the following statements about the sugarcane crop. Identify the right ones.

I. Sugarcane is a crop of tropical areas. II. Its cultivation is largely concentrated in Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat. III. It is also cultivated in southern states where the yield

II. It had a dismal performance in the first half of twentieth century. a) I only b) II only c) Both

d) None

of the crop is very high.

Q-218. Consider the following statements about Green

a) I and II only

Revolution in India) Identify the right ones.

b) II and III only

I. The Green Revolution was launched in the decade of

c) I only d) All

1960s to increase the agriculture production in India)

Q-215. Consider the following statements about tea crop. Identify the right ones.

I. Tea is a plantation crop used as beverage. II. Tea leaves have rich content of caffeine and tannin. III. It is grown over undulating topography of hilly areas and well-drained soils in humid and sub-humid tropics and sub-tropics.

II. It was a â€œpackage revolutionâ€ • combining HYVs

seeds, chemical fertilizer, pesticide, water and agriculture machinery. III. It was an energy-intensive method) a) I and II only b) III only c) I,II and III only

d) I only

a) I and II only

Q-219. What were the harmful effects of the strategy

b) II and III only

of the Green Revolution?

c) I and III only d) All

I. Degradation of the soil

Q-216. Consider the following statements. Identify t he right ones.

I. Coffee is a tropical plantation crop. II. Its seeds are roasted, ground and are used for preparing a beverage. III. There are three varieties of coffee i.e. Arabica,

II. Lowering of the water tables III. Loss of Biodiversity IV. Impoverishment of the small farmers a) I,II and IV only b) III only c) I,II and III only d) All

Robusta, Liberia)

Q-220. What are the real problems of the Indian

IV. India mostly grows inferior quality coffee. a) I,II and III only

agriculture?

b) IV only

II. Low productivity

c) III only

III. Constraints of financial resources and indebtedness

d) All

IV. Lack of land reforms

I. Dependence on Erratic Monsoon

V. Small land size and fragmentation of landholdings



Agriculture Notes With MCQs | For Revenue Patwari Exam http://www.punjabexamportal.com/ https://www.facebook.com/pbexam/ a) I,II,III and IV only

Q-225. Bt Cotton and Bt Brinjal are the examples of

b) II and IV only

genetic ally modified crops. What does Bt stand for?

c) III and V only d) All

a) Bacillus Thuringiensis

Q-221. Which one of the following crops is not cultivated under dry land farming?

b) Bacteria tera c) Ficus religiosa d) None

a) Ragi


b) Groundnut

right ones.

c) Jowar d) Sugarcane

I. Aquaculture is the artificial production of fish in ponds

Q-222. In which of the following group of countries of the world, HYVs of wheat and rice were developed?

a) Japan and Australia b) Mexico and Philippines c) Mexico and Singapore d) USA and Japan Q-223. Consider the following statements. Identify the right ones.

I. Organic farming does not use chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides. II. Organic farming can, over a period of time, reverse soil degradation and improve soil health. a) I only b) II only c) Both d) None Q-224. Consider the following statements. Identify the

and underwater cages. II. A third of the world’s fish harvest is used as animal

feed, fishmeal and oils. a) I only b) II only c) Both

d) None Q-227. The global fisheries have nearly collapsed) What are the factors responsible for the decline in f isheries?

I. Massive harvesting of fish II. Pollution of water bodies III. Climate change IV. Destruction of mangroves and coral reefs a) I and II only b) II and III only c) III and IV only d) All ANSWER: d) All

right ones.

Q-228. What is the way out to save global fisheries?

I. Genetic engineering manipulates the genes in an

I. Adopting an ecosystem based approach

organism to change its characteristics.

II. Establishing marine reserves as no-fishing zones

II. It can move a favourable gene from one organism to

III. Elimination of fishing gear and bottom trawlers

another.

a) I and II only

III. Genetic modification can make a plant resistant to

b) II and III only

specific pests or diseases.

c) I and III only

a) I and II only

d) All

b) II and III only c) I only d) All


I. A mineral is any substance that is naturally present in the earth’s crust and is not formed from animal or



Agriculture Notes With MCQs | For Revenue Patwari Exam http://www.punjabexamportal.com/ https://www.facebook.com/pbexam/ vegetable matter.

a) It increases crop yields.

II. The earth’s geological processes have formed these

b) It needs fertilizers and pesticides.

minerals over millions or billions of years and hence they

c) It requires decreasing inputs over time.

are non-renewable.

d) It uses high-yielding varieties of seeds.

a) I only b) II only c) Both d) None

Q-235. Which of the following statements is not true with regard to GM crops?

a) They could have greater resistance to pests. b) They are proven to be completely safe.

Q-230. Consider the following statements. Identify t he

c) They could resist drought or salinity.

right ones.

d) They could reduce the amount of fertilizer needed)

I. Mining is the process of extracting and processing minerals. II. Underground mining has little direct effect on the environment, but it can cause long-term problems like subsidence and pollution of aquifers. a) I only b) II only c) Both

d) None


I. Soil pollution is any physical or chemical change in the soil conditions that may adversely affect the growth of plants and other organisms living in or on it. II. Most soil pollutants are agricultural chemicals, primary fertilizers and pesticides. a) I only

Q-231. Which is the most important support for a ll

b) II only c) Both

plant growth and all life?

d) None

a) Topsoil

b) Fertilizer c) Farming d) Pesticide

Q-237. What are the ways for the restoration of the soil?

I. Dilution II. Vapour extraction

Q-232. Which of the following is not a problem

III. Bioremediation

associated with land?

IV. Phytoremediation

a) Water logging

a) I and II only

b) Salinization

b) II,III and IV only

c) Desertification d) Climate Change

c) I,II and III only d) All

Q-233. Which of the following statements is true with


regard to food on this planet?

right ones.

a) There is unlimited amount of fish.

I. Irrigation has two roles to play: one is for protective

b) There is enough food to feed every person.

purpose and another one for making the land useful for

c) Every person is able to buy food)

second crop.

d) Green Revolution has solved the problem of hunger.

II. In India, there are three basic sources of irrigation:

Q-234. Which of the following statements is not true with regard to the Green Revolution?


wells, canals and tanks. a) I only


Agriculture-notes.pdf

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