Short Notes: AE 2022 General Engg and Maint practices 1. Defne aircrat aircrat Jacking Jacking Jacking is done !ith h"dra#lic or scre! $ack to lit the aircrat ro% the gro#nd. &t ena'les to raise the le(el o the aircrat ro% gro#nd or aircrat rigging. )"pes )"pes o $acking are a.Scre! $ack '.'ottle $ack c.)ripod $ack 2. *hat is is aircra aircrat t rigging rigging +igging is to check the align%ent o the ollo!ing a. f,ed f,ed s#races !ings- (ertical and horiontal sta'iliers sta'iliers '. %o(a'le control s#races /aileron- ele(ator and r#dder #rpose: )he p#rpose o aircrat rigging is is to i%pro(e ight characteristics o aircrat. )his a(oids tendenc" o aircrat aircrat to roll- "a! and pitch in straight le(el ight. 3. *hat are the ad(antag ad(antages es o s!aging s!aging o(er splicing splicing 1. &t pro(ides s%ooth s#race fnish2. 4igh strength3. 4igh relia'ilit"5. &t re6#ires less ti%e or s!aging7. &t #ses si%ple tool and lo! costingcosting8. Se%i9skilled !orker is ade6#ate. 5. *hat are are the t"pes o o aircrat aircrat 'olts 'olts 1.General #rpose 2. lose tolerance 'olts 3. &nternal tolerance 5. Special p#rpose 'olts a. le(is '.e"e'olt c.$o9'olt d. lock 'olt 1
7. *hat are the t"pes o ri(et t"pe 1. ;lind ri(ets2. Mechanicall" e,panded ri(ets3. Sel pl#gging ri(ets and 5. #ll thro#gh ri(ets 8. *hat are the special inspections on aircrat a. 4ard or o(er!eight landing inspection' .se(ere t#r'#lence inspectionc. lightening strike- fre da%aged. ood da%agee. seaplanes check and .arial application. <. *hat are the ser(ice '#lletins=&nstr#ctions )he instr#ctions are iss#ed '" %an#act#rers on airra%eengine and co%ponents. &t incl#des the ollo!ing: a. #rpose o iss#ing p#'lications '. na%e o applica'ilit" airra%e c. engine or co%ponent d. detailed instr#ctions or ser(ice e. ad$#st%ent- %odifcations o parts . esti%ated no. o %an ho#rs re6#ired to acco%plish the $o'. >. Defne inspection techni6#e &t is (is#al and %an#al checks '" opening aircrat panel and accessor" door to deter%ine the condition and an" leakage in an aircrat and co%ponents. &t is designed to %aintain the aircrat in 'est possi'le !a". &t is 'ased on reports %ade '" a. Mechanics d#ring reg#lar sched#led inspections. '. ilot d#ring "ing i an" o'ser(ations ?. *hat is %aintenance saet"=shop saet" )his re6#ires keeping hangars- shop and ight line orderl" and clean. &t is essential to saet" and e@cient %aintenance. &t consists o 1. Electrical saet" /ph"siological and fre saet" 2
2. Saet" aro#nd co%pressed gases 3. Saet" aro#nd haardo#s %aterials5. Aircrat t"re %o#nting 7. *elding saet" 8. Saet" aro#nd %achine tools. 10. *hat are the preca#tions or o,"gen s"ste%s )he ollo!ing preca#tions to 'e o'ser(ed: 1. pen the c"linder (al(e slo!l"2. A(oid o(erheating ca#sed '" too rapid flling3. Mark ,"gen A(iators ;reathing5. heck press#re re6#entl" d#ring charging7. o,"gen sho#ld 'e p#re !itho#t !ater (apo#r /??.7B p#re 11. Cist preca#tions or engine starting )he ollo!ing preca#tions are to 'e o'ser(ed: 1. Aircrat to head into the !ind2. No da%age to propert" or person d#e to e,ha#st 'last3. +e%o(e electrical po!er sael"5. ire g#ard in place7. 2 e,ting#isher o at least 7l's8. Area in ront is clean to a(oid D<. Man#act#rer checklist to start and sh#t do!n>. +e%o(e control s#races lock 'eore starting?. A) per%ission re6#ired in case o e%ergenc". 10. nl" trained persons are per%itted to gi(e starting. 12. Defne %ooring &t is the process o aircrat is 'eing tied do!n ater each ight to the gro#nd. &t is saet" or the aircrat to pre(ent da%age ro% s#dden stor%s. &t is tied do!n #sing the ollo!ing 1. Mettalic chain 2. Manila rope to the hook=rings in the concrete gro#nd. Manila rope sho#ld 'e kept slightl" loose so that in the rain it can tighten #p !itho#t 'reaking 13. Defneto!ing &t is the process o %o(ing aircrat ro% one place to other place #sing to!ing (ehicle and to!ing 'ar. 3
D#ring to!ing the engine po!er is s!itched o. )he ollo!ing preca#tion is to 'e o'ser(ed. 1. orrect speed o to!ing (ehicle2. onl" trained technician in the cockpit to operate 'rake in e%ergenc" 3. the aircrat sho#ld ha(e !ing !alk %an or each port and star'oard !ing 5. Aircrat 'rake sho#ld 'e ser(icea'le. 15. *hat are the !elding saet" *elding saet" is done in designated area. An" part re%o(ed ro% aircrat sho#ld 'e done in !elding 'a". reca#tions to 'e o'ser(ed are: 1. *elding sho#ld 'e done o#tside hanger 2. no open #el tanks or !ork on #el tank 3. no aircrat !ithin 37 t o !elding5. no a%%a'le %aterial aro#nd the !elding area 7. nl" 6#alifed !elders per%itted8. the !elding area is roped o and placarded<. &t sho#ld fre e,ting#ishing e6#ip%ent %in rating o 20 l's>. )he aircrat sho#ld 'e in to!a'le state in case o fre. 17. Defne air!orthiness directi(e &t is p#'lished to noti" aircrat o!ners and other interested persons o #nsae conditions and prescri'ed conditions to !hich aircrat %a" contin#e to operate. A+ sho#ld 'e co%plied. )!o categories are: a )hose o e%ergenc" in nat#re re6#iring i%%ediate co%pliance #pon receipt. ' Cess #rgent in nat#re re6#iring co%pliance !ithin a relati(el" longer period o ti%e. &t %a" 'e one ti%e co%pliance or rec#rring ite% /calendar or ho#rl" 'ased 18. *hat is t"pe certifcate data sheet &t descri'es the t"pe design and sets orth li%itations prescri'ed '" the applica'le +. &t contains 5
1. Fse o %odel designation o engines '" %an#act#rer or #se !ith this %odel o aircrat. 2. &t specifes %ini%#% #el grade re6#ired. 3. &t specifes %a, contin#o#s and take o ratings o engine rp%. 5. &t specifes the na%e o propeller %an#act#rer and %odel designation o each propeller. 7. &t specifes air speed li%its in k%ph. 8. &t also specifes the G at e,tre%e conditions and e%pt" !eight G range. 1<. *hat is A)A specifcation/A)A 100 &t reers to Air )ransport Association o A%erica specifcations or %an#act#rers. )hese specifcations esta'lish standard or the presentation o technical data '" an aircrat and its accessories. &t si%plifes in locating instr#ctions and #nior% %ethod o arranging instr#ctions in all p#'lications. A)A 100 specifcations are di(ided into s"ste%s. N#%'ering in each %a$or s"ste% pro(ides an arrange%ent or 'reaking the s"ste% into se(eral s#'s"ste%s eg. A)A 21 is or Air onditioning s"ste%2100 General2110 co%pression2120 Distri'#tion2130 ress#riation control etc. 1>. 4o! l#id lines identifcation done l#id lines in aircrat s"ste% are #sed or high press#re oil and gases or operational #se in the s"ste%. &t is identifed '" %arking !ith 1. colo#r codes- !ords on the lines 2. Geo%etric s"%'ols %arked on the lines )hese %arkings identi" a.the #nction /eg drain- (ent- ret#rn- press#re '.content in the line /oil-gase c.haard le(el / to,ic 1?.
Cist t"pes o #id line fttings 7
)he ollo!ing are the dierent t"pes o fttings #sed or $oining the #id lines: 1.Fni(ersal '#lkhead fttings 2. AN ared t#'e fttings3.lareless fttings 5.#ick disconnect fttings- e,i'le connectors. 20. Cist t"pes o #id pipe line )hese are the #id pipe lines #sed to deli(er oil and gases #nder press#re to dierent s"ste%s in aircrat: 1. +igid line9a t#'e !ith standard co%'inations o o#tside dia%eter and !all thickness. )hese are standardied '" ANS&. 2. Se%i9rigid #id lines9t#'es can 'e 'ent to shape and are oten ared or connectors. 3. le,i'le #id line9the e,i'ilit" re6#ired d#e to restricted area in aircrat. &t is #sed or trans%ission o #id and gases #nder press#re. 21.Cist t"pes o 'earing #sed in aircrat Aircrat 'earings are #sed in engine gear 'o,- propeller red#ction gear and helicopter rotor 'earings. )he ollo!ing are the t"pes o 'earing: 1. lain 'earings2. ;all 'earings3. roller 'earings. 5. 'all thr#st 'earings7. roller thr#st 'earings tapered 8. roller thr#st 'earings 21.
Defne le(eling o aircrat Aircrat le(eling is achie(ed thro#gh si%#ltaneo#s raising o $acks. &t is $acking o aircrat !ith the #se o le(eling spirit to le(el longit#dinall" and lateral a,is. )he p#rpose le(eling: 1. rigging o aircrat 2. landing gear retraction test.
22. *hat the saet" !hile handling co%pressed air=gases )he ollo!ing saet" preca#tions to 'e o'ser(ed : 8
1.check re6#entl" hoses or 'reaks or !orn o#t2.no leak in the connections 3.to drain !ater ro% co%pressor tank ro% the s"ste% periodicall"5.ne(er #se or cleaning7.keep hoses straightened to a(oid cracking o hose 23. *h" AF/A#,iliar" o!er Fnit re6#ired 25. )he p#rpose o a#,iliar" po!er #nit located in aircrat is: 1. to pro(ide electric po!er s#ppl" to aircrat !hile on gro#nd2.to start the engine '" pro(iding 'leed air 3. Air9conditioning o ca'in !hen on gro#nd 5. po!er s#ppl" or %aintenance and inspection o aircrat on gro#nd &t is sel contained s"ste% ha(ing o!n 'atter"- #el tank -#el s"ste% and co%'#stion. 27. *hat is engine fre e,ting#ishing ire e,ting#ishing agents are those che%ical that are in$ected into a co%part%ent or area to e,ting#ish a fre. )hese agents !ork '" either displacing the o,"gen or che%icall" co%'ining !ith the o,"gen to pre(ent co%'#stion. Agents are: 2- 4alon 1301/3;r- 4alon 1001/Meth"l ;ro%ide- 4alon 1011 /chloro'ro%o%ethane. 28. Cist gro#nd po!er #nits /GF )he gro#nd po!er #nits ena'le aircrat inspection- repair and %aintenance. )he dierent po!er #nits are: 1. Electric GF to pro(ide po!er s#ppl" or aircrat !hile on gro#nd and aircrat %aintenance 2. h"dra#lic GF or charging h"dra#lic s"ste% and operation check o control s#races 3.Gro#nd s#pport Air GF or gro#nd starting o aircrat engine 5. gro#nd air heating and air conditioning #nits or aircrat on gro#nd 2<.
Cist heck lists <
heck lists are #sed to peror% inspection on the aircrat. &t is pro(ided '" the %an#act#rer. heck list are gro#ped into: 1. #selage and h#ll gro#p2. ca'in and cockpit gro#p3. engine and nacelle gro#p5. landing gear gro#p7. !ing and center section8. e%pennage gro#p<. propeller gro#p>. co%%#nication and na(igation gro#p. 2>. Cist precision instr#%ents )he instr#%ents are #sed to o'tain %ore precise %eas#re%ents or acc#rac".eg %icro%eter- (ernier calipers- (ernier scales- go and no9go ga#ges- protractors. 2?. *hat is en(iron%ent cleanliness spillage o oil- fre saet"-saet" lanes- D cleanliness4aardo#s %aterials- !elding en(iron%ent- co%pressed gases en(iron%ent-t"re %o#nting en(iron%ent 30. *hat are the special tools in aircrat %aintenance Cist o special tools #sed are: 1. +igging tool or control s#race rigging2. )ensio%eter3. %ass 'alancing tool or 'alancing control s#race !eight5. Fni(ersal protractor or control s#race ang#lar %eas#re%ent 31. Cist special e6#ip%ent in %aintenance: 1.to!ing 'ar2.aircrat $ack3.GFs5.%ooring chain 7.oil flling e6pt. 32. Cist %aintenance %an#al )he %aintenance %an#al consists o 1. Description o s"ste%s2. C#'rication instr#ctions3. )olerance ad$#st%ents >
5. ress#re and electrical loads7. Methods o le(eling8. Jacking and to!ing<. ;alancing o control s#races>. &dentifcation o pri%ar" and secondar" str#ct#res?. Special repair %ethods applica'le to the airplane 10. list o special tools. 33. *hat is o(erha#l %an#al &t consists o 'rie description and detailed step '" step instr#ctions co(ering !ork nor%all" peror%ed on a #nit that has 'een re%o(ed ro% the aircrat. 35. Defne ad(isor" circ#lar &ss#ed to inor% the a(iation p#'lic in s"ste%atic !a" o non reg#lator" %aterial. An ad(isor" circ#lar is iss#ed to pro(ide g#idance and inor%ation in a designated s#'$ect. 37. *hat oreign '$ect Da%age )he D is ca#sed d#e to e,ternal de'ris entering the engine air intake and ca#sing da%age to engine. )his can 'e a(oided '" 1.proper en(iron%ental cleanliness aro#nd aircrat 2. )ool discipline. 3 . Area in ront o aircrat especiall" on gro#nd sho#ld 'e clean 5. loose ri(ets in the air intake sho#ld 'e checked. 38.
Defne s!aging S!aging is a orging process in !hich the di%ensions o an ite% are changed #sing a die into !hich the ite% is orced. S!aging is #s#all" a cold !orking process. )he ad(antages is s!aging 1 . it is a si%ple process2. ero %aterial !aste3. s%ooth s#race fnish 5. pro(ides 'etter strength than splicing 7.it i%pro(es grain str#ct#re and tensile strength 8.&t #ses si%ple lo! cost tooling 3<. Defne splicing ?
&t is a process o $oining ca'les '" inter !ea(ing strands so that the" or% one picece. &t is techni6#e in !hich t!o ca'les are inter !o(en in s#ch a !a" as to prod#ce a sea%less and strong contin#o#s ca'le !ith no (isi'le knots. Ad(antages o splicing: 1. No special tool re6#ired 2. &t pro(ides sea%less and contin#o#s ca'le. 3. No (isi'le knot re6#ired 5.ca'les and ropes are $oined #sing splicing 3>. Cist )"pes o gears: &n aircrat gears are or red#ction speed or dri(es. &t is #sed in engine gear 'o, and propeller shat. )he t"pes are: 1. sp#r gear2.helical gear3. 4erring'one gears 5.'e(el gears7. !or% gears 3?.
*hat is &nspection techni6#e &t in(ol(es opening all panels- access doors- airings and co!ling to check condition o an aircrat and co%ponents. )he p#rpose is 1. )he oil or #el leakage to 'e checked 2. an" str#ct#ral da%age like !arping on the skin3. ri(ets da%age to co%ponent. 5. an" sign o o(erheating on an" co%ponents
50. *hat is aircrat logs &t is aircrat log 'ook and s#pple%ental records connected to aircrat. Aircrat log 'ook is record in !hich all data concerning aircrat are recorded. )he record helps to identi" the stat#s o aircrat- date o inspections. &t reects histor" o aircrat. 51. Defne risk dia%ond Material saet" dia%onds is i%portant !ith regard to shop saet". &t is si%ple and 6#ick !a" to deter%ine the risk. 10
1. +ed reers to a%%a'ilit"2. Hello! reers to reacti(it"3. ;l#e reers to health and 5. *hite reers to special haard. 52. *hat is hard landing &t is d#ring landing the !eight kno!n to e,ceed the design landing !eight or ater ro#gh landing.s"%pto%s are: 1.!ringled !ing skin 2.#el leakage 3.da%age in spar !e's-'#lk heads-nacelle.fre!all skin 53. *hat is t#r'#lence inspection *hen an aircrat enco#nters a g#st condition- the air load co%'ination o g#est (elocit" and airspeed is too se(ere- the ind#ced stress can ca#se str#ct#ral da%age. 55. *hat is lightening strike & a lightning strike occ#rs the aircrat %#st 'e care#ll" inspected to deter%ine the e,tent o da%age. is d#e to high (oltage thro#gh %etallic cond#ctor. &nspect or degradation '#rning or erosion. 57. *hat is fre da%age to aircrat &nspect the aircrat str#ct#res that ha(e 'een s#'$ected to fre or intense heat .Metal %a" aect the design strength d#e to heat. 58. *hat is ood da%age to aircrat Aircrat %a" 'e da%aged '" !ater can range %inor to se(ere 'ased on resh or salt !ater. S#'%erged co%ponents sho#ld 'e disasse%'led- thoro#ghl" cleaned and treated or corrosion. 5<. *hat is the special inspection or seaplane Seaplane operated in an en(iron%ent that accelerates corrosion- it %#st 'e care#ll" inspected or corrosion. )he seaplanes enco#nters stress po#nding o ro#gh !ater at high speeds. 5>. *hat is aerial application o aircrat )he corrosi(e nat#re o so%e che%ical #sed and the t"pical ight profle %a" ha(e da%aging eects o corrosion .)his nor%all" happens d#ring aerial spra" o pesticides d#ring agric#lt#ral !ork. 11
5?. *hat is aircrat hard!are )he aircrat hard!are is the ter% #sed to descri'e the (ario#s t"pes o asteners and %iscellaneo#s ite%s #sed in %an#act#re o aircrat and repair o aircrat. 70. *hat is aircrat pl#%'ing &t consists o hoses -t#'ing- fttings and connectors in the #el and oil pipe lines o aircrat.
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