The purpose of this text is to give students an introduction to the principles and some recommended procedures practiced in drilling engineering.
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Advanced Drilling Engineering Principles and Designs
G. Robello Samuel, Ph.D. Xiushan Liu, Ph.D.
Houston, Texas
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Contents
Preface
Chapter 1
xv
Acknowledgments
xvii
About the Authors
xix
General Introduction Summary and Organization Overview, Concepts, and Definitions Tangent-Normal-Binormal (TNB) Frame Frenet-Serret Formulas Curvature and Torsion
1 4 8 9 10
Curvature
10
Torsion
11
Classification
12
Rotational Vector
13
Rotation Index
13
Path versus Trajectory
14
Transition Curves
14
Covariance and Covariance Matrix
14
Splines
Chapter 2
1
15
Supplementary Problems
16
References
18
Geodesy
19
Ellipsoid and Geoid
19
Types of Coordinates
24
Easting and Northing
27
vii
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Contents
Families of Map Projections Principal Types of Projections
27
Cylindrical Projections
29
Mercator Projection
29
Transverse Mercator Projection
30
Universal Transverse Mercator Projection
31
Conic Projection
31
Lambert Conformal Conic (LCC) Projection
31
Azimuthal (Planar) Projection
31
Datum
Chapter 3
27
33
Geodetic Transformation
35
Grid North and True North
36
Magnetic Reference and Interference
36
Projection Calculations
40
Transverse Mercator Projection
40
Universal Transverse Mercator Projection
41
Lambert Conformal Conic Projection
42
Polar Azimuthal Equidistant Projection
44
Supplementary Problems
45
References
48
Well Path Trajectory Basic Definitions
49 50
Inclination Angle
50
Azimuth Angle
50
Measured Depth
50
True Vertical Depth
51
Kick-Off Point
51
Turn-Off Point
51
Build-Rate Angle
51
Drop-Rate Angle
51
Turn-Rate Angle
51
Lead Angle (LA)
51
Survey Station
52
Departure
52
Closure
52
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ix
Closure Azimuth
52
Course Length
52
Tie-In Points
52
Toolface Angle Plots and Coordinate Systems Graphical Representation of a Well Path
54
Well Trajectory Coordinate Systems
62
Borehole Curvature and Torsion
65
Moving Frame
66
Borehole Bending
71
Average Curvature
76
Borehole Turning
78
Torsion Angle
78
Models for Well Path Trajectories
Chapter 4
54 54
82
2D Mechanical Models
82
2D Mathematical Models
90
3D Well Path Models
97
Supplementary Problems
114
References
119
Well Path Planning—2D
123
Directional Wells
124
Horizontal Wells
132
Horizontal Arch Design
133
Horizontal Ladder (Staircase) Design
135
Planning the Well Path Just Before Targets Slight-Build Transition Well Path
141 146
Case of Uncertainty in the Position of the Reservoir Top
151
Extended-Reach Wells
151
Catenary Profile
155
Parabolic Profile
158
Clothoid Profile
161
Supplementary Problems
164
References
170
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Contents
Chapter 5
Well Path Planning—3D Multilateral Wells
174
Conventional Model
174
Azimuth or Azimuth/Inclination Correction
174
Toolface Angle Calculation
184
Complex Models Cubic-Type Wells
187 200
Sidetracking Wells
210
Wells Bypassing Obstructions
219
Bit-Walk Wells
238 243
Supplementary Problems
243
References
247
Well Trajectory Monitoring Azimuth Conversion
249 249
Geomagnetic Field and Declination
250
Azimuth Conversion Methods
256
Well Survey Calculations
258
Data Processing
258
Typical Calculation Methods
260
Summary of Methods
272
The Real Shape of a Well Trajectory Curve Structure Method Accurate Calculation Method Trajectory Deviation
Chapter 7
187
Spline-in-Tension–Type Wells
Clothoid-Inserted 3D Wells
Chapter 6
173
273 279 282 288
Projection Plot Method
289
Normal Plane Scanning
292
Off-Target Distance
295
Target Distinction
302
Supplementary Problems
303
References
304
Anti-Collision and Error Analysis
307
Anti-Collision
308
Collision Avoidance
314
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Rule-Based Collision Avoidance
314
Separation Factor Collision Avoidance
315
Risk-Based Collision Avoidance
318
Pedal Curve
326
Normal Probability Distribution for Risk Level
326
Anti-Collision Plots
329
Tortuosity Methods for Applying Continuous Tortuosity to a Well Path
331
Calibration of Tortuosity Factors
336
Absolute and Relative Tortuosity
337
Discussion of Multiple Hits
338
Bias-Type Errors
Chapter 8
331
340
Modeling Uncertainty
340
Determining the Size and Shape
341
Covariance Matrix
344
Collision Risk
347
Supplementary Problems
348
References
349
Well Path Optimization
351
Derivative Analysis
351
Optimization of Total Strain Energy of the Well Path
353
Length Optimization for Horizontal Wells
354
Horizontal Well Length
354
Placement and Length of Horizontal Section
358
Completion Design
359
Number of Wells
360
Length and Direction of Horizontal Section
361
General Utility Planning Methods
365
Universal Arc Profile
365
Characteristic Parameters and Constraint Equations
367
Universal Method for Planning Various Well Paths
368
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Numerical Design Method
369
Analytical Design Method
370
Smoothening the Path
Chapter 9
Clothoid Curve
376
Curvature Bridging
379
Well Path Optimization with Cubic Function
380
Well Path Optimization with SiT Method
384
Bit-Walk Unit Partition Based on Rock Strata
384
Supplementary Problems
387
References
388
Measurement Tools Survey Tools
391 391
Classification of Survey Tools
392
Magnetic Survey Tools
392
Gyro Survey Tools
395
MWD Tools
404
Telemetry System
406
Through-Bit Logging
411
Rotary Steerable Tools Hollow Whipstock
Chapter 10
374
412 414
Downhole Deflection Tools
415
Supplementary Problem
416
References
417
Solid Expansion Technology in Complex Well Construction
419
Expansion Technology
420
The Expansion Process
420
Expansion Force and Pressures
423
Expansion Effects on Material Properties
424
Expandable Connectors
426
Expansion Techniques
427
Hydroforming Expansion
427
Cone Expansion
427
Compliant Rotary Expansion
429
Expansion Direction
429
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Expansion Systems Solid Expandable Systems for the Cased Hole
431
Solid Expandable Systems for the Open Hole
433
Using Expansion Technology
437
Conditions Mitigated with Expansion Technology
437
Increasing Production
439
Drilling Longer Wells
440
Traversing Depleted Formations to Reach New Horizons
440
Downsizing Wells or Preserving Hole Size While Addressing Drilling Hazards
441
Casing Exit from an Existing Completion
442
Advantages of Solid Expansion Technology
442
Solid Expandable System Limitations
443
Application of Solid Expandables to Complex Wells
Chapter 11
431
444
Complex Wells in Tight Economic Environments
445
Subsalt Rubble Zones
451
Extended-Reach Drilling Wells
456
Multiple and Added Contingencies
457
Tight Drilling Margins
463
Supplementary Problems
466
Bibliography
467
Directional, Horizontal, and Multilateral Well Economics
469
Well Planning Considerations
469
Time Value of Money
470
Economic Parameters
471
Price Elasticity
475
Ranges of Elasticity
476
Risk Analysis in Directional, Horizontal, and Multilateral Well Developments
