Advanced Space Propulsion Concepts for Interstellar Travel Gregory V. Meholic
[email protected]
Planets
HR 8799 140 LY
11/14/08
Presentation Objectives and Caveats
information -only overview of Provide a high-level, “evolutionary”, information-only various propulsion technology concepts that, with sufficient development, may lead mankind to the stars. Only candidate concepts for a vehicle‟s primary interstellar propulsion system will be discussed.
No attitude control
No earth-to-orbit launch No electric
No sail-type
No beamed energy No bomb ejection None of the following will be given, assumed or implied:
Recommendations on specific mission designs Developmental Developmen tal timelines or cost estimates Not all propulsion options will be discussed – that would be impossible! Estimated NASA TRL and program status may be given.
Chapters 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
The Ultimate Space Mission The Solar System and Beyond Challenges of Human Star Flight Propulsion System Metrics for Interstella Interstellarr Travel Conventional Mass Ejection Propulsion Systems
State-of-the-Art Possible Improvements
6. Alternative Conventional Systems
Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fusion Matter/Antimatter Other Concepts
7. Physics-Based Concepts
Definitions Space-Time SpaceTime Warp Drives Gravity-Inertia-Electromagnetic Alternate Dimension / Hyperspace
8. Experimenta Experimentall Programs 9. Concluding Remarks
Chapter 1: The Ultimate Space Mission
The Ultimate Space Mission For humans to travel to the stars and return to Earth within a “reasonable fraction” (around fraction” (around 15 years) of a human lifetime.
Why venture beyond our Solar System? Because Beca use we have have to - huma humans ns love to explore !!! Explore the Kuiper Belt and the Oort Cloud – Theoretical home to long-period comets/
Explore the nature of the interstellar medium and its influence on the solar syste system m (and vice vice versa). versa). – Magnetic fields, low-energy galactic cosmic rays, composition, etc.
Explore or better observe nearby solar systems (e.g. Alpha Centauri). Look for other earth-like planets . Sear Se arch ch fo for r li life fe beyond our local region of the galaxy.
Chapter 2: The Solar System and Beyond
Interstellar Measurements Interstellar discussions require large units of measurement.
Speed of Light, c : (in vacuum)
Astronomical Unit, AU:
Light Year, LY LY::
670,616,630 miles/hour 186,282 miles/sec 983,571,056 feet/sec ~ 3 x 108 meters/sec Mean distance fr from Sun to Earth 92,955,807 miles (1 AU) ~ 8.32 light-minutes ~ 0.0000158 light years Distance light travels in one year ~ 5.88 x 1012 miles ~ 63,241 AU
Earth
Moon 235,184 miles, 0.00253 AU, 1.26 seconds
Solar System and Interstellar Medium Pioneer 10
Voyager 1
Launched 1972 Distance: ~100 AU Speed: 27590 mph (2.6 AU/yr = 0.0041% c )
New Horizons
Launched 1977 Distance: 112.1 AU Speed: 38350 mph (0.0057% c )
Launched 2006 Distance: 9.6 AU Speed: 51449* mph (*Jupiter flyby 0.0077% c )
Pioneer 11 and Voyager 2 not shown
Half-way point to Half-way Alpha Centauri (134,070 AU)
We are HERE
(12/09) (6/08)
(12/05)
~271,000 AU
Possible Destinations With the 15-year mission proposed, where could we go if travel at light speed were speed were possible? Distance (Light Years) 0.00
Sun (Sol)
4.24
Proxima Centauri (Alpha Centauri C)
4.36
Alpha Centauri (A&B)
5.96 7.78 8.29 8.58 8.73 9.68 10.32
12.0 LY
Name
Barnard's Star (Proxima Ophiuchi) Proxima Leonis (Wolf 359, CN Leonis) Proxima Ursae Majoris (Lalande 21185) Sirius (A&B, Alpha Canis Majoris) Proxima Ceti (A&B, Luyten 726-8, UV & BL Ceti) Proxima Sagittarii (Ross 154, V1216 Sagittarii) Proxima Andromedae (Ross 248 , HH Andromedae)
10.52
Epsilon Eridani (Proxima Eridani)
10.74 10.92 11.27 11.37 11.40 11.52 11.62 11.82 11.83 11.89 11.99 12.10
Proxima Piscis Austrini (Lacaille 9352) Proxima Virginis (Ross 128, FI Virginis) Proxima Aquarii (A,B&C, EZ Aquarii) Proxima Cygni (A&B,61 Cygni) Procyon (A&B, Alpha Canis Minoris) Proxima Draconis (A&B, Struve 2398) GX/GQ Andromedae (Groombridge 34 A&B) Epsilon Indi (Proxima Indi) Proxima Cancri (DX Cancri ) Tau Ceti Proxima Horologii (GJ 1061) YZ Ceti (LHS 138)
Orange Text denotes presence of planetary system Green Text denotes possible planetary system
Chapter 3: Challenges of Human Star Flight
Challenges of Human Star Flight
Spacecraft velocities need to be in the ten tens s of per percen centt of the the speed of light, or greater for greater for human star flight to be conceivable.
Must account for Einstein‟s Relativity effects. Example: To To reach Tau Tau Ceti (12 LY) LY) in 40 years, you would need to travel at ~90,000 km/sec (202,500,000 mi/hr) or about 30% c. Wow!
PROBLEM: Current space probe velocities are here (far less than 0.01% c )
Challenges of Human Star Flight
Relativity effects must be considered even at very low sublight speeds. 1) Relative mass increases as velocity gets closer to c , which requires more energy to further accelerate the mass (E = mc 2). Scientifically Proven! 4
The energy required to accelerate a relativisticallyincreasing mass becomes infinite as v approaches c.
3
E |mo| c2
2
v=c
1
0
1
Particles with mass can accele elerat rated ed to NEVER be acc the speed of light!
v c
2) The passage of of ti time me is sl slow ower er for moving objects when measured with respect to a stationary observer (time dilation). Scientifically Proven! Joe leaves earth and travels in space for 1 year at 0.9999 0.9999c c Joe’s son is a small boy when Joe leaves
Joe aged 1 year upon year upon his return
Joe’s son is a grown man when Joe comes home
– Issues with human aging during high-velocity trips. – Communication delays between spacecraft and Earth.
Challenges of Human Star Flight
Impacts to human physiology during multi-year journeys through interstellar space:
Extended exposure to zero-gravity, zero-gravity, cosmic radiation, lack of reference or “familiarity” of surrounding surroundings. s. May have to place crew in i n hibernation for a majority of the journey.
From 2001: A Space Odyssey
From Star Trek: Voyager
From Alien
From Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back
Hazards of interstellar space:
Radiation – cosmic Background, vehicle power sources, gamma rays, etc. – Could employ employ plasma plasma “deflect “deflector or shield” shield” around spacecr spacecraft. aft. Dust and Small Bodies – par partic ticular ularly ly near near the Kuipe Kuiperr Belt and Oort Oort Clo Cloud. ud. Extremely cold thermal environment (2-4°K) Spurious hot gases and charged particles
Challenges of Human Star Flight
No external resources for vehicle and crew systems.
Solar energy unavailable between stars – too dim for heat, light or power. Light from stars too dim for plant growth – affects food supply considerations. No celestial bodies b odies from which to mine/extract fuel, oxygen or water water..
Emergencies - no rescue available, where to go if ship evacuate evacuated? d?
Intelligent, Intellige nt, reliable reliable auto autonomo nomous us systems systems – self-repair/learning required to reduce system degradation and maintain reliability. Close encounters - Would we we be ready ready for first first contact? contact?
Many, many others......
Uh-oh!
Chapter 4: Propulsion System Metrics for Interstellar Travel
Propulsion System Metrics
Conventionall Propulsion Science, Science , here‟s what‟s needed: Based on Conventiona Stable and Continuous Thrust, F:
High Specific Impulse, I sp:
= >
“The time (in seconds seconds)) to burn one unit mass of propellant while producing one unit force of thrust.” Related to exhaust velocity, v . The higher the Isp, the more “propellant “propellant--efficient” the engine. e
High Thrust-to-Weight:
Vehicle mass mass,, desired acceleration rate and desired final cruising speed will determine the thrust required. Used for slowing down close to destination (gravity-assist would have opposite effect).
A high-thrust, low-weight propulsion system yields more manageable vehicle mass and allowable payload or fuel.
Reliability:
The engine system must be able to withstand the harsh environments and extended duty cycles required for interstellar missions.
Propulsion System Metrics
High Delta-v (Δv) Capability:
The magnitude change in the velocity vector required to overcome momentum in order to change direction or accelerate. The higher the Δv, the more propulsive energy required. Vehicle Ve hicle mass and trajectory determine Δv required.
PROBLEM: WE ARE HERE State-of-the-Art Wow!
Assumes 90% of vehicle is propellant (m/mo = 0.1)
Propulsion Relationships Generalized comparison of Isp, of Isp, Δv and Thrust for various propulsion systems:
WE ARE HERE State-of-the-Art
Not discussed
Assumes 90% of vehicle is propellant (m/mo = 0.1)
Chapter 5: Conventional Mass Ejection Propulsion Systems
State-of-the-Art: Chemical Combustion
99% of all rocket engines operate on the principle of chemical of chemical combustion: Put fuel and oxidizer into a chamber, burn them, eject products through a nozzle. Multiple variations on engine cycles and designs, each with pros/cons depending on application. Decades of flight history – proven technology.
Solid Rocket Motor
The Best Available Today: LH 2 /LOX
Liquid Hydrogen (LH 2) / Liquid Oxygen (LOX) engine system. Max. Theoretical I sp: ~470 sec Other readily-available fuel/oxidizer combinations and solid-fueled engines have lower I sp and Δv. This technology has reached an upper limit of development.
Substantial investments necessary for only marginal improvements.
RS-68 (Delta IV) LH2/LOX Gas Generator Vac Isp = 410 s Max. F = 751,000 lbf
RL10 (Upper Stages) LH2/LOX Expander Vac Isp = 444 s Max. F = 23,500 lbf
SSME (Space Shuttle) LH2/LOX Fuel-Rich Staged Comb. Vac Isp = 453 s Max. F = 513,000 lbf
Improvements to the State-of-the-Art “Easier said than done.” Increasin Incre asing g prope propellan llantt densi density ty by 10% 10% may yield a 25% increa increase se in payload capacity capacity..
Increasing Isp by 10% may may yield a 40% increase in payload capacity capacity..
Example: Use slush hydrogen instead of liquid hydrogen. Tripropellants: – More energetic than LH2/LOX, but products are not gaseous. – Could be highly toxic. High Energy Density Materials (HEDM): – Metastable helium could yield Isp ≈ 3,100 s. – Metallic hydrogen could yield Isp ≈ 1,700 s. (J. Cole NASA/MSFC)
Significant investment, technology development and new infrastructure would be required. The propellant mass required to get to Alpha Alpha Centauri Centauri (4.2 LY) LY) in 900 years year s using chem chemical ical syst systems ems exceeds the mass of the known universe! Chemical combustion systems are NOT viable for interstellar missions. Is there anything else?
Chapter 6: Alternative Conventional Systems
Alternative Conventional Systems
Add heat energy to a working fluid propellant by means other than combustion.
Nuclear Fission “Split” atomic nuclei by bombardment of energetic particles. n
Rb
2D
U235 200 MeV
Nuclear Fusion Fuse atomic nuclei by high-energy collisions.
He
3T
Matter/Antimatter Annihilation
Convert oppositely-charged particles to energy.
n
17.7 MeV
Cs
orders of magnitude magnitude highe higher r energy density density than Can provide 9 orders the best chemical system – yields high I sp! ProtonAntiproton Annihilation
1011
) g / J 109 k ( y t i s 7 n 10 e D y 105 g r e n 3 E10 l a e 1 d I 10
U235 Fission
LH2/LOX Chemical
DeuteriumTritium Fusion
Solid-Core Nuclear Fission
Use nu nucle clear ar fi fiss ssio ion n to heat hydrogen and expel it through nozzle.
NERVA/Rover – 1961-1972 – Remarkably successful program. – Nearly flight qualified. – Continuous run for 3 hrs 48 min at 74.8 klbf thrust. – Isp:~850 s, growth to ~1000 s. – $2.4B spent Particle Bed Reactor – 19 1980 80‟‟s – More surface area for fission process, higher fission density,, compact design. density – Thrust: 180 kN (40 klbf) – Isp: ~1000 sec.
Linear fuel rod arrangement
Fission Fragment Concept – (c. 2000) – Magnetically accelerates the ionized products of nuclear fission as exhaust. – No working fluid. – Isp: 1,000,000 sec to ~speed of light, c . Highly radioactive!!
Particle bed arrangement Revolving Filament Discs Reactor Core
Nuclear Exhaust Plume Graphite Fiber with Nuclear Fuel on Surface
Magnets
Gas-Core Nuclear Fission
Fission fuel in liquid or gas form is injected and contained in high-temperature, magnetically-confined fission plasma.
Open-Cycle Gas Core – Working fluid (LH2) heated through plasma and ejected through nozzle. – Exhaust is irradiated and carries fissionable fuel with it – not good! – Magnetic containment of plasma is challenging. – Isp: 3,000 – 7,000 sec – Can be launched in dormant (off) state. Closed-Cycle Gas Core – Gaseous fission process contained in ablatable transparent vessels (quartz). – Hydrogen used to cool containment vessel walls while picking up heat. – Isp: 1,500 – 2,100 sec – Thrust: 45 – 450 kN (101 klbf).
Nuclear Fusion
Requires overpowering the electrostatic repulsion of two nuclear cores and keeping them t hem together toge ther.. Fusion products and energy release are contained within a plasma plasma.. Plasma cannot contact containment vessel walls or it will cool and neutralize, thus stopping the fusion process. Has yet to yield greater than 1% of the energy required to sustain it. Joint European Torus Torus (JET) achieved a 60% initial energy output for f or one minute (1997). For propulsion, heat a working fluid or expel reaction products directly. Primary technical challenges are containment and sustainment sustainment.. Three main categorie categories s of fusion containm containment: ent: Magnetic Confinement (MCF) – Conta Contains ins plasma plasma using using magnetic magnetic fields fields and magnetic magnetic “mirrors” “mirrors” in a Tokamak reactor or linear device. Tokamak Fields
Fusion Plasma
Magnetic Mirror Fusion Engine Concept
Nuclear Fusion
Inertial Confinement (ICF) – Compresses pellets of fusible material by laser beams (pulse fusion). – Ultra-high-power lasers or particle beams focus plasma into a small region. – Pellet core can reach temps of 100 of 100 million degrees K! ICF “Microballoon”
ICAN-II Engine
ICF Process
ICF at Work
Inertial Electrostatic Confinement (IEC) – Bombards fusion plasma with particles or ions to hold it in place. – Ions generated by 100 kV potential have enough energy to initiate fusion. IEC Reactor
IEC at Work
IEC Ejecta
Matter/Antimatter Annihilation
Every elementary particle has a counterpart of opposite charge, but same mass. Electron (-) Positron (+) Proton (+) Antiproton (-) Matter and antimatter collisions result in enormous energy release. proces cess: s: 1 kg ma matt tter er + 1 kg AM = 1.8x1017 J! Highest energy density pro Antimatter can be stored as long as it does not contact normal matter matter.. Must be confined using magnetic fields . Global annual production is 2-20 nanograms/yr at a cost of $300B per milligram! V milligram! Very inef ineffic ficient ient creation creation process. process. A few grams of AM would contain enough energy to propel a spacecraft to Mars in one month, but creating it would take millions of years! For propulsion, inject antimatter into working fluid to augment heat release. Could use antiprotons to initiate fusion (antiproton catalyzed fusion). Possible Isp betwe between en 5,000 5,000 - 10,0 10,000,0 00,000 00 sec - Viab Viable le for multimulti-deca decade, de, robotic interstellar missions, but not for shorter, human missions.
Portable Antiproton Trap
AntimatterPowered Vessel
Other Alternative Conventional Systems
Interstellar Ramjet / Bussard Hydrogen Ramjet (c.1960)
Uses strong magnetic fields f ields to scoop interstellar hydrogen into a collector collector,, heats it (conventionally) and expels it. Fields must sweep 1018 cu. meters of space to collect 1 gram of hydrogen! Infinite Isp since hydrogen fuel collected in-situ.
VAS ASIM IMR R - VAri Ariabl able e Sp Speci ecific fic Impuls Impulse e Magneto Magnetopla plasma sma Rock ocket et
Heats and confines H2 plasma using magnetic fields and EM energy. energy. Variable Isp by changing RF heating energy. Isp: 3,000 – 30,000 sec. Thru Th rust st:: 1 - 2 kN kN (4 (450 50 lb lbf) f) Component testing in progress.
Curren Cur rentt Status Status on Conve Conventi ntiona onall Sys System tems s NASA Technical Readiness Level (TRL) Guide Concept
NASA TRL*
Notes
Chemical
9
Interstellar applications impractical
Solid-Core Fission
5
VASIMR
4
Extensive history, NERVA, systems wel wellunderstood Experimental R&D testing of specific components
Fusion
3
Gas-Core Fi Fission Interstellar Ramjet
3 2
Fission Fragment
1
Matter/Antimatter
1
Significant R&D work on terrestrial systems Critical pr proof-of-concept wo work pe performed Concept and formulation work, major technology issues to be addressed Little work done beyond co conceptual Basic is issues an and ex exploratory wo work, ma major technology issues to be addressed
* TRL Assessment from Chew, G., Doyle, M., and Stancati, M., “Interstellar Spaceflight Primer,” Report for NASA Contract NASW-5067, Prepared for NASA Headquarters, Code SD, by Science Applications International Corporation, Corporation, Schaumburg, IL, February 2001, pp. 86 & 87.
Bottom Line: Conven Conventional tional mass ejection systems are NOT VIABLE for interstellar missions within a human lifetime. Current/near-term propulsion technology would allow exploration of the solar system within a “reasonable” time, but won’t work for interstellar missions. Science needs a paradigm shift in propulsion technology: Move from mechanics-based to physics-based concepts.
Chapter 7: Physics-Based Concepts
Physics-Based Concepts
What‟s different about these concepts compared to the others? (propellantless)!! No mass ejection (propellantless)
– Eliminates the necessity to carry fuel or propellant. Use the space-time medium as the energy source or “working fluid”. – Isp becomes meaningless. Rely on fluid fluidic ic space-time, space-time, quant quantum um physics, physics, string theory, theory, electromagnetism and/or gravity to possibly create propulsive forces. Some employ aspects of cosmological genres like dark matter, dark energy, black holes, gravity waves, alternate dimensions and universal expansion. expansion. All are highly-speculative highly-speculative,, but have strong foundations rooted in current scientific knowledge and experimental observations.
These concepts could not only propel a vehicle at very high sublight speeds (~70-99% c ), ), but at the speed of light or beyond ! Necessary for truly reasonable, human interstellar missions! And now for something completely different…
…But First, Some Important Definitions
Space-time Metric – The 3 spatial +1 temporal dimensional continuum in which all physical things exist. The medium through which electromagnetic energy propagates. Space-time distortion from gravity
Negative Mass/Matter – Matter that produces negative (or repulsive) gravity contrary to normal, “positive” matter. Sometimes called “exotic” matter. Antimatter Antima tter is not negati negative ve matter. matter.
Quantum tum mechan mechanica ical, l, ra random ndom,, Zero-Point Energy/Field (ZPE/ZPF) - Quan instantaneous energy fluctuations within a volume of empty space (vacuum). The smaller the observed volume (approaching the “zero point”), the larger the fluctuations. Demonstrated through the Casimir effect. • ZPF “radiation pressure”
forces two parallel conducting plates together with a measurable force. • 1 cm sq. plates spaced at 1 micron generate 10-7N!
ZPE vacuum fluctuations
Casimir plates
1 micron
More Important Definitions
String Theory – A universe model in which space-time is composed of fundamental entities called “strings”. Strings are thought to exist at Planck lengths (1.6×10−35 m or ~10−20x smaller than a proton) p roton) or smaller. smaller. Strings randomly interact to produce elementary particles, EM fields and gravity. gravity.
Brane or Brane World – Membranelike continuum composed of strings. Sometimes considered as “alternate universe”, compactified dimension, alternate dimension, or space-time called a D-Brane.
Things to Remember…
Science does not understand the true nature of space-time.
Science does not know the true nature of mass.
Created by “gravitons “gravitons”? ”? Caused by the distortion and displacement of space-time? Generated as the force from distant matter in the universe? How fast does it propagate through space-time? Gravity-electromagnetism (GEM)? Gravity-electromagnetism String/Brane theory? Heim‟s theories? Tri-Space?
Science does not know the nature of Dark Matter & Dark Energy.
Created by Higgs particles and fields? Formed by knotted strings and quantum filaments?
No proven model exists that explains “everything”.
?
Science does not know the true nature of gravity and inertia.
Does it have fluid-like properties? Is it pure ZPE? Can energy be extracted from it? Can it be manipulated without using mass?
Can it be synthesized? Can it be used for propulsion?
Einstein‟s field equations, Einstein‟s eq uations, quantum field theory and both Special and General Relativity do not discount FTL travel!
Categories of Propellantless Concepts The concepts listed below are some of the “more popular” ones in their genre and have many variants beyond those presented.
1) Spac Space-Tim e-Time e Warp Systems Systems – Modify the space-time continuum to mitigate relativistic effects and allow for travel. Alcubierre Warp Drive Traversable Wormholes
2) Gravity/In Gravity/Inertia/Electroma ertia/Electromagnetic gnetic Coupling – Mitigate, reduce or artificially create gravity/inertia propulsive forces through novel electromagnetic interactions (Grand Unified Theory). Heim Theory Gravito-Electromagnetism (GEM) Mach’s Principle and Mass Fluctuations
3) Alternate Dimensions / “Hyperspace” – Enter an alternate spacetime where relativistic effects are circumvented circ umvented and faster-than-light travel is naturally possible. Hyperspace in General Relativity Brane-Based Alcubierre Drive Tri-Space and Fluidic Space-Time
Alcubierre Warp Drive
Generate a positive (attractive) gravity gravity well in front of the vehicle and a negative (repulsive) well behind it. The region between the two fields will move through space-time at c c or or greater unaffected by relativistic effects. An elegant approach for a vehicle to “ride a gravity wave”. Direction of Motion
Negative Gravity
Positive Gravity
Pros: Simple and makes sense. sen se. A sound theory theory.. Many variants explored by many theoretical physicists. The mathematics have been contrived and solved (general relativity). Negative energy may be possible through the Cas Casimi imir r eff effect ect and and ZPE. Cons: Requires controllable, negative mass to create repulsive gravity, gravity, 67 possibly as much as 10 grams grams.. Some approaches claim only a few milligrams are required. Not guaranteed to propagate FTL. Real-time navigation difficult or impossible.
Traversable Wormholes
Connect two regions of space with a “tunnel” through which information/mass can travel.
Pros: Instantaneous travel between two points – no relativistic effects. Light speed never exceeded locally. locally. The mathematics have been extensively studied and deemed possible. Cons: Requires gigantic quantities (e.g. neutron star equivalent) of both negative and positive matter as well as enormous magnetic fields (>1013 Tesla) to create a tunnel large la rge enough for a spacecraft. Requires that the other end of the “hole” be taken through. Single-point destination, if known. Navigation not possible. Stability issues and collapse during transit.
Categories of Propellantless Concepts The concepts listed below are some of the “more popular” ones in their genre and have many variants beyond those presented.
1) Spac Spacee-Time Time Warp Warp Syste Systems ms – Modify the space-time continuum to mitigate relativistic effects and allow for travel. Alcubierre Warp Drive Traversable Wormholes
2) Gravity/In Gravity/Inertia/Electroma ertia/Electromagnetic gnetic Coupling – Mitigate, reduce or artificially create gravity/inertia propulsive forces through novel electromagnetic interactions (Grand Unified Theory). Heim Theory Gravito-Electromagnetism (GEM) Mach’s Principle and Mass Fluctuations
3) Alternate Dimensions / “Hyperspace” – Enter an alternate space-time where relativistic effects are circumvented circu mvented and faster-than-light travel is naturally possible. Hyperspace in General Relativity Brane-Based Alcubierre Drive Tri-Space and Fluidic Space-Time
Heim Theory
Convert photons into "gravito"gravito-photons“ photons“ via quantum hyperspace resulting in a measurable force. Could be used for propulsion. Developed by Burkhard Heim in the 1970‟s1970‟s -1980‟s as an approach to the “Theory of Everything”. Heavy in mathematics. Attempts to unify gravitation and quantum mechanics. Involves a 6, 8 or 12-dimension 12-dimension “quantum hyperspace“ in which fundamental particles and their interactions are predicted. Predictions of the masses of neutrino. Predictions of new particles. Predictions of excited states of existing particles.
Pros: W. Dröscher and J. Häuser (Germany) are extending Heim H eim Theory to facilitate propulsion concepts. Beginning to gain recognition as a viable alternative to Standard Models of modern physics and quantum mechanics. Cons: Predicts new particles and natural forces not yet observed or experimentally verified. Does not account for some particles and forces already observed. Only one peer-reviewed publication exists by Heim (1977), but other non-reviewed documents available.
Gravito-Electromagnetism (GEM)
Create or manipulate gravity through precise control of EM forces. Usually involves antennae, coils, toroidal inductors, various other hardware. Generate an “anti“anti-inertial” field to protect vehicle from rapid accelerations (“inertial dampeners”). Attempts to merge the physics of gravity of gravity & & inertia inertia with those of electromagnetism of electromagnetism.. Heavy math: Einstein Field equations, stress energy tensors, torsion fields, etc. Involves both particle and quantum physics.
Pros: Has been thoroughly examined for over 100 years. Many “engineering” approaches exist, some patented, on how to augment au gment or attenuate gravity by controlling EM fields. J. Brandenburg (ORBITEC) actively pursuing propulsion applications and theory development. Cons: Has never been successfully demonstrated - in over over 100 100 year years. s. Very few concepts have been experimentally tested, all with null, unfavorable or questionable results. Travel at speeds at or near c c is is unknown.
Example: “Onion” drive
Mach’s Principle and Mass Fluctuations Mach’s Principle: Inertia is felt by an accelerating object due to the radiative gravitational effects of the distant matter in the universe.
Use EM fields to rapidly create mass fluctuations which the distant matter in the universe (ballast) will react upon to develop a net force.
The time-averag time-averaged ed “pull” on the object due to Mach‟s Principle may result in a directional force. force.
Ballast Mass
Fluctuating Mass
Pros:
Experiments in progress! See next Chapter Basic theory does d oes not require negative matter, matter, but Mach Effect may produce negative energies required for other exotic concepts. Testable at reasonable power levels and with simple si mple hardware. Mach-Lorentz Thrusters (MLTs) or Unidirectional Force Generators (UFGs). Cons: Fundamental theory difficult to understand. Difficult to measure and quantify mass fluctuation effects due to signal noise contamination and test apparatus effects. Propulsive performance of ML MLT Ts not yet quantified (may only on ly be capable of sublight speeds).
Categories of Propellantless Concepts The concepts listed below are some of the “more popular” ones in their genre and have many variants beyond those presented.
1) Spac Spacee-Time Time Warp Warp Syste Systems ms – Modify the space-time continuum to mitigate relativistic effects and allow for travel. Alcubierre Warp Drive Traversable Wormholes
2) Gra Gravity vity/Ine /Inertia/ rtia/Elec Electrom tromagne agnetic tic Coup Coupling ling – Mitigate, reduce or artificially create gravity/inertia propulsive forces through novel electromagnetic interactions (Grand Unified Theory). Heim Theory Gravito-Electromagnetism (GEM) Mach‟s Principle and Mass Fluctuations
3) Alternate Dimensions / “Hyperspace” – Enter an alternate spacetime where relativistic effects are circumvented circ umvented and faster-than-light travel is naturally possible. Hyperspace in General Relativity Brane-Based Alcubierre Drive Tri-Space and Fluidic Space-Time
Hyperspace in General Relativity
Shift or “rotate” a spacecraft into a hyperspace where time is measured differently,, but where travel at c differently c or or greater is allowed. Provides the construct of an added dimension, or “hyperspace” “hyperspace”,, to our 3+1 space-time through General Relativity. Relativity. Based on a re-definition of time. Particles in hyperspace move at c . Hyperspace topology may also help to explain universal expansion. …and re-enters its spacetime at a new location.
Space-time distance, x
Object leaves its space-time…
…travels through hyperspace…
Proper Time of Special Relativity, τ
Cons: Highly mathematical and somewhat esoteric. Pros: Causality is eliminated by definition of hyperspace. Faster than light travel is possible! Examines hyperspace “optics” to utilize high -frequency gravitational waves and particle interaction. G. Fontana (University of Trento, Trento, Italy) continually con tinually refining refin ing theory. Hyperspace only exists in a mathematical sense may be untestable.
BraneBra ne-Bas Based ed Alc Alcubi ubierr erre e Dri Drive ve
Adjust the radii of the extra dimensions to affect changes in the local cosmological constant. Develops an Alcubierre-like space-time distortion. Relates the cosmological constant to the Ca Casi simi mir r en ener ergy gy of Planck-scale, compactified compac tified dimensi dimensions ons from brane-world brane-world theory. theory. Utilizes quantum field theory instead of Special Relativity. Relativity. Requires ultra high energies to explore. Would utilize the negative negative energy densities densities generated generated by the Casimir Casimir effect to influence extra dimensions.
“Contracting” extra dimensions “Expanding” extra dimensions
Pros:
No relativistic relativistic effects effects (similar (similar to Alcubierre Alcubierre Drive) Drive).. Does not directly use negative mass. Faster than light travel is possible with upper limit of 1032c ! R. Obousy (Baylo (Baylorr University) University) continuing to refine theory theory.. Cons: Requires the existence and manipulation of as yet unobserved extra dimensions. A significant/infinite number of extra dimensions may need to be altered. Navigation not considered.
Tri-Space and Trans-Space FTL Travel
Proposes that the universe consists of three, of three, co-located space-times: space-times: “Tri ri-space”. subluminal (v
c ) , hence “T
Energy extraction results in higher velocities. Real, positive mass energy can exist in only one space at a time. In superluminal space, rest mass becomes imaginary and only velocities greater than c exist. Superluminal mass is made of tac of tachyo hyon n equ equiva ivalen lents ts of subluminal particles. Either space is unobservable from the other, other, but gravity acts across ac ross each.
Superluminal mass has a repulsive gravitational effect in subluminal space.
Tri-Space and Trans-Space FTL Travel
Trans-Space FTL Travel: Traverse subluminal space by traveling through superluminal space.
(1)
(2)
(4)
(5)
Pros: Causality or relativity not violated in either space. No relativistic effects. Velocities Veloc ities always always greate greater r than light speed speed (theoretical infinite velocity). Navigation possible. No negative matter required. Several plausible theories exist for entering superluminal space. Tri-Space model consistent with current scientific discoveries. Evidence suggests existence of superluminal space and fluidic space-time. Cons: Assumes existence of superluminal space (possibly dark matter/energy). Mathematics partially understood, requires analysis of fluidic space-time. Characteristics of superluminal space need to be understood. Difficult to model in 3-D.
(3)
Comparison of FTL Concepts Trans-Space FTL Travel has many advantages over other FTL concepts… Trans-Space FTL Travel
Other FTL Travel Concepts
Matter energy transferred from one space to another through spacetime medium
- Disturbance Disturbance created created in spacetime spacetime via holes, holes, warps, folds, etc. - Access to multi-dimensi multi-dimensional onal spaces/bran spaces/branes es
Vessel traverses subluminal space by traveling subluminal space through superluminal superluminal space space
Vessel travels travels through holes, warps, folds, or hidden dimensions in spacetime
- Absolute Absolute throughou throughoutt tri-space tri-space - Conse Conserved rved between between all all spaces
- Large amoun amounts ts require required d - „Negative‟ energy required (?)
- No causali causality ty effect effects s - Time trav travel el not possible possible
- Sometimes insta instantane ntaneous ous - no causal effects effects - „Negative‟ energy may pose temporal issues
- Possible in superluminal superluminal space (similar to subluminal space) - Detection/Interacti Detection/Interaction on using gravity wells - „Stationary‟ EM energies for attitude control
- Unknown, Unknown, difficult difficult or impossible impossible - Desti Destinatio nation n must sometimes sometimes be known known beforehand
- No „negative‟ quantities required - Transition to FTL state at subatomic level level - No initial velocity required to transition transition
- No guarantee guarantee of FTL FTL velocitie velocities s - Quant Quantum um effects effects not defined defined - “Brute force” to get to nearvelocities near-c c velocities
Summary of Propellantless Ideas
All “back of the napkin” concepts, so NASA TRL is about 0 or 1. Of the concepts described, only these few appear to offer the possibility of light speed or FTL travel:
Alcubierre Alcubier re Warp Drive Drive Traversable Wormholes Hyperspace in GR Brane-Based Alcubierre Trans-Spac rans-Space e FTL FT L Travel Travel
Subsystems required to support these concepts are still being conceived, as are the actual “engines”. Cosmology and quantum mechanics are intimately related. An “alternate space” is necessary for light speed or FTL travel to be possible.
Bottom Line on Propellantless Concepts Right now, these are the only ideas that will allow human interstellar travel within a reasonable timeframe (if they work at all)!
So what are we doing about it??
Chapter 8: Experimental Programs
Breakthrough Propulsion Physics (BPP) Program
BPP Program operated by NASA Glenn Research Center by M. Millis, 1996-2002.
Summary of BPP Program:
GOAL: Exceed the the fundamental fundamental limits of existing existing propulsion propulsion by further advancing physics to discover the breakthroughs that could revolutionize spaceflight and enable interstellar voyages. Developed a rigorous process for determining the scientific credibility and validity validit y of unique propulsion ideas involving “new” or “breakthrough” physics. First dedicated effort to experimentally explore fundamentals of physicsbased propulsion concepts. Assessed 16 res resear earch ch approach approaches es ($1.55M spread over 1996-2002). – Co-sponsored by WV, NASA-HQ, NASA-MSFC, ESA-ESTEC, NRL, & private industry. – 5 not viable (null) – 7 unresolved – 4 open for continued study 16 technical journal publications produced. Website: AwardAward-winning winning public education site; “Warp Drive, When?” Book:: Frontiers of Propulsion Science NOW available thru AIAA Book – 23 chapters from 18 contributing authors (including editors).
Some experimental programs are continuing with favorable results!
BPP Concept Management Managing Advanced Concepts Research & Identifying Research Targets Knowledge Foundational Physics
Compare Emerging Knowledge to Goals
Curious Effects, Unknowns, & Issues
Goals
Concepts & Devices
Grand Challenges
mpvp = mrvr Conservation Laws Quantum Fluctuations Space Drives
Quantum Mechanics
General Relativity
Cosmology
Anomalous Rotation Rates (“Dark Matter”)
Warp Drives & Wormholes
Anomalous Red-shifts (“Dark Energy”) Vacuum Battery ?
1.
Zero Propellant
2.
Faster-Than-Light
3.
Onboard Energy
MLT Mass Fluctuation Experiments
Experimental approaches designed to explore Mach‟s Principle for propulsion. Use capacitors and piezoelectric materials.
Capacitors have a different internal energy when charging than when at constant voltage. Periodically Periodic ally “accelerate” the dielectric ions using EM or piezoelectri piezoelectric c forces, measure “thrust”.
Experiments show curious results and mN-level thrusts! Dr. J. Woodward (CalState/Fullerton) currently using a capacitor stack sandwiched between piezoelectric “shuttler” plates.
Side plates will linearly oscillate thus “shuttling” the stack back & forth. Force measured on custom-designed thrust balance.
Piezoelectric plates
Capacitor wafers
MLT ML T Thrust Balance (ARC Lite) at CSU
MLT Mass Fluctuation Experiments
Paul March (ret. Lockheed, Barrios) and H. Sonny White (IAS) using a circular ring of capacitors subject to an oscillating magnetic field.
Force measured on custom-designed pendulum.
All experiments are in progress and continuing!
Capacitor ring
Electric field coil
March/White MLT and Testing
Anomalous Acceleration Field
Dr. M. Tajmar at the Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT) has gravity-like” experimentally experimentall y observed a “ “gravitylike” anomalous acceleration field generated within the vicinity of rotating, liquid helium.
Field is 18-20 orders of magnitude greater than prediction by General Relativity (GR).
Anomalous signals detected by stationary gyroscopes and accelerometers. Exhibits an unusual rotational parity violation. Field characterization is still on-going.
GR may not be the parent theory to explain the phenomenon. Observed field is in the 10-5 g range.
Field is not produced by EM, mechanica mechanicall or instrumentation instrumentation disturbances. disturbances. Possible ties to Gravity Probe B data and Pioneer anomaly. anomaly. No known theory in physics can readily explain the field‟s strength or observations made to date. AIT Setup D
Gyro Signal from Center of Cryostat
Potential Acceleration Field Applications If the acceleration field can be amplified, controlled, directed, and efficiently produced, the foundation may exist for a remote force generation technology to technology to potentially be used for…
Vehicle Control “Propellantless” satellite or upper stage RCS De-orbit capability
Object Deflection Projectile-less, satellitebased missile defense Asteroid or “space junk” deflection
Gravity Gradients “Artificial” gravity in space Extends astronaut endurance Changes space structure construction techniques “Zero”/microgravit “Zero”/microgravity y on earth Crystal growth
Propellantless propulsion?
…Plus a myriad of other medical/manufacturing possibilities.
Chapter 9: Concluding Remarks
Skeptics and Quotations
“There is practically no chance communications space satellites will be used to provide better telephone,, telegraph, television, or radio service telephone in the United States.” – T. Craven, FCC Commissioner, in 1961 (the first communications satellite went into service in 1965).
“The concept is interesting and well -formed, but in order to earn better than a „C‟, „C‟, the idea must be feasible.” – Mid-1960s. A Yale University management professor in response to Fred Smith‟s paper proposing reliable overnight delivery service (Smith went on to found Federal Express Corp.).
“Where a calculator on the ENIAC is equipped with 18,000 vacuum tubes and weighs 30 tons, computers in the future may have only 1,000 vacuum tubes and weight only 1.5 tons.” – Popular Mechanics, March 1949.
Final Thoughts on Interstellar Travel
Mankind needs to venture out into the universe to seek the answers to questions about our evolution and our fate.
Current propulsion technology and near-term advancements advancements will not facilitate rapid, human exploration exploration of the solar system or local stars. Contrary to popular belief, the speed of light is NOT the speed limit!
Einstein and others have shown this to be true.
A paradigm shift in propulsion technology must happen if we are ever to become a thriving, space-faring civilization.
Terrestrial-based and robotic exploration has extreme limitations.
Depart from conventional systems into physics-based concepts that enable travel at superluminal speeds!
Some of these concepts could be developed within 50 years with proper program structure, dedicated dedicated research, and of course funding.
And finally… Open minds and the defiance of convention are essential for the advancement of technology.
Final Thoughts on Interstellar Travel
“So many of our dreams at first seem impossible, then they seem improbable, and then when we summon the will, they soon become inevitable.” - Christ Christopher opher Ree Reeve, ve, Actor
LET’S GO SEE WHAT’S OUT THERE!!!
Questions?
For a copy, contact: Greg Meholic at Interstellar Exploration Vessel Orion Star
[email protected]
Photo/Graphics Credits (1) Title Slide
Measurements Ultimate Mission Solar Sys and Local…
Possible Destinations Challenges of…(1)
Challenges of…(2) Challenges of…(3)
Challenges of…(4)
Prop. Sys. Metrics
Prop. Relationships State-of-the-Art… State-of-theArt…
Solar System – http://ast.qe http://ast.qeny.net/index. ny.net/index.php, php, April 14, 2008. Milky Way – http://www. http://www.news.wisc.edu/ news.wisc.edu/newsphotos/ newsphotos/milkyway.htm milkyway.html, l, April 14, 2008. HS 8799 sys - http://www. http://www.astronomyn astronomynow.com/081114Plan ow.com/081114Planetfamilyphoto etfamilyphotographedaround graphedaroundnormalstar.html, normalstar.html, Nov. 14, 2008. Earth/moon animation - http://en.wik http://en.wikipedia.org/ ipedia.org/wiki/Image wiki/Image:Speed_of_ligh :Speed_of_light_from_Earth_to_Moon. t_from_Earth_to_Moon.gif, gif, April 14, 2008. Enterprise - http://www.wired.com/images_blogs/dangerroom/images/2009/04/15/enterprise_orbit_1080.jpg, February 23, 2010. Map - Mewaldt, R. A. (1998), http://astp.msfc.nasa.gov/libra http://astp.msfc.nasa.gov/library/5527_Fla_AIAA8.p ry/5527_Fla_AIAA8.pdf, df, April 14, 2008. Earth - http://www. http://www.spacetoday spacetoday.org/image .org/images/SolSys/Earth/ s/SolSys/Earth/EarthBlueMarbleWest EarthBlueMarbleWestTerra.jpg, Terra.jpg, April 14, 2008. Alpha Centauri – http://apod http://apod.nasa.gov/ap .nasa.gov/apod/image od/image/alpha_cen_poss /alpha_cen_poss_big.gif, _big.gif, April 14, 2008. Pioneer 10 – http://en.wikip http://en.wikipedia.org/w edia.org/wiki/Pioneer_10, iki/Pioneer_10, April 14, 2008. Voyager 1 - http://en.wik http://en.wikipedia.org/ ipedia.org/wiki/Voyage wiki/Voyager_1, r_1, April 15, 2008. New Horizons - http://en.wikip http://en.wikipedia.org/w edia.org/wiki/Image:N iki/Image:New_horizons_Pluto, ew_horizons_Pluto, April 15, 2008. – Star map http://www.fa http://www.fas.org/irp/im s.org/irp/imint/docs/rst/Se int/docs/rst/Sect20/solar_neighb ct20/solar_neighbourhood.jpg, ourhood.jpg, February 23, 2010. Chew, G., Doyle, M., and Stancati, M., “Interstellar Spaceflight Primer,” Report for NASA Contract NASW 5067, Prepared for NASA Headquarte Headquarters, rs, Code SD, by Science Applications International Corporation, Schaumburg, IL, February 2001, pp. 19 & 21. Relativity Curve - Meholic, G., “Beyond the Light Barrier: A Concept for Superluminal Travel,” AIAA Paper 98-3410, 34th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference, Cleveland, OH, July 13-15, 1998. Star Trek Voyager – Voyager – http://www.d http://www.daviddarling aviddarling.info/images/ .info/images/suspended_anim suspended_animation.gif, ation.gif, April 15, 2008. Alien hibernation pods pods - http://www http://www.daviddarling .daviddarling.info/images/ .info/images/Alien_crew.jpg, Alien_crew.jpg, April 15, 2008. 2001 hibernation pods – http://blog http://blog.nanobeeper .nanobeepers.com/images/ s.com/images/human-hibernation.jp human-hibernation.jpg, g, April 15, 2008. Star Wars , Han Solo - http://www. http://www.amazingstarship amazingstarships.com/mod s.com/models/starwars/carb els/starwars/carbonfreeze.jpg, onfreeze.jpg, April 15, 2008. Star Trek escape pods - http://www.c http://www.cs.umanitoba.ca/ s.umanitoba.ca/~djc/evost ~djc/evost/dev/pics/ST /dev/pics/STFC1.jpg, FC1.jpg, April 15, 2008. – HAL 9000 eye http://www. http://www.cs.uiuc.edu/class/fa0 cs.uiuc.edu/class/fa05/cs440/HAL.jpg, 5/cs440/HAL.jpg, April 15, 2008. Alien - http://samuela http://samuelatgilgal.files.wordp tgilgal.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/ ress.com/2009/08/aliens-3.jpg, aliens-3.jpg, January 18, 2010. Tajmar, M. of the Austrian Research Centers, Seibersdorf, Austria, Lecture 317.014 for Vienna University of Technology, http://www.ilsb.tuwien.ac.at/~tajmar/AS http://www.ilsb.tuwien.ac.at/~tajmar/ASPS_transparencies_03 PS_transparencies_03.pdf, .pdf, circa 2003, pp. 8 & 10. Table - See previous previous Tajmar, pg. pg. 9. Liquid rocket engine - http://upload http://upload.wikimedia.o .wikimedia.org/wikipedia rg/wikipedia/en/3/39/NASA_bip /en/3/39/NASA_bipropellant_Lrockth.gif, ropellant_Lrockth.gif, April 15, 2008. Solid rocket - http://ffden-2.p http://ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu/102sp hys.uaf.edu/102spring2004_Web_p ring2004_Web_projects/Andrew rojects/Andrew_Allen/rocket2.gif, _Allen/rocket2.gif,
Photo/Graphics Credits (2) The Best Available…
Alt. Conventional…
Solid-Core… SolidCore…
Gas-Core… GasCore… Nuclear Fusion (1)
Nuclear Fusion (2)
Matter/Antimatter…
Other Alternative…
RS-68 - http://en.wikip http://en.wikipedia.org/w edia.org/wiki/RS-68, iki/RS-68, April 15, 2008. SSME - http://en.wikip http://en.wikipedia.org/w edia.org/wiki/SSME, iki/SSME, April 15, 2008. RL10 - http://www http://www.aerospaceg .aerospaceguide.net/rock uide.net/rocketengines/rl10.jpg etengines/rl10.jpg,, April 15, 2008. Fission process – See previous Tajmar, pg. 55. Fusion process – See previous Tajmar, pg. 71. M/AM animation - http://imagine http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov .gsfc.nasa.gov/Images/b /Images/basic/gamma/m asic/gamma/matter_vs_antimatter.g atter_vs_antimatter.gif, if, April 16, 2008. Bar Chart - See previous Tajmar, pg. 56. Solid core schematic – http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/rocket_worldbook.html, April 15, 2008. NERVA – http://www. http://www.asbestosguruasbestosguru-oberta.com/ oberta.com/NERVA.jpg, NERVA.jpg, April 15, 2008. Particle bed, SNTP engine, fission fragment fragment - See previous Tajmar, Tajmar, pp. 62 & 67. Open-cycle – http://www http://www.aboutnuclear.o .aboutnuclear.org/i/space/g rg/i/space/gascore.jpg, ascore.jpg, April 15, 2008. Closed-cycle - http://www.g http://www.grc.nasa.gov/ rc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-1 WWW/K-12/DLN/descripti 2/DLN/descriptions/presentation ons/presentations, s, April 15, 2008. Tokamak fields – http://fusionfo http://fusionforenergy.euro renergy.europa.eu/images pa.eu/images/tokamak_en /tokamak_en.gif, .gif, April 16, 2008. Magnetic mirror engine – http://www. http://www.zamandayolcu zamandayolculuk.com/cetinb luk.com/cetinbal/FJ/fusion.gif, al/FJ/fusion.gif, April 16, 2008. Fusion plasma – http://www. http://www.tkk.fi/Units/AES/ tkk.fi/Units/AES/projects/fusio projects/fusion/plasma.jpg n/plasma.jpg,, April 15, 2008. Inertial confinement – http://cache.eb http://cache.eb.com/eb/ .com/eb/image?id=340&r image?id=340&rendTypeId endTypeId=4, =4, April 16, 2008. ICF microballoon - http://en.wik http://en.wikipedia.org/ ipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_con wiki/Inertial_confinement_fusion, finement_fusion, April 16, 2008. ICF laser – http://www http://www.splung.com/ .splung.com/content/sid/5/p content/sid/5/page/fusion, age/fusion, April 16, 2008. ICAN-II engine - http://www http://www.daviddarling .daviddarling.info/images/ .info/images/ICAN-II_engine.jp ICAN-II_engine.jpg, g, April 16, 2008. IEC reactor - http://science http://science.nasa.gov/ne .nasa.gov/newhome/headline whome/headlines/adv_prop s/adv_prop/iec3.jpg, /iec3.jpg, April 16, 2008. IEC at work – http://www http://www.emc2fusion.org .emc2fusion.org/grid298x200.jp /grid298x200.jpg, g, April 16, 2008. IEC ejecta - http://ssl.mit.e http://ssl.mit.edu/research/IE du/research/IEC%2520Fusion_files/image C%2520Fusion_files/image006.jpg, 006.jpg, April 16, 2008. Antiproton trap - http://www http://www.ae.utexas.edu .ae.utexas.edu/courses/ase333 /courses/ase333t/past_projects/ t/past_projects/03fall/antimatter/ 03fall/antimatter/ applications_of_antimatter_files/image016.jp applications_of_antim atter_files/image016.jpg, g, January 19, 2010. “Interstellar Propulsion Research: Realistic Possibilities and Idealistic Antimatter Engine – Johnson, L., “Interstellar Dreams,” Invited presentation at the Space Power and Energy Sciences International Forum (SPESIF), Hunstville, AL, February, 2009. Antimatter ship - http://www. http://www.msfc.nasa.gov/ msfc.nasa.gov/NEWSROOM/new NEWSROOM/news/photos/1999/ s/photos/1999/1999images 1999images /antimatter.jpg,, January 19, 2010. /antimatter.jpg Bussard ramjet - http://www.b http://www.bisbos.com/r isbos.com/rocketscience/ ocketscience/spacecraft/bussard spacecraft/bussardramjet/bussard ramjet/bussard// bussardimages/ramjet-sidebussardimag es/ramjet-side-text.jpg, text.jpg, April 16, 2008. Ramjet ship - http://hom http://homepage.mac.c epage.mac.com/joeberg om/joebergeron/webpag eron/webpageimages/b eimages/bussardmini.jpg, ussardmini.jpg, April 16, 2008. VASIMR - http://www. http://www.adastrarocke adastrarocket.com/vasim t.com/vasimr.jpg, r.jpg, April 16, 2008.
Photo/Graphics Credits (3) Current Status… Important Def…
NASA TRL guide - http://en.wikip http://en.wikipedia.org/w edia.org/wiki/Image: iki/Image:NASA_TRL_Meter.jpg, NASA_TRL_Meter.jpg, April 16, 2008. Spacetime curvature - http://www. http://www.lisa-science.org lisa-science.org/intro/img/c /intro/img/curved_spacetime urved_spacetime.png, .png, April 17, 2008. Casimir effect - http://www. http://www.casimir.rl.ac.uk/c casimir.rl.ac.uk/casimir-plates.g asimir-plates.gif, if, April 17, 2008. More Important Def… Calabi Grid strings - http://bicycle http://bicyclefish.files.wordpre fish.files.wordpress.com/2006/11/ca ss.com/2006/11/calabi-grid.gif, labi-grid.gif, January 21, 2010. D-brane - http://univers http://universe-review.ca/I e-review.ca/I15-51-dbrane2.j 15-51-dbrane2.jpg, pg, January 21, 2010. Alcubierre Warp Drive Alcubierre fields - http://en.wikip http://en.wikipedia.org/wik edia.org/wiki/Image:Alc i/Image:Alcubierre.png, ubierre.png, April 17, 2008. Alcubierre w/ship - http://en.wik http://en.wikipedia.org/ ipedia.org/wiki/Image wiki/Image:Star_Trek_Warp :Star_Trek_Warp_Field.png _Field.png,, April 17, 2008. Trav. Wormholes Wormhole diagram - http://en.wiki http://en.wikipedia.org/w pedia.org/wiki/Image: iki/Image:Worm3.jpg Worm3.jpg,, April 17, 2008. Wormhole ship - http://whyfile http://whyfiles.org/siegfrie s.org/siegfried/story34/ima d/story34/images/wormho ges/wormhole.jpg, le.jpg, April 17, 2008. Heim Theory Burkhard Heim - http://www.d http://www.damninteresting amninteresting.com/wp-co .com/wp-content/burkhard ntent/burkhard_heim.jpg, _heim.jpg, April 17, 2008. Heim gravity - http://super http://superstruny.aspweb struny.aspweb.cz/images/fyzik .cz/images/fyzika/relativity/H a/relativity/Heim_gravity eim_gravity.gif, .gif, April 17, 2008. Gravito-Electro… GravitoElectro… “Onion” drive ship field map – Potter, P. and Savage, J. Sent from Potter via email on April 21, 2009. NX-01 schematic - http://www http://www.startrekdesk .startrekdesktopwallpape topwallpaper.com/wallp r.com/wallpapers/ apers/ 30_Enterpirse_schematics_free_StarTrek_wa 30_Enterpirse_schem atics_free_StarTrek_wallpaper_l.jpg, llpaper_l.jpg, April 17, 2008. Mach’s Principle… Animation from Woodward, J.,” Mach‟s Principle and Mach Effects,” Presented at the Space Power and Energy Sciences International Forum (SPESIF-10), AIP Conf Proceedings 1103, Huntsville, AL, 2009. Hyperspace in GR Hyperspace animation - Fontana, G., Murad, P., and Baker, Jr. R., “Hyperspace for Space Travel,” Presented at the Space Technology Applications Applications International Forum (STAIF) 2007, Albuquerque, NM, AIP Proceedings Volume 880, February 2007. Brane-Based… BraneBased… Extra Dimensions - Obousy, R., Cleaver, G.,” Supersymmetry Breaking Casimir Warp Drive,” Presented at the Space Technology Applications International Forum (STAIF) 2007, Albuquerque, NM, AIP Proceedings Volume 880, February 2007. Tri-Space (1) & (2) Meholic, G., “A Novel View of Spacetime Permitting Faster -Than-Light Travel,” Presented at the Space Technology Applications International Forum (STAIF) 2004, Albuquerque, NM, AIP Proceedings Volume 699, February 2004. Summary of… Han Solo and Chewbacca go FTL - http://bp0.b http://bp0.blogger.com logger.com/_qsfeU64TC6E/RsCSSF /_qsfeU64TC6E/RsCSSFzC7pI/ zC7pI/ AAAAAAAAFGo/eEF4GarhWb4/s1600-h/lig AAAAAAAAFGo/eEF4G arhWb4/s1600-h/light+speed.jpg ht+speed.jpg,, April 17, 2008. Warp nacelle animation - http://web.u http://web.ukonline.co.uk/ konline.co.uk/alternatereality/w alternatereality/warpnace.jpg, arpnace.jpg, April 17, 2008. BPP Concept… Graphics - http://www.n http://www.nasa.gov/cente asa.gov/centers/glenn/techn rs/glenn/technology/warp/ ology/warp/warp.html, warp.html, unknown date. MLT Mass Fluc. (1)… MLT shuttler and ARC Lite – Photos sent from Woodward, J. via email and used with permission on January 16, 2010. MLT Mass Fluc. (2)… MLT cap ring and testing – Photos sent from March, P. via email on June 22, 2009. Anomalous Accel… Tajmar, M. and Plesescu, F., “Fiber -Optic-Gyroscope Measurements Close to Rotating Liquid Helium,” Preprint, to be presented at the Space Power and Energy Sciences International Forum (SPESIF-10) in
Photo/Graphics Credits (4) Potential Apps…
Concluding Remarks Quotations
Orion Star
BACKUP CHARTS: BPP Topics & charts
TDRS satellite – http://abyss http://abyss.uoregon.ed .uoregon.edu/~js/image u/~js/images/TDRS.jpg, s/TDRS.jpg, April 18, 2008. ICBM - http://www. http://www.russianspy.org/ russianspy.org/wp-content/u wp-content/uploads/2006/12/s ploads/2006/12/space_weapo pace_weapons.jpg, ns.jpg, April 18, 2008. Lunar module upper stage - http://www. http://www.wired.com/ wired.com/images/article images/article/2007/04/spacesy /2007/04/spacesymposium_0409/ mposium_0409/ spacesymposium1.jpg, spacesymp osium1.jpg, April 18, 2008. Asteroid – http://www. http://www.orbit.zkm.de orbit.zkm.de/files/asteroid /files/asteroidnight.jpg, night.jpg, April 18, 2008. ISS – http://nssdc.g http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/im sfc.nasa.gov/image/spacecra age/spacecraft/iss.jpg, ft/iss.jpg, April 18, 2008. Crystal growth – http://conte http://content.answers.com/ nt.answers.com/main/content/wp/ main/content/wp/en/thumb/8/88/ en/thumb/8/88/ 250px-Insulin_crystals_comparison.j 250px-Insulin_cry stals_comparison.jpg, pg, April 18, 2008. Star Wars - http://www. http://www.stardestroye stardestroyer.net/toc.jpg r.net/toc.jpg,, April 18, 2008. Andromeda Galaxy - http://www. http://www.wolaver.or wolaver.org/Space/and g/Space/andromeda.jp romeda.jpg, g, April 18, 2008. Ad Astra , Vol. 20 Issue 1, Spring 2008. Quotations - Mankins, J., “Energy From Orbit,” Ad Communication satellite – http://www http://www.harboursat.co .harboursat.com.au/assets/b m.au/assets/b3.jpg, 3.jpg, April 18, 2008. FedEx logo – http://articlesan http://articlesandtexticles.co.uk/ dtexticles.co.uk/imgs/0609/fede imgs/0609/fedex02x.gif, x02x.gif, April 18, 2008. ENIAC - http://teeksa http://teeksaphoto.org/ photo.org/Archive/DigitalTime Archive/DigitalTimeline/Images/enia line/Images/eniac.gif, c.gif, April 18, 2008. Model of Interstellar Exploration Vessel Orion Star TSR-2209 designed and built by Greg Meholic, Copyright Greg Meholic 2005. Star Trek - http://www http://www.io.com/~o .io.com/~o_m/omworl _m/omworld/images/sb d/images/sb/trek/TMP-E_go /trek/TMP-E_going_to_warp.jp ing_to_warp.jpg, g, April 23, 2008. Star Wars - http://theforce http://theforce.net/swtc/Pix/d .net/swtc/Pix/dvd/ep4/hy vd/ep4/hyper4.jpg, per4.jpg, April 23, 2008. Millis, M., ” Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Project: Project Management Methods,” NASA TM 2004 213406, NASA Glenn Research Center, 2004.
All trademarks, service marks, and trade names are the property of their respective owners.
Supporting Information: BPP Details and Experiments More Antimatter Information
BPP Detailed Topics
BPP Null BPP Null Research Research Findings •
Mechanical “Antigravity” (AIAA-2006-4913) Gyroscopes, Sticktion oscillators
Figure 3 Hooper's Self-Cancelling FlatCoil
•
Hooper “antigravity” coils (NASA TM-106963)
•
Schlicher thrusting antenna (AIAA-2001-3657)
•
Podkletnov gravity shield
•
Corona blowers (NASA CR-2004-213312)
Point wherewireis wherewireis folded back onto itself
(Hathaway, Physica C 385 C 385 p.488)
“Biefeld-Brown,” “Electrogravitcs,” “Lifters,” “ACTs”
•
Quantum tunneling as FTL venue
BPP Unresolved BPP Unresolved Research Research Approaches • Woodward’s inertial oscillation theory & experiments • If genuine, assess propulsive implications
• Abraham vs. Minkowski electromagnetic momentum (1909) • If Minkowski correct, assess propulsive implications
effects s • Inertia & gravity interpreted as quantum vacuum effect • If viable, assess propulsive implications
• Podkletnov latest claim: “force-beam” • Superconducto Superconductors rs as a new generic exploration tool
BPP Open BPP Open Research Approaches Space Drives • Seek reaction mass from space (revisit cosmological anomalies) • Revisit Mach’s Principle (inertial frame physics) • Seek Asymmetric Coupling Asymmetric Coupling of the Fundamental Forces
Quantum Vacuum Energy Experiments (NASA CR-2004-213311) • As a window to studying fundamental space properties • Asses magnitude of tangible tangible forces forces or energy • Note: Although Although propulsion possible in principle, still too feeble
Provocative Questions • Resolve anomalous spacecraft trajectories • Look for violations of Equivalence Principle in free-fall
Faster-Than-Light Inquiries • Average null energy conditions • Quantum fluctuations in topology • Causality questions
Matter/Antimatter Annihilation
Every elementary particle has a counterpart that is of opposite charge, but same mass.
When two similar mass particles collide, the two masses are annihilated and completely converted to energy.
Electron (-) Positron (+) Proton (+) Antiproton (-) (preferred for propulsion – more mass)
Antimatter can be sustained indefinitely as long as it does not contact normal matter matter.. Process yields the highest energy density in nature: 1 kg matter + 1 kg AM = 1.8x1017 J!
Antimatter is created by colliding a highly-accelerated matter stream with a stationary target.
Antimatter must be quickly and carefully captured capture d during the process process - inefficie inefficient. nt. Trapping and storing antimatter requires high vacuum conditions at very low temps. Global annual production: 2-20 nanograms/yr Production cost: $300B per milligram Able to make Anti-hydrogen?
