ADI-usuarios-y-grupos-en-linux.pdf

Administración de Usuario y Grupos Grupos en Linux

1-28

Ap. Solange Solange Mikeliunas Mikeliunas rat rat Agosto 2!1! 2!1!

Ap. Solange Mikeliunas Mikeliunas rat

Administración de Usuario y Grupos Grupos en Linux

2-28

Índice de contenido ADMINISTRACIÓN DE USUARIOS Y GRUPOS EN GNU/LINUX...............................................1 Administracin d! "s"ari#s $ %r"&#s...................................................................................................' C#mand#s.........................................................................................................................................' Arc(i)#s In)#*"crad#s..........................................................................................................................+ Arc(i)#s d! Inicia*i,acin.....................................................................................................................Arc(i)#s d! Inicia*i,acin %!n!ra*!s...............................................................................................Arc(i)#s d! c#ni%"racin d!* "s"ari#............................................................................................0 T!c*as &ara *a !dicin d! *a *n!a d! c#mand#s..............................................................................11 Arc(i)# 23OME/.in&"trc...............................................................................................................14 Administracin d! "s"ari#s.................................................................................................................15 C#mand# "s!radd...........................................................................................................................15 C#mand# "s!rm#d .........................................................................................................................10 C#mand# c(n.................................................................................................................................10 C#mand# c(s(................................................................................................................................10 C#mand# "s!rd!*...........................................................................................................................16 C#mand# "*imit..............................................................................................................................16 C#mand#s &ara administrar *a c#ntras!7a.....................................................................................48 C#mand# &ass9d............................................................................................................................48 C#mand# c(a%!..............................................................................................................................41 C#mand# )i&9................................................................................................................................44 C#mand# &9c:...............................................................................................................................44 Administracin d! %r"&#s...................................................................................................................45 C#mand# %r#"&add.........................................................................................................................45 C#mand# %r#"&m#d.......................................................................................................................45 C#mand# %r#"&d!*..........................................................................................................................45 C#mand# %&ass9d..........................................................................................................................4+ C#mand# n!9%r&............................................................................................................................4; C#mand# )i%r.................................................................................................................................4; C#mand# %r&c:...............................................................................................................................4; ............................................................................................................................................................4; C#mand# adici#na*!s.........................................................................................................................4C#mand# id.....................................................................................................................................4C#mand# in%!r< ............................................................................................................................4C#mand# "s!rs................................................................................................................................4-

Ap. Solange Mikeliunas Mikeliunas rat

Administración de Usuario y Grupos en Linux

Administración de usuarios y grupos Comandos

Comando

Descripción

chage

Modi#ica los atri$utos del pass%ord

chfn

Modi#ica la in#ormación del #inger& campo comentario

chsh

'am$ia la s(ell del usuario

finger

)espliega in#ormación so$re los usuarios del sistema

gpasswd

Administra los usuarios en los grupos

groupadd

Agrega un nue*o grupo al sistema

groupdel

+limina un grupo de sistema

groupmod

Modi#ica un grupo ya existente

grpck

'(e,uea la integridad de los arc(i*os de grupo

grpck

compro$ación de consistencia para los arc(i*os etcgroup y etcgs(ado%

grpconv

'rea arc(i*o etcgs(ado% a partir del etcgroup

grpunconv

puesto al anterior

Id

)espliega in#ormación del usuario

newgrp

'am$ia el grupo primario

passwd

Modi#ica la contrase/a de un usuario

pwck

compro$ar la consistencia de los arc(i*os etcpass%d y etcs(ado%

pwconv

p%con* con*ierte a arc(i*os de contrase/as ocultas los arc(i*os de contrase/as normales& crea etcs(ado% a partir del etcpass%d

pwunconv

puesto al anterior

useradd

Agrega un nue*o usuario al sistema

Ap. Solange Mikeliunas rat

"-28


userdel

+limina un usuario del sistema

usermod

Modi#ica un usuario ya existente

vigr

+dita el arc(i*o etcgroup

vipw

+dita el arc(i*o etcpass%d


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-28

Archivos Involucrados E* arc(i)# /etc/passwd Arc(i)# ascii d#nd! cada *n!a %"arda *a in#rmacin d! "n "s"ari# d!inid# !n !* sist!ma. Sintaxis

usuario:x:uid:gid:comentario:home-directory:shell-de-inicio

Campo

Descripción

N#m=r! d!* "s"ari# c#n !* c"a* !ntra a* sist!ma. >!?. @&!r!,

"s"ari#

Cam&# #=s#*!t#< s! d!?a &#r c#m&ati=i*idad c#n )!rsi#n!s ant!ri#r!s

B

Nm!r# d!* %r"&# &rimari# as#ciad# a* "s"ari#

%id c#m!ntari#

C#m!ntari# =r!)! d!* "s"ari#

3#m!dir!ct#r$

Dir!ct#ri# d! tra=a?# d!* "s"ari#

S(!**d!inici#

S(!** d!inida &ara !* "s"ari#

E* arc(i)# /etc/shadow Arc(i)# ascii d! acc!s# r!strin%id# "! a*mac!na &ara cada "s"ari# *as c*a)!s !ncri&tadas as c#m# tam=iFn in#rmacin r!*aci#nada c#n *as mismas. Sintaxis

usuario:password:lastchg:min:max:warn:inactive:expire:

D!inicin d! *#s cam&#s Campo

Descripción

usuario

N#m=r! d!* "s"ari#< d!=! c#incidir c#n !* arc(i)# /!tc/&ass9d

password

S! !nc"!ntra !ncri&tada

lastchg

U*tima !c(a d! m#diicacin< t#mada !n nm!r#s< &arti!nd# d!* 1/1/16-8

min

C"ant# d!=! !s&!rar &ara &!rmitir cam=iar *a c#ntras!7a a* "s"ari#

max

Cada c"ant# d!=! cam=iar *a c#ntras!7a

warn

C"ant#s das ant!s s! *! in#rmara a* "s"ari# "! d!=! cam=iar *a c#ntras!7a.

inactive

si )a*! c!r# >8 a* )!nc!r maBda$s $ n# cam=i# *a c#ntras!7a s! =*#"!a *a c"!nta< si )a*! 1< &"!d! in%r!sar $ cam=iar *a c#ntras!7a< !s *a #&cin &#r



d!!ct#< s! )! c#m# cam&# )aci. expire

C"and# !B&ira *a c"!nta

E* arc(i)# /etc/group Arc(i)# ascii d#nd! cada *n!a %"arda *a in#rmacin d! "n %r"&# d!inid# !n !* sist!ma. Sintaxis

grupo:x:gid:lista-usuarios

Campo

Descripción

grupo

N#m=r! d!* %r"&#

x

Usad# &ara &#n!r *a c#ntras!7a d!* %r"&#

gid

Nm!r# d! %r"&#

Lista-usuarios

Lista d! "s"ari#s "! ti!n! a !st! %r"&# c#m# %r"&# s!c"ndari#


-28


3-28

Archivos de Inicialización Las caract!rsticas d!* am=i!nt! d!* "s"ari# s#n d!t!rminadas !n !* m#m!nt# d! in%r!sar a* sist!ma. La &rim!ra accin d!* &r#%rama *#%in !s car%ar "na s!ri! d! )aria=*!s >3OME
Archivos de Inicialización generales: Ubicación

Descripción

/!tc/&r#i*!

C#nti!n! *a c#ni%"racin d!* &!ri* d! arran"! d!* *#%in. S! !?!c"ta cada )!, "! "n "s"ari# in%r!sa a* sist!ma.

/!tc/=as(rc

C#nti!n! "nci#n!s d! c#ni%"racin c#m# !* "mas:< PS1 d!* &r#m&t. S! !?!c"ta cada )!, "! s! in)#ca "na s(!**.

/!tc/m#td

M!nsa?! d!* da &ara t#d#s *#s "s"ari#s< "! s!r m#strad# a* inici# d! *a s!sin.

/!tc/d!a"*t/"s!radd

C#ni%"racin d! *#s )a*#r!s &r!d!t!rminad#s a* cr!ar "n "s"ari#< c#m# s!r !* dir!ct#ri# &!rs#na*< !* %r"&# &rinci&a*.

/!tc/*#%in.d!s

C#ni%"racin d! *#s )a*#r!s &r!d!t!rminad#s a* cr!ar "n "s"ari#< c#m# !* n"m!r# d! "s"ari# $ )a*#r!s d! *a c#ntras!7a

/!tc/iss"!

C#nti!n! !* =ann!r "! s! m#strara !n !* m#m!nt# d!* *#%in *#ca*.

/!tc/iss"!.n!t

C#nti!n! !* =ann!r "! s! m#strara !n !* m#m!nt# d!* *#%in r!m#t#< !?!m&*# &#r t!*n!t.

Configuración del login de inicio

En !* inici# d!* sist!ma !sta c#ni%"rad# &#r d!!ct# s!is c#ns#*as. S#n **amadas &#r mingetty. mingetty *!! !* arc(i)# /etc/issue $ s" c#nt!nid# s!r !* *#%# d! !ntrada !n cada t!rmina*.

L#s arc(i)#s /etc/issue $ /etc/issue.net &"!d! c#nt!n!r ci!rt#s cdi%#s d! !sca&! &ara m#strar di!r!nt! in#rmacin. T#d#s *#s cdi%#s d! !sca&! c#nsist!n !n "na =arra in)!rtida >J s!%"ida d! "na d! *as *!tras d! )a*#r



etra

8-28

Descripción

d

Ins!rta *a !c(a act"a*.

*

Ins!rta !* n#m=r! d! *a tt$ act"a*.

m

Ins!rta !* id!ntiicad#r d! *a ar"it!ct"ra d! *a m"ina< i50; &#r !?!m&*#.

n

Ins!rta !* n#m=r! d! n#d# d! *a m"ina< tam=iFn c#n#cid# c#m# n#m=r! d! m"ina >(#stnam! "nam! r.

#

Ins!rta !* n#m=r! d!* d#mini# d! *a m"ina.

r

Ins!rta *a )!rsin d!* nc*!#< &#r !?!m&*# 4.5.1;. "nam! r

s

Ins!rta !* n#m=r! d!* sist!ma< !* n#m=r! d!* sist!ma #&!rati)#.

t

Ins!rta *a (#ra act"a*.

"

Ins!rta !* nm!r# d! "s"ari#s c#n!ctad#s !n !s! m#m!nt#.

U

Ins!rta *a cad!na K1 "s!rK # Kn "s!rsK dnd! n !s !* nm!r# d! "s"ari#s c#n!ctad#s !n !s! m#m!nt#.

)

Ins!rta *a )!rsin d!* SO< &#r !?!m&*# *a !c(a d! cr!acin< !tc.

Archivos de configuración del usuario:

L#s arc(i)#s d! c#ni%"racin d!* "s"ari# s! !nc"!ntran !n s" dir!ct#ri# &!rs#na*< $ s#n #c"*t#s< !st#s arc(i)#s s! c#&ian d!sd! /etc/skel !n !* m#m!nt# d! cr!ar *a c"!nta d!* "s"ari#. Est#s arc(i)#s s#n .bashrc, .bash_profile, .bash_history, .bash_logout

A* *#%!ars! "n "s"ari# s! *!! !n s!c"!ncia "na s!ri! d! arc(i)#s "! c#ni%"raran !* !nt#rn# d!* "s"ari#. E* &rim!r# !s /etc/profile

L"!%# !n !* dir!ct#ri# &!rs#na* d!* "s"ari# s! ="sca si !Bist! "n# d! !st#s tr!s arc(i)#s< !* &rim!r# "! *!! !s !* .bash_profile, >!st# d!&!nd! d! *a distri="cin Lin"B .bash_profile Ap. Solange Mikeliunas rat


.bashrc

L"!%# !* .bash_profile manda !?!c"tar !* .bashrc E* .bashrc manda !?!c"tar !* /etc/bashrc Contenido del Archivo !"#bash$profile

C#ni%"racin d! *a )aria=*! PAT3< )aria=*!s d!* am=i!nt! >c#m# s!r !* &r#m&t PS1< $ **ama a* .=as(rc # Get the aliases and functions if [ -f /.bashrc !" then . /.bashrc fi #ser specific environment and startup programs $%&'()$%&'*)'+,/bin $(0[1t12!3 4%'_56()'+,/.bashrc 75%,(8root8 export 75%, $%&' $ Contenido del Archivo: !"#bashrc

D!inicin d! a*ias< $ **ama a !?!c"tar !* arc(i)# /etc/bashrc # .bashrc # ource global definitions if [ -f /etc/bashrc !" then . /etc/bashrc fi # ser specific aliases and functions alias rm(9rm -i9 alias cp(9cp -i9 alias mv(9mv -i9 Contenido del Archivo: !"#bash$history

G"arda *#s c#mand#s !?!c"tad#s &#r !* "s"ari#< "! s! m"!stran c#n !* c#mand# (ist#r$. Ap. Solange Mikeliunas rat

4-28


Contenido del Archivo: !"#bash$logout<

S! *!! c"and# !* "s"ari# (ac! !Bit # ~/.bash_logout clear


1!-28


Definición del %&'(%) d!* "s"ari# )aria=*! PS1 %S* )a*#r!s &r!d!t!rminad#s JsJ)J2 QQ< d!ta**! d! a*%"n#s d! *#s cdi%#s &#si=*!s. >)!r man =as(

/PS1 +a

an ASCII =!** c(aract!r >8-

+h

t(! (#stnam! "& t# t(! irst .Q

+,

t(! (#stnam!

+n

n!9*in!

+t

t(! c"rr!nt tim! in 45(#"r 33MMSS #rmat

+)

t(! c"rr!nt tim! in 14(#"r 33MMSS #rmat

+-

t(! c"rr!nt tim! in 14(#"r am/&m #rmat

+A

t(! c"rr!nt tim! in 45(#"r 33MM #rmat

+u

t(! "s!rnam! # t(! c"rr!nt "s!r

+.

t(! c"rr!nt 9#r:in% dir!ct#r$

)eclas para la edición de la l/nea de comandos

O&cin

D!scri&cin

ctr*  c

ina*i,ar tar!a

ctr*  ,

s"s&!nd!r tar!a

ctr*  *

*im&ia *a &anta**a

ctr*  =

r!tr#c!d! "n !s&aci# > t!c*a ← 

ctr*  

Ad!*ant! "n !s&aci# >t!c*a → 

ctr*  a

A* &rinci&i# d! *a *n!a >t!c*a (#m!

ctr*  !

A* in d! *a *n!a >t!c*a !nd 

d!*

E*imina a *a d!r!c(a d!* c"rs#r.

ctr*  :

E*imina d!sd! !* c"rs#r a* ina* d! *a *n!a

ctr*  d

E*imina d! *a i,"i!rda d!* c"rs#r >t!c*a =ac:s&ac!

!sc d!*

E*imina &a*a=ra a *a i,"i!rda d!* c"rs#r.


11-28


!sc  d

E*imina d!sd! !* c"rs#r a* ina* d! *a &a*a=ra c#rri!nt!

ctr*  $

P!%a *a "*tima &a*a=ra !*iminada

ctr*  d

!Bit d! *a s!sin

ta=

12-28

a"t#c#m&*!tar

Est! c#n?"nt# d! t!c*as s! !nc"!ntra d!inid#s !n *a R!ad*in! Li=rar$< d!sarr#**ada &#r *a Hr!! S#t9ar! H"ndati#n. P#r d!!ct# !* md"*# !macs !s F* "ti*i,ad#. Para m#diicar !* !dit#r &#r d!!ct# set :o vi set :o emacs

Para *a r!!r!ncia c#m&*!ta d!* t!c*ad# bind :$

Archivo 0,'(1"#inputrc

E* arc(i)# /!tc/in&"trc c#nti!n! *a in#rmacin d! c#ni%"racin. Para c#ni%"rar &!rs#na*m!nt! !* c#m&#rtami!nt# d!* t!c*ad# &"!d! c#&iar !* arc(i)# /!tc/in&"trc a* dir!ct#ri# &!rs#na* c#m# .in&"trc >#c"*t# %or e2emplo asignar a las teclas de función 3* y 3*4: # do not bell on tab-completion #set bell-st;le none #/etc/inputrc set meta-flag on set input-meta on set convert-meta off set output-meta on #
#! 81e[[%8*8hola mundo8



#!" 81e[=>8*8/bin/ls8 )if mode(emacs # for linux console and 7'/?ebian xterm 81e[8* beginning-of-line 81e[>8* end-of-line 81e[@8* beginning-of-histor; 81e[A8* end-of-histor; 81e[B8* delete-char 81e[=8* Cuoted-insert 81e[@<8* forward-word 81e[@?8* backward-word # for rxvt 81e[D8* end-of-line # for non 7'/?ebian xtermE can9t hurt for 7'/?bian xterm 81e+'8* beginning-of-line 81e+F8* end-of-line # for freebsd console 81e['8* beginning-of-line 81e[F8* end-of-line )endif


1"-28


10-28

Administración de usuarios L#s arc(i)#s in)#*"crad#s !n !* mant!nimi!nt# d! "s"ari#s *#ca*!s s#n

Ubicación

Descripción

/!tc/&ass9d

C"!nta d!* "s"ari#

/!tc/s(ad#9

C#ntras!7a

/!tc/%r#"&

Gr"&#s

/!tc/%s(ad#9

Gr"&#s< administrad#r

Comando useradd

E* c#mand# useradd, !s !* "! n#s &!rmit! a%r!%ar "s"ari#s !n !* sist!ma. Sintaxis useradd [-u gid [-o] ] [-m [-k directorio_skel] ] [-d directory] [-g gid ] [-G gid [,gid …][-s shell-inicio][ -c “comentario] [-e yyyymmdd] [-f d!as] [-r] usuario

'pciones:

Descripción

5u "id

Asi%na "id a* n"!)# "s"ari#

5o

P!rmit! d"&*icar !* "id

5d dir

Asi%na dir c#m# (#m! dir!ct#r$ d!* "s"ari#

5m

Cr!a !* (#m! dir!ct#r$ si n# !Bist! $ si !Bist! c#*#ca *#s &!rmis#s n!c!sari#s

5g %id

Asi%na gid c#m# %r"&# &rinci&a* >E* %r"&# d!=! !Bistir.

56 %id< 

Asi%na *#s %r"&#s d!ta**ad#s d!s&"Fs d! *a #&cin c#m# %r"&#s s!c"ndari#s

5s s(!**

s(!** d! inici# &ara !* "s"ari# a cr!ar

5c

c#m!ntari# d!scri&cin s#=r! !* &!ri* d! "s"ari#

5e

!c(a "! cad"ca *a c"!nta

5f das

Nm!r# d! das "! &asarn d!s&"Fs "! *a c#ntras!7a (a cad"cad# (asta "! *a c"!nta s! d!sacti)ar >Si s! !s&!ciica < *a c"!nta s!r d!sacti)ada inm!diatam!nt! d!s&"Fs "! *a c#ntras!7a !B&ir!. Si s! !s&!ciica -!< *a



1-28

c"!nta n# s! d!sacti)ar d!s&"Fs "! *a c#ntras!7a cad""!. 5r

Cr!a "n "s"ari# d!* sist!ma< c#n "n UID m!n#r d! +88

57

D!t!rmina d! d#nd! c#&iar *#s arc(i)#s d! &!rs#na*i,acin d! *#s n"!)#s "s"ari#s.

usuario

N#m=r! asi%nad# a* "s"ari#< d!=! s!r nic#< c#n?"nt# d! (asta 0 caract!r!s >*!tras< nr#s< "nd!rsc#r!< &"nt#< %"in. Prim!r carct!r d!=! s!r *!tra $ d!=! c#nt!n!r &#r *# m!n#s "na *!tra minsc"*a.

Administración de los valores por defecto#

"inta#is useradd -D [-g default_group] [-b default_home] [-e default_e#pire_date] [-f default_inacti$e] [-s default_shell]

M#diica # m"!stra >si n# s! *! &#n! ar%"m!nt#s *#s )a*#r!s &#r d!!ct# a* in%r!sar "n n"!)# "s"ari#< !n !* arc(i)# /etc/default/useradd % useradd defaults file G&'()*+ '*/home 0123405* 6)0&* "77*/bin/bash "87*/etc/skel

Sin #&ci#n!s m"!stra *#s )a*#r!s !sta=*!cid#s. E* #tr# arc(i)# in)#*"crad# c#n !* c#mand# useradd !s /etc/login.defs Contenido del archive /etc/login.defs

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12emplo Cr!acin d! *a c"!nta d! "n "s"ari# &#r d!!ct# >sin #&ci#n!s useradd marcos

C#m# s! )! !* arc(i)# /etc/pass@d marc#sB+8;+8;/(#m!/marc#s/=in/=as( C#m# s! )! !* arc(i)# /etc/group marc#sB+8; Cr!acin d! *a c"!nta d! "n "s"ari# m#diicand# !* %r"&# &rinci&a* >!* %r"&# ti!n! "! !star cr!ad# 12emplo

useradd -g users ana

Arc(i)# /!tc/&ass9d anaB+8-188/(#m!/ana/=in/=as( Arc(i)# /!tc/%r#"& "s!rsB188 12emplo

Cr!acin d! *a c"!nta d! "n "s"ari# *a c"a* cad"ca !* 1 d! ma$# 4880 $ cr!and# s" dir!ct#ri# d! tra=a?#.

useradd -m -d /home/toto -e 2008050 toto

Arc(i)# /!tc/&ass9d toto:x:89:89::"home"toto:"bin"bash Ap. Solange Mikeliunas rat


Arc(i)# /!tc/s(ad#9 toto:;;:*<=<4:9:>>>>>:?::!000:


13-28


18-28

Comando usermod

E* c#mand# "s!rm#d n#s &!rmit! m#diicar *a c"!nta d! "n "s"ari#. Sintaxis" usermod [-u uid [ -o ] ] [-d directory] [-m] [-g gid ] [-G gid [,gid …][-s shell-inicio][ -c “comentario][-e dias] [-f fecha] [ -l nue$o-nombre] [-7A-(] usuario

O&ci#n!s Id!m #&ci#n!s d!* "s!radd -l -$

nuevo-nombre

&!rmit! cam=iar !* n#m=r! a "n "s"ari# !Bist!nt!.

=*#"!a *a c"!nta

-%

d!s=*#"!a *a c"!nta

Comando chfn

P!rmit! m#diicar )a*#r!s adici#na*!s "s"ari#< &ara &#d!r )!r !st#s )a*#r!s "sar !* c#mand# finger . Sintaxis chfn user

12emplo chfn tito

Cam=iand# in#rmacin &ara tit# Nam!   ingresar el nombre completo del usuario Oic!   ingresar el nombre de la oficina de trabaBo Oic! P(#n!   ingresar el nCmero de telDfono de la oficina 3#m! P(#n!   ingresar el nCmero de telDfono de la casa Comando chsh

P!rmit! a* "s"ari# c#mn cam=iar s" s(!** d! inici#. SintaBis c(s( sV* s(!** "s"ari#

'pciones

Descripción



14-28

s

m#diica *a s(!**

*

*ista *as s(!** !Bist!nt!s< *as t#ma d!* arc(i)# /!tc/s(!**

Comando userdel 1liminación de la cuenta de un usuario#

Sintaxis" userdel [ -r ] usuario

O&ci#n!s

D!scri&cin

5r

!*imina !* (#m! dir!ct#r$ d!* "s"ari#

Comando ulimit

Est! c#mand# da c#ntr#* s#=r! *#s r!c"rs#s "! dis&#n! *a s(!** $ *#s &r#c!s#s *an,ad# &#r !**a. S! &"!d! inicia*i,ar !n /etc/profile # !n E/.bashrc de cada usuario. O&ci#n!s

D!scri&cin

5a

D!s&*i!%a t#das *as *imitaci#n!s

5f

Cantidad mBima d! arc(i)#s cr!ada &#r *a s(!**

5n

Cantidad mBima d! arc(i)#s a=i!rt#s

5u

Cantidad mBima d! &r#c!s#s &#r "s"ari#

Tam=iFn s! &"!d! c#ni%"rar m!diant! "n arc(i)# d! c#ni%"racin. Est! arc(i)# !s /etc/security/limits.conf.

Un !?!m&*# &ara *imitar a* "s"ari# "s!r1 a "! s#*# &"!da in%r!sar !n d#s t!rmina*!s a *a )!, $ "! *#s arc(i)#s %!n!rad#s n# t!n%an "n tama7# ma$#r a 1:< !* arc(i)# "!dara d! *a si%"i!nt! man!ra W )i /!tc/s!c"rit$/*imits.c#n Us"ari# # %r"&# ti&#


it!m

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Para *imitar *a cantidad d! &r#c!s#s "! &"!d! *an,ar "n %r"&# d! "s"ari#< t!ndram#s "! in%r!sar *a si%"i!nt! *n!a !n !* arc(i)# /etc/security/limits.conf . act"raci#n

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L#s ti&#s soft $ hard < s#n *mit!s. L# "! *! !st dici!nd# a *a s(!** !sta !ntrada !s< si *#s "s"ari#s d!* %r"&# act"racin s"&!ra *#s 5 &r#c!s#s !n)! "n a)is#< &!r# "! n# d!?! *an,ar ms d! +8 &r#c!s#s &#r !* %r"&#. Comandos para administrar la contrase@a

Comando pass.d

A* cr!ar "n "s"ari# *a c"!nta s! cr!a *#c:!ada< &ara "! !* "s"ari# &"!da in%r!sar !* administrad#r d!=! asi%nar *a c#ntras!7a. Est! c#mand# in)#*"cra !* arc(i)# /etc/shadow Asi%nar c#ntras!7a a* "s"ari# Sintaxis" pass@d [-d ][--stdin ] [-l ] [-u [-f ]] [-n ] [-# ] [-@ ] [-i ] [-" ] [ user ]

'pciones

Descripción

d

Us"ari# sin c#ntras!7a

stdin

t#ma !* )a*#r d! *a !ntrada !stndar.

*

=*#"!a *a c"!nta

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d!s=*#"!a *a c"!nta



"!r,a d! s!r n!c!sari# &ara *a #&cin " d!s=*#"!ar

n

ti!m&# "! d!=! !s&!rar &ara cam=iar*a

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ti!m&# mBim# "! &!rman!c!r )a*ida

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ti!m&# d! ad)!rt!ncia



21-28

i

&*a,# mBim# ant!s d! &r#c!d!r a* =*#"!# d! *a c"!nta $ tras (a=!r !B&irad# *a c#ntras!7a

S

M"!stra !* !stad# d! *a c#ntras!7a

12emplos:

Distintas #rmas d! asi%nar c#ntras!7a a *#s "s"ari#s. passwd &d user # usuario sin contrase'a echo !"()*+ passwd --stdin user #asigna !"()*+ passwd user

Win%r!s! d#s )!c!s *a c#ntras!7a.

passwd -i ( -w * -x  -n  user!

Asi "!dara !* arc(i)# /etc/shad@o user!:!"/0s0(y1(%2do3b403560lo!781y9:!(!3:::*:(::

Comando chage

M#diica # m"!stra *#s atri="t#s d! *a c#ntras!7a< cam=iand# !* arc(i)# /etc/shadow Sintaxis:

chage –l usuario

C#n !sta #&cin !* "s"ari# # !* r##t &"!d!n sa=!r !n "! !stad# s! !nc"!ntra *a c#ntras!7a Sintaxis:

chage [-m] [-M] [-d] [-I]

'pciones

Descripción

m

minda$s< c"ant# d!=! !s&!rar &ara cam=iar*a

-,

maBda$s< ti!m&# d! )a*id!,

d

*astda$< "*tima !c(a d! m#diicacin.

I

inacti)!< si )a*! c!r# >8 a* )!nc!r maBda$s $ n# cam=i# *a c#ntras!7a s! =*#"!a *a c"!nta< si )a*! 1< &"!d! in%r!sar $ cam=iar *a c#ntras!7a< !s *a #&cin &#r d!!ct#.

E

!B&ir!dat!< *a c"!nta s! d!s(a=i*ita


[-E] [-W] user


22-28

9arnda$s< das d! a)is# "! d!=! cam=iar *a c#ntras!7a



Si s! in)#ca sin #&ci#n!s< !* c#mand# a=r! "na int!ra, int!racti)a. E?!m&*# r##t(#st185 r##tW chage usuario 3hanging the aging information for usuario nter the ne@ $alue, or press 14& for the default inimum )ass@ord 2ge []F + a#imum )ass@ord 2ge [;;;;;]F +HI 7ast )ass@ord 3hange J::::--99K [>-+-?]F )ass@ord #piration =arning [>]F < )ass@ord 0nacti$e []F 2ccount #piration 9ate J::::--99K [>-+-H]F

R!s"*tad# !n !* arc(i)# /etc/shadow usuario:!8!c;*6;w2crl.:!":!:!"():*::!"!(:

Comando vip.

Est! c#mand# in)#ca a* !dit#r &r!d!t!rminad# &ara a=rir !* arc(i)# /etc/passwd < si s! r!a*i,ar#n m#diicaci#n!s a* %"ardar !n !* arc(i)# /etc/passwd < !dita !* arc(i)# /etc/shadow Sintaxis:

ipw

Comando p.c7

E* &r#%rama &9c: &!rmit! c#m&r#=ar *a c#nsist!ncia d! *#s arc(i)#s /!tc/&ass9d $ /!tc/s(ad#9. Z!riica t#d#s *#s n#m=r!s d! "s"ari# $ "! cada !ntrada inc*"$a *# si%"i!nt! Un nm!r# c#rr!ct# d! cam&#s. Un nic# n#m=r! d! "s"ari#. Un "s"ari# )a*id# $ "n id!ntiicad#r d! %r"&#s. Un %r"&# &rimari# )a*id#. Ap. Solange Mikeliunas rat


Un dir!ct#ri# inicia* )a*id#. Un s(!** d! c#n!Bin )a*id#. P#r "*tim#< &9c: tam=iFn !mit! "n a)is# si d!t!cta a*%"na c"!nta "! n# t!n%a asi%nada "na c#ntras!7a.


2"-28


Administración de grupos Comando groupadd

A*ta d! %r"&#s Sintaxis:

groupadd [-g gid [ -o ] [-r] ] grupo

?pciones

@escripciAn

-g

asigna gid al nuevo grupo

gid

-o

permite duplicar el gid

-r

Comando groupmod

M#diicacin d! %r"&#s Sistaxis:

groupmod [-g gid [ -o ] ] [-! !ueo-!ombre] grupo

'pciones

Descripcion

% %id

asi%na %id c#m# a* n"!)# %r"&#

#

&!rmit! d"&*icar !* %id

n n"!)#n#m=r!

Comando groupdel

[a?a d! Gr"&#s Sintaxis

groupdel

grupo

E* arc(i)# in)#*"crad# !n !* mant!nimi!nt# d! %r"&#s *#ca*!s !s !* /etc/group


20-28


2-28

Comando gpass.d

E* c#mand# %&ass9d &!rmit! a%r!%ar # !*iminar "n "s"ari# d! "n %r"&#. L#s "s"ari#s $ *#s %r"&#s d!=!n !Bistir. SintaxisF gpass@d -[ad] user group

'pciones

Descripción

a

a*ta d! "s"ari# !n "n %r"&#.

d

=a?a d! "s"ari# d! "n %r"&#.

12emplos:

gpass@d -d user group % elimina el usuario del grupo gpass@d -a user group % ingresa el usuario al grupo

E* "s"ari# r##t &"!d! n#m=rar a "n "s"ari# c#mn c#m# administrad#r d! "n %r"&#< !st! "s"ari# &#dr in%r!sar # !*iminar "s"ari#s c#n *as #&ci#n!s ant!ri#r!s. E* "s"ari# r##t &"!d! cr!ar "n administrad#r d! %r"&#< "! s!r !* !ncar%ad# d! dar a*tas a *#s "s"ari#s !n "n %r"&#. Sintaxis gpass@d [-2 user,...] [- user,...] group

'pciones

Descripción

A

n#m=ra a* "s"ari# administrad#r

M

in%r!s# d! "s"ari#s a* %r"&#

La in#rmacin d!* administrad#r !s a*mac!nada !n /etc/gshadow . Cam&#s d! /etc/gshadow < ti!n! !n c#mn c#n /etc/group !* %r"&# $ *#s "s!r< n# !* administrad#r. Ap. Solange Mikeliunas rat


2-28

SintaBis d!* arc(i)# /etc/gshadow grupo*clave*administrador*userEuser

A* in)#car %&ass9d c#n !* n#m=r! d!* %r"&# sin #&ci#n!s &!rmit! in%r!sar "na c#ntras!7a a* %r"&#< "! s! a*mac!na !n /etc/gshadow !sta s!r s#*icita a* cam=iars! d! %r"&# a *#s "s"ari#s "! n# &!rt!n!c!n a* %r"&#. Est! )a*idacin "nci#na si "! c#m&i*ada c#n *a #&cin '%?+IG7$ . Comando ne.grp

Cam=i# d! %r"&#. A* in%r!sar "n "s"ari# a* sist!ma ti!n! &r!d!t!rminad# s" %r"&# &rinci&a*. Para cam=iars! a "n# d! s"s %r"&#s s!c"ndari#s. Sintaxis:

!ewgrp gruposecu!darrio

Para )#*)!r a s" %r"&# &rimari# exit

Comando vigr

Est! c#mand# in)#ca !n !* !dit#r &r!d!t!rminad# !* arc(i)# /!tc/%r#"& Sintaxis:

igr

Comando grpc7

%r&c: !s !* &r#%rama d! c#m&r#=acin d! c#nsist!ncia &ara *#s arc(i)#s /etc/group $ /etc/gshadow . Z!riica si F* n"m!r# d! cam&#s !s !* c#rr!ct#< si *#s n#m=r!s d! %r"&#s s#n nic#s $ si *as *istas d! "s"ari#s $ administrad#r!s !s )a*ida. I%"a*m!nt!< *a #&cin r %!n!ra "n in#rm! a"t#mtic#< &#r *# "! &"!d! "ti*i,ars! cr#n &ara acti)ar a"t#mticam!nt! !sta c#m&r#=acin.



23-28

Comando adicionales Est#s c#mand#s n#s &!rmitirn )!r in#rmacin adici#na* d! *#s "s"ari#s r!%istrad#s !n !* sist!ma. Comando id

C#mand# id< m"!stra *#s )a*#r!s d! UID< GID< Gids d! "n "s"ari# Sintaxis" id [Lg] [LG] [Lu] [user]

O&ci#n!s

D!scri&ci#n

%

%r"&# &rinci&a*

G

%r"&#s a *#s "! &!rt!n!c!

"

UID

"s!r

n#m=r! d! "s"ari# Sin #&ci#n!s m"!stra t#d#s *#s )a*#r!s.

Comando finger

M"!stra in#rmacin d!* "s"ari#. Sintaxis" finger [-s] L[l] [usuario]

Opciones s

Descripción m"!stra !* *#%in $ !* n#m=r! d! *#s "s"ari#s *#%!ad#s

*

in#rmacin c#m&*!ta. d! *#s "s"ari#s *#%!ad#s

"s"ari#

in#rmacin d! "n "s"ari# !s&!ciic#

Comando users

M"!stra "na *ista c#n *#s n#m=r!s d! *#s "s"ari#s *#%!ad#s !n !* sist!ma. Z!r c#mand#s whoE wE whoamiE who a mi. Ap. Solange Mikeliunas rat


SintaxisF users


28-28

ADI-usuarios-y-grupos-en-linux.pdf

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