UNIV ERSIDAD NAC IONAL AGRARIA DE LA
SELVA
PROPAGACION PROPAGACION POR ACODOS (aéreo y subterráneo)
CURSO: PROPAGACIÓN DE PLANTAS DOCENTE: MIRANDA ARMAS, Carlos M ESTUDIANTE: GANZ FLORIDO, Jordhan Isaac
FACULTAD: AGRONOMIA SEMESTRE: 2015 - I
Tingo María – Perú
I.
INTRODUCCIÓN Coo !odo "!odo as#$%al, #l acodo, r#&rod%c# '(#l#n!# los carac!#r#s
d# la &lan!a adr#, ad#)s s# o*!(#n#n (nd(+(d%os )s &r#coc#s %# los &ro&a-ados &or +a s#$%al. Es!# "!odo d# &ro&a-ac(/n as#$%al ar!('(c(al cons(s!# #n o*!#n#r %na n%#+a &lan!a &ro+ocando la 'orac(/n d# %n s(s!#a rad(c%lar #n %na raa la c%al ran#c# %n(da a la &lan!a adr# has!a %# #l acodo &%#da !#n#r +(da (nd#nd(#n!#. El acodado &%#d# cons(d#rars# coo %na &r#&arac(/n coo d(+(s(on#s s%*s#c%#n!#s. La raa acodada s(-%# r#c(*(#ndo a-%a 0 (n#ral#s d#*(do a %# no s# cor!a #l !allo 0 #l $(l#a ran#c# (n!ac!o. Es!a #s %na d# las ra1on#s (&or!an!#s &or%#2 #n %chas &lan!as s# !(#n# )s "$(!o al &ro&a-arlas &or acodos %# &or #s!acas. El acodado &%#d# cons(d#rars# coo %na &r#&arac(/n coo d(+(s(on#s s%*s#c%#n!#s. La raa acodada s(-%# r#c(*(#ndo a-%a 0 (n#ral#s d#*(do a %# no s# cor!a #l !allo 0 #l $(l#a ran#c# (n!ac!o. En cons#c%#nc(a #l acodado no d#nd# d#l r(odo d# !(#&o %# %na raa s#&arada &%#d# an!#n#rs# an!#s d# %# s# #'#c!%ara #l #nra(1ado. O*3#!(+os. 4
Conoc#r los !(&os d# acodos 0 r#al(1ar d# 'ora &rac!(ca #l acodado a"r#o.
4
A&r#nd#r los &asos 0 r#co#ndac(on#s %# s# !(#n#n #n c%#n!a #n la r#al(1ac(/n d# la acodad%ra.
II.
REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA.
II.1.
Generaliae!. El acodo #s %n "!odo d# &ro&a-ac(/n #n #l c%al s# &ro+oca la
'orac(/n d# rac#s ad+#n!(c(as a %n !allo %# #s!) !oda+a adh#r(do a la &lan!a adr#. L%#-o, #l !allo #nra(1ado, acodado, s# s#&ara &ara con+#r!(rlo #n %na n%#+a &lan!a %# cr#c# so*r# s%s &ro&(as rac#s. Cons(s!# #n o*!#n#r %na n%#+a &lan!a &ro+ocando la 'orac(/n d# %n s(s!#a rad(c%lar #n %na raa la c%al ran#c# %n(da a la &lan!a adr# has!a %# #l acodo &%#da !#n#r +(da (nd#nd(#n!#. 5CUCULIZA, 6789: El acoda(#n!o #s %n "!odo d# &ro&a-ac(/n #d(an!# #l c%al s# &ro+oca la 'orac(/n d# rac#s ad+#n!(c(as #n %n !allo %# #s!a !oda+a adh#r(do a la &lan!a adr#. 5;ARTMANN 67<=:
II.2.
Cara"#er$!#i"a! % &!'! el a"'a'. La +#n!a3a &r(nc(&al d#l acodado #s #l "$(!o con %# las &lan!as s#
#nra1an &or #s!# "!odo. M%chos clon#s %# no #nra1an ')c(l#n!# &or #s!aca &%#d#n #nra(1ar &or acodo, r(!(#ndo #s!a*l#c#r la &lan!a so*r# s%s &ro&(as rac#s. La a0ora d# los "!odos d# acodado son r#la!(+a#n!# ')c(l#s d# ll#+ar a ca*o 0 &%#d# &rac!(cars# a la (n!#r(# #n #l 3ardn o #l +(+#ro. C%ando s# !ra!a d# o*!#n#r %n %#>o n?#ro d# &lan!as, #l acodado &%#d# s#r )s #$(!oso con #nos r(c(a, #s'%#r1o 0 #%(&o d#l %# r#%#r(ra &ara o*!#n#rlas &or #s!acas. En al-%nos casos s# &%#d# &rod%c(r %na &lan!a )s -rand# #n %n !(#&o )s cor!o %# s( s# h(c(#ra &or #s!aca. S(n #*ar-o, coo a #d(da %# a%#n!a #l !aa>o d#l acodo #l !ras&lan!# s# +%#l+# )s d('c(l, s# n#c#s(!an !oar &r#ca%c(on#s #sc(al#s &ara !#n#r "$(!o #n #l #s!a*l#c((#n!o d# &lan!as -rand#s #n s%s &ro&(as rac#s.
Por o!ra &ar!#, #l acodado !(#nd# a s#r %n "!odo d# &ro&a-ac(/n caro 0 no s# &r#s!a &ara las !"cn(cas #can(1adas d# &ro&a-ac(/n #n -ran #scala %sadas #n los +(+#ros od#rnos. Par!# d#l a%#n!o #n #l cos!o d# &ro&a-ac(/n s# d#*# a los r#%#r((#n!os ad(c(onal#s d# ano d# o*ra. Una &lan!a acodada #$(-# c(#r!a can!(dad d# a!#nc(/n (nd(+(d%al, d#nd(#ndo d#l "!odo %# s# %s# #n &ar!(c%lar, a%n%# las orac(on#s n#c#sar(as son #n s s#nc(llas. Ta*("n #l n?#ro d# &lan!as +#nd(*l#s #s #nor %# #l %# s# o*!#ndra hac(#ndo la r#&rod%cc(/n &or #s!acas, 0#as o &?as. El "!odo !(#nd# a s#r #n-orroso 0 las &lan!as &ro-#n(!oras oc%&an %n )r#a cons(d#ra*l#, la c%al #s d('c(l d# c%l!(+ar 0 an!#n#r l(*r# d# al#1as.
II.(.
TI)OS DE ACODOS. ;a0 %chos !(&os o s(s!#as d# acodar !odos #llos son +ar(ac(on#s
)s o #nos no!a*l#s d# los !(&os &r(nc(&al#s o *)s(cos. Todos los !(&os d# acodos &%#d#n #'#c!%ars# con raas d# cons(s!#nc(a h#r*)c#a s#(l#>osa o l#>osa@ s(n #*ar-o los #3or#s r#s%l!ados s# o*!(#n#n con raas no l#>osas. Los acodos s# a-r%&an #n dos -rand#s -r%&os2 S%*!#rr)n#os 0 a"r#os@ los &r(#ros #nra1an 0 *ro!an con a0or 'ac(l(dad, los acodos a"r#os, -#n#ral#n!# &r#s#n!an )s d('(c%l!ad#s 0 co&l(cac(on#s #n s% #3#c%c(/n. 5CUCULIZA, 6789:
II.(.1. A"'' !&*#err+ne' !i,le. Es %n acodo &r(nc(&al d#l %# d#r(+an %n *%#n n?#ro d# !(&os s#c%ndar(os o +ar(ac(on#s. Cons(s!# #n do*lar %na raa )s a #nos lar-a, #n!#rrar %na &orc(/n d# #lla d#3ando #l #$!r#o l(*r#, %# s# &oda a !r#s 0#as 0 s# lo s%3#!a a %n !%!or. Con la '(nal(dad d# an!#n#r ar%#ada la raa, s# s%3#!a, la &ar!# #n!#rrada, con %nos -anchos #!)l(cos o!ro (ns!r%#n!o a&ro&(ado.
II.(.2. A"'' !&*#err+ne' !eren#ea'. Es %na od('(cac(/n d#l acodo s(&l#, s# #&l#a c%ando s# !(#n# %na raa lar-a 0 'l#$(*l#, %# r(!# #'#c!%ar +ar(as #ncor+ad%ras, las %# las ?n(ca carac!#rs!(cas d('#r#nc(al #n #l acodo s(&l# s# o*!(#n#n !an!as &lan!as coo c%r+a!%ras !(#n# #l acodo, 0 #n casos #sc(al#s &%#d#n o*!#n#rs# has!a #l do*l# d# &lan!as.
II.(.(. A"'a'
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"ir"&,'!i"in ,ar"'##a3e 3''#ee4 Es %na acodo s%*!#rr)n#o d#l !(&o &r(nc(&al o *)s(co@ s% #3#c%c(/n no &r#s#n!a n(n-%na d('(c%l!ad, ro s( r#%(#r# d# al-%nos c%(dados #sc(al#s, s#l#cc(onada la raa &ara acodar, s# do*la #s!a has!a #l s%#lo@ &r#+(a#n!# s# &r#&ara %na 1an3a d# s%'(c(#n!# lon-(!%d coo &ara &od#r #n!#rrar !oda la raa s(n cor!ar s% #$!r#(dad@ #n #l 'ondo d# la 1an3a la !(#rra d#*# #s!ar *(#n %ll(da. An!#s d# '(3ar la raa al s%#lo s# d#*#n #l((nar las 0#as d# la &ar!# *a3a o s#a las %# d#scansan d(r#c!a#n!# so*r# #l s%#lo, orac(/n %# d#*# hac#rs# con c%(dado &ara no ca%sar h#r(das (nn#c#sar(as. F(3ada la raa al s%#lo con / B -anchos #sc(al#s, no s# #n!(#rra (n#d(a!a#n!#, s(no solo s# as#-%ra %n n!(o con!ac!o d# la raa 0 #l s%#lo &ara &ro+ocar la #(s(/n d# rac#s. Con #s!# !(&o d# (n3#r!o s# a&ro+#cha #3or %na raa o*!#n("ndos# %n a0or n?#ro d# *ro!#s.
II.(.. A"'' !&*#err+ne' 'r a'r"a&ra. A #s!# !(&o d# acodo s# l# conoc# !a*("n con los s(-%(#n!#s no*r#s2 acodo #n co&ada, c#ll/n, &or cor!# 0 a&orcad%ra, #!c. Es s%*!#rr)n#o 0 d#l !(&o d# acodos &r(nc(&al#s. S# #&l#a #l acodo &or a&orcad%ra, c%ando s# !(#n# %na &lan!a +(#3a 0 s# d#s#a o*!#n#r n%#+as &lan!as d# #lla o c%ando, &or ca%sas d(+#rsas, s# &rod%c# la ro!%ra d# la co&a, con #l acodo &or a&orcad%ra s# r#s!a%ra #s!a o s# o*!(#n#n n%#+as &lan!as. S# &roc#d# d#l odo s(-%(#n!#2 #l !allo &r(nc(&al s# cor!a a 68 o a
=c!s. D#l s%#lo, s# #sra #l d#sarrollo d# las 0#as 0 c%ando los *ro!#s alcan1an %nos a B c. D# lar-o s# loa a&orca, con !(#rra l(-#ra 0 %ll(da, d# !al odo %# #l *ro!# )s al!o #s!# a < o 6c. En!#rrado@ #s (&or!an!# an!#n#r s(#&r# h?#da la !(#rra, con lo %# s# cons#-%(r) %# #n la *as# d# los *ro!#s ha0a a*%ndan!# #(s(/n d# rac#s. Es!# !(&o d# acodo d('(#r# d# los o!ros #n %# no #s %na raa la %# s# #n!(#rra, s(no #s #l !allo. D#s!#!#.4 s# d#s#n!(#rra !odo #l !ronco, %#dando al d#sc%*(#r!o !odos los *ro!#s 0 s%s rac#s@ &ara s#&arar las n%#+as &lan!as s# %!(l(1a %na c%ch(lla *(#n a'(lada con la %# s# hac# %n cor!# n#! &or d#*a3o d# las rac#s 0 #n #l &%n!o d# %n(/n d#l *ro!# con la &lan!a adr#.
II.(.5. A"'' en "e!#' ' ,a"e#a. Es %na +ar(ac(/n d#l acodo s(&l#, la ?n(ca od('(cac(/n #s %#, #n l%-ar d# #n!#rrars# la raa #n #l s%#lo, s# lo hac# #n %na ac#!a, c#s!a o ca3/n, #l %# &%#d# #s!ar al-o #n!#rrado &ara #+(!ar o+((#n!os. no s# r#%(#r# d# r#c(&(#n!#s #sc(al#s coo #n #l acodo a"r#o 0 -o1a d# la +#n!a3a d# #s!# ,#n lo r#'#r#n!# al !ras&lan!#. Es!# !(&o d# acodo #s cons(d#rado coo %n acodo a"r#o. En #l s%r lo d#no(nan r#h%nd(do.
II..
U!'! el a"'a,ien#'. ;a0 B %sos &r(nc(&al#s d#l acoda(#n!o2 4
la &ro&a-ac(/n d# #sc(#s d# &lan!as coo las 'ra*%#sas n#-ras 0 las 1ar1aoras ras!r#ras %# s# r#&rod%c#n na!%ral#n!# &or #s!# "!odo.
4
la &ro&a-ac(/n d# clon#s d# &lan!as c%0as #s!acas no #nra1an con 'ac(l(dad, ro %# son s%'(c(#n!##n!# +al(osos coo &ara 3%s!('(car #l cos!o 0 #l !ra*a3o r#%#r(dos &ara acodarlos.
4
#l acoda(#n!o #s ?!(l &ara &rod%c(r &lan!as d# !aa>o -rand# #n %n !(#&o cor!o.
4
#l acodado s(&l# a a"r#o, #s +al(oso &ara &rod%c(r %n n%#ro r#la!(+a#n!# -rand# d# &lan!as d# *%#n !aa>o con %n n(o d# (ns!alac(on#s d# &ro&a-ac(/n.
II.5.
)lan#a! 6&e 3eneral,en#e !e a"'an Las &lan!as %# -#n#ral#n!# s# acodan, son los s(-%(#n!#s2 (d,
an1ano, ol(+o, -ranado, a+#llano, h(-%#ra, #*r(ll#ro 0 'ra*%#so. En #l caso d# la +(d, s# %!(l(1a &oco #l acodo, ro s# o*!(#n# %n a0or &r#nd((#n!o@ d#*# %!(l(1ars# c%ando s# d#s## &ro&a-ar al-%na +ar(#dad #sc(a d# la %# no s# !#n-a %cho a!#r(al coo &ara hac#r #s!acas. ;a0 al-%nas +ar(#dad#s d# Man1ano, #n los %# #s as con+#n(#n!# #&l#ar #l s(s!#a d# acodos@ #s!as son2 la &arad(s, d%lc(n 0 no!#h#rn s&0. 5CUCULIZA, 6789:.
II.7.
)a!'! ara a"er &n a"'' are'. 4 S#l#cc(ona %na *%#na raa / !allo. Por #3#&lo, %na %# s( d#sa&ar#c(#s# d# la &lan!a no a'#c!ara a s% asc!o #s!"!(co. 4
;a1 %n an(llo d# cor!#1a a %nos c. d# la &%n!a d# la raa, &or #3#&lo, o a )s d(s!anc(a.
4
E'#c!?a con %n c%ch(llo dos cor!#s &aral#los s#&arados 6 c#n!#!ro 5#n F(c%s +al# c.: 0 #$!ra# con c%(dado la cor!#1a d# #n!r# los dos cor!#s.
4
A la 1ona an(llada a&lcal# &ol+o d# horonas d# #nra(1a(#n!o. Es!o NO #s (&r#sc(nd(*l#, ro a0%da *as!an!# a la #(s(/n d# rac#s.
4
Co-# %n !ro1o d# &l)s!(co !rans&ar#n!#, rod#a con "l la ra(!a 0 a!a con %na c%#rda #n s% &ar!# (n'#r(or, %#dando coo %n c%c%r%cho.
4
R#ll#na #s!# c%c%r%cho d# &l)s!(co con %nos &%>ados d# !%r*a r%*(a 5!(&o %s-o, #s'a-no, S&ha-n%: o d# !%r*a n#-ra. La !%r*a r%*(a #s &r#'#r(*l# a la !%r*a n#-ra &or%# &os## %na a0or &oros(dad %# &ro&orc(ona )s a(r#ac(/n a las rac#s.
4
A!a '%#r!##n!# con %na c%#rda, &ara %# la !%r*a o #s'a-no con!ac!#n r'#c!a#n!# con #l an(llo d# la cor!#1a. El asc!o %# %#da #s #l d# %n orc/n 5+#r 'o!os s%r(or#s:.
4
A con!(n%ac(/n, (n0#c!a a-%a con %na 3#r(n-%(lla &ara h%#d#c#r la !%r*a o #s'a-no.
4
Por ?l!(o, c%*r# !odo con &al d# r(/d(co o &al d# al%(n(o, %#dando as a(slado d#l sol 0 d# la l%1. En %n acodado r#s%l!a '%nda#n!al %# no #n!r# l%1 #n las &ar!#s #n las %# s# d#s#a %# s# 'or#n rac#s.
4
La !%r*a d#*#r)s an!#n#rla h?#da d%ran!# !odo #l &roc#so, ro no d#as(ado o3ada. Para #llo, cada 68 / = das (n!rod%c# a-%a %sando %na 3#r(n-%(lla.
4
Pasados los = &r(#ros #s#s, +# d#s!a&ando #l &al cada 68 das &ara (rar c/o +a #l #nra(1a(#n!o. T#ndr)s %# #srar has!a o*s#r+ar %na *%#na can!(dad d# rac#s *lancas a !ra+"s d#l &l)s!(co.
4
El !(#&o d# s#&arac(/n d#l acodo +ara s#-?n la #sc(# 0 las cond(c(on#s.
4
En c%an!o las rac#s rod##n #l &l)s!(co &or d#n!ro, #s #l o#n!o d# s#&arar #l acodo d# la &lan!a adr# con %n cor!# l(&(o 3%s!o &or d#*a3o d# las rac#s
4
R#!(ra con c%(dado #l &l)s!(co s(n %# s# d#soron# #l c#ll/n d# !%r*a 0 rac#s 0 &lan!a #n %na ac#!a.
4
S# d#*# %*(car #n %n l%-ar 'r#sco, h?#do 0 con l%1 ro s(n sol. Ha !#n#os %na n%#+a &lan!a.
III.
MATERIALES 8 M9TODO.
III.1. Ma#eriale!: 6. Una !(3#ra &odadora. =. Una na+a3a. . Un -ancho &ara s%3#!ar a la s%r'(c(#. B. La &lan!a a &ro&a-ar &or #s!# "!odo 5. C%ad#rno d# a&%n!#s 0 o!ros. III.2. Me#''l'3$a. La &r)c!(ca '%# d(r(-(da &or #l ING. MIRANDA ARMAS CARLOS s# d#sarroll/ d# an#ra #'(c(#n!# -rac(as al a&l(o conoc((#n!o #n #l !#a d# acodos 0 los a>os d# #$r(#nc(a #ns#>ando a Los al%nos los d(s!(n!os "!odos d# &ro&a-ac(/n. A con!(n%ac(/n s# os!rara El &roc#d((#n!o coo s# r#al(1/ #s!a &r)c!(ca.
IV.
RESULTADOS. En la s(-%(#n!# &r)c!(ca s# &%do o*s#r+ar 0 r#al(1ar los &asos a s#-%(r &ara la a&ro&(ada &ro&a-ac(/n as#$%al &or acodo. T%+(os #n c%#n!a las cond(c(on#s %# #s!as d#*#n d# !#n#r &ara %n *%#n #nra(1a(#n!o.
V.
CONCLUSION. 4
Para &ro&a-ar #d(an!# acodos #s r#co#nda*l# !#n#r #n c%#n!a las cond(c(on#s /&!(as %# #s!a d#*# !#n#r.
4
Es!# "!odo #s r#co#nda*l# &ara &ro&a-ar #sc(#s %# s# #nc%#n!ran #n #$!(nc(/n, 0a %# la &ro*a*(l(dad d# #nra(c" #s a0or.
4
E$(s!#n d('#r#n!#s !(&os o 'oras d# &ro&a-ar acodos 5acodo a"r#o, acodado d# &%n!a, #!c.: las c%al#s &%#d#n %sars# *#n"'(ca#n!# &ara la &ro&a-ar las d(+#rsas #sc(#s.
4
M%chos clon#s %# no #nra1an ')c(l#n!# &or #s!aca &%#d#n #nra1an &or acodos.
VI.
ILIOGRAFIA 4
CUCULIU;A ) .1<57. Pro&a-ac(/n d# &lan!as. LIMA PERU. P)-. =<
4
=ARTMANN. 1<>?. Pro&a-ac(/n d# &lan!as &r(nc(&(os 0 &r)c!(cas. Ed(!. CIA EDITORIAL CONTINENTAL, S.A. B #d(c(/n. MEICO. P)-. 9<