Acidul Lactic

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–Gbljli fw}f a cljhć lo}fxoiŧlaoicć# a cljhć gixf frclgć mf vomf ufolj# gf wvo}fj ől ïoga}xa of ïomxf}ćj/‚  Ix}bvx @axohfxk 

Laovŧ Gćxćuio# Gftix Ag}iulio Jaxaőiov Gacfklvc Oiŧlaoic –Fgi}fxloi ]famaxalv‚# ]èxkv Dlv

~9~

 ~xae/ ïomxvjć}ax Mio ]icihć 

^xftfo}ixf kfofxicć4 Iglmvc cig}lg

wiv iglmvc 8*blmxarl~xa~ioalg fw}f vo iglm iglm gixharlclg gixharlclg gv eaxjvci eaxjvci gbljlgć gbljlgć hxv}ć

G7B5A7/ Iuèom vo kxv blmxarlc ivrlclix i}iői} kxvćxll gixharlclgf gixharlclgf wf ïogimxfitć ïogimxfitć ïo gi}fkaxli gi}fkaxli igltlcax  icei*blmxarlclgl /

Iuèom ïo jacfgvci wi vo gixhao iwljf}xlg# iglmvc cig}lg ai}f frlw}i wvh eaxji i mal

ltajfxl a}lgl ől a eaxjć xigfjlgć4 * Iglmvc M"*, cig}lg wf ahŧlof xlo efxjfo}iŧli

kcvglmfcax gv vo efxjfo} wfglic/

* Iglmvc C"+, cig}lg wf kiwfő}f ïo fr}xig}vc mf gixof# ellom

 xftfo} ïo clgblmvc gfcvcix mlo jvőgbl/ Fw}f ltajfxvc gfc jil ljax}io} hlacaklg/ Wf eaxjfitć ïo elhxfcf jvwgvcixf wvvwf feax}vcvl ïo clwi arlkfovcvl/ * Iglmvc "¹, cig}lg fw}f xamvwvc ahlőovl} ic efxjfo}iŧlfl

cig}lgf/ Wf kćwfő}f ïo livx}# ci}f igxv xaufolom mlo cig}ati gaoŧlov}ć ïo ci}f/ Ïo jvxć}vxl ől ïo tfiji cax li oiő}fxf mlo kcvglmfcf gaoŧlov}f ïo cfkvjf/ Wgvx} lw}axlg4

Iglmvc cig}lg i eaw} mfwgafxl} ïo iovc 9;2> mf gbljlw}vc wvfmft Gixc  [lcbfcj Wgbffcf

ïo}x*a jaw}xć mf ci}f igxv igfw}i xfvőlom ől a xljć

ltacixf i wi# mix xamvgfxfi ci olufc gajfxglic i ïogfv} ihli ïo iovc 9229# ïo Cl}}cf Cl}}cf}ao }ao "Jiwwi "Jiwwigbvw gbvwf}} f}}w# w# WVI,/ WVI,/ Igfw}i Igfw}i fw}f fw}f ja}luv ja}luvcc fo}xv fo}xv gixf igfiw}ć wvhw}ioŧć gixf eigf ahlfg}vc gfxgf}ćxlcax ci olufc jaomlic i xljl} mfovjlxfi mf iglm cig}lg/ ~8~

 Xćw~èo  Xć w~èomlx mlxfi fi ïo oi}vxć oi}v xć ől jf}am j f}amff mf ahŧlof ah ŧlofxf xf4

Iglmvc cig}lg wf kćwfő}f ïo oi}vxć ïo ci}fcf igxv# hfxf# wvgvc kiw}xlg# ŧfwv}vc jvwgvcix# xfxftfo}èom xamvwvc efxjfo}iŧlfl cig}lgf i kcvglm kcvglmfca fcax/ x/ Wf ahŧlof ahŧlof xlo xlo efxjfo efxjfo}iŧ }iŧli li gao}xac gao}xaci}ć i}ć i cćjft cćjftlca lcaxx mf gix}ael# i jfciwfcax# i }ćxèŧfcax mf kxèv# i wlxavcvl mf axvjh# vomf wf v}lcltfitć  Cig}ahiglccvw mfchxvfg`ll xfgvj ől xlo efxjfo}iŧli ci}fcvl wjèo}èol}# i tfxvcvl mvcgf vomf wf v}lcltfitć Cig}lhiglccvw hvckixlgvw/ Ïo cihaxi}ax# iglmvc cig}lg wf ai}f ahŧlof xlo xfigŧli mlo}xf icmfblmi igf}lgć ől iglmvc glioblmxlg # ci }fjfxi}vxć ïoic}ć ől wvh xfwlvof0

*blmxaclti iglmvcvl gcax*~xa~laolg #

*xfmvgfxfi iglmvcvl ~lxvulg

 ^xa  ^ xa~xl ~xlf} f}ćŧ ćŧl eltl e ltlgf gf4

Iglmvc cig}lg fw}f vo clgblm logacax wlxaaw# blkxawgalg wacvhlc ïo ić# icgaac ől kclgfxloć ïo axlgf  xaaxŧlf/  xaaxŧlf/ Ixf mfowl}i}fi mfowl}i}fi 9#8=< ci 96¾G# lomlgfcf mf xfexigŧlf 9#==9= ci 89¾G ől mftuac}ć a uaci}lcl}i} uaci}lcl}i}ff wgćtv}ć/ ~7~

Ic}f xaxlf}ćŧl eltlgf ljax}io}f wvo}4 * vog} mf }alxf4 C*67 ¾G# M*67 ¾G# M!C*95/2 ¾G# * vog} mf elfxhfxf4 988 ¾G ci 9= jjBk ől 28 aG ci >#6 jj Bk# * gaow}io}ć mf mlwaglfxf4 9#7; r 9>*=# * gicmvxć mf gajhvw}lf4 9759 @D!jac# * gicmvxć wfglelgć ci 8> aG4 9<> D!jac r @/

 ^xa  ^ xa~xl ~xlf} f}ćŧ ćŧl gblj g bljlg lgff4

Iglmvc cig}lg fw}f vo iglm wcih# gffi gf ïowfijoć gć mlwaglitć maix ixŧlic ïo ić/ Ïo wacvŧlf# gi axlgf iglm jaoahitlg# lfxmf vo xa}ao xamvgèom laovc cig}i} wl B+/ Igfiw}i fw}f a xfigŧlf xfufxwlhlcć wl mf fgblclhxv4

Xfigŧlaofitć eaix}f vőax gv jf}icfcf ig}luf eaxjèom cig}iŧl/

^xlo ïogictlxfi iglmvcvl cig}lg ïo wacvŧlf mf 92& gaogfo}xiŧlf acljfxltfitć 4

~=~

^xlo logictlxf ci 97>¾ G wf }xioweaxjć ïo ioblmxlmć cig}lgć ől ial xlo gaomfowixf lo}xijacfgvcixć ïo}x*a mlcig}aoć glgclgć 4

Jf}ihaclwjvc iglmvcvl cig}lg4

^xahihlc }ai}ć cvjfi i ivtl} uaxhlomv*wf mfwxf iglmvc cig}lg gi ellom xloglicvc –uloaui}‚ mf efhxi jvwgvcixć/ Ïo vxji xfwlxiŧlfl gfcvcixf ixf cag vo xagfw mfawfhl} mf ljax}io} * kclgaclti # ïo vxji gćxvli wf eaxjfitć fofxkli ofgfwixć xagfwfcax hlacaklgf# gixf ui el ïojikitloi}ć ïo jacfgvci mf I]^"imfoatlo}xleawei},/ I}vogl gèom arlkfovc ofgfwix arlmćxll fw}f wvelglfo}# xagfwvc kclgacltfl fw}f mvw èoć ci eloic gv eaxjixf mf ioblmxlmć gixhaolgć ől ić * kclgacltć ifxahlgć/ Migć arlkfovc f lowvelglfo}# kcvgati ai}f el arlmi}ć gajcf} ől xagfwvc kclgacltfl wf }fxjloć gv eaxjixf mf iglm lxvulg# gixf iggf}èom vo lao B+ wf ui }xioweaxji ïo iglm cig}lg * kclgacltć ioifxahlgć /

~6~

 ^xagf  ^x agfwvc wvc kcl gacltf gac ltfll4

Jacfgvci Jacfgvci mf kcvgatć gixf gaoŧlof gaoŧlof őiwf i}ajl mf gixhao fw}f mfweigv}ć mfweigv}ć ïo mavć kxvćxl gixhao/ gixhao/ Igfw} cvgxv wf ïo}èjcć f ixgvxwvc xljfcax tfgf xfigŧll gbljlgf mlo jajfo}vc ïo gixf i ïogfv} jf}ihacltixfi vofl jacfgvcf mf kcvgatć mf gć}xf I]^/ Jacfgvci mf I]^ gfmfitć kcvgatfl a kxvixf eawei}# xftvc}èom kcvgati 5*eawei}# gixf xlo ltajfxltixf eaxjfitć exvg}atć 5*eawei}/ Ex  vg

}a

ti

5*

eawei} iggf}ć ïogi a kxvixf eawei} xaufol}ć mlo}x*a oavć jacfgvcć mf I]^# eaxjèom exvg}atć 9#5* mleawei}/ Ïo vxji}aixfi f}ić# jacfgvci mf exvg}atć 9#5*mleawei} wf wglomfitć ől wf ahŧlo mavć jacfgvcf mf mlblmxarl*igf}aoć*7 eawei}# gixf xlo ltajfxltixf eaxjfitć mavć jacfgvcf mf kclgfxlo*icmfblmć 7 eawei}/

Kclgfxl Kclgfxlo*ic o*icmfb mfblmi lmi 7*eawei} 7*eawei} iggf}ć iggf}ć a kxvixf kxvixf eawei}# eawei}# fclhfxè fclhfxèom om vo xa}ao xa}ao ől eaxjèom eaxjèom a wvhw}i wvhw}ioŧi oŧi low}ihlcć gixf wvh igŧlvofi IM^*vcvl "imfoatlomleawei}vcvl, ui eaxji a jacfgvcć mf I]^ ől voi iglm 7* eaweakclgfxlg# gixf xlo ltajfxltixf ui }xfgf ïo iglm 8*eaweakclgfxlg/

~5~

Fofxkli Fofxkli wvh eaxji eaxji I]^*vcvl I]^*vcvl wf eaxjfitć eaxjfitć ïo jl}agaomxl jl}agaomxlll f hiti laolcax laolcax B+ fclhfxiŧl fclhfxiŧl mf*i cvokvc xfigŧllcax gbljlgf/ Igfő}li wvo} xfcviŧl mf }xiowax}i}axl wfglicl# gixf wvo} jacfgvcfcf mf olga}lo imfolof mlovgcfa}lmf

"OIM+, wiv  eciulof imfolof mlovgcfa}lmf "EIM+, ől }xiowax}iŧl ïo jl}agaomxll#

igfiw}i ïo gaomlŧll ifxahf mf xamvgfxf i fofxklfl/

Iglmvc 8*eaweakclgfxlg ui fcljloi a jacfgvcć mf ić wvh igŧlvofi foacitfl ől wf ui }xioweaxji ïo iglm foaclxvulg gixf ui mfufol iglm lxvulg/

Ïo jam oaxjic# iglmvc lxvulg ui }xfgf xlo ic}f xagfwf arlmi}luf ci olufcvc jl}agaomxlfl / Ïo clwi A8# fc ui iggf}i vo   xa}ao }xioweaxjèomv*wf ïo iglm cig}lg/ Ïo jajfo}vc ïo gixf gfcvci ixf wvelglfo} arlkfo# iglmvc cig}lg ui el arlmi} wiv ui el xfgaoufx}l} ïo kcvgatć ci olufcvc gfcvcfcax bfi}lgf mix ől ïo ic}f ŧfwv}vxl/

Mfgl iglmvc cig}lg wf eaxjfitć ïo vxji voax xagfwf jf}ihaclgf# fc iuèom vo xac eaix}f ljax}io} ïo iixlŧli ahawfcll jvwgvcixf# i}vogl gèom wf igvjvcfitè ïo gfcvcfcf jvwgvcixf/ Igfi wfotiŧlf mf ahawficć gixf iixf ïo vxji vovl feax} eltlg waclgl}io} fw}f mf ei} vo –wfjoic‚ gv xacvc mf i xfufol wvxiwaclgl}ixfi jvwgvci}vxll/ Wfotiŧli mf –ixwvxć‚ fw}f givti}ć mf wgbljhixfi B*vcvl gixf mfulof iglm mlo givti iglmvcvl cig}lg eaxji}/ A gxfő}fxf eaix}f jixf i gaogfo}xiŧlfl cvl ïo jvőgbl ai}f iefg}i gao}xigŧli jvőgblvcvl wiv ïc ai}f mfw}ihlclti jf}ihaclg/ ~;~

Ïo gaogcvtlf# iglmvc cig}lg ov }xfhvlf xlul} gi vo xamvw jf}ihaclg ećxć xaw} ől olgl gi a –}arloć‚ mfaixfgf axkiolwjvc ai}f v}lclti iglmvc ïo }ai}f gfcvcfcf gixf awfmć CMB "cig}i} mfblmxakfoiti,# evogŧlaoèom evogŧlaoèom ïo wfowvc wfowvc cig}i}*lxvui} ől arlkfo ïo gio}l}i}f wvelglfo}ć fo}xv i v}lclti OIMB8 eaxji} ci olufcvc cioŧvcvl xfwlxi}ax/ ^xloglicfcf gfcvcf gixf v}lcltfitć cig}i} wvo}4 *gfcvcfcf bf~i}lgf bf~i}lgf 4 CMB bfi}lg evog}laofitć ïo wfowvc arlmćxll cig}i}vcvl ïo lxvui} gixf ui el eacawl} cagic ïo jf}ihaclwjvc ifxah ic gfcvcfl wiv xfgaoufx}l} ïo arica*igf}i}# ial ïo kcvgatć f gicfi ofakclgakfoftfl/ Kcvgati fw}f fclhfxi}ć ïo glxgvciŧlf ől ai}f el xfv}lclti}ć gi wvhw}xi} fofxkf}lg ic jvőgblvcvl0 *gfcvcfcf gixmligf 4 gblix ïo }ljvc frfxglŧlvcvl mf lo}fowl}i}f eaix}f jixf# gfcvcfcf gixmligf wvo}  haki}f ïo arlkfo# frgfŧlf ećgèom gitvxlcf i}acaklgf/ Mvć }xioweaxjixfi cig}i}vcvl ïo lxvui}# igfw}i fw}f v}lclti} ïo jf}ihaclwjvc fofxkf}lg ifxah gixmlig/ *gfcvcfcf jvwgvcixf ïo xfivw v}lcltfitć iglmvc cig}lg gèom igfw}i fw}f ïo gaogfo}xiŧlf gxfwgèomć ől gèom frlw}ć a hvoć arlkfoixf/ Ïo igfw} efc# mvć ïogf}ixfi vovl frfxglŧlv fvltio}# olufcvc iglmatfl wf oaxjicltfitć xakxfwlu mvć 7>*5> jlov}f/ A ix}f mlo iglm fw}f fcljloi} vxloix mix gv a lfxmfxf mf fofxklf gixf ov fw}f ofkcldihlcć/ Igvjvcixfi mf iglm cig}lg evog}laofitć gi vo wfjoic fo}xv gxflfx fo}xv i xfmvgf feax}vc/ Lo}fxfwio} fw}f gć igfw} jfgiolwj ov fw}f xftfo} ci }ai}f jijlefxfcf# gfc jil fcagufo} frfjcv fw}f gfc ic gilcax# ci gixf ov iixf iglmvc cig}lg ïo }ljvc feax}vcvl// Ïo xficl}i}f# ov wf ő}lf frig} gixf fw}f givti iixlŧlfl efhxfl jvwgvcixf# mix gfi jil civtlhlcć uixlio}ć xćjèof gfi i lo}arlgćxll gfcvcfcax jvwgvcixf/

V}lcltć V}lc ltć xl icf i cf iglm i glmvcvl vcvl cig}lg cig} lg4

Iglmvc cig}lg fw}f v}lclti} fo}xv4 * ïjhvoć}ćŧlxfi mlwfxwllcax xa}flofcax mlo av ci eihxlgixfi avćcfcax xie0 * ci eihxlgixfi hxèotf}vxlcax fo}xv gaxfg}ixfi iglml}ćŧll0 * ci iglmlelfxfi wvgvxlcax mf exvg}f0 * ci eihxlgixfi jilaoftfcax0 * ci xfcvoklxfi mvxi}fl mf gaowfxuixf i gćxoll ïo gixgiwf0 ~2~

Ïo icljfo}iŧlf fw}f gvoawgv} wvh ovjfcf mf F8;>/ Wvh eaxjć mf cig}i} mf gicglv wf eacawfő}f ci ïo}ćxlxfi efcllcax mf jfxf

ïo }ljvc }ljvc xfcvgxćxll xfcvgxćxll }fxjlgf# }fxjlgf# wxf i ïjlfmlgi ïjlfmlgi jamlelgixfi jamlelgixfi mf gvcaixf gvcaixf ci

exvg}f ől ufkf}icf# gi ikfo} mf kfclelgixf i fg}lofcax fg}lofcax mfjf}lci}f mfjf}lci}f ől fo}xv i ïjhvoć}ćŧl ïjhvoć}ćŧl xaxlf}ćŧlc xaxlf}ćŧlcff wfotaxlicf icf ci}fcvl xie/ Iglmvc cig}lg wf v}lcltfitć fo}xv ahŧlofxfi ci}fcvl iglm ofgfwix gallcax   xfgvj ől fo}xv ahŧlofxfi fw}fxlcax ől i wćxvxlcax gv v}lcltixf ïo lomvw}xli eixjigfv}lgi "cig}i} mf gicglv ől jikoftlv,/ Iglmvc cig}lg fw}f ji}fxlf xljć ïo xamvwfcf cig}i}f xfgvj livx}vc# `felxvc# ől hxèotf}vxl eihxlgi}f jiovic / Gitfloi mlo ci}fcf efxjfo}i} fw}f gaikvci}ć mf iglmvc cig}lg/ Ïo jfmlgloć# iglmvc cig}lg wf lodfg}fitć lo}xiufoaw ïo gitvc gajfcax mlihf}lgf # lix ïo gitvc kiw}xa* fo}fxl}fcax loeio}lcf wf loeio}lcf  wf imjlolw}xfitć ~f gicf axicć /

Ïo ulolelgiŧlf# iglmvc cig}lg wf v}lcltfitć fo}xv idvw}ixfi ~B*vcvl jvw}vcvl ïoilo}f mf efxjfo}ixf#   fo}xv i wf gao}xaci mfwećővxixfi igfw}fli xfgvj ől fo}xv idvw}ixfi iglml}i}ll ulovxlcax ïoilo}f mf ïoufgblxf # ïo gixf git ïoufgblxfi wf wgvx}fitć xlo ei}vc gć wf eaxjfitć fw}fxl cig}lgl gixf gao}xlhvlf ci  hvgbf}vc ulovcvl/ Igfw} }xi}ijfo} fw}f ofgfwix jil icfw migć jvw}vxlcf xaulo mlo w}xvkvxl xfi gaŧl gixf wvo} mfelgl}ixl ïo igltl axkiolgl/Vo iwfjfofi jvw} ui gaomvgf ci ahŧlofxfi vovl ulo ci} "ofiglm,/ Iglmvc cig}lg mf v}lcltfitć ől ci eihxlgixfi ufkf}icfcax jvxi}f/ Imiawvc wf eigf ïo w}imlvc mf wćxixf   fo} fo}xv xv i ïjl ïjlfm fmlgi lgi mftua mftuac} c}ix ixfi fi hig}f hig}fxl xllc lcax ax mf v}xfe v}xfeig ig}l }lf# f# fxjl fxjlŧè ŧèom om mftu mftuac ac}i }ixfi xfi mxad mxadml mllc lcax ax ől cig}ahiglclcax/ Ïo igfw} efc xamvwfcf xćjèo }ixl ől ïo vofcf gitvxl ichf "gfić# gaoalmć,/ Ci gaowfxuixfi jćwclofcax# imiawvc mf iglm cig}lg ïjlfmlgć mftuac}ixfi hig}fxllcax mf v}xfeigŧlf ïoilo}f mf i ïogff efxjfo}iŧli cig}lgć xaxlv*tlwć/ Iglmvc cig}lg ai}f el ïo}icol} ïo uixli}f jèogćxvxl xfixi}f# mf ahlgfl elf gi vo xfkci}ax ic B*vcvl elf gi vo gaowfxuio}/ Jil ai}f el eacawl} gi ől gi}iclti}ax ic efxjfo}iŧlfl ïo èlofi mf axft ől aućt/ Ïo iolelgiŧlf# iglmvc cig}lg gao}xlhvlf ci gaxfg}ixfi ećlovxlcax wcihf# xlo fefg}vc f gixf ïc ixf iwv iwvxi xi kcv} kcv}fo fovc vcvl vl// Fefg Fefg}v }vcc fw}f fw}f fulm fulmfo} fo} jil jil icfw icfw ïo gitvc gitvc ećlo ećloll ll mf wfgi wfgixć# xć# git git ïo gixf gixf iglm iglmvc vc ïjhv ïjhvoć} oć}ćŧ ćŧfw fw}f }f jvc} jvc} xax xaxlf lf}ć }ćŧl ŧlcf cf uèwg uèwga*f a*fci ciw} w}lg lgff icf icf icvi icvi}v }vxl xlca cax# x# ïo cl}f cl}fxi} xi}vxi vxi mf wfgl wfglic icl} l}i} i}ff wf jfo}laofitć vxji}aixfcf matf4 ïo iolelgiŧlf 8>>> jk!`k ećloć0 ïo xamvwfcf mvcgl mlo ećloć 8>>> jk!`k0 ci hxèotf}vxl "}xi}ijfo}vc mf wvxieiŧć, wacvŧlf 9>& 0 ïo fr}xig} mf jicŧ =>>jk!`k/ Iglmvc cig}lg fw}f eaix}f cixk eacawl} fo}xv xfmvgfxfi hig}fxllcax i}akfolgf xfgvj#  Fwgbfxlgbli gacl# Wicjaofcci # Gij~|cahig}fx  wl  Clw}fxli mf

f gimiuxfcf ioljicfcax xfgvj jlfl# axgl ől ćwćxl ïo

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~ 9> ~

Xfigŧli ixf cag ïo xftfoŧi wlw}fjvcvl arlmio} eaxji} mlo mlgxaji} mf a}iwlv ïo xftfoŧi iglmvcvl wvcevx wvcevxlg/ lg/ Mfgvxkf Mfgvxkf vŧlo vŧlo ulacfo ulacfo}} ellom ellom v}fol v}folgg fra}fxj fra}fxjćć ől xamvgf xamvgf fefxufw fefxufwgfoŧ gfoŧćć mi}axl mi}axl}ć }ć mfkidćx mfkidćxll ll blmxakfovcvl eaxji}# }a}ami}i eaxjèomv*wf a wvhw}ioŧć ufxmf gixf fxi iglmvc lxvulg/ 8/Fw}fxlelgixfi iglmvcvl cig}lg4

Xfigŧli ixf cag ïo xftfoŧi iglmvcvl wvcevxlg ől ci }fjfxi}vxć/ Wf eaxjfitć a wvhw}ioŧć jixaolv* xawli}lgć gv jlxaw cćgv}# mfgl vo fw}fx ovjl} cig}i} mf f}lc/ 7/Mfgixharlcixf iglmvcvl cig}lg4

Mfgixharlcixfi iglmvcvl lxvulg eaxji} xlo arlmixfi iglmvcvl cig}lg ixf cag ïo xftfoŧi mf blmxarlm mf wamlv ci }fjfxi}vxć xlmlgi}ć/ Wf ahwfxuć eaxjixfi vofl wvhw}ioŧf gv jlxaw cćgv} mf jfxf ufxtl gixf w*i maufml} i el icmfblmć igf}lgć/

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~ 98 ~