ACI 523.3R-14 Guide for Cellular Concretes Above 50 Lbft3 80

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!"#$ &'#() *((+)$$)$ ,") -*,)+#*.$/ 0+10)+,#)$/ ()$#&2/ 0+1('3,#12/ *2( 0.*3)-)2, 14 3)..'.*+ 3123+),)$ 5#," *$63*$, ()2$#,#)$ &+)*,)+ ,"*2 78 .9:4, ; <=88 >&:-; ?@ !") '$'*. ()2$#,A +*2&) 14 3)..'.*+ 3123+),) #$ B8 ,1 CB8 .9:4, ; <;B8 ,1 CDB8 >&:-; ?@ E)..'.*+ 3123+),)$ 3123+),)$ #2 ,") .15)+ 01+,#12 14 ,"#$ +*2&) *+) '$)( 41+ -*2A *00.#3*,#12$/ such as roof thermal insulation and geotechnical lls. Cellular 3123+),)$ #2 ,") "#&")+ ()2$#,A +*2&) *+) '$)( 41+ 3*$,6#260.*3)/ precast applications applications and nonstructural oor lls. insu ! !"#$%&'() cellular concrete; compressive strength; re resistance; insu! "#$%&' )*&)+,$,- "%'.$/,%'.$ )*&)+,$,- 0%1$2+, 3+*3*+$%*&%&'- 0*42"25 *6 ,"#5$%)%$7- 3+,)#5$ )*&)+,$,- +,)7)"#8%"%$7- 5.,#+ 3+*3,+$%,5- 53"%$$%&' $,&5%", 5$+,&'$.- 5$+2)$2+#" 4,5%'&- 525$#%%"%$7- $.,+0#" )*&42)$%9%$7:

CHAPTER 4—MIXING AND HANDLING, p. 3 F:;<@$*+#', *6 0#$,+%#"5> 3: B F:? 3: B F:B 3: B F:F 3: B F:H 3: B F:J 3: B

CONTENTS CHAPTER 1—INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE, p. 1 ;:;<=&$+*42)$%*&> ;:;<=&$+*42)$%*&> 3: ; ;:?<@)*3,> 3: ;

CHAPTER 5—FORMING AND FINISHING, p. 3 H:; 3: B H:? H:? 3: F

CHAPTER 2—NOT 2— NOTA ATION AND DEFINITIONS, DEFI NITIONS, p. 1 ?:; 3: ; 2.2—Denitions, 2.2—Denitions, p. 2

CHAPTER 6—PROPERTIES OF CELLULAR CONCRETE, p. 4 J:; 3+*3,+$%,5> 3: F J:? 3,+6*+0#&),> 3: J J:B 3: M

GC= C*00%$$,, T,3*+$5> O2%4,5> #&4 C*00,&$#+%,5 #+, %&$,&4,4 6*+ '2%4#&), %& 3"#&&%&'> 4,5%'&%&'> ,1,)2$%&'> #&4 %&53,)$%&' )*&5$+2)$%*&: W.%5 4*)20,&$ %5 %&$,&4,4 6*+ $., 25, of individuals who are competent to evaluate the signicance #&4 "%0%$#$%*&5 *6 %$5 )*&$,&$ #&4 +,)*00,&4#$%*&5 #&4 /.* /%"" #)),3$ +,53*&5%8%"%$7 6*+ $., #33"%)#$%*& *6 $., 0#$,+%#" %$ )*&$#%&5: W., G0,+%)#& C*&)+,$, =&5$%$2$, 4%5)"#%05 #&7 #&4 #"" +,53*&5%8%"%$7 6*+ $., 5$#$,4 3+%&)%3",5: W., =&5$%$2$, 5.#"" &*$ 8, "%#8", 6*+ #&7 "*55 *+ 4#0#', #+%5%&' $.,+,6+*0: T,6,+,&), $* $.%5 4*)20,&$ 5.#"" &*$ 8, 0#4, %& )*&$+#)$ 4*)20,&$5: =6 %$,05 6*2&4 %& $.%5 4*)20,&$ #+, 4,5%+,4 87 $., G+).%$,)$Ù&'%&,,+ G+).%$,)$Ù&'%&,,+ $* 8, # 3 #+$ *6 $., )*&$+#)$ 4*)20,&$5> $.,7 5.#"" 8, +,5$#$,4 %& 0#&4#$*+7 "#&'2#', 6*+ %&)*+3*+#$%*& 87 $., G+).%$,)$Ù&'%&,,+: G+).%$,)$Ù&'%&,,+:

CHAPTER 7—DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS, p. 8 CHAPTER 8—MIXTURE PROPORTIONING, p. 8 N:; 3: N GC= H?B:BT!;F 523,+5,4,5 GC= H?B:BT!aB #&4 /#5 #4*3$,4 #&4 328"%5.,4 K#+). ?b;F: C*37+%'.$ c ?b;F> G0,+%)#& C*&)+,$, =&5$%$2$, G"" +%'.$5 +,5,+9,4 %&)"24%&' +%'.$5 *6 +,3+*42)$%*& #&4 25, %& #&7 6*+0 *+ 87 #&7 0,#&5> %&)"24%&' $., 0#R%&' *6 )*3%,5 87 #&7 3.*$* 3+*),55> *+ 87 ,",)$+*&%) *+ 0,).#&%)#" 4,9%),> 3+%&$,4> /+%$$,&> *+ *+#"> *+ +,)*+4%&' 6*+ 5*2&4 *+ 9%52#" +,3+*! 42)$%*& *+ 6*+ 25, %& #&7 R&*/",4', *+ +,$+%,9#" 575$,0 *+ 4,9%),> 2&",55 3,+0%55%*& %& /+%$%&' %5 *8$#%&,4 6+*0 $., )*37+%'.$ 3+*3+%,$*+5:

1

2

GUIDE FOR CELLULAR CONCRETES ABOVE 50 lb/ft3 (800 kg/m3) (ACI 523.3R-14)

N:? 3: a N:B 3: a N:F 3: ;b N:H 3: ;;

CHAPTER 9—FIRE RESISTANCE OF CELLULAR CONCRETE ASSEMBLIES, p. 12 9.1—Measuring re resistance, p. 12 a:? 3: ;B CHAPTER 10—APPLICATIONS, p. 13 ;b:; 3: ;B ;b:? 3: ;B 10.3—Screeded oor ll, p. 13 ;b:F 3: ;B ;b:H 3: ;B CHAPTER 11—CELLULAR CONCRETE AND SUSTAINABILITY, p. 14 ;;:;<@25$#%%"%$7> 3: ;F 11.2—Energy efciency, p. 14 ;;:B #"$,+&#$%9, %&'+,4%,&$5> #&4 25, *6 87!3+*42)$5> 3: ;F ;;:F 3: ;F ;;:H<@%$, 4%5$2+8#&),5> 3: ;H ;;:J 3: ;H ;;:M 3: ;H ;;:N 3: ;H ;;:a 3: ;H CHAPTER 12—REFERENCES, p. 16 C%$,4 +,6,+,&),5> 3: ;J CHAPTER 1—INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE 1.1—Introduction W.%5 '2%4, %&)"24,5 ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$,5 /%$. #5!)#5$ 4,&5%! $%,5 %& $., +#&', *6 Hb $* ;;b "8`6$ B YNbb $* ;MJb R'`0BZ: G33"%)#$%*&5 %&)"24,> 82$ #+, &*$ "%0%$,4 $*> %&52"#$%&' *+ geotechnical lls and cast-in-place and precast elements. G /%4, +#&', *6 #33"%)#$%*&5 %5 3*55%8", 87 )*&$+*""%&' $., as-cast density and mixture proportioning that inuence the 0#%& 3.75%)#" 3+*3,+$%,5> 52). #5 5$+,&'$.> 0*42"25 *6 ,"#5! $%)%$7> #&4 $.,+0#" )*&42)$%9%$7: C*00,+)%#" 25,5 %&)"24, cast-in-place, nonstructural oor lls; precast or cast-in 3"#), ,",0,&$5 52). #5 /#"" 3#&,"5- #+).%$,)$2+#" #33"%)#! tions such as annular pipe lls (Fig. 1.1a); #&4 3%3,"%&, #8#&! 4*&0,&$5 YI%': ;:;8Z: C,""2"#+ )*&)+,$,5 +,6,+,&),4 %& $.%5 '2%4, )*&$#%& 5$#8", '#5 ),""5 2&%6*+0"7 4%5$+%82$,4 %& # ),0,&$%$%*25 0%1$2+, YI%': ;:;)Z: W73%)#""7> 0#)+*5)*3%) 8288",5 #+, #44,4 #$ $., 0%1,+ #5 5$#8", 3+,6*+0,4 6*#0 0,$,+,4 6+*0 # )#"%8+#$,4 &*[[", #&4 $.*+*2'."7 8",&4,4 %&$* $., 5"2++7: W.%5 '2%4, 4*,5 &*$ )*9,+ $., #44%$%*& *6 #& %&!3"#),!6*#0 #40%1$2+, $.#$ 0#7 +,f2%+, 9%'*+*25 0%1%&' $* ,&$+#3 #%+: C,""2"#+ )*&)+,$,5 %& $., 4,&5%$7 +#&', )*9,+,4 87 $.%5 '2%4, 0#7 )*&$#%& &#$2+#" *+ 0#&26#)$2+,4 #''+,'#$,5:

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1.2—Scope W.%5 '2%4, #33"%,5 $* ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$,5 /%$. )#5$ 4,&5%! $%,5 '+,#$,+ $.#& Hb "8`6$ B YNbb R'`0BZ: E+,)#5$ #&4 )#5$!%&! 3"#), ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$,5 #+, /%$.%& $., 5)*3, *6 $.%5 '2%4,: Compressive strengths may vary widely and are specied 8#5,4 *& # 3#+$%)2"#+ #33"%)#$%*&: W* #55%5$ %& 5,",)$%*&> 3+*3*+$%*&%&'> #&4 3+*42)$%*& *6 ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$,5> $., #9#%"#8", 0#$,+%#" 3+*3,+$7 %&6*+0#$%*& #&4 #33"%)#$%*&5 *6 ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$,5 #+, #"5* #44+,55,4: CHAPTER 2—NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS 2.1—Notation F g 4+7 0#55 *6 #''+,'#$,> "8`74B YR'`0BZ FG g #%+ )*&$,&$> 3,+),&$#', E g 0#55 *6 ),0,&$> "8`74B YR'`0BZ H g *9,& 4+7 4,&5%$7> "8`6$ B YR'`0BZ ( g 4%#0,$,+ *6 $,5$ 53,)%0,&> %&: Y00Z I 3 g 5$#$%) 0*42"25 *6 ,"#5$%)%$7 *6 )*&)+,$,> R5% YKE#Z J g +,5%5$#&), $* 6+,,[%&' #&4 $.#/%&'> )7)",5 4 3′ = specied compressive strength of concrete, psi YKE#Z 4 3, g 53"%$$%&' $,&5%", 5$+,&'$. *6 )*&)+,$,> 35% YKE#Z K3 = specic gravity of cement

American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Material—www.concrete.org


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3

specic gravity of sand $.,+0#" )*&42)$%9%$7 *6 )*&)+,$,> SWd`6$hiI YD` Y0hPZZ ",&'$. *6 $,5$ 53,)%0,&> %&: Y00Z #33"%,4 "*#4> "8 YAZ 4+7 0#55 *6 5#&4> "8`74B YR'`0BZ 0*%5$2+, )*&$,&$> 3,+),&$#', #5!)#5$ 4,&5%$7 *6 )*&)+,$,> "8`6$B YR'`0BZ #%+!4+7 4,&5%$7 *6 )*&)+,$,> "8`6$B YR'`0BZ 4,&5%$7 *6 /#$,+> "8`6$ B YR'`0BZ

/%$.%& $., )*&)+,$, 0%1$2+,: =6 $., ),""2"#+ Y#%+!),""Z 5$+2)! $2+, %5 2&5$#8",> %$ )*2"4 8+,#R 4*/& 42+%&' $.,5, 5$,35> +,52"$%&' %& #& %&)+,#5,4 )*&)+,$, 4,&5%$7: G@WK CMaJ` CMaJK #&4 CNJa`CNJaK )*&$#%& 3+*),42+,5 6*+ ,9#"2#$%&' 6*#0 )*&),&$+#$,5 25,4 $* 3+*42), # 5$#&4#+4 3+,6*+0,4 6*#0 0%1$2+,: W., 0*5$ )*00*&"7 25,4 3+*3+%,$#+7 6*#0 )*&),&$+#$, 6*+02"#$%*&5 )*&$#%& 3+*$,%& .74+*17"#$,5 *+ 57&$.,$%) 52+6#)$#&$5: I2+$.,+ %&6*+0#$%*& )*&),+&%&' $.,5, 6*+02"#$%*&5 #&4 3+*),42+,5 6*+ 25%&' $.,0 %5 #9#%"#8", 6+*0 6*#0 0#&26#)$2+,+5:

2.2—De�nitions ACI provides a comprehensive list of denitions through #& *&"%&, +,5*2+),> jGC= C*&)+,$, W,+0%&*"*'7>k .$$3l`` )*&)+,$,:*+'`W**"5`C*&)+,$,W,+0%&*"*'7:#531 :

3.4—Aggregates *+,+- G''+,'#$,5 6*+ ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, 5.*2"4 )*&6*+0 $* G@WK CBB`CBBK> C;FF> CBBb`CBBbK> *+ CBB?: W., #2$.*+%$7 /%$. ]2+%54%)$%*& 0%'.$ 3,+0%$ #''+,'#$,5 &*$ meeting these specications if they are shown by test or #)$2#" 5,+9%), $* 3+*42), ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, $.#$ 0,,$5 $., required unit weight, strength, durability, and re resistance. *+,+. W., 0#1%020 #''+,'#$, 5%[, 5.*2"4 &*$ ,1),,4 one-fth of the narrowest dimension between form sides, $.+,,!6*2+$.5 *6 $., 0%&%020 )",#+ 53#)%&' 8,$/,,& %&4%! 9%42#" +,%&6*+)%&' 8#+5 *+ 82&4",5 *6 8#+5> *+ *&,!$.%+4 *6 $., 4,3$. *6 5"#85: W.,5, "%0%$#$%*&5 0#7 8, /#%9,4 %6 /*+R! #8%"%$7 #&4 )*&5*"%4#$%*& 0,$.*45 #""*/ )*&)+,$, 3"#),0,&$ /%$.*2$ .*&,7)*08%&' *+ ,1),55%9, 9*%45:

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CHAPTER 3—MATERIALS 3.1—Cement and supplementary cementitious materials C,0,&$ 6*+ ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, 5.*2"4 0,,$ $., +,f2%+,0,&$5 *6 G@WK C;Hb`C;HbK Y3*+$"#&4 ),0,&$Z> G@WK CHaH` CHaHK Y8",&4,4 .74+#2"%) ),0,&$5Z> *+ G@WK C;;HM` C1157M (performance specication for hydraulic cement). S",&4,4 ),0,&$5 %&)"24, 3*+$"#&4 ),0,&$ /%$. 3*[[*"#&5> 5"#' ),0,&$> *+ *$.,+ .74+#2"%) ),0,&$5 #"*&, *+ )*08%&,4: S",&4,4 ),0,&$ 0#7 +,52"$ %& 5"*/,+ +#$,5 *6 5$+,&'$. 4,9,"! opment during the rst 3 to 5 days after placement. High,#+"7!5$+,&'$. ),0,&$> 52). #5 W73, === 3*+$"#&4 ),0,&$> 3+*42),5 ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, /%$. .%'.,+ +#$,5 *6 ,#+"7 5$+,&'$. 4,9,"*30,&$: C,""2"#+ )*&)+,$, 0#7 %&)*+3*+#$, 5233",0,&$#+7 cementitious materials (SCMs) such as y ash, silica fume, metakaolin, or slag cement to provide specic properties $* $., 0%1$2+,: T,42),4 .,#$ *6 .74+#$%*& #&4 %&)+,#5,4 owability are a few of the attributes gained by using these ),0,&$%$%*25 0#$,+%#"5: S,)#25, $.,5, 0%&,+#" #40%1$2+,5 may differ considerably in composition, neness, and other properties, trial batching should be used to conrm nal 3+*3,+$%,5: 3.2—Water D#$,+ 6*+ ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, 5.*2"4 8, 3*$#8", #&4 6+,, *6 4,",$,+%*25 #0*2&$5 *6 #)%45> #"R#"%> 5#"$5> *%"5> #&4 *$.,+ *+'#&%) 0#$,+%#"5 YG@WK CaF`CaFKZ: A*&3*$#8", /#$,+ 0#7 8, 25,4 %6 $,5$%&' 5.*/5 $.#$ %$ 3+*42),5 $., +,f2%+,4 3.75%)#" 3+*3,+$%,5 YG@WK C;ba`C;baK- G@WK C;a;Z:

3.5—Fibers Cellular concrete may contain ber reinforcement. Commercially available bers include steel; alkali-resis! tant glass; synthetic bers such as acrylic, aramid, carbon, &7"*&> 3*"7,5$,+> 3*"7,$.7",&,> #&4 3*"73+*37",&,- #&4 natural bers such as rened and raw cellulose, coconut, and 8#08**: Fibers can affect ow characteristics and improve the 5$#8%"%$7 *6 $., ),""2"#+ 5$+2)$2+, *6 # 6+,5. 0%1$2+,: W.,7 )#& ,&.#&), ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$,m5 ).#+#)$,+%5$%)5 %& $., 3"#5$%) 5$#$, 87 )*&$+*""%&' 3"#5$%) 5.+%&R#', )+#)R%&' 87 %03+*9%&' ,#+"7!#', $,&5%", 5$+,&'$.: W.,7 #"5* ,&.#&), ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$,m5 ).#+#)$,+%5$%)5 %& $., .#+4,&,4 5$#$,> %&)"24%&' post-cracking exural and tensile strength, impact resis! $#&),> ,&,+'7 #85*+3$%*&> #&4 53#""%&' +,5%5$#&), Y_*""* #&4 X#75 ;aaNZ: Speciers should choose bers based on performance +,f2%+,0,&$5: G@WK $,5$ 0,$.*45 52). #5 G@WK C;Baa` C;BaaK #&4 C;Jba`C;JbaK #+, 25,62" %& 9,+%67%&' performance. Speciers should also verify durability of the selected ber in the specic intended application.

3.3—Preformed foam E+,6*+0,4 6*#0 %5 )+,#$,4 87 4%"2$%&' # "%f2%4 6*#0 )*&),&$+#$, /%$. /#$,+ %& 3+,4,$,+0%&,4 3+*3*+$%*&5 #&4 3#55%&' $.%5 0%1$2+, $.+*2'. # 6*#0 ',&,+#$*+: W., 4,&5%$7 *6 $., 3+,6*+0,4 6*#0 %5 $73%)#""7 8,$/,,& ?:b #&4 H:b "8`6$ B YB? #&4 Nb R'`0BZ: W., 6*#0 )*&),&$+#$, 5.*2"4 .#9, # ).,0%)#" )*03*5%! $%*& )#3#8", *6 3+*42)%&' #&4 0#%&$#%&%&' 5$#8", #%+ ),""5 $.#$ )#& +,5%5$ $., 3.75%)#" 6*+),5 #&4 ).,0%)#" %&$,+#)$%*&5 %03*5,4 42+%&' 0%1%&'> 3203%&'> #&4 )*&)+,$, 5,$$%&'

3.6—Chemical admixtures C,""2"#+ )*&)+,$,5 0#7 %&)*+3*+#$, ).,0%)#" #40%1$2+,5 52). #5 /#$,+!+,42)%&' #40%1$2+,5 *+ #)),",+#$*+5: D#$,+! +,42)%&' #40%1$2+,5 )#& %03+*9, )*03+,55%9, 5$+,&'$. #&4 +,42), 5.+%&R#', )+#)R%&': X*$ /#$,+> .%'.!,#+"7!5$+,&'$. YW73, ===Z ),0,&$> #&4 ).,0%)#" #)),",+#$*+5<25,4 #"*&, *+ %& )*08%&#$%*&<#)),",+#$, 5,$$%&': C,""2"#+ )*&)+,$, %& )*&$#)$ /%$. 5$,," 5.*2"4 ,1)"24, #40%1$2+,5 )*&$#%&%&' intentionally added chloride ions. To conrm compatibility /%$. $., 6*#0%&' #',&$> ).,0%)#" #40%1$2+,5 25,4 %& ),""2"#+


4


J#&@ O@;LIP*-0.) 14 -#P#2& $)Q')23)@ )*&)+,$, 5.*2"4 )*&6*+0 $* G@WK CFaF`CFaFK 6*""*/%&' 0#&26#)$2+,+m5 %&5$+2)$%*&5> *+ 5.*2"4 8, ,9#"2#$,4 %& $+%#" 8#$).,5:

CHAPTER 4—MIXING AND HANDLING 4.1—Storage of materials K#$,+%#"5 5.*2"4 8, 5$*+,4 %& # 0#&&,+ $.#$ 3+,9,&$5 4,$,! +%*+#$%*& #&4 )*&$#0%&#$%*& 87 4,",$,+%*25 0#$,+%#": K#&2! facturers of specic foam concentrates should be consulted 6*+ 5$*+#', #&4 .#&4"%&' 3+*),42+,5: I*+ ,1#03",> 5*0, 0#$,+%#"5 5.*2"4 &*$ 8, 5$*+,4 %& ,1$+,0, $,03,+#$2+,5: 4.2—Mixture proportioning K#&26#)$2+,+5 *6 6*#0 )*&),&$+#$,5 5.*2"4 8, )*&52"$,4 for specic mixture proportions, as-cast densities, and phys! %)#" 3+*3,+$%,5 8#5,4 *& +,"%#8", $,5$ 4#$# 6*+ ,#). %&4%9%42#" #33"%)#$%*&: I2+$.,+ 4,$#%"5 *& ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, 0%1$2+, 3+*3*+$%*&%&' #+, '%9,& %& C.#3$,+ N: 4.3—Mixing procedure C,""2"#+ )*&)+,$, 5.*2"4 8, 0%1,4 0,).#&%)#""7 $* produce uniform distribution of materials at the specied #5!)#5$ 4,&5%$7: U1),55%9, 0%1%&' 5.*2"4 8, #9*%4,4> #5 %$ )#& )#25, ).#&',5 %& 4,&5%$7 #&4 )*&5%5$,&)7: G& ,1#03", *6 $., 0%1%&' 5,f2,&), %5 5.*/& %& I%': F:B: Specic batching and mixing sequences should be 6*""*/,4: D#$,+ #&4 /#$,+!5*"28", #40%1$2+,5 #+, #44,4 $* the mixer rst, followed by cement, aggregate(s), and other #40%1$2+,5: G"" %&'+,4%,&$5 ,1),3$ $., 3+,6*+0,4 6*#0> /.%). %5 #44,4 "#5$> 5.*2"4 8, 0%1,4 $* # 2&%6*+0 )*&5%5! $,&)7: W.%5 5,f2,&), 0%&%0%[,5 $., 4,5$+2)$%*& *6 '#5 ),""5: Q#+7%&' $., +,)*00,&4,4 5,f2,&), %5 3,+0%55%8", %6 %$ 3+*9,5 #49#&$#',*25: K#$,+%#"5 #+, 3+*3*+$%*&,4 $* *8$#%& 4,5%'& )#5$ 4,&5%$7 #$ 3*%&$ *6 3"#),0,&$: K#R, #""*/#&),5 6*+ #&7 ).#&',5 %& )#5$ 4,&5%$7 )#25,4 87 0,$.*4 *6 3"#),! 0,&$> 52). #5 3203%&':

D.,& 25%&' $+#&5%$!0%1 ,f2%30,&$> 3+,6*+0,4 6*#0 5.*2"4 8, #44,4 #$ $., ]*8 5%$, %00,4%#$,"7 3+%*+ $* conveying the concrete to its nal placement. The mixing time of 2 to 3 minutes is sufcient to integrate the foam into $., 0%1$2+,- .*/,9,+> #)$2#" 0%1%&' $%0, )#& 8, "*&',+> 4,3,&4%&' *& $., *2$32$ *6 6*#0 ',&,+#$*+ #&4 )*&)+,$, 4,&5%$7: G44 3+,6*+0,4 6*#0 #$ $., 8#$).%&' 3"#&$ %6 $+%#" 8#$).,5 %&4%)#$, $., 0#$,+%#" 0#%&$#%&5 $., +,f2%+,4 4,&5%$7 #&4 *$.,+ 3+*3,+$%,5 $* $., 3*%&$ *6 3"#),0,&$ #$ $., ]*8 5%$,:

4.4—Conveying G"" )*&9,7%&' #&4 3"#)%&' ,f2%30,&$> /.,$.,+ 0#&2#" *+ 0,).#&%)#"> 5.*2"4 ,&52+, # .*0*',&,*25 0%1$2+, .#9%&' # 2&%6*+0 )#5$ 4,&5%$7 #$ $., 3*%&$ *6 3"#),0,&$: E+*'+,5! 5%9, )#9%$7> 3,+%5$#"$%)> *+ 3%5$*& 32035 #+, )*00*&"7 25,4 $* 3"#), $.,5, ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$,5: W., 3203 .*5, 4%#0,$,+ should be sufcient, usually 2 to 3 in. (50 to 75 mm), to ensure a continuous ow of uniform cellular concrete at the 3*%&$ *6 3"#),0,&$ /%$.*2$ 0%1$2+, 5,3#+#$%*& *+ 5285$+#$, 4#0#',: 4.5—Curing D.,& +#3%4 4+7%&' )*&4%$%*&5 ,1%5$> 25, # )2+%&' compound or wet curing. Trafc should be kept off freshly 3"#),4 ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, 2&$%" %$ +,#).,5 #4,f2#$, 5$+,&'$.: Generally, it is not necessary to cure mass ll applications 8,)#25, $.,7 252#""7 .#9, 6+,5. "%6$5 3"#),4 *9,+ $.,0 *& 52)),55%9, 4#75: I*+ 3+,)#5$ #33"%)#$%*&5> 5$#&4#+4 )2+%&' 0,$.*45 *6 GC= BbNT /*2"4 #33"7: 4.6—Weather considerations C,""2"#+ )*&)+,$, 5.*2"4 &*$ 8, 0%1,4 *+ 3"#),4 42+%&' 6+,,[%&' /,#$.,+> +#%&> *+ 5&*/ 2&",55 53,)%#" 3+,)#2$%*&5 #+, $#R,&: d5, 53,)%#" 3+,)#2$%*&5 /.,& #&$%)%3#$%&' #08%,&$ $,03,+#$2+,5 8,"*/ B?iI YbiCZ /%$.%& N .*2+5 #6$,+ 3"#),! 0,&$: W., 25, *6 W73, === ),0,&$ *+ .,#$,4 0%1%&' /#$,+ %&)+,#5,5 $., %&%$%#" %&$,+&#" $,03,+#$2+, *6 )*&)+,$, #&4



5

J#&@ 7@C@CLR)'$*9.) 41+-51+> 41+ * 5*.. 0*2).

Fig. 5.2—Finishing a cellular concrete oor.

J#&@ 7@[email protected]*9#.#,A 14 3)..'.*+ 3123+),)
CHAPTER 5—FORMING AND FINISHING 5.1—Form systems /+-+- I*+0/*+R )*&5$+2)$,4 *6 /**4> 5$,,"> +%'%4 3"#5$%)> #"20%&20> )*&)+,$,> *+ *$.,+ #)),3$#8", 0#$,+%#" )#& 8, ,%$.,+ 5$#7!%&!3"#), 6*+05> /.%). 8,)*0, 3#+$ *6 $., 5$+2)! $2+,> *+ +,0*9#8",`+,25#8", 6*+05 YI%': H:;:;Z: I*+05 5.*2"4 be designed to prevent undue deection and distortion from $., /,%'.$ *6 $., ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, 42+%&' 3"#),0,&$: T,%&! 6*+),4 ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, 5.*2"4 %&)"24, 3+*9%5%*&5 6*+ #))2! +#$,"7 3"#)%&' +,%&6*+),0,&$ %& $., 6*+05: W* 3+,9,&$ $., 6*+05 6+*0 8*&4%&' /%$. $., ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$,> $.,7 5.*2"4 8, )*#$,4 /%$. # 6*+0!+,",#5, #',&$ 8,6*+, 3"#)%&': W., 6*+0%&' '2%4#&), *6 GC= BFM %5 #33"%)#8",: /+-+. C,""2"#+ )*&)+,$, /%$.*2$ )*#+5, #''+,'#$,5 %5 very uid (Fig. 5.1.2). For oor slabs and other installa ! $%*&5 /.,+, $., .74+*5$#$%) 3+,552+, *6 $., 6+,5. )*&)+,$, %5 +,"#$%9,"7 "*/> $., &*+0#" 6*+0%&' 3+*),42+,5 25,4 /%$. )*&)+,$,5 )*&$#%&%&' )*#+5, #''+,'#$,5 5.*2"4 8, 6*""*/,4:

I*+ )#5$!%&!3"#), 9,+$%)#" /#""5 *+ *$.,+ #33"%)#$%*&5 /.,+, 5285$#&$%#" )#5$%&' 4,3$.5 #+, +,f2%+,4> $., 6*+05 5.*2"4 8, $%'.$> &*U*+3$%9,> #&4 4,5%'&,4 $* +,5%5$ .74+*5$#$%) 3+,5! 52+, $.#$ 0#7 )#25, *3,&%&'5 %& $., 6*+05 $.+*2'. /.%). $., uid cellular concrete or cement paste could ow.

5.2—Finishing Cellular concrete should be nished to the elevation speci! ed on the project drawings. The surface should be smooth #&4 6+,, 6+*0 +%4',5> 3+*],)$%*&5> #&4 4,3+,55%*&5 YI%': H:?Z: —The procedures for nishing /+.+- Finishing atwork cast-in-place cellular concrete atwork vary with each application. After screeding to level or a specied slope with a straightedge and darby, oors may be steel-trowelled, if required. The cellular concrete nish should be compatible with the specied oor covering material. /+.+. N.*$,#3 $"+#2>*&) #&4 %5 # 3*$,&$%#" )#25, *6 )+#)R5 in oor ll slabs and other applications. The use of bers in $., 0%1$2+, 0#7 +,42), $., /%4$. *6 4+7%&' 5.+%&R#', )+#)R5 YI%': H:?:?Z: D.,& 3+#)$%)#"> 6+,f2,&$ #33"%)#$%*&5 *6 "%'.$ 0*%5$2+, Y6*''%&'Z $* $., 52+6#), 0#7 0#%&$#%& #4,f2#$, 0*%5$2+, %& the cellular concrete. Weather conditions will inuence the #0*2&$ *6 0*%5$2+, +,3"#),0,&$ +,f2%+,4: —Suitable ber reinforcement should /+.+* E+*3> 312,+1. 8, %&)*+3*+#$,4 %&$* ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$,5 )#5$ %& $.%& 5,)$%*&5: W., ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, 0#7 8, 528],)$,4 $* 4%66,+,&$%#" 4+7%&'


6


Fig. 5.2.2—Examples of bers used to control shrinkage 3+*3>#2&@

0+-+. H)2$#,A #%+!4+7> #&4 *9,&!4+7: W., #5!)#5$ 4,&5%$%,5 4,5)+%8,4 %& $.%5 '2%4, +#&', 6+*0 Hb $* ;;b "8`6$ B YNbb $* ;MJb R'`0BZ: 0+-+.+- F$63*$, ()2$#,A .20%4%$7> #',> 0#$2+%$7> #5!)#5$ 4,&5%$7> /#$,+!),0,&$%$%*25 0#$,+%#" +#$%* Y5`3-Z> #&4 $., 52+6#), #+,# #9#%"#8", 6*+ ,9#3*+#$%*&: =$ %5 #33+*1%0#$,"7 H "8`6$B YNb R'`0BZ ",55 $.#& $., #5!)#5$ 4,&5%$7> #&4 )#& 8, #5 02). #5 ;b "8`6$B Y;Jb R'` 0BZ #&4 "*/,+ %& )*&4%$%*&5 *6 "*/ .20%4%$7> #33+*#).%&' #& *9,&!4+7 4,&5%$7 YV,'#$5R% ;aaF- I*2#4 ?bbJZ: I*+ ,&'%! &,,+%&' )#")2"#$%*&5> $., #%+!4+7 4,&5%$7 %5 ,5$%0#$,4 87 Uf: YJ:;:?:?Z

g g ng 4 o Hp "8`6$ YJ:;:?:?Z B

g g ng 4 o Nbp R'`0

J#&@ 7@B@;LE+*3> 312,+1. $,+#0$@ between the top and bottom surfaces. Although bers won’t ,"%0%&#$, )+#)R%&'> $.,7 %&$,++23$ ,&*2'. *6 $., 3*$,&$%#" )+#)R5 $* 0%&%0%[, $.,%+ *))2++,&),> #&4 #"5* )*&$+*" $., /%4$. *6 )+#)R5 $.#$ 4* 6*+0: I*+ $.%& #33"%)#$%*&5 *9,+ "#+', areas such as oor lls, control strips (Fig. 5.2.3) 0#7 4%+,)$ )+#)R%&' %&$* 3+,4,$,+0%&,4 "*)#$%*&5> +,52"$%&' %& # 0*+, 3",#5%&' #33,#+#&),: D#$,+!+,42)%&' #40%1$2+,5 0#7 +,42), 5.+%&R#', )+#)R%&' #&4 )*03",0,&$ # 3+*3,+"7 4,5%'&,4 0%1$2+, 6*+ 0#1%020 3,+6*+0#&),: W.,5, #44%$%9,5 5.*2"4 8, 3+,$,5$,4 for compatibility with the specic foam concentrates 8,%&' 25,4> *+ #33+*9,4 87 $., 0#&26#)$2+,+ *6 $., 6*#0 )*&),&$+#$,:

CHAPTER 6—PROPERTIES OF CELLULAR CONCRETE 6.1—Physical properties 0+-+- T1+>*9#.#,A *2( $),,#2& ,#-)$ %$ %5 )*&5%4,+,4 5,"6!)*&5*"%! 4#$%&' #&4 $.,+,6*+, 4*,5 &*$ +,f2%+, 9%8+#$%*& 42+%&' 3"#),! 0,&$ YV,'#$5R% ;aMN- T#R.%08#,9 ,$ #": ?bbH- I*2#4 ?bbJZ:

0+-+.+* UG)26(+A ()2$#,A $., *9,&!4+7 4,&5%$7 )#& 8, )#")2"#$,4 87 Uf: YJ:?:?:B#Z YI*2#4 ?bbJZ

D =

 (1.2C + A)  3  27  lb/ft   YJ:;:?:B#Z

D = [1.2C + A] kg/m 3

W.,+, %5 # 5$+*&' )*++,"#$%*& 8,$/,,& #5!)#5$ 4,&5%$7 #&4 *9,&!4+7 4,&5%$7 *8$#%&,4 87 Uf: YJ:;:?:B#Z: S#5,4 *& experimental data (Neopor 2012), the simplied equation 6*+ *9,&!4+7 4,&5%$7 )#& 8, 4,+%9,4 6+*0 H g ng 4 o M:Np "8`6$ B

YJ:;:?:B8Z B

H g ng 4 o ;??p R'`0

0+-+* F31'$,#3*. 3"*+*3,)+#$,#3$ ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, #"5* %03+*9,5 5*2&4 #$$,&2#$%*&:



—The specic heat of the cellular 0+-+, Specic heat )*&)+,$,5 #44+,55,4 87 $.%5 '2%4, %5 b:?B SWd`Y"8hiIZ nb:aN \`YR'hPZp #5 +,3*+$,4 87 G+*&% ,$ #": Y;aaBZ: 0+-+/ !")+-*. 312('3,#G#,A 4,5%'&#$,4 #5 > > %5 4,$,+0%&,4 %& #))*+4#&), /%$. ,%$.,+ $., '2#+4,4 .*$ 3"#$, 0,$.*4 YG@WK C;MMZ or the heat ow meter method (ASTM C518). Table 6.1.4 '%9,5 9#"2,5 *6 > 6*+ # +#&', *6 *9,&!4+7 4,&5%$%,5: W., *9,&! 4+7 4,&5%$7 H 0#7 8, #33+*1%0#$,4 25%&' Uf: YJ:;:?:B#Z *+ YJ:;:?:B8Z: 0+-+0 Coefcient of thermal expansion %$ %5 $73%)#""7 6+*0 H:b $* M:b q ;b oJ 3,+ iI Ya:b $* ;?:J q ;b oJ per °C) compared with the coefcient of thermal expansion 6*+ &*+0#"/,%'.$ )*&)+,$, *6 B:B $* M:B q ;b !J 3,+ iI YH:a $* ;B:; q ;b oJ 3,+ iCZ YA,9%"", ?bbbZ: W., 4,5%'&,+ 5.*2"4 consider thermal expansion for applications with signicant 9#+%#$%*&- �,"7> rBJiI Yr?biCZ %& 3"#)%&' $,03,+#$2+,5> *3,+#$%&' $,03,+#$2+,5> *+ 8*$.:

6.2—Mechanical performance 0+.+- E1-0+)$$#G) $,+)2&," ),0,&$ )*&$,&$> 5`3-> $73,> 3+*3,+$%,5 #&4 )*&$,&$ *6 #''+,! '#$,5> #&4 )2+%&' )*&4%$%*&5 #66,)$ $., )*03+,55%9, 5$+,&'$. *6 ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, YW#8", J:?:;Z: L,&5%$7 %5 # R,7 )+%$,+%*& 6*+ )*&$+*""%&' $., )*03+,55%9, 5$+,&'$. #&4 $., 0*42"25 *6 ,"#5$%)%$7 *6 ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$,: S,)#25, 5$+,&'$. %5 +,"#$,4 $* the as-cast (and, thus, also dry) density, eld personnel can 25, #5!)#5$ 4,&5%$7 4,$,+0%&,4 #$ $., $%0, *6 3"#),0,&$ $* ,5$%0#$, $., ,9,&$2#" )*03+,55%9, 5$+,&'$.> 25%&' $., +,52"$5 3+,5,&$,4 %& W#8", J:?:;: W., )*03+,55%9, 5$+,&'$. 6*+ $., +#&', *6 ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$,5 )*9,+,4 87 $.%5 '2%4, 5.*2"4 8, 4,$,+0%&,4 #))*+4%&' $* G@WK CMaJ`CMaJK: W,5$%&' 6*+ )*03+,55%9, strength should produce results corresponding to eld condi! $%*&5: W.,+,6*+,> )*03+,55%*& $,5$ 53,)%0,&5 5.*2"4 &*$ 8, *9,&!4+%,4 &*+ $,5$,4 %& $., 0*%5$ )*&4%$%*&: 0+.+. V1('.'$ 14 ).*$,#3#,A <=& $.%5 '2%4,> $., 0*42"25 *6 ,"#5$%)%$7 I 3 %5 4,$,+0%&,4 #5 $., 5,)#&$ 0*42"25 #$ b:H 4 3W : GC= B;N 3,+0%$5 )#")2"#$%&' $., 0*42"25 *6 ,"#5$%)%$7 87 Uf: YJ:?:?#Z Ec

=

33γ 1.5

Ec

=

43γ 1.5

f c′ lb/in.2 f c′ N/m 2

YJ:?:?#Z

W#8", J:?:? 5.*/5 $73%)#" +,"#$%*&5.%35 8,$/,,& 4,&5%$7> )*03+,55%9, 5$+,&'$.> #&4 0*42"25 *6 ,"#5$%)%$7 YV,'#$5R% ;aMN> ;aaFZ: S#5,4 *& $., 5$24%,5 87 V,'#$5R% Y;aMNZ> $., 0*42"25 *6 ,"#5$%)%$7 )#& #"5* 8, ,13+,55,4 #5 5.*/& %& Uf: YJ:?:?8Z Ec

=

28.6 γ 1.5

Ec

=

37.04 γ 1.5

f c′ lb/in.2

f c′ N/m 2

YJ:?:?8Z

7

Table 6.1.4—Thermal conductivity for oven-dry cellular concrete W.,+0#" )*&42)$%9%$7 >

e9,&!4+7 4,&5%$7> "8` 6$B YR'`0BZ

S$2`.h6$?hYiI %&:Z

D`Y0hPZ

Hb YNbbZ

;:B

b:?b

JH Y;bNbZ

?:;

b:Bb

Nb Y;?NbZ

?:N

b:Fb

aH Y;H?bZ

F:b

b:HM

;;b Y;MJbZ

H:F

b:MM

J#&@ X@B@XLH+A#2& $"+#2>*&) 14 3)..'.*+ 3123+),) G)+$'$ *#+ dry density (gure courtesy of Elastizell). 0+.+* !)2$#.) $,+)2&," $., 53"%$$%&' $,&5%", 5$+,&'$. *6 ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$,5 %5 4,$,+0%&,4 87 f ct

=

2P π l d

YJ:?:BZ

W., $,&5%", 5$+,&'$. %5 ',&,+#""7 ;b $* ;H 3,+),&$ *6 $., )*03+,55%9, 5$+,&'$. YI*2#4 ?bbJZ: 0+.+, M")*+ $,+)2&," <@.,#+ 5$+,&'$. *6 $., ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$,5 )#& 8, #33+*1%0#$,4 25%&' $., 6*+02"#5 6*+ "%'.$/,%'.$ )*&)+,$, *6 GC= ?;BT YV,'#$5R% ;aaFZ: W.*5, approximations can be rened by testing if desired. 0+.+/ H)G).10-)2, 14 +)#241+3)-)2, 87 )*&5%4,+%&' ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, #5 5#&4!"%'.$/,%'.$> 5.*2"4 8, veried by test. Typical tests for development of reinforce ! 0,&$ %& &*+0#"/,%'.$ )*&)+,$, #+, %&)"24,4 %& GC= FbNT #&4 )#& 8, 25,4 #5 ,1#03",5 *6 3+*),42+,5 $.#$ )#& 8, 25,4 6*+ ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$,: 0+.+0 H+A#2& $"+#2>*&) #5 5.*/& %& I%': J:?:J: G2$*',&*25 5.+%&R#', *6 ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, /%$. 0#&26#)!



8

Table 6.2.1—Composition and properties of cellular concrete (McCormick 1967) G5!)#5$ 4,&5%$7> "8`6$ YR'`0 Z

@#&4!),0,&$ +#$% *

D#$, +!),0,&$ +#$ %*

C,0, &$ 6#)$ *+> "8`74 YR'`0 Z

U5$%0#$,4 )*03+,55%9, 5$+,&'$.> 35% YKE#Z

Hb YNbbZ

b:Ma

b:Jb

HJF YBBHZ

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B

B

$2+,4 "%'.$/,%'.$ #''+,'#$,5 %5 +,42),4 42, $* $., ,66,)$ *6 %&$,+&#" /#$,+ 5233"7 87 $., #''+,'#$,5 YP%$52$#R# ,$ #": ?bbb#Z> /.%). %5 )*00*&"7 )#"",4 %&$,+&#" )2+%&':

6.3—Durability 0+*+- T*,)+ *9$1+0,#12 $.,+,87 4,)+,#5%&' /#$,+ #85*+3$%*& YV,'#$5R% ;aaF- I*2#4 ?bbJZ: 0+*+. N)+-)*9#.#,A #&4 )#& 8, 0,#52+,4 25%&' G@WK L?FBF: W.%5 0,$.*4 %5 0*+, #))2+#$, $.#& *$.,+ 0,$.*45> 52). #5 G@WK LFFa;> /.%). /#5 4,9,"*3,4 6*+ ',*$,1$%",5: G&*$.,+ 0,$.*4 $.#$ 3+*9%4,5 #33+*1%0#$, 3,+0,#8%"%$7 0*+, f2%)R"7 %5 5.*/& %& GC= H??T> # 5%03", 6#""%&'!.,#4 3,+0,! #8%"%$7 0,$,+%&' #33#+#$25 Ye",R ,$ #": ?bbBZ: <=& #%+!4+7 0+*+* R)$#$,*23) ,1 4+))S#2& *2( ,"*5#2& )*&4%$%*&5> ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, .#5 ,1),"",&$ +,5%5$#&), $* 6+,,[%&' #&4 $.#/%&' 42, $* %$5 .%'. ),0,&$ )*&$,&$ #&4 ,1$,&4,4 %&$,+&#" 9*%4 5$+2)$2+,: T,5%5$#&), $* 6+,,[%&' #&4 thawing should be veried by ASTM C666/C666M, and

B

B

modied to account for its insulating properties and satura! $%*& 3+*),42+, $* &*+0#"%[, $., 0*%5$2+, )*&$,&$ YW%R#"5R7 ,$ #": ?bbFZ: @%"#,&R*9 Y;aNJZ +,3*+$,4 *& $., .%'. +,5%5$#&), $* 6+,,[%&' #&4 $.#/%&' Y25%&' $., 3+*),42+, 4,5)+%8,4 87 @*8*",9 #&4 S#$+#R*9 Y?bbMZ *6 ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$,5 /%$. 4,&5%$7 *6 Fb $* Hb "8`6$B YJbb $* Nbb R'`0 BZ: W., %03+*9,4 +,5%5$#&), $* freezing and thawing was attributed to the benecial effects *6 #%+!9*%4 5$+2)$2+,: W., 25, *6 9*"20, +#$%* *6 +,5,+9, 3*+,5 Y/%$. 5%[, '+,#$,+ $.#& ?bb s0Z $* )+%$%)#" 3*+,5 Y/%$. 5%[,5 %& $., +#&', *6 b:; $* ?bb s0Z 6*+ ,9#"2#$%*& *6 6+,,[%&' #&4 $.#/%&' 3,+6*+0#&), *6 ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, /#5 52'',5$,4: @%"#,&R*9 Y;aNJZ %&9,5$%'#$,4 $., ,66,)$ *6 0*%5$2+, )*&$,&$ #&4 5#$2+#$%*& 4,'+,, *& +,5%5$#&), $* 6+,,[%&' #&4 $.#/%&' *6 ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, /%$. # #%+!4+7 4,&5%$7 *6 BH "8`6$ B YHFH R'`0BZ: @3,)%0,&5 /%$. 9,+7 .%'. 0*%5$2+, )*&$,&$ *6 ;aN percent were destroyed after ve cycles of freezing and $.#/%&': @3,)%0,&5 *6 $., 5#0, )*03*5%$%*&> 82$ /%$. 0*%5$2+, )*&$,&$ *6 HM 3,+),&$> /,+, 5,9,+,"7 4#0#',4 #6$,+ HB )7)",5> /.,+,#5 $.*5, /%$. # 0*%5$2+, )*&$,&$ *6 ",55 $.#& BH 3,+),&$ 4,0*&5$+#$,4 ,1),3$%*&#" 3,+6*+0#&), #6$,+ ;Hbb )7)",5 *6 6+,,[%&' #&4 $.#/%&': W., )*03+,55%9, #&4 exural (as measured by three-point bending test) strength *6 $.,5, 53,)%0,&5 /#5 ,9,& %03+*9,4 #6$,+ $., 6+,,[%&' #&4 $.#/%&' $,5$5> #5 4,0*&5$+#$,4 87 W#8", J:B:B #&4 I%': J:B:B:



9

Table 6.2.2—Compressive strength and modulus of elasticity for cellular concrete (table courtesy of Elastizell) G5!)#5$ 4,&5%$7> "8`6$B YR'`0BZ

W73%)#" ?N!4#7 )*03+,55%9, 5$+,&'$.> 35% YKE#Z

K*42"25 *6 ,"#5$%)%$7> R5% YOE#Z

Hb YNbbZ

?Hb $* Fbb Y;:M $* ?:NZ

;Fa Y;:bBZ

JH Y;bFbZ

Fbb $* HHb Y?:N $* B:NZ

?aM Y?:bHZ

Nb Y;?NbZ

Jbb $* MHb YF:; $* H:;Z

Fa; YB:BNZ

aH Y;H?bZ

Nbb $* ;;bb YH:H $* M:JZ

MM? YH:B;Z

;;b Y;MJbZ

;Bbb $* ;Jbb Ya:b $* ;;:bZ

;;a; YN:?;Z

Table 6.3.3—Resistance to freezing and thawing of cellular concrete (Silaenkov 1986) C*03+,55%9, 5$+,&'$.Ì",12+#" 5$+,&'$. u> 35% YKE#Z S,6*+, $,5$%&'

G6$,+ 6+,,[%&' #&4 $.#/%&' $,5$5> )7)",5

K*%5$2+, )*&$,&$> t

L+7

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MH

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HH

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J;b YF:?Z ?Hb Y;:MZ

H;b YB:HZ ;MH Y;:?Z

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G5 0,#52+,4 87 $.+,,!3*%&$ 8,&4%&' $,5$

3+,9,&$ $., 8+%$$", 6+#)$2+, *6 ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$,- %& #44%$%*&> melting of bers reduces the water vapor pressure (Kitsutaka ,$ #": ?bbb8Z: W., +,f2%+,4 $.%)R&,55 *6 ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, needed to achieve a particular re rating in hours can be less $.#& .#"6 $.#$ *6 &*+0#" )*&)+,$, YG8+#05 #&4 O25$#6,++* ;aJa- V,'#$5R% ;aaF- I*2#4 ?bbJZ: K*+, 3+,)%5, 9#"2,5 )#& be determined with testing. Further details on re resistance *6 ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, #+, '%9,& %& C.#3$,+ a:

J#&@ X@;@;LR)$#$,*23) ,1 4+))S#2& *2( ,"*5#2& 14 3)..'.*+ 3123+),) 1G CD=X?@ @%"#,&R*9 Y;aNJZ +,3*+$5 *& 6+,,[%&' #&4 $.#/%&' 3,+6*+! 0#&), *6 "*/!4,&5%$7 ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$,- .*/,9,+> $., 0#%& ndings regarding the effect of moisture content and satura! $%*& 4,'+,, #+, #33"%)#8", $* )*&)+,$, /%$. #5!)#5$ 4,&5%$%,5 %& $., +#&', *6 Hb $* ;;b "8`6$ B YNbb $* ;MJb R'`0BZ: Uf2#! $%*& YJ:B:BZ> 3+*3*5,4 87 @%"#,&R*9 Y;aNJZ 6*+ +,5%5$#&), $* 6+,,[%&' #&4 $.#/%&' *6 ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$,> %5 #5 6*""*/5 YI%': J:B:BZ J g ;M>MM? q )Yob:bHJ q 5 0Z

YJ:B:BZ

0+*+, J#+) +)$#$,*23)
CHAPTER 7—DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS C,""2"#+ )*&)+,$,5 %& $.%5 '2%4, .#9, ',&,+#" 5$+2)$2+#" ).#+#)$,+%5$%)5 5%0%"#+ $* $.*5, *6 &*+0#"/,%'.$ #''+,'#$, )*&)+,$,: L,5%'&,+5 #+, #))25$*0,4 $* 25%&' &*+0#"/,%'.$ aggregate concrete of a specic compressive strength in 4,5%'&%&' 5$+2)$2+#" ,",0,&$5: W.%5 %5 3*55%8", 8,)#25, $., 5$+,&'$. #&4 5$%66&,55 3+*3,+$%,5> 52). #5 $,&5%", 5$+,&'$.> 5.,#+ 5$+,&'$.> 8*&4 5$+,&'$.> #&4 0*42"25 *6 ,"#5$%)%$7> #+, R&*/& 62&)$%*&5 *6 $., )*03+,55%9, 5$+,&'$.: W.,5, 5#0, 62&)$%*&5 *6 )*03+,55%9, 5$+,&'$. #33"7 $* ),""2"#+ #&4 ),""2"#+!#''+,'#$, )*&)+,$,5 YI*2#4 ?bbJZ: CHAPTER 8—MIXTURE PROPORTIONING 8.1—General V%R, &*+0#"/,%'.$ )*&)+,$, 0%1$2+,5> $., f2#&$%$%,5 *6 $., 0#$,+%#"5 25,4 $* 3+,3#+, 52%$#8", 0%1$2+,5 *6 ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, 5.*2"4 8, 5,",)$,4 *& # +#$%*&#" 8#5%5: S7 2&4,+! 5$#&4%&' $., 4,5%'& 3#+#0,$,+5 #&4 %&4%9%42#" 0#$,+%#" 3+*3! ,+$%,5 %& $., $+%#" 8#$).> )*032$#$%*&5 8#5,4 *& $., #85*"2$, 9*"20, *6 )*&5$%$2,&$5 #+, 5$+#%'.$6*+/#+4 #&4 /%"" 3+*9%4, # +,#5*", ,5$%0#$,: W., 3#+#0,$,+5 *6 %&$,+,5$ 6*+ ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, %&)"24, #5!)#5$ 4,&5%$7> #%+!4+7 4,&5%$7> )*03+,5! 5%9, 5$+,&'$.> #&4 $.,+0#" 3+*3,+$%,5: e6 $.,5,> $., R,7 parameter that denes the performance of cellular concrete


10


%5 %$5 4,&5%$7 %& $., #%+!4+7 5$#$,> /.%). %5 # 62&)$%*& *6 $., #5!)#5$ 4,&5%$7: W., #5!)#5$ 4,&5%$7 %5 +,f2%+,4 6*+ 3+*3*+! $%*&%&' $., 0%1$2+, #&4> %& $2+&> )#& 8, )*++,"#$,4 $* $., compressive (exural and tensile) strength, the modulus of ,"#5$%)%$7> #&4 $.,+0#" 3+*3,+$%,5: W., 62&4#0,&$#" ).#+#)! $,+%5$%)5 *6 ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$,> 52). #5 4,&5%$7 #&4 )*03+,5! 5%9, 5$+,&'$.> #+, %&$,++,"#$,4 #&4 )#& 8, )#")2"#$,4 *&, from another (Tam et al. 1987). Therefore, xing any one of these parameters denes the mixture proportions of cellular )*&)+,$, #&4 4,$,+0%&,5 %$5 ,&$%+, 5,$ *6 3,+6*+0#&), ).#+! #)$,+%5$%)5: =& )*&$+#5$ $* &*+0#"/,%'.$ )*&)+,$,> $., 5`3*6 ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, )#& 8, #4]25$,4 *&"7 /%$.%& # +,"#$%9,"7 &#++*/ +#&', *6 b:FH $* b:Jb $* ,&52+, %&$,+&#" 5$#8%"%$7 *6 $., ),""2"#+ 5$+2)$2+,:

8.2—Material properties E+*3*+$%*&%&' ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, 0%1$2+,5 87 $., #85*! "2$, 9*"20, 0,$.*4 +,f2%+,5 R&*/",4', *6 $., 9#"2, *6 $., specic gravity of all constituent materials. Absorption char ! #)$,+%5$%)5 #&4 6+,, 0*%5$2+, )*&4%$%*&5 *6 #''+,'#$,5 5.*2"4 8, 4,$,+0%&,4 #&4 )*&$+*"",4 42+%&' $., 8#$).%&' *3,+#$%*&: G''+,'#$,5 #+, ,9#"2#$,4 %& #))*+4#&), /%$. G@WK C;?N #&4 G@WK CMb: 8.3—Mixture proportioning 1+*+- K%1$2+, 3+*3*+$%*&%&' 8,'%&5 /%$. $., 5,",)$%*& *6 #5!)#5$ 4,&5%$7 *6 ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, #&4 5`3-: W.,5, 3#+#0! ,$,+5 #+, ',&,+#""7 ).*5,& #6$,+ # 5$247 *6 +,f2%+,0,&$5> 52). #5 $., )*03+,55%9, 5$+,&'$. #&4 $.,+0#" )*&42)$%9%$7: I*+ ,1#03",> %6 4 3′ %5 $., 3+%0#+7 )*&5%4,+#$%*& #&4 4,&5%$7 %5 5,)*&4#+7> 5,",)$ $., #5!)#5$ 4,&5%$7 g 4 6+*0 W#8", J:?:;> *+ )#")2"#$, %$ 25%&' Uf: YN:B:;#Z 4,+%9,4 6+*0 4#$# 3+,5,&$,4 %& W#8", J:?:;: g 4 g ?a q "&Y 4 3′`FaZ Yd:@: )25$*0#+7 2&%$5Z

YN:B:;#Z g 4 g FHH q "&Y 4 3′`b:BFZ Y@= 2&%$5Z

G"$,+&#$%9,"7> 4 3W )#& 8, *8$#%&,4 6+*0 #5!)#5$ 4,&5%$7 25%&' W#8", J:?:; *+ Uf: YN:B:;8Z 4 3′ g Fa q )b:bBH q g 4 Yd:@: )25$*0#+7 2&%$5Z YN:B:;8Z 4 3′ g b:BF q )b:bb??1g 4 Y@= 2&%$5Z W., 5`3- )#& 8, 5,",)$,4 6+*0 # +#&', *6 b:FH $* b:Jb /%$. # 52%$#8", +,42)$%*& %6 # .%'.!+#&', /#$,+!+,42)%&' #40%1! $2+, %5 25,4: W., 5#&4!$*!),0,&$ +#$%* Y $`3Z %5 $.,& 5,",)$,4 6+*0 W#8", J:?:; *+ 87 25%&' Uf: YN:B:;)Z $`3 g Yg 4 o F?Z`?;:H Yd:@: )25$*0#+7 2&%$5Z

YN:B:;)Z $`3 g Yg 4 o JMBZ`BFH Y@= 2&%$5Z

e9,&!4+7 4,&5%$7 Y HZ )#& 8, ,5$%0#$,4 25%&' Uf: YJ:;:?:B#Z *+ YJ:;:?:B8Z: d5%&' g 4 > 5`3-> #&4 $`3> $., ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, 0%1$2+, )#& 8, 3+*3*+$%*&,4 8#5,4 *& $., ,5$%0#$,4 )*&)+,$, /,%'.$ #&4 87 $., 0,$.*4 *6 #85*"2$, 9*"20,5:

I*+ ,1#03",> ),0,&$ )*&$,&$ 0#7 8, )#")2"#$,4 #5 C g g 4 : Y; v 5`3- v $`3Z

YN:B:;4Z

W., f2#&$%$%,5 *6 0%1%&' /#$,+ #&4 5#&4 )#& 8, )#")2"#$,4 #5 D g C q 5`3-

YN:B:;,Z

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W., 520 *6 $., #85*"2$, 9*"20,5 *6 ),0,&$> /#$,+> #&4 B B #''+,'#$, YY FZ 528$+#)$,4 6+*0 ; 74 Yb:MJ 0 Z '%9,5 $., 9*"20, *6 #%+ Y FGZ +,f2%+,4 3,+ )28%) 7#+4 Y)28%) 0,$,+Z *6 )*&)+,$, FG g ; o Y F

YN:B:;'Z

Y YN:B:;.Z F g E `YK3 q g5Z v D`Yg5Z v @`YK $ q g5Z /.,+, g5 %5 J?:F "8`6$B Y;bbb R'`0BZ: W., #%+ 7%,"4 3,+ 9*"20, *6 6*#0 25,4 YfGZ %5 *8$#%&,4 8#5,4 *& $., 6*#0 3,+6*+0#&), $,5$: I*+ # 5#$%56#)$*+7 6*#0%&' #',&$> $.%5 +#$%* %5 252#""7 #33+*1%0#$,"7 b:aH: W., 9*"20, *6 6*#0 %5 )#")2"#$,4 25%&' $., 6*#0 7%,"4 +#$%* #5 Y J g FG`fG

YN:B:;%Z

W., /,%'.$ *6 /#$,+ )#")2"#$,4 6+*0 $., 5`3- %5 +,42),4 87 $., /,%'.$ *6 $., /#$,+ %& $., 6*#0> #40%1$2+,5> #&4 #''+,'#$,5: 1+*+. !+#*. 9*,3" *(Z'$,-)2,$L G6$,+ $,5$%&' $+%#" 8#$).,5> $., )#")2"#$,4 0%1$2+, )#& 8, #4]25$,4 /%$. +,53,)$ $* 4,5%+,4 /*+R#8%"%$7> )*03+,55%9, 5$+,&'$.> #&4 #5!)#5$ 4,&5%$7: W+%#" 8#$).,5 )#& .,"3 $* #4]25$ $., 5`3- #&4 #))*2&$ 6*+ 4%66,+,&$ $73,5 *6 ),0,&$> #5 /,"" #5 $., 25, *6 5233",0,&$#+7 ),0,&$%! $%*25 0#$,+%#"5 Y@CK5Z *+ ).,0%)#" #40%1$2+,Y5Z: W/* ,1#03",5 '%9,& %& d:@: )25$*0#+7 2&%$5 #&4 @= 2&%$5> +,53,)$%9,"7> 4,0*&5$+#$, $., 3+*3*5,4 )*&)+,$, 0%1$2+, 3+*),42+,:

8.4—Example 1 (in U.S. customary units) 23(4) E+*3*+$%*& # ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, 0%1$2+, 25%&' W73, = 3*+$"#&4 ),0,&$ 6*+ # 6+,5. 4,&5%$7 *6 ab "8`6$ B Y;FFb R'` 0BZ: W., +,f2%+,4 8#$). 9*"20, %5 b:JH 74 B *+ ;N 6$B Yb:H 0BZ: K#$,+%#" 3+*3,+$%,5l I*#0 7%,"4 Y#%+`6*#0 *2$32$Z g b:aH L,&5%$7 *6 $., 6*#0 Yr 4 Z g B "8`6$ B YHb R'`0BZ Specic gravity of cement (K3Z g B:;H Specic gravity of sand (K $Z g ?:JH L,&5%$7 *6 /#$,+ Yr5Z g J?:F "8`6$B Y;bbb R'`0BZ K%1$2+, 3+*3*+$%*&%&' 3+*),42+, 5$,35l ;Z C#")2"#$, $., )*03+,55%9, 5$+,&'$. 25%&' Uf: YN:B:;8Z #5 4 3′ g Fa q )b:bBH q ab g ;;Fb 35% Ya:a KE#Z ?Z G5520, 5`3- g b:Hb Y6+*0 $., +#&', *6 b:FH $* b:JbZ



BZ C#")2"#$, $., 5#&4!$*!),0,&$ +#$%* Y $`3Z 25%&' Uf: YN:B:;)Z #5

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$`3 g Yg 4 o F?Z`?;:H g ?:? FZ C#")2"#$, $., *9,&!4+7 4,&5%$7 25%&' Uf: YJ:;:?:B8Z #5

11

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HZ C#")2"#$, $., ),0,&$ )*&$,&$ 25%&' Uf: YN:B:;4Z #5 C g ab`Y; v b:H v ?:?Z g ?F:B "8`6$ B Yq ?MZ g JHM "8`74B YBab R'`0BZ

JZ C#")2"#$, $., 5#&4 )*&$,&$ @ g ?F:B q ?:? g HB:H "8`6$ BYq ?MZ g ;FFB "8`74B YNHJ R'`0BZ MZ C#")2"#$, $., f2#&$%$%,5 *6 0%1%&' /#$,+ D g ?F:B q b:H g ;?:? "8`6$ BYq ?MZ g B?a "8`74B Y;aH R'`0BZ NZ C#")2"#$, $., #85*"2$, 9*"20,5 *6 5*"%45 Y),0,&$> /#$,+> #&4 #''+,'#$,Z 3,+ 2&%$ 9*"20, *6 )*&)+,$, Y F g C`YK3 q g5Z v D`g5 v @`YK $ q g5Z g ?F:B`YJ?:F q B:;HZ v ;?:?`J?:F v HB:H`YJ?:F q ?:JHZ g b:JFB 6$B Y0BZ #&4 9*"20, *6 #%+> +,f2%+,4 3,+ 2&%$ 9*"20, *6 )*&)+,$, FG g ; o b:JFB g b:BHM 6$B Y0BZ aZ C#")2"#$, $., 9*"20, *6 6*#0 3,+ 2&%$ 9*"20, *6 )*&)+,$, Y J g b:BHM`b:aH g b:BMJ 6$ B Y0BZ

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8.5—Example 2 (in SI units) 23(4) E+*3*+$%*& # ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, 0%1$2+, 25%&' W73, = 3*+$"#&4 ),0,&$ 6*+ # 6+,5. 4,&5%$7 *6 aJb R'`0B YJb "8`6$BZ: W., +,f2%+,4 8#$). 9*"20, %5 b:MH 0B Y?M 6$B *+ ; 74BZ: K#$,+%#"5 #&4 3+*3,+$%,5l I*#0 7%,"4 Y#%+`6*#0 *2$32$Z g b:aH L,&5%$7 *6 $., 6*#0 Yr 4 Z g JF R'`0B YF "8`6$BZ Specic gravity of cement (K3Z g B:;H Specic gravity of sand (K $Z g ?:JH L,&5%$7 *6 /#$,+ Yr5Z g ;bbb R'`0B YJ?:F "8`6$BZ K%1$2+, 3+*3*+$%*&%&' 3+*),42+, 5$,35l ;Z C#")2"#$, $., )*03+,55%9, 5$+,&'$. 25%&' Uf: YN:B:;8Z #5 4 3′ g b:BF q )b:bb?? q aJb g ?:N KE# YF;b 35%Z ?Z G5520, 5`3- g b:H Y6+*0 $., +#&', *6 b:FH $* b:JZ BZ C#")2"#$, $`3 25%&' Uf: YN:B:;)Z #5 $`3 g YaJb o JMBZ`BFH g b:NB

#&4 /,%'.$ *6 $., 6*#0

FZ C#")2"#$, $., *9,&!4+7 4,&5%$7 25%&' Uf: YJ:;:?:B)Z #5 B

B

B

J g b:BMM q B g ;:;B "8`6$ Yq ?MZ g B; "8`74 Y;N R'`0 Z ;bZ G4]25$ $., /,%'.$ *6 /#$,+ D#$,+ %& 6*#0 B "8`6$B q b:BMM g ;:;B "8`6$ B Yq ?MZ g B; "8`74 B Y;N R'`0BZ D#$,+ %& 5#&4 Y#5520, ? 3,+),&$Z b:b? q ;FFB "8`74B g ?a:b "8`74 B Y;M R'`0BZ C*++,)$,4 /#$,+

H g aJb o ;?? g NBN R'`0B YH? "8`6$BYq ?MZ g ;FbF "8`74BZ HZ C#")2"#$, $., ),0,&$ )*&$,&$ 25%&' Uf: YN:B:;4Z #5 C g aJb`Y; v b:H v b:NBZ g F;? R'`0B Y?J "8`6$BYq ?MZ g Mb? "8`74BZ JZ C#")2"#$, $., 5#&4 )*&$,&$ @ g F;? q b:NB g BF? R'`0B Y?; "8`6$BYq ?MZ g HJM "8`74BZ MZ C#")2"#$, $., f2#&$%$%,5 *6 0%1%&' /#$,+

B?a o B; o ?a g ?Ja "8`74B Y;Jb R'`0BZ C*++,)$,4 5#&4 ;FFB v ?a g ;FM? "8`74B YNMB R'`0BZ

D g F;? q b:H g ?bJ R'`0B n;B "8`6$BYq ?MZ g BH; "8`74Bp NZ C#")2"#$, $., #85*"2$, 9*"20,5 *6 5*"%45 Y),0,&$> /#$,+> #&4 #''+,'#$,Z 3,+ 2&%$ 9*"20, *6 )*&)+,$, 25%&' Uf: YN:B:;.Z #5



12

Y F g C`YK3 q g5Z v D`g5 v @`YK $ q g5Z g F;?`Y;bbb q B:;HZ v ?bJ`;bbb v BF?`Y;bbb q ?:JHZ g b:FJJ 0B Y;J:H 6$BZ #&4 9*"20, *6 #%+> +,f2%+,4 3,+ 2&%$ 9*"20, *6 )*&)+,$, 25%&' Uf: YN:B:;'Z #5 FG g ; o b:FJJ g b:HBF 0B Y;N:a 6$BZ aZ C#")2"#$, $., 9*"20, *6 6*#0 Y J g b:HBF`b:aH g b:HJ? 0B Y;a:N 6$BZ

@%0%"#+"7> $., 4,5%'& 6*+ +,f2%+,4 *9,&! *+ #%+!4+7 4,&5%$7> #5 /,"" #5 6*+ ),+$#%& )*03+,55%9, 5$+,&'$.> )#& 8, ,1,)2$,4: I2+$.,+0*+,> $., )*03+,55%9, 5$+,&'$. )#& 8, 5"%'.$"7 #4]25$,4 Y87 #33+*1%0#$,"7 r;b 3,+),&$Z 87 )*++,)$%*& *6 $., $`3 #&4 5`3-: W., )*&$+%82$%*& *6 5233",0,&$#+7 ),0,&$%$%*25 0#$,+%#"5 Y@CKZ *+ ).,0%)#" #40%1$2+,5 )#& 8, #4]25$,4 #6$,+ $,5$%&' $+%#" 8#$).,5: W., 4,5)+%8,4 0%1$2+, 3+*3*+$%*&%&' 0,$.*4 )#& 8, 234#$,4 $* )*&5%4,+ $., )#5, /.,& "%'.$/,%'.$ #''+,'#$,5 52). #5 320%), #&4 $266 #+, %&)*+3*+#$,4 /%$. $., ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, 0%1$2+,:

CHAPTER 9—FIRE RESISTANCE OF CELLULAR CONCRETE ASSEMBLIES

#&4 /,%'.$ *6 $., 6*#0 J g b:HJ? q JF g BJ R'`0B Y?:B "8`6$ BZ ;bZ G4]25$ $., /,%'.$ *6 /#$,+ D#$,+ %& 6*#0 JF q b:HJ? g BJ R'`0B YJ; "8`74BZ D#$,+ %& 5#&4 Y#5520, ? 3,+),&$Z b:b? q BF? R'`0B g M R'`0B Y;? "8`74BZ C*++,)$,4 /#$,+ ?bJ o BJ o M g ;JB R'`0B Y?MH "8`74BZ C*++,)$,4 5#&4 BF? v M g BFa R'`0B YHNN "8`74BZ ;;Z W., #4]25$,4 0%1$2+, 3+*3*+$%*&%&' R'`0B

"8`74B

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;JB

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"8

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Bba

JN?

D#$,+

;??

?Mb

@#&4

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HMM

I*#0

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W*$#" /,%'.$

M?b

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9.1—Measuring �re resistance Wall, oor, and roof assemblies of cellular concrete, cast %& )*&]2&)$%*& /%$. 3+,)#5$ *+ )#5$!%&!3"#), )*&)+,$, 5$,," decking and wood, are re-tested for specic resistances. The re resistance of cellular concrete in a building system is determined by an ASTM E119 re test during which the ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, ,",0,&$ 5.*2"4 5233*+$ %$5 4,5%'& "*#4> remain within the temperature increase specied by the test standard, and withstand the transmission of ame or hot '#55,5: W., #8%"%$7 $* +,5%5$ .,#$ $+#&56,+ #$ .%'. $,03,+#$2+,5> #5 0,#52+,4 87 $., +%5, *6 $,03,+#$2+, *& $., 2&,13*5,4 5%4, of an assembly away from the re, is an important criterion in measuring re resistance of the material. Data on re +,5%5$#&), *6 )*&)+,$, 0#$,+%#"5 3+,5,&$,4 %& $.%5 '2%4, #+, #33"%)#8", *&"7 $* .,#$ $+#&50%55%*&> *&, *6 $.+,, G@WK E119 criteria to evaluate re resistance of the specimens. 9.2—Fire resistance studies 5+.+- W., E*+$"#&4 C,0,&$ G55*)%#$%*& )*&42)$,4 # 5,+%,5 *6 $,5$5 YO25$#6,++* ,$ #": ;aMbZ *& ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$,5 0#4, /%$. 3+,6*+0,4 6*#0 #&4 .#9%&' *9,&!4+7 4,&5%$%,5 *6 Bb $* ;bb "8`6$B YFNb $* ;Jbb R'`0BZ YW#8", a:?:;Z: W., 5$247 %&)"24,4 *$.,+ "*/!4,&5%$7 )*&)+,$,5 0#4, /%$. 9,+0%)2! "%$, #&4 3,+"%$, #''+,'#$,> #&4 .#9%&' *9,&!4+7 4,&5%$%,5 *6 ?H $* Nb "8`6$B YFbb $* ;?Nb R'`0BZ> #5 /,"" #5 "*/!4,&5%$7 )*&)+,$,5 0#4, /%$. 9,+0%)2"%$, #&4 ,13#&4,4 5.#", #''+,! '#$, $.#$ .#9, *9,&!4+7 4,&5%$%,5 *6 #33+*1%0#$,"7 Nb "8` 6$B Y;?Nb R'`0BZ: S#5,4 *& $.,5, .,#$ $+#&50%55%*& $,5$5> the thicknesses required for re endurances of 2, 3, 4, and H .*2+5 #+, 5.*/& %& W#8", a:?:; 6*+ $., 9#+%*25 2&%$ /,%'.$ +#&',5 "%5$,4:

Table 9.2.1—Required thickness in inches of materials for the indicated �re resistance based on heat transmission (tested using ASTM E119) e9,&!4+7 2&%$ /,%'.$

I%+, +,5%5$#&), %& .*2+5 YG@WK U;;aZ

"8`6$B

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B

F

H

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Fbb $* FNb

?:? $* ?:N

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B:B $* B:N

B:N $* F:?

Hb $* Jb

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B:B $* B:H

B:a $* F:;

F:F $* F:J

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;;?b $* ;?Nb

B:; $* B:F

B:N $* F:?

F:F $* F:N

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5+.+. G&*$.,+ ,13,+%0,&$ 5,+%,5 $,5$,4 Y%& $., 5#0, 5$247Z two-course slab assemblies without roong, made from ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$,5 .#9%&' 4,&5%$%,5 *6 Bb> Hb> #&4 Mb "8` 6$B YFNb> Nbb> #&4 ;;?b R'`0 BZ 6*+ $., 233,+ )*2+5, *6 $., $/*!)*2+5, #55,08"7: W., 8#5, 5"#85 /,+, 6#8+%)#$,4 6+*0 )#+8*&#$,> 5%"%),*25> *+ "%'.$/,%'.$ #''+,'#$, )*&)+,$,: e$.,+ "*/!4,&5%$7 )*&)+,$,5> 52). #5 9,+0%)2"%$, #&4 3,+"%$, )*&)+,$,5 /%$. 4,&5%$%,5 5%0%"#+ $* $., ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$,5> /,+, #"5* $,5$,4 87 O25$#6,++* ,$ #": Y;aMbZ:

CHAPTER 10—APPLICATIONS 10.1—General W.%5 ).#3$,+ +,9%,/5 $., #33"%)#$%*&5 *6 ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, /%$. #5!)#5$ 4,&5%$%,5 '+,#$,+ $.#& Hb "8`6$B YNbb R'`0BZ: W.,5, include applications as a ll material with low and specied strength, and as a structural material with specied strength. 10.2—Placement by tremie C,""2"#+ )*&)+,$,5 /%$. 4,&5%$%,5 '+,#$,+ $.#& JH "8`6$ B Y;bFb R'`0B) may be considered as a ll material for loca! $%*&5 /%$. 3*$,&$%#" 6*+ 5$#&4%&' /#$,+: S,)#25, $.%5 $73, *6 ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, %5 .,#9%,+ $.#& /#$,+ Y&*$ 82*7#&$Z> %$ 0#7 8, 3"#),4 87 $+,0%,: I*+ 52). #33"%)#$%*&5> $., 0%1$2+, 5.*2"4 .#9, ,&*2'. ),0,&$%$%*25 0#$,+%#" #&4 #''+,'#$, $* +,0#%& .*0*',&,*25 42+%&' 3"#),0,&$ #&4 $* 5,$ /%$.%& # +,#5*", period of time. An acceptable rheological modier may also 8, 25,4 $* 0#%&$#%& # .*0*',&,*25 0#55 42+%&' 3"#),0,&$: 10.3—Screeded �oor �ll Floor lls in wood-frame construction often use cellular )*&)+,$,5 /%$. 4,&5%$%,5 *6 ;bb $* ;;b "8`6$ B Y;Jbb $* ;MJb R'`0BZ> )#5$ #$ $., $.%)R&,55 *6 # 5$#&4#+4 /**4 3"#&R Y;:H in [38 mm]). These nonstructural oor lls replace the second layer of wood or the nished oor in wood-frame )*&5$+2)$%*&: W., ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, %5 3"#),4 87 3203%&' *9,+ # 3"7/**4 suboor and screeding to its nished level. Because wire reinforcement is not effective in thin sections, bers are added to the mixture at a specied rate of up to 1 percent by 9*"20, $* %03+*9, $., .#+4,&,4 0#$,+%#" $,&5%", 5$+,&'$.: The compressive strength for oor ll applications may +#&', 6+*0 ;bbb $* ?bbb 35% YJ:a $* ;B:N KE#Z: Cellular concrete with a darby nish is acceptable for oors that are covered with a pad and carpet. Steel trow ! ,"%&' %5 252#""7 +,f2%+,4 $* #).%,9, ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, /%$. $., necessary smooth hard nish for oors covered with sheet ooring or tile. 10.4—Masonry and structural C,""2"#+ )*&)+,$, #$ 4,&5%$%,5 '+,#$,+ $.#& Hb "8`6$ B YNbb R'` B 0 Z %5 25,4 6*+ 0#5*&+7 #&4 5$+2)$2+#" #33"%)#$%*&5: C,""2"#+ concrete mixture proportioning is based on specic strength #&4 4,&5%$7 +,"#$%*&5.%35: =&)+,#5%&' $., ),0,&$ )*&$,&$ #&4 #44%&' 5233",0,&$#+7 ),0,&$%$%*25 0#$,+%#"5 Y@CK5Z> "%'.$/,%'.$ #''+,'#$,5> /#$,+!+,42)%&' #40%1$2+,5> #&4 bers could result in improved material properties outside the usually expected ranges (as specied by Tables 6.2.1

13

#&4 J:?:?Z: W+%#" 8#$).,5 /%$. $.,5, 0#$,+%#"5 $* f2#&$%67 0#$,+%#" 3+*3,+$%,5 5.*2"4 8, )*&42)$,4: @$+2)$2+#" #33"%)#! $%*&5 %&)"24, 3+,)#5$ *+ )#5$!%&!3"#), +**6 3#&,"5> 0#5*&+7 elements, and wall and oor panels for housing elements *+ 3+,)#5$ 5*2&4 /#""5 YC,""2"#+!)*&)+,$, ?b;?- WGO C+,$, ?b;F- A,*3*+ ?b;?Z #5 %""25$+#$,4 87 I%': ;b:F:

10.5—Lightweight architectural concrete masonry V%'.$/,%'.$ #+).%$,)$2+#" )*&)+,$, 0#5*&+7 YVGKZ ,",0,&$5 .#9, 8,,& 4,9,"*3,4 8#5,4 *& ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, $,).&*"*'7 Y^#&#'%4# #&4 =&#'#R% ?bb?- K%",5$*&, ?bbHV%'.$ C*&)+,$, VVC ?bbBZ: W.,7 #+, 0#&26#)$2+,4 $* 5%02! "#$, &#$2+#" 5$*&,> "%R, "%0,5$*&, #&4 5#&45$*&,> #&4 25,4 %& 0#5*&+7 #33"%)#$%*&5 %& # 6*+0 *6 #+).%$,)$2+#" $+%0> *+&#! 0,&$> *+ 6#)%&' 6*+ 82%"4%&'5 #&4 *$.,+ 5$+2)$2+,5 YW#8", ;b:HZ: W., 0#%& 9#"2,!#44,4 6,#$2+, *6 VGK %5 %$5 +,42),4 /,%'.$> /.%). %5 Fb $* Hb 3,+),&$ ",55 $.#& $., ;FH "8`6$ B Y?B?H R'`0BZ $.#$ %5 $73%)#" *6 &*+0#"/,%'.$ )*&)+,$, YK%",! 5$*&, ?bbHZ: W.%5 #+).%$,)$2+#" ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, 3+*42)$ %5 #&#"*'*25 $* "%'.$/,%'.$ )*&)+,$, 0#5*&+7> 3+*9%4%&' 9#"2! able benets from simplied installation, shipment, and .#&4"%&' /%$.*2$ )*03+*0%5%&' 3,+6*+0#&),: T,42),4 0#$,+%#" )*&5203$%*& #&4 5$+2)$2+, "*#45 )*&$+%82$, $* 525$#%%"%$7 #&4 '+,,& )*&5$+2)$%*&: CHAPTER 11—CELLULAR CONCRETE AND SUSTAINABILITY 11.1—Sustainability The denition of sustainability emphasizes the importance *6 ,&52+%&' $., 5#$%56#)$%*& *6 3+,5,&$ &,,4 /%$.*2$ )*03+*! 0%5%&' $., #8%"%$7 *6 62$2+, ',&,+#$%*&5 $* 0,,$ $.,%+ */& +,f2%+,0,&$5 YDCUL ;aNMZ: G5 # 825%&,55 0*4,"> $.%5 $+#&5! "#$,5 $* # 3+*6,55%*&#" ,&4,#9*+ $.#$ 8#"#&),5 %&32$5 /%$. outputs while maintaining a protable enterprise. Sustain! #8", 4,9,"*30,&$ #"5* ,&)*03#55,5 ,&9%+*&0,&$#" %03#)$> +,5*2+), 25,> #&4 5*)%#" ,66,)$5: @25$#%", 4,9,"*30,&$ %5 #).%,9%&' 5*)%#"> ,)*&*0%)> #&4 ,&9%+*&0,&$#" *8],)$%9,5 %& 3#+#""," YX*/#+4 ?bbb- ^#$,5 ?bb;Z: G$ $., ;aa? U#+$. @200%$> W., D*+"4 S25%&,55 C*2&)%" 6*+ @25$#%", L,9,"! opment (WBCSD) identied seven elements to achieve ecoefciency (WBCSD 2000): ;Z T,42), $., 0#$,+%#" %&$,&5%$7 *6 3+*42)$5 ?Z T,42), $., ,&,+'7 %&$,&5%$7 *6 3+*42)$5 BZ T,42), $*1%) ,0%55%*&5 FZ U&.#&), 0#$,+%#" +,)7)"#8%"%$7 HZ K#1%0%[, 525$#%", 25, *6 +,&,/#8", +,5*2+),5 JZ U1$,&4 3+*42)$ 42+#8%"%$7 MZ =&)+,#5, $., 5,+9%), "%6, *6 $., 3+*42)$5 @25$#%%"%$7 %5 #& ,55,&$%#" +,53*&5%8%"%$7 *6 #+).%! $,)$5 #&4 ,&'%&,,+5 42+%&' ,9,+7 3.#5, *6 $., 4,5%'& #&4 )*&5$+2)$%*& 3+*),55: D%5).,+5 #&4 P2."0#&& Y;aa;Z #&4 Sobolev (2003) transformed these eco-efcient elements into cement- and concrete-specic guidelines. To the )*&5$+2)$%*& %&425$+7> 525$#%%"%$7 +,53*&5%8%"%$%,5 %&)"24, 3+*'+,55 $.#$ 0,,$5 $., &,,45 *6 5*)%,$7> ,)*&*0%) 4,9,"*3!



14

J#&@ C8@OLF00.#3*,#12 14 3)..'.*+ 3123+),) #2 +)$#()2,#*. 312$,+'3,#12[ <31'+,)$A 14[ <*? !FK E+),) \B8CO]^ *2( <9? _)101+ \B8CB]?

Table 10.5—Strength, absorption, and weight materials classi�cation requirements for LAM (Milestone 2005)

W73, *6 VGK

G@WK CHJM`CHJMK *9,&!4+7 4,&5%$7> "8`6$ B YR'`0BZ

V*#4!8,#+%&' A*&!"*#4!8,#+%&'

G@WK CBa`CBaK> C;Fb`C;FbK> C;;aF )*03+,55%9, 5$+,&'$. 0%&%020> 35% YKE#Z G9,+#', *6 $.+,, 2&%$5

=&4%9%42#" 2&%$

G@WK C;Fb`C;FbK /#$,+ #85*+3$%*&> 0#1%020> "8`6$ B YR'`0BZ Y#9,+#', *6 $.+,, 2&%$5Z

V,55 $.#& ;bH Y;JNbZ

;abb Y;B:;Z

;Mbb Y;;:MZ

;N Y?NNZ

V,55 $.#& ;bH Y;JNbZ

Jbb YF:;Z

Hbb YB:HZ

Not specied

ment, preservation of the environment, and efcient use of +,5*2+),5: @,9,+#" 3,+6*+0#&), ).#+#)$,+%5$%)5 *6 ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, )*&$+%82$, $* 525$#%%"%$7> %&)"24%&' %$5 ,1),"",&$ 42+#8%"%$7 and resistance against re ame or smoke spread, freezing #&4 $.#/%&'> +*$> #&4 %&5,)$ #$$#)R: =03+*9,4 3,+6*+0#&), ,&.#&),5 $., 5,+9%), "%6, *6 5$+2)$2+,5 8#5,4 *& ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$,- +,f2%+%&' 0%&%020 0#%&$,&#&),> $.,7 #+, # 3,+6,)$ 5*"2$%*& 6*+ "*&'!$,+0 525$#%", )*&5$+2)$%*& 3+*],)$5: =03+*9,4 $.,+0#" %&52"#$%*& #&4 $.,+0#" 0#55 *6 # ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, /#"" *+ +**6 4,)R 5$+2)$2+,5 .,"3 +,42), ,&,+'7 )*5$5 %& 82%"4%&'5: W., VUUL +#$%&' 575$,0 3+*9%4,5 # 5,$ *6 5$#&4#+45 6*+ ,&9%+*&0,&$#""7 525$#%", )*&5$+2)! $%*&: C,""2"#+ )*&)+,$, +**6 4,)R5 .#9, 8,,& 25,4 *& 0#&7 LEED-certied projects, assisting with certication by 25%&' "*)#" #&4 +,)7)",4 0#$,+%#"5> #5 /,"" #5 #55%5$%&' /%$. 0,,$%&' ,&,+'7 #&4 #$0*53.,+, ,0%55%*& +,f2%+,0,&$5:

11.2—Energy efficiency C,""2"#+ )*&)+,$, /#""5 #&4 +**65 3+*9%4, ,66,)$%9, $.,+0#" insulation of buildings, signicantly reducing the costs asso! )%#$,4 /%$. .,#$%&' #&4 #%+ )*&4%$%*&%&' YO%#&&#R*2 #&4 \*&,5 ?bb?Z: =03+*9,4 $.,+0#" 0#55 *6 ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, +**6 4,)R5 #&4 /#""5 .,"35 +,42), ,&,+'7 )*5$5> #&4 /%$. +**6 4,)R5 .,"35 %&)+,#5, 5,+9%), "%6, 87 +,42)%&' %$5 $.,+0#" shock on the roong membrane (Legatski 1994). Cellular )*&)+,$, )#& 8, 25,4 %& )*&]2&)$%*& /%$. $., 3*32"#+ '+,,& +**65> /.%). .,"3 )*&$+*" /#$,+ +2&*66 87 5$*+%&' /#$,+ #&4> $.+*2'. ,9#3*!$+#&53*+#$%*&> +,42), $., .,#$ %5"#&4 ,66,)$ #&4 %&$,+%*+ &*%5,: W.,7 )#& #"5* +,42), ,&,+'7 25#', *6 $., 82%"4%&' YGC= H?B:;TZ: C,""2"#+ )*&)+,$, %5 # )*00*& substrate for roong membranes that have low reectivity #&4 ,0%55%9%$7: 11.3—Materials saving, alternative ingredients, and use of by-products G44%&' 5233",0,&$#+7 ),0,&$%$%*25 0#$,+%#"5 Y@CK5Z to a cellular concrete mixture imparts specic properties to



$., 0%1$2+, %& #44%$%*& $* +,3"#)%&' # 3*+$%*& *6 $., 3*+$! "#&4 ),0,&$ )*&$,&$ YB:;Z YS,+$*9 #&4 @*8R#"*9 ?bbHZ: Depending on the specic application, design requirements, #&4 3.75%)#" 3+*3,+$%,5 *6 $., @CK> #5 02). #5 MH 3,+),&$ ),0,&$ +,3"#),0,&$ )#& 8, #))*03"%5.,4: W.%5 +,3"#),! 0,&$ 5#9,5 *& ),0,&$ 3+*42)$%*& #&4 0#$,+%#" )*5$> #&4 +,42),5 '+,,&.*25, '#5 ,0%55%*&5: @CK5 5.*2"4 8, $,5$,4 6*+ )*03#$%8%"%$7 /%$. $., 5,",)$,4 ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, 0#&2! 6#)$2+%&' 3+*),55 25%&' $,5$ 8#$).,5: C,""2"#+ )*&)+,$, 87 &#$2+, )*&$#%&5 Hb $* Nb 3,+),&$ #%+ 87 9*"20,: W., 5285$%$2$%*& *6 52). # "#+', 3,+),&$#', *6 0%1$2+,> *$.,+/%5, *))23%,4 87 ),0,&$ #&4 #''+,'#$,5 /%$. #%+> 3+,5,+9,5 $., "#&45)#3, #&4 5#9,5 9%$#" &#$2+#" +,5*2+),5: W., 25, *6 #+).%$,)$2+#" ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, .,"35 +,42), $., f2#&$%$%,5 25,4 6*+ 4,)*+#$%9, 5$*&, 52). #5 "%0,5$*&,> 5#&4! 5$*&,> #&4 0#+8",> #&4 ,"%0%&#$,5 $., /#5$, #55*)%#$,4 /%$. 0%&%&' #&4 )#+9%&' $.,0 YP*8#7#5.% #&4 K%$52$*0* ?bbFZ: Recycled materials such as plastics, glass, carpet ber, #&4 5.+,44,4 $%+,5> .#9, #"5* 8,,& 25,4 %& ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, 0%1$2+,5:

11.4—Production method C,""2"#+ )*&)+,$, %5 *6$,& 3+*42),4 *&!5%$, #&4 3"#),4 %00,4%#$,"7 #6$,+ 0%1%&': W., 25, *6 3+*42)$%*& 0#$,+%#"5 0#4, #9#%"#8", #$ $., 5%$,> 52). #5 ),0,&$> 5233",0,&$#+7 ),0,&$%$%*25 0#$,+%#"5 Y@CK5Z> 5#&4> *+ *$.,+ #''+,'#$, #&4 /#$,+> +,42),5 $., $+#&53*+$#$%*& )*5$5 *6 82"R #55,08"%,5: D#5$, 0#$,+%#" 6+*0 # 8#$). 0%1%&' 3+*),55 %5 0%&%0#" #&4 )#& 8, +,$2+&,4 %&$* $., 3+*42)$%*& )7)",: 11.5—Site disturbances D.,& ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, %5 )#5$ *9,+ 5*%"> $., 5*%" 3+,3#! ration consists of minor excavation and proling of the 528'+#4,: I*+ 5*0, 3+*],)$5> # ',*$,1$%", 0#7 8, 3"#),4 *9,+ $., ,1%5$%&' 5*%": G6$,+ $., ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, %5 3"#),4> $.,+, %5 &* '+#&2"#+ 0#$,+%#" $* )*03#)$> 5#9%&' 62," #&4 $%0,: G5 #& #"$,+&#$%9, ',*$,).&%)#" 5*"2$%*&> ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, 252#""7 5#9,5 $%0, #&4 0*&,7 *9,+ # 0*+, 5$#&4#+4 5*"2$%*& YGC= H?B:;TZ: 11.6—Applications greater than 50 lb/ft3 (800 kg/m3) Floor ll applications provide additional sound attenu! ation and excellent oor-ceiling re resistance to a wood 5$+2)$2+,: W.%5 %03+*9,5 $., f2#"%$7 *6 "%6, 6*+ $., *))23#&$5 over the conventional wood ooring system. C,""2"#+ )*&)+,$, %& ),+$#%& #33"%)#$%*&5> 52). #5 3+,)#5$ 3#&,"5 6*+ .%'./#7 5*2&4 8#++%,+5 #&4 .*25%&' /#""5> 3+*9%4, "%'.$/,%'.$ 5*"2$%*&5 )*03#+,4 $* )*&9,&$%*&#" )*&)+,$,: W.,5, +,52"$ %& +,42),4 6**$%&' +,f2%+,0,&$5 #&4 in fuel efciency during transportation and installation. 11.7—Foaming agents G9#%"#8", 6*#0%&' #',&$5 25, +,)7)",4 0#$,+%#"5 %& $.,%+ 3+*42)$%*&: S,)#25, 0*5$ 6*#0%&' #',&$5 #+, 5.%33,4 #5 )*&),&$+#$,5> $.,+, %5 #& *89%*25 5#9%&'5 %& $+#&53*+$#$%*& )*03#+,4 /%$. #"$,+&#$, )*03*&,&$5 52). #5 #''+,'#$,5 #&4 %&52"#$%*& 0#$,+%#"5:

11.8—Recyclability and reuse C,""2"#+ )*&)+,$, %5 # ;bb 3,+),&$ +,)7)"#8", 0#$,+%#" /.%).> #6$,+ )*03",$%*& *6 %$5 5,+9%), )7)",> )#& 8, ,66,)! tively used as concrete aggregate or as a ll or drainage 0#$,+%#" 6*+ 5*%" %03+*9,0,&$: 11.9—CO2 sequestration L2, $* %$5 #%+!9*%4 5$+2)$2+,> ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, #85*+85 Ce? 42+%&' %$5 5,+9%), "%6, YL]#8#+*9 ?bbbZ: W.%5 8,.#9%*+ )*03,&5#$,5 6*+ Ce? +,",#5,4 42+%&' $., 3+*42)$%*& *6 3*+$"#&4 ),0,&$: G"$,+&#$%9,"7> ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, %& $., 6*+0 *6 8"*)R5 *+ 3#&,"5 )#& 8, 25,4 #5 #& #85*+8%&' 0,4%# 6*+ Ce? )*&$#%&,4 %& ,1.#25$ '#5,5 6+*0 )*#"!62,",4 3*/,+ 3"#&$5: =& #44%$%*&> $.,7 3+*9%4, +,5%42#" .,#$ 6*+ 25, %& $., )2+%&' 3+*),55 #&4 +,42), Ce? ,0%55%*&5 +,",#5,4 %&$* $., #$0*53.,+,: W., +,52"$%&' ),""2"#+ )*&)+,$, .#5 %03+*9,4 5$+,&'$. 6+*0 )#+8*&#$%*& YT#00, ,$ #": ?bbNZ: K%&,+#"! %[#$%*& *6 Ce? %&$* )#+8*&#$, )*03*2&45 /#5 +,#"%[,4 6*+ Class C y-ash-based cellular concrete cast over a large eld area. After carbonation, the nal product was crushed into a )#+8*&#$,!+%). "%'.$/,%'.$ #''+,'#$, 52%$#8", 6*+ # 9#+%,$7 *6 )*&5$+2)$%*& 25,5 YT#00, ,$ #": ?bbNZ: CHAPTER 12—REFERENCES Committee documents are listed rst by document number #&4 7,#+ *6 328"%)#$%*& 6*""*/,4 87 #2$.*+,4 4*)20,&$5 "%5$,4 #"3.#8,$%)#""7: F-)+#3*2 E123+),) `2$,#,',) GC= ?;BT!bB Relative Density (Specic Gravity), and Absorption of Fine G''+,'#$,5


16


G@WK C;Fb`C;FbK!;B<@$#&4#+4 W,5$ K,$.*45 6*+ @#03"%&' #&4 W,5$%&' C*&)+,$, K#5*&+7 d&%$5 #&4 T,"#$,4 d&%$5 ASTM C144-11—Standard Specication for Aggregate 6*+ K#5*&+7 K*+$#+ ASTM C150/C150M-12—Standard Specication for E*+$"#&4 C,0,&$ G@WK C;MM!;B<@$#&4#+4 W,5$ K,$.*4 6*+ @$,#47!@$#$, X,#$ I"21 K,#52+,0,&$5 #&4 W.,+0#" W+#&50%55%*& E+*3,+! $%,5 87 K,#&5 *6 $., O2#+4,4!X*$!E"#$, G33#+#$25 G@WK C;a;!;B<@$#&4#+4 W,5$ K,$.*45 6*+ W%0, *6 @,$$%&' *6 X74+#2"%) C,0,&$ 87 Q%)#$ A,,4", ASTM C330/C330M-13—Standard Specications for V%'.$/,%'.$ G''+,'#$,5 6*+ @$+2)$2+#" C*&)+,$, ASTM C332-09—Standard Specication for Lightweight G''+,'#$,5 6*+ =&52"#$%&' C*&)+,$, ASTM C494/C494M-13—Standard Specication for C.,0%)#" G40%1$2+,5 6*+ C*&)+,$, G@WK CFaJ`CFaJK!;;<@$#&4#+4 W,5$ K,$.*4 6*+ @3"%$! $%&' W,&5%", @$+,&'$. *6 C7"%&4+%)#" C*&)+,$, @3,)%0,&5 G@WK CH;N!;b<@$#&4#+4 W,5$ K,$.*4 6*+ @$,#47 @$#$, W.,+0#" W+#&50%55%*& E+*3,+$%,5 87 K,#&5 *6 $., X,#$ I"*/ K,$,+ G33#+#$25 G@WK CHJM`CHJMK!;;<@$#&4#+4 W,5$ K,$.*4 6*+ L,$,+0%&%&' L,&5%$7 *6 @$+2)$2+#" V%'.$/,%'.$ C*&)+,$, ASTM C595/C595M-13—Standard Specication for S",&4,4 X74+#2"%) C,0,&$5 G@WK CJJJ`CJJJK!bBY?bbNZ<@$#&4#+4 W,5$ K,$.*4 6*+ T,5%5$#&), *6 C*&)+,$, $* T#3%4 I+,,[%&' #&4 W.#/%&' G@WK CMaJ`CMaJK!;?<@$#&4#+4 W,5$ K,$.*4 6*+ I*#0%&' G',&$5 6*+ d5, %& E+*42)%&' C,""2"#+ C*&)+,$, d5%&' E+,6*+0,4 I*#0 ASTM C869/C869M-11—Standard Specication for I*#0%&' G',&$5 d5,4 %& K#R%&' E+,6*+0,4 I*#0 6*+ C,""2"#+ C*&)+,$, G@WK C;;HM`C;;HMK!;;<@$#&4#+4 E,+6*+0#&), @3,)! ication for Hydraulic Cement G@WK C;;aF!bBY?b;;Z<@$#&4#+4 W,5$ K,$.*4 6*+ C*03+,55%9, @$+,&'$. *6 G+).%$,)$2+#" C#5$ @$*&, G@WK C;Baa`C;BaaK!;b<@$#&4#+4 W,5$ K,$.*4 6*+ e8$#%&%&' G9,+#', T,5%42#"!@$+,&'$. *6 I%8,+!T,%&6*+),4 C*&)+,$, G@WK C;Jba`C;JbaK!;?<@$#&4#+4 W,5$ K,$.*4 6*+ I",12+#" E,+6*+0#&), *6 I%8,+!T,%&6*+),4 C*&)+,$, Yd5%&' S,#0 D%$. W.%+4!E*%&$ V*#4%&'Z G@WK L?FBF!JNY?bbJZ<@$#&4#+4 W,5$ K,$.*4 6*+ E,+0,#8%"%$7 *6 O+#&2"#+ @*%"5 YC*&5$#&$ X,#4Z G@WK LFFa;!aaY?bbaZ<@$#&4#+4 W,5$ K,$.*45 6*+ D#$,+ E,+0,#8%"%$7 *6 O,*$,1$%",5 87 E,+0%$$%9%$7 G@WK U;;a!;?<@$#&4#+4 W,5$ K,$.*45 6*+ I%+, W,5$5 *6 S2%"4%&' C*&5$+2)$%*& #&4 K#$,+%#"5

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G8+#05> K: @:> #&4 O25$#6,++*> G: X:> ;aJa> jI%+, U&42+! #&), *6 W/*!C*2+5, I"**+5 #&4 T**65>k FE` a1'+2*. > Q: JJ> A*: ?> I,8:> 33: a?!;b?: S,+$*9> Q: K:> #&4 @*8R#"*9> E: I:> ?bbH> jd5, *6 I"7 G5. %& $., K#&26#)$2+, *6 C,""2"#+ C*&)+,$,>k M,+1#,).W2A) V*,)6 +#*.A> Q: H> A*: ;?> ;? 33: C,""2"#+!)*&)+,$,> ?b;?> jD.#$ %5 U#+$.!)+,$, C,""2"#+ C*&)+,$,xk .$$3l``),""2"#+!)*&)+,$,:)# Y#)),55,4 \#&: a> ?b;?Z L]#8#+*9> A:> ?bbb> jCe?!W+,#$0,&$ *6 C,""2"#+ C*&)+,$,k a1'+2*. 14 E)2,+*. b*91+*,1+A 14 N"A$#316E")-#3*. V)3"*2#3$> Q: ?J> 33: ?;!?J: Fouad, F. H., 2006, “Cellular Concrete—Signicance *6 W,5$5 #&4 E+*3,+$%,5 *6 C*&)+,$, #&4 C*&)+,$,!K#R%&' K#$,+%#"5>k FM!V M0)3#*. !)3"2#3*. N'9.#3*,#12 CXDH> G@WK =&$,+&#$%*&#"> D,5$ C*&5.*.*)R,&> EG> 33: HJ;!HJa: O%#&&#R*2> G:> #&4 \*&,5> K: T:> ?bb?> jE*$,&$%#" *6 I*#0,4 C*&)+,$, $* U&.#&), $., W.,+0#" E,+6*+0#&), *6 V*/ T%5, L/,""%&'5>k N+13))(#2&$ 14 ,") `2,)+2*,#12*. E124)+)23)[ `221G*,#12$ *2( H)G).10-)2,$ #2 E123+),) V*,)+#*.$ *2( E12$,+'3,#12> T: P: L.%+> E: C: X,/",$$> #&4 V: \: C5,$,&7%> ,45:> L2&4,,> dP> @,3$:> 33: HBB!HFF: O25$#6,++*> G: X:- G8+#05> K: @:- #&4 V%$9%&> G:> ;aMb> jI%+, T,5%5$#&), *6 V%'.$/,%'.$ =&52"#$%&' C*&)+,$,5>k R)$)*+3" *2( H)G).10-)2, c'..),#2 RH88O> E*+$"#&4 C,0,&$ G55*)%#$%*&> @R*R%,> =V: X*/#+4> A:> ?bbb> j@25$#%", C*&5$+2)$%*&k cRI R)01+, ERB7=:DD> C,&$+, 6*+ @25$#%", C*&5$+2)$%*&> FJ 33: P%$52$#R#> ^:- W#02+#> K:- #&4 =%.*5.%> G:> ?bbb#> jE+#)! $%)#" @$247 *& @23,+ V%'.$/,%'.$ C,""2"#+ C*&)+,$,k aEF N+13))(#2&$ 14 E)-)2, d E123+),)> A*: HF> 33: JNb!JNJ: P%$52$#R#> ^:- W#02+#> K:- #&4 W52R#0*$*> P:> ?bbb8> “The Inuence of High Temperature Heating on the Frac! $2+, E+*3,+$%,5 *6 X%'.!@$+,&'$. V%'.$!D,%'.$ I%8,+ T,%&! 6*+),4 C,""2"#+ C*&)+,$,>k aEF N+13))(#2&$ 14 E)-)2, d E123+),)> A*: HF> 33: MFF!MFa: P*8#7#5.%> T:> #&4 K%$52$*0*> P:> ?bbF> jC*"*+,4 V%'.$! /,%'.$ C,""2"#+ C*&)+,$, #5 @,)*&4#+7 E+*42)$5> #&4 $.,%+ E+,3#+#$%*&>k \#3#& P*R#% W*RR7* P*.*> E#$,&$ ?bbF;JMMHB G ?bbFbJ;M> a 33: V%'.$ C*&)+,$, VVC> ?bbB> jX%'.!@$+,&'$. @$+2)$2+#" V%'.$/,%'.$ C*&)+,$,>k .$$3l``///:"%'.$)*&)+,$,:)*0` %0#',5`V%'.$C*&)+,$,:346 Y#)),55,4 \#& a> ?b;?Z Legatski, L. A., 1978, “Cellular Concrete—Signicance *6 W,5$5 #&4 E+*3,+$%,5 *6 C*&)+,$, #&4 C*&)+,$,!K#R%&' K#$,+%#"5>k FM!V M0)3#*. !)3"2#3*. N'9.#3*,#12 CXDc> G@WK =&$,+&#$%*&#"> D,5$ C*&5.*.*)R,&> EG> 33: NBJ!NH; Legatski, L. A., 1994, “Cellular Concrete—Signicance *6 W,5$5 #&4 E+*3,+$%,5 *6 C*&)+,$, #&4 C*&)+,$,!K#R%&' K#$,+%#"5>k FM!V M0)3#*. !)3"2#3*. N'9.#3*,#12 CXDE > G@WK =&$,+&#$%*&#"> D,5$ C*&5.*.*)R,&> EG> 33: HBB!HBa:



K)C*+0%)R> I: C:> ;aJM> jT#$%*&#" E+*3*+$%*&%&' *6 E+,6*+0,4 I*#0 C,""2"#+ C*&)+,$,>k FE` a1'+2*. > Q: JF> A*: ?> I,8:> 33: ;bF!;;b: Milestone, 2005, “Standard Specication for Milestone V%'.$/,%'.$ G+).%$,)$2+#" C*&)+,$, d&%$ K#5*&+7>k K%",! 5$*&, G+).%$,)$2+#" e+�,&$#$%*&> .$$3l``///:0%",5$*&,"$4: com/MilestoneStandardSpecication.html (accessed Sept. H> ?bbMZ A,*3*+> ?b;?> jAUeEeT C,""2"#+ V%'.$/,%'.$ C*&)+,$,>k .$$3l``///:&,*3*+:)*0`,&`)"):.$0 Y#)),55,4 \2"7 Bb> ?b;?Z A,9%"",> G: K:> ?bbb> N+10)+,#)$ 14 E123+),)> 6*2+$. ,4%$%*&> E+,&$%),!X#""> X#+"*/> dP> NFF 33: e",R> \:- D,%55> D: \:- A,%$.#"#$.> A:- K#+"*6> G:- @,""> U:#&4 W.*+&$*&&> D: L:> ?bbB> jL,9,"*30,&$ *6 w2%,$ #&4 L2+#8", E*+*25 E*+$"#&4 C,0,&$ C*&)+,$, E#9%&' K#$,! +%#"5>k J#2*. R)01+, MeHf B88;67> d&%9,+5%$7 C,&$,+ *6 $., d:@: L,3#+$0,&$ *6 W+#&53*+$#$%*&m5 T,5,#+). #&4 =&&*! 9#$%9, W,).&*"*'7 G40%&%5$+#$%*&> W., =&5$%$2$, 6*+ @#6,> w2%,$> #&4 L2+#8", X%'./#75> E2+42, d&%9,+5%$7> D,5$ V#6#7,$$,> =A> ;Ma 33: T#R.%08#,9> @: K:- W9,+4*R.",8*9> L: Q:- #&4 W#+#5,&R*> Q: A:> ?bbH> jC*03#+#$%9, @$24%,5 *6 T.,*"*'%)#" E+*3,+$%,5 *6 C,""2"#+ K%1,5 /%$. $., I*#0%&' G',&$5 E,&*5$+*0 #&4 A,*3*+>k M,+1#,).W2A) V*,)+#*.A> Q: J> 33: JF!JJ: T#00,> S: D:- O*,)R&,+> S: L:- #&4 T255#+$> \: \:> ?bbN> jC#+8*& L%*1%4, @,f2,5$+#$%*& %& I*#0,4 C*&$+*"",4 V*/ @$+,&'$. K#$,+%#"5>k d:@: E#$,&$ M>Bab>FFF> \2&, ?F> ;a 33: @%"#,&R*9> U: @:> ;aNJ> H'+*9#.#,A 14 E)..'.*+ E123+),)> @$+*%%[4#$> K*5)*/> ;MH 33: @*8*",9> P:> ?bbB> jS",&4,4 C,0,&$5 $* K,,$ U)*"*'%)#" C.#"",&',5>k The Scientic World Journal > Q: B> 33: BbN!B;N: @*8*",9> P:> #&4 S#$+#R*9> Q:> ?bbM> jW., U66,)$ *6 # E*"7! ,$.7".74+*5%"*1#&, G40%1$2+, *& $., L2+#8%"%$7 *6 C*&)+,$, /%$. @233"0,&$#+7 K#$,+%#"5>k a1'+2*. 14 V*,)+#*.$ #2 E#G#. I2))+#2& > Q: ;a> A*: ;b> 33: Nba!N;a: WGO C+,$,> ?b;F> jWGO C+,$, E#&,"5>k .$$3l``,&,+'7)+,$,: )*0`$#'!8*2&),!3#',` Y#)),55,4 I,8: ?J> ?b;FZ: W#0> C: W:- V%0> W: ^:- #&4 V,,> @: V:> ;aNM> jT,"#$%*&5.%3 8,$/,,& @$+,&'$. #&4 Q*"20,$+%) C*03*5%$%*& *6 K*%5$!

17

C2+,4 C,""2"#+ C*&)+,$,>k V*&*S#2) 14 E123+),) R)$)*+3"> Q: Ba> A*: ;BN> @%&'#3*+,> 33: ;?!;N: W%R#"5R7> E: \:- E*53%5%"> \:- #&4 K#)4*&#"4> D:> ?bbF> jG K,$.*4 6*+ G55,550,&$ *6 $., I+,,[,!W.#/ T,5%5$#&), *6 E+,6*+0,4 I*#0 C,""2"#+ C*&)+,$,>k E)-)2, *2( E123+),) R)$)*+3"> Q: BF> A*: H> 33: NNa!NaB: WBCSD, 2000, “Eco-efciency—Creating More Value /%$. V,55 =03#)$>k D*+"4 S25%&,55 C*2&)%" 6*+ @25$#%", L,9,"*30,&$> O,&,9#> @/%$[,+"#&4> BJ 33: .$$3l``*"4///: /8)54:*+'`L*)T**$`S2'D]#"2b/XVb=K*%^L+`,)*y,66%! )%,&)7y)+,#$%&'y0*+,y9#"2,:346 Y#)),55,4 I,8: ?J> ?b;FZ DCUL> ;aNM> je2+ C*00*& I2$2+,> T,3*+$ *6 $., D*+"4 C*00%55%*& *& U&9%+*&0,&$ #&4 L,9,"*30,&$> k D*+"4 C*00%55%*& *& U&9%+*&0,&$ #&4 L,9,"*30,&$ YDCULZ> E28"%5.,4 #5 G&&,1 $* O,&,+#" G55,08"7 4*)20,&$ G`F?`F?M> L,9,"*30,&$ #&4 =&$,+&#$%*&#" C*!*3,+#$%*&l U&9%+*&0,&$> .$$3l``///:2&!4*)20,&$5:&,$`/),4!*)6:.$0 Y#)),55,4 \2"7 Bb> ?b;?Z D%5).,+5> O:> #&4 P2."0#&&> P:> ;aa;> jU)*!S#"#&), *6 C,0,&$ #&4 C*&)+,$,>k E123+),) N+)3*$,#2& N.*2, *2( !)3"21.1&A/ A*: ;;> 33: BB!Fb: ^#&#'%4#> X:> #&4 =&#'#R%> @:> ?bb?> jL,)*+#$%9, V%'.$! /,%'.$ C,""2"#+ C*&)+,$, E#&,"5 /%$. S,#$,& @2+6#),5 #&4 $.,%+ K#&26#)$2+,>k \#3#& P*R#% W*RR7* P*.*> E#$,&$ \E ?bb?b?b;NF G Bbb?b;?B> M 33: Yates, A., 2001, “Quantifying the Business Benets of @25$#%", S2%"4%&'5<@200#+7 *6 U1%5$%&' T,5,#+). I%&4%&'5>k S2%"4%&' T,5,#+). U5$#8"%5.0,&$ YSTUZ> C,&$+, 6*+ @25$#%", C*&5$+2)$%*&> V*&4*&> ?F 33: ^2&> X: L:- P%0> \: X:- X#&> S: C:- #&4 ^#&'> =: @:> ?bbJ> jG K,$.*4 6*+ K#&26#)$2+%&' @*2&4!G85*+8%&' E#&,"5> 6+*0 X%'.!W,&5%", @$+,&'$. C,0,&$ C*03*2&4 #&4 C,""2"#+ C*&)+,$,> /%$. =03+*9,4 @$+2)$2+#" @$#8%"%$7 #&4 L2+#! 8%"%$7>k P*+,#& P*&'R#, W#,.* P*&'8*> @*2$. P*+,#: _*""*> T: I:> #&4 X#75> C: L:> ;aaN> jU&'%&,,+%&' K#$,+%#" E+*3,+$%,5 *6 # I%8,+!T,%&6*+),4 C,""2"#+ C*&)+,$,>k FE` V*,)+#*.$ a1'+2*. > Q: aH> A*: H> @,3$!e)$:> 33: JB;!JBH:


ACI 523.3R-14 Guide for Cellular Concretes Above 50 Lbft3 80

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