NDCP]HZ
3
Geg-nurrhgt Geg-nurrhgt Csshts - ]cgiajfh
CNNC L9 Lagcgnacf Zhpertagi
^tumy Geths Jy2 Dcsccg Lczcf
(AG]) (AG]) \cracgt
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NDCP]HZ
3
Geg-nurrhgt Csshts - ]cgiajfh
CNNC L9 Lagcgnacf Zhpertagi
(AG]) (AG]) \cracgt Jy2 Dcsccg Lczcf
^tumy Geths
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NDCP]HZ Geg-nurrhgt Csshts - ]cgiajfh ]CJFH EL NEG]HG]^ Ndcpthr #
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NDCP]HZ
3
Geg-nurrhgt Csshts - ]cgiajfh CJEX] ]DH CX]DEZ
Dcsccg Lczcf, c stumhgt stumhgt el Ndcrthrhm Cnneugtcgny (ANCP) dakshfl, as hgbeyagi thcndagi cnneugtcgny, cumatagi cgm hnegekans sujbhnts te mallhrhgt te mallhrhgt prelhssaegcf qucfalanctaegs faoh NC], CNNC htn. Dh as tdcgoluf te CFFCD tdct jhncush el Das khrny dh leugmhm CNNC FA\H wdand as Pcoastcg‑s larst whjsath negmuntagi egfagh nfcsshs ler NC] cgm CNNC stumhgts ifejcffy. Jhsamhs thcndagi eg CNNC FA\H, dh cfse rugs das jfei cs c dejjy wdhrh kcgy el das h-jeeos, geths, prcntanh quhstaegs, keno hxcks, hxck taps cgm vamhe fhnturhs crh cvcafcjfh ler lrhh. Dh cfse agvaths lhhmjcno lrek stumhgts, vasaters cgm thcndhrs te dhfp kcoh tdas pujfanctaeg cgm etdhrs hvhg jhtthr.
Cjeut tdh jeeo Cftdeuid tdas pujfanctaeg dcs jhhg wratthg ohhpagi tdh stumhgts stumyagi pcphr 9 el CNNC neursh, dewhvhr, tdh stumhgts el etdhr prelhssaegcf qucfalanctaegs faoh NC, NAKC cgm CNNC htn. wde wcgt te thst tdhar tdhar lagcgnacf rhpertagi cgm agthrgctaegcf cnneugtagi stcgmcrms stcgmcrms jcsans ncg cfse negsuft tdhsh stumy stumy geths. ]das jeeo ncg jeeo ncg jh ushm ag cmmataeg te ellanacf stumy thxts jy CNNC. Cutder dcs iavhg hvhry hllert tdct tepans masnusshm masnusshm ag tdhsh geths prevamh sullanahgt kcthracf te dhfp stumhgts get egfy pcss tdh hxck jut cfse te te ugmhrstcgm tdh tepans. Jeeo as wratthg w ratthg ag pfcag Hgifasd ler nfhcr ugmhrstcgmagi. Hvhg tdeuid tdeuid tdct cutder dcs tcohg irhct ncrh cgm dcs rhvahwhm tdhsh geths, staff al yeu lagm cgy kastcohs cgm crhcs tdct ghhm nerrhntaeg yeu ncg fht us ogew. Cfse al yeu dcvh cgy suiihstaeg ag kcoagi tdas tdas jeeo cgm etdhr rhseurnhs hvhg tdas jhtthr tdhg at waff jh kund cpprhnacthm. ^tumhgts crh cmvashm te vasat dttp2//pcocnneugtcgts.nek ler kerh rhseurnhs rhfcthm te CNNC L9 cgm etdhr prelhssaegcf prelhssaegcf qucfalanctaegs. ^tumhgts cfse dcvh mallhrhgt lcnafatahs ct tdhar maspescf cjsefuthfy lrhh faoh masnussaeg leruks, leruks, FA\H! ^hssaegs watd tuters, tuters, stumy kcthracf, vamhe fhnturhs, hxck taps, sujbhnt rhfcthm rhfcthm crtanfhs, cso tuter cgm kcgy etdhrs.
Dew te cmm kerh quhstaegs5 Cs tdhsh ^tumy ^tu my Geths crh prevamhm lrhh el nest se tdct stumhgts ncg jhghlat lrek at watdeut ihttagi werrahm cjeut tdhar lagcgnhs. ]dhrhlerh, wh ghhm yeur dhfp te dhfp etdhr stumhgts se tdct tdhy ncg cfse fhcrg, prcntanh cgm jhnekh sunnhssluf ag tdhar favhs.
^e, fht etdhrs etdhrs ogew cjeut tdas cgm dcvagi kerh stumhgts rhcmagi tdas jeeo waff ohhp us ketavcthm cs whff.
^e, at‑s ^e, at‑s tdct sakpfh. Kerh yeu sdcrh jy sdcrh jy sdcragi at watd yeur lrahgms cgm
hvhryegh yeu ogew. Dhfp etdhrs te iht c dhfp ler yeurshfl! © PcoCnneugtcgts.nek :03> ]das jeeo as prevamhm LZHH el nest egfagh. ]das jeeo as ler stumhgts cgm ler stumhgts egfy ler tdhar agmavamucf ush.
NDCP]HZ
3
Geg-nurrhgt Csshts - ]cgiajfh
NDCP]HZ NDC P]HZ
3
Geg-nurrhgt Csshts - ]cgiajfh
NDCP]HZ
3
Geg-nurrhgt Csshts - ]cgiajfh 3 Geg-nurrhgt Csshts ]aff gew wh ugmhrstcgm tdct geg-nurrhgt cssht as c rhseurnh ushm jy cg cssht ler kerh tdcg egh cnneugtagi phraem. Lurtdhr, geg-nurrhgt csshts ncg jh nfcssalahm cs tcgiajfh cgm agtcgiajfh geg-nurrhgt csshts.
3.3 Mhlagataeg cgm rhneigataeg nrathrac el Cssht Cgm jhlerh jhlerh c rhseurnh rhseurnh as trhcthm cs cg cssht cssht cgm rhnermhm ag ag tdh lagcgnacf lagcgnacf stcthkhgts stcthkhgts el tdh nekpcgy at kust luflaff larst el cff tdh mhlagataeg el cssht cgm tdhg tdh rhneigataeg nrathrac. Cnnermagi te AC^J Lrckhwero Lrckhwero cg cssht as c rhseurnh2 3. Negtreffhm jy cg hgtaty :. Lrek wdand hnegekan luturh jhghlats crh hxphnthm te lfew te tdh hgtaty Lrek tdh cjevh mhlagataeg wh ugmhrstcgm twe kcber tdagis2 3. C rhseurnh mehs get get ghhm te jh ewghm jy cg hgtaty te jh trhcthm cs cg cssht. Hvhg negtref as hgeuid te negstatuth c rhseurnh cs cg cssht. Ydhrh negtref khcgs negtref eg tdh hnegekan jhghlats el tdh rhseurnh. :. Jut bust dcvagi c pdysancf negtref as get hgeuid tdh jhghlats kust jh hgbeyhm jy tdh hgtaty wdand as egfy pessajfh wdhg hgtaty dcs c saigalancgt negtref evhr tdh rhseurnh. Ag sdert, negtref dhrh rhlhrs te tdh negtref el tdh hnegekan jhghlats el tdh cssht cgm get tdh tatfh el ewghrsdap er pesshssagi tdh cssht. Dewhvhr, hvhg al c rhseurnh qucfalahs cs cg cssht, cg hgtaty ncgget wrath at ag tdh lagcgnacf stcthkhgts (^tcthkhgt el Lagcgnacf Pesataeg) ugfhss rhneigataeg nrathrac crh luflaffhm. AC^J Lrckhwero prevamhs tdh rhneigataeg nrathrac ler rhneigataeg el csshts ag jcfcgnh sdhht wdand as cs leffews2 Cg cssht as rhneigashm rhneigashm ag tdh jcfcgnh sdhht sdhht wdhg wdhg at as prejcjfh prejcjfh tdct2 tdct2 3. tdh luturh hnegekan jhghlats waff lfew te tdh hgtaty hgtaty :. tdh cssht dcs c nest er vcfuh tdct ncg jh khcsurhm rhfacjfy. Lrek tdh cjevh nrathrac wh ncg ugmhrstcgm tdct egh cmmataegcf negmataeg dcs jhhg cppfahm evhr tdh mhlagataeg el cssht a.h. nest er vcfuh el tdh cssht ncg jh csnhrtcaghm rhfacjfy.
NDCP]HZ
3
Geg-nurrhgt Csshts - ]cgiajfh
Feeoagi Feeoagi ler trufy agthrcntavh nfcsshs yht cllermcjfh5 Beag CNNC CNNC FA\H‑s
\HZQ cllermcjfh FA\H ! egfagh nfcsshs ler
nekpfhth agthrcntavh hxphrahgnh
LXFF-]AKH ^tumhgt Pcnocih
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Zhnermhm \amhe Fhnturhs
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NFANO DHZH te fhcrg kerh cjeut CNNC FA\H‑s egfagh nfcsshs
NDCP]HZ
3
Geg-nurrhgt Csshts - ]cgiajfh : AC^ 3< „ Prephrty, Prephrty, Pfcgt cgm Hquapkhgt :.3 Mhlagataeg cgm Zhneigataeg AC^s rhneigazh kest el tdh tcgiajfh geg-nurrhgt csshts watd tdh gckh Prephrty, Pfcgt cgm Hquapkhgt cgm masnuss tdhk ugmhr AC^ 3<. Prephrty Pfcgt cgm Hquapkhgt crh tcgiajfh athks tdct2 3. crh dhfm ler c. ush ag tdh premuntaeg er suppfy el ieems er shrvanhs j. rhgtcf te etdhrs n. ler cmkagastrctavh cmkagastrct avh purpeshs :. crh hxphnthm te jh ushm muragi kerh tdcg egh phraem.
Cnnermagi te AC^ 3< tdh nest el el cg athk el el Prephrty, Prephrty, Pfcgt cgm Hquapkhgts Hquapkhgts sdcff jh rhneigazhm cs cg cssht al2 3. Luturh hnegekan jhghlats cssenacthm watd tdh athk crh prejcjfy prejcjfy te lfew te tdh hgtaty :. Nest el tdh athk ncg jh khcsurhm rhfacjfy Cg hgtaty ushs tdas rhneigataeg rhneigataeg pragnapfh te hvcfucth cff nests agnurrhm rhfcthm agnurrhm rhfcthm te Prephrty, Pfcgt cgm Hquapkhgt wdhtdhr tdhy sdeufm jh rhneigazhm er get cgm dew tdhar cnneugtagi as megh. Nests agnfumh2 3. Nests agnurrhm agatacffy (ct tdh takh el rhneigataeg) te cnquarh er negstrunt cg athk el Prephrty, Pfcgt cgm Hquapkhgt :. Nests agnurrhm sujshquhgtfy (clthr sujshquhgtfy (clthr rhneigataeg cgm jreuidt agte uscjfh negmataeg) te cmm te, rhpfcnh pcrt el, er shrvanh at. Yh waff masnuss sujshquhgt nests ag kerh mhtcaf fcthr. GE]H2 Prhvaeusfy ugmhr AC^ 3< tdhrh ushm te jh twe rhneigataeg pragnapfhs egh ler agatacf nests cgm shnegm ler sujshquhgt nests. Jut gew tdh nrathrac dcs jhhg ugalahm ler cff tdh nests agnurrhm
:.: Khcsuragi Agatacf Nest „ Khcsurhkhgt ct rhneigataeg Cg hgtaty ncg hatdhr hatdhr purndcsh cg cssht er negstrunt tdh athk eg ats ewg. Hvhg tdeuid tdh satuctaegs crh mallhrhgt jut rufhs rhicrmagi wdand nests te jh agnfumhm cgm hxnfumhm crh cfkest sakafcr. Jut wh waff mhcf watd tdhk egh-jy-egh ler jhtthr ugmhrstcgmagi.
NDCP]HZ
3
Geg-nurrhgt Csshts - ]cgiajfh :.:.3 Nests te jh agnfumhm cgm hxnfumhm „ Purndcshm Nests te jh agnfumhm 3. Purndcsh pranh c. Agnfumagi (cmmhm te purndcsh pranh)2 a. akpert mutahs aa. geg-rhlugmcjfh purndcsh tcxhs j. hxnfumagi (mhmunthm eut el purndcsh pranh)2 a. trcmh masneugts cgm aa. rhjcths :. Marhntfy cttrajutcjfh nests? nests ? wdand cfse agnfumh cff sund nests tdct whrh agnurrhm te jragi tdh cssht ler at te jh ncpcjfh el ephrctagi cs agthgmhm. >. Agatacf hstakcths el maskcgtfagi / rhsterctaeg nests wdand jhnckh cg ejfaictaeg el tdh nekpcgy ct tdh takh el cnquasataeg el tdh cssht. Ydhrh tdh ckeugt as saigalancgt tdhg prhshgt vcfuh el tdh prevasaeg waff jh ncfnufcthm cgm cmmhm ct tdh takh el rhneigataeg wdand ag sujshquhgt phraem waff jh agnrhcshm jy tdh ugwagmagi el tdh masneugt. ^und nests crh trhcthm cnnermagi te tdh prevasaegs el AC^ >9. Hxckpfhs el marhntfy cttrajutcjfh nests 3. Nests el hkpfeyhh jhghlats (cs mhlaghm ag AC^ 31 Hkpfeyhh Jhghlats) Jhghlats ) crasagi marhntfy lrek tdh negstruntaeg er cnquasataeg el tdh athk el prephrty, pfcgt cgm hquapkhgt? :. Nests el sath prhpcrctaeg? >. Agatacf mhfavhry cgm dcgmfagi nests? =. Agstcffctaeg Agstcffcta eg cgm csshkjfy nests? 8. Nests el thstagi wdhtdhr tdh cssht as lugntaegagi prephrfy, clthr mhmuntagi tdh ght prenhhms lrek shffagi cgy athks premunhm wdafh jragiagi tdh cssht te tdct fenctaeg cgm negmataeg (sund cs sckpfhs premunhm wdhg thstagi hquapkhgt)? cgm <. Prelhssaegcf lhhs.
Nests te jh hxnfumhm ^akpfy, cff sund nests tdct crh get marhntfy get marhntfy cttrajutcjfh er tdct ncg jh cveamhm cgm cveamhm cgm tdh cssht staff weufm dcvh jhhg jreuidt agte ushcjfh negmataeg tdcg sund nests ncgget jh ncpatcfazhm cgm waff jh rhneigazhm ag tdh prelat cgm fess cnneugt. Hxckpfhs agnfumh2 3. Nests el ephgagi c ghw lcnafaty er jusaghss (ogewg cs prh-ephgagi nests)? :. Nests el agtremunagi c ghw premunt er shrvanh (agnfumagi nests el cmvhrtasagi cgm preketaegcf cntavatahs) (ogewg cs prh-ephrctagi nests)? >. Nests el negmuntagi jusaghss ag c ghw fenctaeg er watd c ghw nfcss el nustekhr (agnfumagi nests el stcll trcagagi)? cgm =. Cmkagastrctaeg Cmkagastr ctaeg cgm etdhr ihghrcf evhrdhcm nests.
NDCP]HZ
3
Geg-nurrhgt Csshts - ]cgiajfh Ydhg te step ncpatcfazagi tdh agatacf nests5 Zhneigataeg el nests ag tdh ncrryagi ckeugt el cg athk el prephrty, pfcgt cgm hquapkhgt nhcshs wdhg nhcshs wdhg tdh athk as ag tdh fenctaeg cgm negmataeg ghnhsscry ler at te jh ncpcjfh el ephrctagi ag tdh kcgghr agthgmhm jy kcgcihkhgt.
]dhrhle ]dhrhlerh, rh, nes ts agnurrhm ag usagi er rhmhpfeyagi cg athk crh get agnfumhm agn fumhm ag tdh ncrrya gi ckeugt ckeugt el tdct tdct athk. athk. Ler hxckpfh, tdh leffewagi nests crh get agnfumhm ag tdh ncrryagi ckeugt el cg athk el prephrty, pfcgt cgm hquapkhgt2 c) nests agnurrhm wdafh cg athk ncpcjfh el ephrctagi ag tdh kcgghr agthgmhm jy kcgcihkhgt dcs yht te jh jreuidt agte ush er as ephrcthm ct fhss tdcg luff ncpcnaty? j) agatacf ephrctagi fesshs, sund cs tdesh agnurrhm wdafh mhkcgm m hkcgm ler tdh athk‑s eutput juafms up? cgm n) nests el rhfenctagi er rhericgasagi pcrt er cff el cg hgtaty‑s ephrctaegs.
:.:.: Nests te jh agnfumhm cgm hxnfumhm „ ^hfl-negstrunthm Cnnermagi te AC^ 3<, al cg hgtaty hgtaty dcs negstrunthm negstrunthm cg cssht ag-deush ag-deush agsthcm agsthcm el juyagi juyagi at, hvhg tdhg sckh pragnapfhs crh cppfancjfh cs crh cppfancjfh ler cnquarhm csshts a.h. nests tdct crh te jh agnfumhm cgm hxnfumhm khgtaeghm cjevh waff cppfy te shflnegstrunthm csshts cs whff. Cgm al hgtaty hgtaty premunhs premunhs sund csshts csshts ag gerkcf gerkcf neursh el el jusaghss tdhg nest el cnquasataeg cnquasataeg waff jh sckh cs nest el scfhs (cs mhthrkaghm ugmhr AC^ :). Ag sakpfh werms2 3. Cgy agthrgcf prelats wdand prelats wdand crh ndcrihm ag gerkcf neursh el jusaghss te nustekhrs waff jh hxnfumhm te hxnfumhm te crravh ct nest el premuntaeg :. Cjgerkcf fesshs agnurrhm fesshs agnurrhm wdafh premuntaeg waff jh hxnfumhm >. Cff sund nests tdct crh hxnfumhm ugmhr c ncsh el cg cnquarhm cssht ? cs masnusshm ag tdh cjevh dhcmagi Hxnfumhm nests waff stcgm hxnfumhm ag shflnegstrunthm cssht cs whff. whff .
:.:.> Mhcfagi watd Agthrhst nests cgm Agnamhgtcf nests/rhvhguhs Agthrhst ndcrihs Agthrhst ndcrihm ler mhfcyhm pcykhgts waff get jh cmmhm cs nest el tdh cssht cs nest as khcsurhm ct ncsd hquavcfhgts cgm agthrhst waff jh ndcrihm cs cg hxphgsh ugfhss tdct nest luflaffs tdh ncpatcfazctaeg nrathrac cnnermagi te AC^ :>
NDCP]HZ
3
Geg-nurrhgt Csshts - ]cgiajfh Agnamhgtcf nests cgm agnekhs ^ekh nests kaidt jh agnurrhm er agnekhs hcrghm wdafh cssht as jhagi kcmh cvcafcjfh te jh ushm. ^und agnamhgtcf nests er agnekhs waff get jh cmbusthm ag tdh nest el tdh cssht cs tdhsh agnamhgtcf ephrctaegs crh (usucffy) get ghnhsscry te jragi tdh cssht agte weroagi negmataeg cgm tdus rhneigazhm ag tdh prelat cgm fess cnneugt ag tdhar rhsphntavh nfcssalanctaeg el agnekh cgm hxphgsh
> Mhprhnactaeg >.3 Ydct as mhprhnactaeg cgm wdy at as ghhmhm5 ]dh csshts cnquarhm crh ushm jy tdh jusaghss te lurtdhr ats ephrctaegs. ]das ush cgm etdhr lcnters rhsuft ag tdh rhmuntaeg el cssht‑s vcfuh. Ag ermhr te iavh c truh cgm lcar vahw el jusaghss, cssht‑s css ht‑s vcfuh (mhprhnacjfh vcfuh) as rhmunhm systhkctancffy evhr ats ushluf falh. Mhprhnacjfh ckeugt el tdh cssht as mhthrkaghm jy mhmuntagi rhsamucf vcfuh eut el ats nest.
>.: Mhprhnactaeg „ cnneugtagi trhctkhgt ]dh mhprhnactaeg ndcrih ler c phraem as usucffy rhneigazhm ag prelat cgm fess cnneugt cs cg hxphgsh jut tdhrh crh twe hxnhptaegs te tdas2 Al tdh cssht as ushm te premunh cg agvhgtery tdhg tdh mhprhnactaeg ndcrih waff lerk pcrt el tdh nest el tdh agvhgtery a.h. nest el ieems sefm Al tdh cssht as ushm te premunh er mhvhfep cgetdhr cssht (tcgiajfh er agtcgiajfh) tdhg at ncg jh agnfumhm ag tdh nest el tdh rhfhvcgt cssht ag cnnermcgnh watd rhfhvcgt prevasaegs.
>.> Nekkhgnhkhgt cgm nhssctaeg el mhprhnactaeg Mhprhnactaeg el cg cssht nekkhgnhs wdhg tdct cssht as cvcafcjfh ler ush cgm waff nhcsh EGFQ ct tdh hcrfahr el2 3. ]dh mcth cssht as nfcssalahm cs dhfm ler scfh :. ]dh mcth cssht as mhrhneigazhm ]dhrhlerh, mhprhnactaeg waff get nhcsh hvhg al tdh cssht as amfh er as rhtarhm lrek cntavh ush. Dewhvhr, mhprhnactaeg kaidt jh zhre jhncush el tdh khtdems ushm ler mhprhnactaeg jy tdh hgtaty. Jut nhrtcagfy zhre mhprhnactaeg MEH^ GE] khcg GE] khcg tdct mhprhnactaeg waff get jh ncfnufcthm.
NDCP]HZ
3
Geg-nurrhgt Csshts - ]cgiajfh Mhprhnactaeg as rhneigazhm hvhg al tdh lcar vcfuh el cg cssht hxnhhms ats ncrryagi vcfuh. Dewhvhr, al rhsamucf vcfuh el cg cssht as leugm te jh kerh tdcg ncrryagi vcfuh tdhg nhrtcagfy tdhrh as ge peagt ag mhprhnactagi at lurtdhr cgm mhprhnactaeg ndcrih waff stcy ct RHZE ugtaf tdh rhsamucf vcfuh lcffs jhfew tdh ncrryagi ckeugt el cg cssht.
>.= Mhprhnactaeg el Fcgm Fcgm usucffy dcs cg ugfakathm ushluf falh. ]dhrhlerh, at as get mhprhnacthm. ^ekhtakhs, fcgm cgm juafmagi crh cnquarhm teihtdhr jut tdhy crh shpcrcjfh csshts cgm crh cnneugthm shpcrcthfy. Cfse, agnrhcsh ag tdh vcfuh el fcgm eg wdand juafmagi as satucthm dcs ge hllhnt eg tdh mhthrkagctaeg el mhprhnacjfh vcfuh el juafmagi. Dewhvhr, ag sekh ncshs nest el fcgm as mhprhnacthm wdand crh cs leffews2 3. Al tdh nest el fcgm agnfumhs tdh nests el sath maskcgtfhkhgt, rhkevcf cgm rhsterctaeg tdhg tdct pertaeg el nest el tdh fcgm cssht as mhprhnacthm evhr tdh phraem el tdhsh nests rhgmhr jhghlats. :. Ag sekh ncshs, tdh fcgm atshfl kcy dcvh c fakathm ushluf falh, ag wdand ncsh at as mhprhnacthm ag c kcgghr tdct rhlfhnts tdh jhghlats te jh mhravhm lrek at h.i. necf kaghs
>.8 Khtdems el mhprhnactaeg Hgtaty sdcff shfhnt sund mhprhnactaeg khtdem tdct jhst rhlfhnts tdh negsukptaeg pctthrg el tdh hnegekan jhghlats ag tdh cssht. ^tcgmcrm dcs khgtaeghm tdrhh mhprhnactaeg khtdems, jut hgtaty ncg shfhnt cgy etdhr khtdem el mhprhnactaeg cs whff. Khtdems khgtaeghm ag tdh stcgmcrm crh2 3. ^trcaidt fagh khtdem :. Zhmunagi jcfcgnh khtdem >. Xgats el premuntaeg khtdem Xgmhr strcaidt-fagh khtdem mhprhnactaeg ndcrih stcys negstcgt evhr tdh phraem el takh cgm mehs get ndcgih lrek phraem te phraem prevamhm tdct ushluf falh er rhsamucf vcfuh el cssht mehs get ndcgih. ^trcaidt-fagh khtdem as jhst suathm ag satuctaegs wdhrh hgtaty hxphnts te mhravh hqucf ckeugts el jhghlats hvhry phraem. Zhmunagi jcfcgnh khtdem rhsufts ag c mhnrhcsagi ndcrih evhr tdh ushluf falh. ]das khtdem as ag fagh watd kest el tdh csshts. Cs cssht ihts efmhr ats hllanahgny mreps cgm tdus tdh rcth el mhravctaeg el jhghlats cfse mhnrhcshs evhr tdh ushluf falh el tdh cssht. ]dhrhlerh, rhneigataeg el mhprhnactaeg hxphgsh cgm tdh jhghlats crh jetd ag fagh. Xgats el premuntaeg er deurs khtdem as ushm wdhrh negsukptaeg pctthrg el tdh jhghlats ncgget jh prhmanthm cgm tdh rcth el negsukptaeg vcrahs lrek phraem te phraem.
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3
Geg-nurrhgt Csshts - ]cgiajfh >.< Ndcgih ag rhsamucf vcfuh el tdh cssht Ndcgih ag rhsamucf vcfuh sdeufm jh cnneugthm ler cs ndcgih ag cnneugtagi hstakcth a.h. tdh ndcgih waff jh cnneugthm ler presphntavhfy cgm tdh mhprhnactaeg ndcrihm cfrhcmy rhneigazhm ag prhvaeus phraems waff get jh cmbusthm cgm waff jh megh cnner magi te tdh prevasaegs el AC^ 4 „ 4 „ Cnneugtagi Pefanahs, Ndcgihs ag cnneugtagi hstakcths cgm Hrrers
>.9 Ndcgih ag tdh ushluf falh el tdh cssht Ndcgih ag ushluf falh el tdh cssht sdeufm jh cnneugthm ler cs ndcgih ag cnneugtagi hstakcth a.h. tdh ndcgih waff jh cnneugthm ler presphntavhfy cgm tdh mhprhnactaeg ndcrihm cfrhcmy rhneigazhm ag prhvaeus phraems waff get jh cmbusthm cgm waff jh megh cnnermagi te tdh prevasaegs el AC^ 4 „ 4 „ Cnneugtagi Pefanahs, Ndcgihs ag cnneugtagi hstakcths cgm Hrrers
>.4 Ndcgih ag tdh mhprhnactaeg khtdem el tdh cssht Ndcgih ag mhprhnactaeg khtdem sdeufm jh cnneugthm ler cs ndcgih ag cnneugtagi hstakcth a.h. tdh ndcgih waff jh cnneugthm ler presphntavhfy cgm tdh mhprhnactaeg ndcrihm cfrhcmy rhneigazhm ag prhvaeus phraems waff get jh cmbusthm cgm waff jh megh cnnermagi te tdh prevasaegs el AC^ 4 „ 4 „ Cnneugtagi Pefanahs, Ndcgihs ag cnneugtagi hstakcths cgm Hrrers
= ^hpcrcth nekpeghgt csshts Csshts kcy negsast el el kerh tdcg egh pcrt. Xsucffy mallhrhgt mallhrhgt pcrts pcrts el csshts csshts crh hatdhr hatdhr agsaigalancgt er dcvh tdh sckh ckeugt el ushluf falh tdhrhlerh wdefh cssht as sujbhnthm te ugalerk mhprhnactaeg ndcrih hcnd ndcrih hcnd phraem. Dewhvhr, hcnd pcrt el tdh cssht ncg jh mhprhnacthm shpcrcthfy ugmhr shpcrcthfy ugmhr cgy el tdh leffewagi negmataegs2 3. Al pcrt el cg cssht dcs c saigalancgt nest ag rhfctaeg te tetcf nest el tdh cssht cssht cgm dcs c ushluf falh mallhrhgt lrek rhst el tdh pcrts :. Al hgtaty agthgms te mhprhnacth pcrt el tdh cssht shpcrcthfy
8 ^ujshquhgt Hxphgmaturhs ^ujshquhgt hxphgmaturhs crh usucffy sund nests tdct whrh agnurrhm CL]HZ tdh cssht as jreuidt agte ushcjfh negmataeg. Prhvaeusfy, wh ushm te dcvh shpcrcth nrathrac ler sujshquhgt hxphgmaturhs jut gew tdh rhneigataeg nrathrac dcvh jhhg ugalahm. Cgm tdh sckh rhneigataeg pragnapfh as cppfahm te cff tdh nests ct tdh takh tdhy crh agnurrhm (cs khgtaeghm ugmhr dhcmagi :.3). Nests agnfumh tdh nests agnurrhm agatacffy ct tdh takh el
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Geg-nurrhgt Csshts - ]cgiajfh cnquasataeg cgm tdh nests agnurrhm sujshquhgt te rhneigataeg el cg cssht te cmm te, rhpfcnh pcrt el, er shrvanh at. ^tcgmcrm dcs mavamhm sujshquhgt hxphgmaturhs ag tdrhh typhs2
Nests el mcy-te-mcy shrvanagi Nests agnurrhm te rhpfcnh pdysancf pcrt Kcber agsphntaeg nest rhicrmfhss el wdhtdhr pcrts crh rhpfcnhm
Xgmhr tdh rhneigataeg pragnapfh, hgtaty ncgget agnfumh mcy-te-mcy shrvanagi nests ag tdh ncrryagi ckeugt el tdh cssht eg tdhar agnurrhgnh cgm waff jh trhcthm cs cg hxphgsh ag tdh phraem tdhy crh agnurrhm. ^und nests agnfumh tdh nests agnurrhm eg2 3. Fcjeur wdand as rhspegsajfh ler rhpcar cgm kcagthgcgnh el tdh cssht :. Negsukcjfhs wdand crh ushm ag tdh ephrctaeg el tdh cssht cgm ats kcagthgcgnh >. ^kcff pcrts el tdh cssht tdct ghhm rhpfcnhkhgt clthr rhiufcr agthrvcfs crh usucffy rhneigazhm cs agvhgtery cgm rhneigazhm ag prelat cgm fess cs negsukhm. ^ekhtakhs pcrts el cssht rhquarh rhpfcnhkhgt eg rhnurragi er geg-rhnurragi jcsas. Al tdas as tdh ncsh, tdhg ugmhr rhneigataeg nrathrac khgtaeghm, hgtaty waff rhneigazh tdh nest el tdh ghwfy agstcffhm pcrt ag pfcnh el cg efm egh. Cgm tdh ncrryagi ckeugt el tdh efm pcrt wdand dcs jhhg rhpfcnhm waff jh mhrhneigazhm a.h. mhmunthm lrek tdh ncrryagi ckeugt el tdh cssht. Al tdh nest el tdh rhpfcnhm pcrt wcs rhneigazhm ag tdh nest el tdh cssht tdhg tdh ncrryagi ckeugt el rhpfcnhm pcrt waff jh mhrhneigazhm rhicrmfhss el wdhtdhr tdh rhpfcnhm pcrt wcs mhprhnacthm shpcrcthfy. Al at as get prcntancjfh ler cg hgtaty te mhthrkagh tdh ncrryagi ckeugt el sund pcrt tdhg rhpfcnhkhgt nest ncg jh ushm cs cg agmanctaeg el wdct tdh nest wcs wdhg sund nest wcs cnquarhm er negstrunthm. Dewhvhr, sund kcagthgcgnh cntavatahs crh ncrrahm eut cgm nests crh agnurrhm hvhg wdhg ge pdysancf pcrt as rhpfcnhm. Hvhg sund nests tdct me get agvefvh rhpfcnhkhgt el pcrts waff jh trhcthm cs rhpfcnhkhgt wdand ag tdas ncsh waff jh rhpfcnhkhgt el prhvaeus agsphntaeg nests. nests. Cgy rhkcagagi rhkcagagi ncrryagi ncrryagi ckeugt el tdh prhvaeus prhvaeus agsphntaeg agsphntaeg nest nest waff jh mhrhneigazh mhrhneigazhm. m. Ag ncsh al tdh nest el prhvaeus agsphntaeg wcs get khcsurhm er amhgtalahm tdhg, al ghnhsscry, c luturh agsphntaeg nest el sakafcr gcturh waff jh ushm cs c iuamh te khcsurh tdh nest el hxastagi agsphntaeg ‖nekpeghgt‛. ^und agsphntaeg nests crh fcthr ckertazhm evhr tdh phraem ler wdand tdhy crh hxphnthm te stcgm ushluf cgm tdhy ncg dcvh mallhrhgt ckertazctaeg rcth tdcg tdh mhprhnactaeg rcth el tdh eraiagcf cssht, usucffy ler fhsshr phraem.
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Geg-nurrhgt Csshts - ]cgiajfh < Khcsurhkhgt clthr rhneigataeg Cg hgtaty dcs tdh eptaeg te cmept hatdhr nest kemhf er rhvcfuctaeg kemhf cs ats cnneugtagi pefany cgm sdcff cppfy tdct pefany te cg hgtarh nfcss er prephrty, pfcgt cgm hquapkhgt.
Nest kemhf Xgmhr tdas kemhf hgtaty ncrrahs ats csshts e g nest fhss cgy cnnukufcthm mhprhnactaeg cgm cgy akpcarkhgt fesshs. Yerm ‖cgy‛ dcs jhhg agnfumhm te neugt tdh lcnt tdct get cff csshts crh sujbhnt te mhprhnactaeg cgm tdh sckh iehs ler akpcarkhgt.
Zhvcfuctaeg kemhf Xgmhr tdas kemhf hgtaty ncrrahs ats csshts ct lcar vcfuh fhss cgy mhprhnactaeg cgm cgy akpcarkhgt fesshs.
Ydct as lcar vcfuh5 Ag ncsh el fcgm cgm juafmagi lcar vcfuh as usucffy mhthrkaghm jy negsamhragi kcrohtjcshm hvamhgnh el sakafcr csshts ag sakafcr stcth cgm ag sakafcr kcroht ag wdand tdhy crh satucthm gew. Ler pfcgt cgm hquapkhgt as tdh vcfuh kcroht vcfuh el tdhsh csshts wdand ncg jh csnhrtcaghm jy stumyagi tdh kcroht ler tdh sckh er rhcsegcjfy sakafcr csshts ag tdh kcroht. Al kcroht-jcshm hvamhgnh ncgget jh neffhnthm ler tdh purpesh el mhthrkagctaeg el lcar vcfuh el cssht tdhg hgtaty kcy ghhm te hstakcth lcar vcfuh usagi cg agnekh er c mhprhnacthm rhpfcnhkhgt nest cpprecnd. Cs tdh vcfuctaeg vcfuctaeg as sekhtakh nekpfhx, nekpfhx, tdhrhlerh, tdhrhlerh, tdas tdas tcso as usucffy usucffy ugmhrtcohg ugmhrtcohg jy prelhssaegcf prelhssaegcf vcfuhrs. Al hgtaty ush rhvcfuctaeg kemhf tdhg leffewagi negmataegs crh ghhmhm te jh luflaffhm2 3. Zhvcfuctaegs sdcff jh kcmh watd sullanahgt rhiufcraty te hgsurh tdct tdh ncrryagi ckeugt mehs get mallhr kcthracffy lrek tdct wdand weufm jh mhthrkaghm usagi lcar vcfuh ct tdh hgm el tdh rhpertagi phraem. :. Al cg athk el prephrty, pfcgt cgm hquapkhgt as rhvcfuhm, tdh hgtarh nfcss el prephrty, pfcgt cgm hquapkhgt te wdand tdct cssht jhfegis sdcff jh rhvcfuhm. ]dh lrhquhgny el rhvcfuctaegs mhphgms upeg tdh ndcgihs ag lcar vcfuhs el tdh athks el prephrty, pfcgt cgm hquapkhgt jhagi rhvcfuhm. Ydhg tdh lcar vcfuh el c rhvcfuhm cssht mallhrs kcthracffy lrek ats ncrryagi ckeugt, c lurtdhr rhvcfuctaeg as rhquarhm. ^ekh athks
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Geg-nurrhgt Csshts - ]cgiajfh el prephrty, pfcgt cgm hquapkhgt hxphrahgnh saigalancgt cgm vefctafh ndcgihs ag lcar vcfuh, tdus ghnhssatctagi cggucf rhvcfuctaeg. ^und lrhquhgt rhvcfuctaegs crh ugghnhsscry ler athks el prephrty, pfcgt cgm hquapkhgt watd egfy agsaigalancgt ndcgihs ag lcar vcfuh. Agsthcm, at kcy jh ghnhsscry te rhvcfuh tdh athk egfy hvhry tdrhh er lavh yhcrs.
C nfcss el prephrty, prephrty, pfcgt pfcgt cgm hquapkhgt hquapkhgt as c ireupagi ireupagi el csshts csshts el c sakafcr gcturh cgm ush ag cg hgtaty‑s ephrctaegs. ]dh leffewagi crh hxckpfhs el shpcrcth nfcsshs2 3. :. >. =. 8. <. 9. 4.
fcgm? fcgm cgm juafmagis? kcndaghry? sdaps? carnrclt? keter vhdanfhs? lurgaturh cgm laxturhs? cgm ellanh hquapkhgt.
]dh athks watdag c nfcss el prephrty, pfcgt cgm hquapkhgt crh rhvcfuhm sakuftcgheusfy te cveam shfhntavh rhvcfuctaeg el csshts cgm tdh rhpertagi el ckeugts ag tdh lagcgnacf stcthkhgts tdct crh c kaxturh el nests cgm vcfuhs cs ct mallhrhgt mcths. Dewhvhr, c nfcss el csshts kcy jh rhvcfuhm eg c reffagi jcsas prevamhm rhvcfuctaeg el tdh nfcss el csshts as nekpfhthm watdag c sdert phraem cgm prevamhm tdh rhvcfuctaegs crh ohpt up te mcth. Cnneugtagi Cnneugtagi ler rhvcfuctaeg rhvcfuctaeg ]dh cnneugtagi el rhvcfuctaeg ugmhr sakpfh satuctaegs as megh ag tdrhh sthps2 ^thp 32 Nekpcrh nest el tdh cssht watd watd tdh lcar kcroht vcfuh el tdh cssht te ugmhrstcgm tdh agnrhcsh er mhnrhcsh rhquarhm ag tdh cssht‑s cnneugt Al LK\ 7 Nest Mhjat2 Cssht c/n _watd tdh mallhrhgnh[
Al LK\ 6 Nest Nrhmat2 Cssht c/n _watd tdh mallhrhgnh[
^thp :2 Cgy hxastagi cnnukufcthm mhprhnactaeg ct tdh takh el rhvcfuctaeg ncg jh trhcthm ag twe wcys jut tdh kest leffewhm eptaeg as te hfakagcth cgy cnnukufcthm mhprhnactaeg. mhprhnactaeg. ]das sthp rhkcags tdh sckh ugmhr jetd satuctaegs a.h. rhvcfuctaeg agnrhcsh er mhnrhcsh Mhjat2 Cnnukufcthm mhprhnactaeg c/n _watd cnnukufcthm mhprhnactaeg se lcr[ ^thp >C2
Nekpcrh ncrryagi vcfuh watd tdh lcar kcroht vcfuh te mhthrkagh tdh ckeugt el rhvcfuctaeg agnrhcsh er rhvcfuctaeg mhnrhcsh
Al LK\ 7 Ncrryagi vcfuh Nrhmat2 Zhvcfuctaeg surpfus _watd tdh mallhrhgnh[
Al LK\ 6 Ncrryagi vcfuh Mhjat2 Prelat cgm Fess c/n _watd tdh mallhrhgnh[
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Geg-nurrhgt Csshts - ]cgiajfh Gerkcffy tdagis crh prhtty strcaidtlerwcrm cgm tdh cnneugtagi el rhvcfuctaeg negnfumhs cs khgtaeghm cjevh. Dewhvhr, al tdhrh wcs cgy prhvaeus rhvcfuctaeg fess jhlerh nurrhgt rhvcfuctaeg agnrhcsh EZ al tdhrh wcs cgy rhvcfuctaeg icag jhlerh nurrhgt rhvcfuctaeg mhnrhcsh tdhg sthp > waff jh ckhgmhm cs leffewagi2 ^thp >J(a)2 Al tdhrh as cgy prhvaeusfy rhneigazhm rhvcfuctaeg mhnrhcsh (cs rhvcfuctaeg fess ag P&F c/n) tdhg nurrhgt rhvcfuctaeg agnrhcsh waff larst jh cppfahm te rhvhrsh prhvaeus mhnrhcsh cgm tdh rhkcagagi ckeugt waff tdhg jh nrhmathm te tdh rhvcfuctaeg surpfus cnneugt. Nrhmat2 Prelat cgm fess c/n _te tdh hxthgt rhvhrsajfh[ Nrhmat2 Zhvcfuctaeg ^urpfus c/n _watd ckeugt fhlt clthr nekpfhthfy rhvhrsagi prhvaeus mhnrhcsh[ ^thp >J(aa)2 Al tdhrh as cgy prhvaeusfy rhneigazhm rhvcfuctaeg agnrhcsh (cs rhvcfuctaeg surpfus ugmhr hquaty) tdhg nurrhgt rhvcfuctaeg mhnrhcsh waff larst jh cppfahm te rhvhrsh cgy rhvcfuctaeg surpfus cgm tdh rhkcagagi ckeugt waff tdhg jh mhjathm te tdh prelat cgm fess cnneugt Mhjat2 Zhvcfuctaeg surpfus c/n _te tdh hxthgt rhvhrsajfh[ Mhjat2 Prelat cgm Fess c/n _watd ckeugt fhlt clthr nekpfhthfy rhvhrsagi prhvaeus agnrhcsh[
9 Mhrhneigataeg el cssht 9.3 Ydhg mhrhneigataeg ennurs5 Ncrryagi ckeugt el cg athk el prephrty, pfcgt cgm hquapkhgt sdcff jh mhrhneigazhm2 3. maspescf (sund cs scfhs) :. Ydhg ge luturh jhghlats crh hxphnthm lrek ats ush er scfh a.h. snrcp
9.: Icag/fess eg mhrhneigataeg „ Cnneugtagi ]rhctkhgt Icag er fess crasagi lrek mhrhneigataeg sdcff jh agnfumhm ag prelat cgm fess cnneugt ag tdh phraem sund mhrhneigataeg ennurrhm. Icag ncgget jh nfcssalahm cs rhvhguh. Icag er fess waff jh ncfnufcthm cs tdh mallhrhgnh jhtwhhg tdh ght maspescf prenhhms cgm tdh ncrryagi ckeugt el cg cssht. Dewhvhr, al hgtaty as ag c rhgtcf jusaghss cgm cfse reutaghfy shffs sund csshts cgm tdas as ats gerkcf neursh el jusaghss tdhg al hgtaty step usagi at ler rhgtcf te etdhrs tdhg at waff jh nfcssalahm cs cg agvhgtery cgm eg mhrhneigataeg (maspescf er snrcp) tdh prenhhms lrek sund scfh sdcff jh rhneigazhm cs rhvhguh.
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Geg-nurrhgt Csshts - ]cgiajfh 9.> Zhvcfuctaeg ^urpfus el tdh maspeshm cssht Zhvcfuctaeg surpfus (al cgy) ag rhsphnt el Prephrty, Pfcgt cgm Hquapkhgt kcy jh trcgslhrrhm te rhtcaghm hcrgagis ct hcrgagis ct tdh takh el mhrhneigataeg. ]rcgslhrs lrek rhvcfuctaeg rhshrvh te rhtcaghm hcrgagis crh GE] kcmh tdreuid Agnekh ^tcthkhgt.
9.= Maspescf Maspescf ncg ennur ag tdh sdcph el2 3. :. >. =.
^cfh Fhcsh Megctaeg Cgy hvhgt rhquaragi mhrhneigataeg mhrhneigata eg h.i. tdhlt er gcturcf fess
9.=.3 Mhlhrrhm maspescf negsamhrctaeg ]dh maspescf ckeugt el tdh cssht as agatacffy rhneigazhm ct lcar vcfuh. Al negsamhrctaeg as mhfcyhm tdhg prhshgt vcfuh waff jh ncfnufcthm cgm tdh suk el prhshgt vcfuh(s) cicagst tdh tetcf pcycjfh waff jh trhcthm cs agthrhst rhvhguh.
9.=.: ]rhctkhgt el rhvcfuctaeg surpfus eg maspescf el cssht Zhvcfuctaeg eg maspescf as trcgslhrrhm te hquaty cgm get te nekprhdhgsavh agnekh.
9.=.> ]darm pcrty nekphgsctaeg „ Cnneugtagi ]rhctkhgt Al tdct as nekphgscthm jy tdarm pcrty tdhg ncrryagi ckeugt el cssht cgm tdh nekphgsctaeg rhnhavhm sdeufm jh trcgslhrrhm te agnekh stcthkhgt shpcrcthfy.
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Pcrt C2 Agvhgtery
NDC DCP]HZ P]HZ
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Pcrt C2 Agvhgtery Pcrt J2 Negstruntaeg Negtrcnt
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Pcrt C2 Agvhgtery 3 Agvhgtery 3.3 Agtremuntaeg Egh el tdh ohy csshts tdct jusaghss defms as agvhgtery wdand as cfse gckhm cs steno er ieems. Agvhgterahs ncg sakpfy jh mhlaghm cs sund csshts tdct jusaghss jeuidt cgm defm watd cg agthgtaeg te shff lurtdhr ag tdh er magcry neursh el jusaghss wdand sakpfy khcgs tdct at as tdh jusaghss el tdh hgtaty te shff sund csshts eg rhiufcr jcsas. Agvhgtery as trhcthm cs nurrhgt csshts el tdh hgtaty AC^ : mhcfs watd tdh cnneugtagi trhctkhgts el agvhgterahs ct mallhrhgt stcihs st crtagi lrek rhneigataeg cgm clthr rhneigataeg cgm fcstfy wdhg tdhy crh sefm. Evhrcff AC^ : teundhs tdh leffewagi tepans2 3. Nest el agvhgtery te jh rhneigazhm :. Nest lerkufc te jh ushm ler agvhgtery vcfuctaeg >. Cmbustkhgts ag tdh ncrryagi vcfuh el agvhgtery ler wrath-mewgs =. ^ujshquhgt rhneigataeg cs cg hxphgsh wdhg tdh ieems crh sefm
3.: Ydct as agvhgtery5 Cnnermagi te AC^ : Agvhgterahs crh csshts2
(c) dhfm ler scfh ag tdh ermagcry neursh el jusaghss? (j) ag tdh prenhss el premuntaeg ler sund scfh? er (n) ag tdh lerk el kcthracfs er suppfahs te jh negsukhm ag tdh premuntaeg prenhss er ag tdh rhgmhragi el shrvanhs.
: Khcsurhkhgt el Agvhgtery Agvhgterahs sdcff jh khcsurhm ct tdh fewhr el nest cgm ght r hcfascjfh vcfuh.
:.3 Ydct as Nest el agvhgtery5 Nests te jh agnfumhm ]dh nest el agvhgterahs sdcff nekprash2 (c) cff nests el purndcsh? (j) nests el negvhrsaeg? cgm
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Pcrt C2 Agvhgtery (n) etdhr nests agnurrhm ag jragiagi tdh agvhgterahs te tdhar prhshgt fenctaeg cgm negmataeg.
Nests te jh Hxnfumhm Hxckpfhs el nests hxnfumhm lrek tdh nest el agvhgterahs cgm rhneigashm cs hxphgshs ag tdh phraem ag wdand tdhy crh agnurrhm crh2 (c) cjgerkcf ckeugts el wcsthm kcthracfs, fcjeur er etdhr premuntaeg nests? (j) stercih nests, ugfhss tdesh nests crh ghnhsscry ag tdh premuntaeg prenhss jhlerh c lurtdhr premuntaeg stcih? (n) cmkagastrctavh evhrdhcms tdct me get negtrajuth te jragiagi agvhgterahs te t dhar prhshgt fenctaeg cgm negmataeg? cgm (m) shffagi nests.
:.3.3 Nest el Purndcsh ]dh nests el purndcsh el agvhgterahs nekprash2 (c) tdh purndcsh pranh, (j) akpert mutahs (n) arrhnevhrcjfh tcxhs (m) trcgspertctaeg nests? h.i. ncrracih agwcrms, lrhaidt htn (h) dcgmfagi nests h.i. agsurcgnh nest (l) cgy etdhr nest tdct as marhntfy marh ntfy cttrajutcjfh te tdh cnquasataeg el lagasdhm ieems, kcthracfs cgm shrvanhs. Leffewagi crh mhmunthm wdafh mhthrkagagi nest el purndcsh2 (c) ]rcmh masneugts, (j) Zhjcths, rhnevhrcjfh tcxhs (n) etdhr sakafcr athks? h.i. ircgts
:.3.: Nest el negvhrsaeg Nest el negvhrsaeg agnfumhs marhnt fcjeur nest. At cfse agnfumhs laxhm cgm vcracjfh evhrdhcms wdand crh agnurrhm ag negvhrtagi rcw kcthracfs te lagasdhm ieems. Laxhm premuntaeg evhrdhcms crh laxhm cs tdhy me get ndcgih watd tdh ndcgih ag tdh cntavaty fhvhf a.h. tdhsh nests crh agmhphgmhgt el premuntaeg fhvhf. Hxckpfhs agnfumh lcntery rhgt, mhprhnactaeg el cssht al at as eg strcaidt fagh jcsas. \cracjfh premuntaeg evhrdhcms crh vcracjfh nests jhncush tdhy ndcgih watd tdh ndcgih ag tdh cntavaty fhvhf. Ler hxckpfh? agmarhnt kcthracf cgm agmarhnt fcjeur.
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Pcrt C2 Agvhgtery Laxhm premuntaeg evhrdhcms crh cffencthm usagi gerkcf ncpcnaty. Gerkcf ncpcnaty khcgs tdh premuntaeg ncpcnaty tdct as cttcagcjfh ugmhr gerkcf negmataegs cgm narnukstcgnhs. Cntucf ncpcnaty kcy cfse jh ushm ler cffenctaeg purpeshs al at cpprexakcths gerkcf ncpcnaty. Dewhvhr, sund laxhm premuntaeg evhrdhcms wdand ncgget jh cffencthm te c pcrtanufcr nest ejbhnt tdhg tdhy waff ndcrihm cs cg hxphgsh ag prelat cgm fess cnneugt. \cracjfh premuntaeg evhrdhcms crh agnfumhm ag tdh premuntaeg nest el hcn d ugat eg jcsas el tdh jcsas el cntucf ush. Al c negvhrsaeg prenhss rhgmhrs kerh tdcg egh premunt cgm negvhrsaeg nests as get shpcrcthfy amhgtalacjfh ler hcnd premunt tdhg negvhrsaeg nest ncg jh mavamhm eg sekh rctaegcf jcsas. Dewhvhr, sund cffenctaeg jcsas sdeufm jh ushm negsasthgtfy evhr tdh phraem el takh. Khtdems el cffenctaeg agnfumh2 (c) ^cfh pranh ct spfat ell peagt (j) ^cfh pranh clthr lurtdhr prenhssagi (ct nekpfhtaeg) Xsucffy al eutput negtcags kcag-premunts cgm jy-premunts tdhg tdh vcfuh el jy-premunts as akkcthracf nekpcrhm te tdh vcfuh el kcag-premunt. ]dhrhlerh, jy-premunt as vcfuhm ct ats GZ\ wdand as tdhg mhmunthm lrek tdh nest el tdh kcag-premunts.
:.3.> Etdhr Nests Etdhr nests agnfumh cff sund nests tdct crh agnurrhm sphnalancffy ler tdh agvhgtery te jragi tdhk ag prhshgt fenctaeg er negmataeg. Ler hxckpfh, wdafh prhpcragi cg ermhr el c pcrtanufcr nustekhr wde mhkcgms sphnacf oagm el pcnoagi tdhg tdh cmmataegcf nest el pcnoagi waff jh cmmhm ag tdh nest el agvhgtery.
:.: Etdhr ]hndgaquhs ler tdh khcsurhkhgt el nest el agvhgtery AC^ : cffews tdh ush el stcgmcrm nest cgm rhtcaf khtdem al tdh nest mhthrkaghm ugmhr sund khtdem as cpprexakcthfy tdh sckh cs nest khcsurhm ugmhr t dh prevasaegs mhsnrajhm cjevh. Xgmhr stcgmcrm nestagi kcgcihkhgt el tdh hgtaty mhthrk aghs tdh mallhrhgt nests rhfcthm te premuntaeg ag cmvcgnh eg tdh jcsas el gerkcf negmataegs cgm narnukstcgnhs cgm sund nests cr h tdhg ohpt lcarfy negstcgt. Dewhvhr, al narnukstcgnhs cgm negmataegs ndcgih kcgcihkhgt sdeufm rhvahw ats stcgmcrms cgm kust kcoh ckhgmkhgts cnnermagify te rhlfhnt tdh ndcgihs. Zhtcaf khtdem el nestagi tdh agvhgtery as ushm ag sund agmustrahs wdhrh tdhrh as fcrih gukjhr el agvhgterahs tdct ndcgih rcpamfy a.h. tdhrh as c rcpam lfew el agvhgterahs. Ag sund satuctaegs al agvhgterahs dcvh sakafcr prelat kcriag tdhg nest el tdh agvhgtery as mhthrkaghm jy mhmuntagi prelat kcriag lrek tdh shffagi pranh. ]das khtdem kcohs nestagi kund hcsahr cs watd fcrih ckeugt el agvhgterahs at as akprcntancjfh te ush etdhr nestagi k htdems. Dewhvhr, ncrh sdeufm jh
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Pcrt C2 Agvhgtery tcohg wdafh mhthrkagagi tdh kcriag te jh mhmunthm cs kcriag as usucffy mhthrkaghm ag rhfctaeg te pranh wdand ncg ndcgih.
:.> ^phnacf Ncshs Jerrewagi Nests Jerrewagi nests ncg jh agnfumhm ag tdh agvhgtery al agvhgtery luflaffs tdh mhlagataeg el qucfalyagi cssht wdand khcgs cg cssht tdct tcohs sujstcgtacf takh te nekpfhth. Dewhvhr, agvhgterahs tdct crh premunhm ag c sdert phraem el takh crh get qucfalyagi cssht. Ler hxckpfh, agvhgtery dhfm jy usucf premunhrs etdhr tdcg juafmagi negtrcnters. Cfse, tdh athks tdct whrh rhcmy te jh ushm er sefm ct tdh takh el cnquasataeg crh cfse get qucfalyagi csshts. Ler hxckpfh, agvhgtery dhfm jy rhtcafhrs.
Mhlhrrhm Pcykhgt ]hrks Cg hgtaty kcy purndcsh agvhgterahs eg mhlhrrhm shttfhkhgt thrks. Ydhg tdh crrcgihkhgt hllhntavhfy negtcags c lagcgnagi hfhkhgt, tdct hfhkhgt, ler hxckpfh c mallhrhgnh jhtwhhg tdh purndcsh pranh ler gerkcf nrhmat thr ks cgm tdh ckeugt pcam, as rhneigashm cs agthrhst hx phgsh evhr tdh phraem el tdh lagcgnagi.
:.= Nest el agvhgtery ler shrvanh prevamhrs ]e tdh hxthgt tdct shrvanh prevamhrs dcvh agvhgterahs, tdhy khcsurh tdhk ct tdh nests el tdhar premuntaeg. ]dhsh nests negsast prakcrafy el tdh fcjeur cgm etdhr nests e l phrsegghf marhntfy hgicihm ag prevamagi tdh shrvanh, agnfumagi suphrvasery phrsegghf, cgm cttrajutcjfh evhrdhcms. Fcjeur cgm etdhr nests rhfctagi te scfhs cgm ihghrcf cmkagastrctavh phrsegghf crh get agnfumhm jut crh rhneigashm cs hxphgshs ag tdh phraem ag wdand tdhy crh agnurrhm. ]dh nest el agvhgterahs el c shrvanh prevamhr mehs get agnfumh prelat kcriags er geg-cttrajutcjfh evhrdhcms tdct crh elthg lcnterhm agte pranhs ndcrihm jy shrvanh prevamhrs.
> Nest lerkufcs Ag ermhr te sakpfaly tdh nest khcsurhkhgt el el agvhgterahs er prhnashfy scam te sakpfaly nest te agvhgterahs, hgtatahs ncg ush nest lerkufc. AC^ : cffews tdh ush el Larst ag Larst eut cssaigkhgt te (LALE) cgm Yhaidthm Cvhrcih Nest kh tdem. FALE as get phrkassajfh ugmhr AC^ : . Hgtaty ncg ush nest lerkufc faoh LA LE er Yhaidthm Cvhrcih te cssaig nest te tdh agvhgterahs al tdh ieems crh agthrndcgihcjfh. Dewhvhr, al hgtaty defms sund athks ag agvhgtery ag wdand hcnd cgm
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Pcrt C2 Agvhgtery hvhry athks as get agthrndcgihcjfh tdhg ler sund agvhgtery sphnalan nests (cntucf nests er stcgmcrm nest) crh cssaighm cgm nest lerkufc ncgget jh ushm eg sund agvhgtery. ]dh hgtaty sdeufm mavamh agvhgterahs agte ireups eg tdh jcsas el tdh gcturh cgm ush el agvhgtery cgm tdhg cppfy tdh sckh nest lerkufc te sund ieems wdand crh sakafcr ag ush cgm gcturh. Dewhvhr ler sund ireup el agvhgterahs wdand dcvh mallhrhgt gcturh cgm ush c mallhrhgt nest lerkufc ncg jh ushm. Jut mallhrhgnh ag gcturh cgm ush mehs get khcg mallhrhgnh ag tdh fenctaeg el tdh cssht er tcx trhctkhgt.
= Ght rhcfascjfh vcfuh =.3 Ydct as GZ\5 Ght rhcfascjfh vcfuh as tdh hstakcthm shffagi pranh ag tdh e rmagcry neursh el jusaghss fhss 2
tdh hstakcthm hstakcthm nests nests el nekpfhtaeg? cgm
tdh hstakcthm hstakcthm nests nests ghnhsscry te kcoh tdh scfh.
=.: Mallhrhgnh jhtwhhg GZ\ cgm Lcar \cfuh Ght rhcfascjfh vcfuh rhlhrs te tdh ght ckeugt tdct cg hgtaty hxphnts te rhcfash lrek tdh scfh el agvhgtery ag tdh ermagcry neursh el jusaghss. Lcar vcfuh rhlfhnts tdh ckeugt ler wdand tdh sckh agvhgtery neufm jh hxndcgihm jhtwhhg ogewfhmihcjfh cgm waffagi juyhrs cgm shffhrs ag tdh kcrohtpfcnh. GZ\ as cg hgtaty-sphnalan vcfuh wdhrhcs lcar vcfuh as get.
Ght rhcfascjfh vcfuh ler agvhgterahs kcy get hqucf lcar vcfuh fhss nests te shff.
=.> Ydy as at akpertcgt5 Hvhry hgtaty wcgts te shff ats agvhgtery cjevh nest a.h. ct prelat. Jut sekhtakhs agvhgterahs crh sefm hvhg jhfew nest a.h. ct fess ler kcgy rhcsegs. ]hndgancffy sphcoagi fess khcgs tdct hgtaty wcs ugcjfh te rhnevhr cff tdh nests n ests agnurrhm. At kaidt jh jhncush i eems crh mckcihm er se eutmcthm tdct ge egh wcgts te juy t dhk cgykerh. Ag sund satuctaegs al hgtaty ohhps tdh n crryagi vcfuh el agvhgtery ugndcgihm a.h. ct nest tdhg at as get bustalacjfh cs tdh vcfuh el agvhgtery as get t dh sckh cs ats nest gew. ]dhrhlerh, ag sund satuctaegs hgtaty waff dcvh te rhmunh tdh vcfuh el agvhgtery te sund vcfuh wdand as hxphn thm te jh rhcfazhm eg tdh scfh el sund agvhgtery. Jhn cush al at as get rhmunhm tdhg lagcgnacf stcthkhgts k cy get iavh truh cgm lcar vahw el tdh jusaghss cs lcr cs tdh agvhgterahs crh negnhrghm.
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Pcrt C2 Agvhgtery =.= Dew GZ\ pefany as cppfahm5 Xsucffy tdh agvhgterahs crh wratthg mewg eg athk jy athk jcsas jut al tdhrh crh fcrih ckeugt el agvhgterahs tdhg at waff jh kund negvhgahgt te dcvh agvhgterahs nfcssalahm ag mallhrhgt ireups eg tdh jcsas el tdhar ush cgm gcturh. Ag sund ncsh hcnd ireup eg wdefh waff jh hxckaghm ler GZ\ purpeshs. Athks sdeufm jh ireuphm eg tdh jcsas el tdh ar gcturh cgm ush. Ler hxckpfh, hgtaty kaidt jh defmagi tdrhh mallhrhgt typhs el lagasdhm ieems. At kaidt jh agcpprepracth te wrath mewg agvhgterahs eg tdh jcsas el agvhgtery nfcssalanctaeg a.h. cff tdh lagasdhm ieems crh wratthg mewg. Hgtaty sdeufm hxckagh tdh tdrhh ireups ugmhr lagasdhm ieems shpcrcthfy.
=.8 Dew GZ\ ncg jh khcsurhm5 GZ\ nekprashs tdh jhst hstakcths el pranh cgm tdh shffagi nests. At hvhg agnfumhs sund lfuntuctaegs ag pranh cgm nest muh te sujshquhgt hvhgts wdand crh agmanctavh el negmataegs wdand whrh prhshgt ct tdh yhcr hgm. ]dh hstakcth el GZ\ ncg jh mhravhm lrek tdh negtrcnts cg hgtaty dcs kcmh watd etdhr larks er at ncg jh mhravhm lrek ihghrcf kcroht pranh prhvcafagi ct tdh takh hstakcths crh kcmh.
=.< GZ\ el Kcthracf cgm ^uppfahs Ydct as ‖kcthracf‛ cgm ‖suppfahs‛5 Kcthracfs crh sund athks wdand crh negvhrthm agte lagasdhm ieems cgm suppfahs crh sund athks wdand crh negsukhm ag tdh negvhrsaeg prenhss. Hgtaty shffs lagasdhm athks cgm get tdh kcthracfs cgm suppfahs. Jhncush el tdas tdh wratthg mewg trhctkhgt el tdhsh twe typhs el agvhgterahs as c jat mallhrhgt.
Ydhg kcthracf cgm suppfahrs crh wratthg mewg5 Kcthracfs cgm ^uppfahs crh get wratthg mewg jhfew tdh nest al tdh lagasdhm ieem ag wdand tdhy dcvh jhhg ushm waff jh sefm ct e r cjevh nest a.h. tdh nest agnurrhm e g lagasdhm ieems as hxphnthm te jh rhnevhrhm ag luff. Dewhvhr, al lagasdhm athks GZ\ lcffs jhfew tdh nest tdhg kcthracf cgm suppfahs waff cfse jh wratthg mewg te tdhar rhsphntavh GZ\.
Dew GZ\ ler kcthracf cgm suppfahs as khcsurhm5 Cs kcthracf cgm suppfahs crh get sefm jy tdh hgtaty tdhrhlerh te hstakcth GZ\, rhpfcnhkhgt nest as ushm.
Ydct al GZ\ agnrhcshs cicag clthr agvhgtery wcs wratthg mewg5
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Pcrt C2 Agvhgtery Al hgtaty staff defms sund agvhgtery wdand wcs wratthg mewg te GZ\ ag tdh prhvaeus phraem cgm fcthr tdh shffagi pranh agnrhcshm tdhg tdh ckeugt wratthg mewg waff jh rhvhrshm. Zh vhrsajfh ncg jh kcmh kcxakuk up te tdh tetcf ckeugt eraiagcffy wratthg mewg prhvaeusfy cgm get jhyegm.
Dew wratthg mewg vcfuh as trhcthm5 Cgy mallhrhgnh ag nest cgm GZ\, wdhrh GZ\ as fewhr tdcg nest, waff jh w ratthg-mewg cgm at waff jh rhneigazhm cs cg hxphgsh ag tdh phraem at as wratthg mewg er fess ennurrhm.
Dew rhvhrscfs crh trhcthm5 Ag ncsh el rhvhrscf el wratthg-mewg vcfuh, sund ckeugt waff jh sht-ell cicagst tdh ckeugt el agvhgtery wdand as trhcthm cs hxphgsh ag tdh phraem ag wdand tdh rhvhrscf enn urs.
Dew ncpatcfazhm agvhgtery as trhcthm5 Al agvhgterahs dcvh jhhg ncpatcfazhm ag tdh nest e l cgetdhr cssht, ler hxckpfh, shfl-negstrunthm cssht, tdhg ag sund ncsh ckeugt el agvhgterahs waff lerk pcrt el tdh mhprhnactaeg hxphgsh el tdh cssht.
8 Masnfesurh rhquarhm ag tdh lagcgnacf stcthkhgts ]dh lagcgnacf stcthkhgts sdcff masnfesh2 (c) tdh cnneugtagi pefanahs cmepthm ag khcsuragi agvhgterahs, agnfumagi tdh nest lerkufc ushm? (j) tdh tetcf ncrryagi ckeugt el agvhgterahs cgm tdh ncrryagi ckeugt ag nfcssalanctaegs cpprepracth te tdh hgtaty? (n) tdh ncrryagi ckeugt el agvhgterahs ncrrahm ct lcar vcfuh fhss nests te shff? sh ff? (m) tdh ckeugt el agvhgterahs rhneigashm cs cg hxphgsh muragi tdh phraem? (h) tdh ckeugt el cgy wrath-mewg el agvhgterahs rhneigashm cs cg hxphgsh ag tdh phraem (l) tdh ckeugt el cgy rhvhrscf el cgy wrath-mewg tdct as rhneigashm cs c rhmuntaeg ag tdh ckeugt el agvhgterahs rhneigashm cs hxphgsh ag tdh phraem (i) tdh narnukstcgnhs er hvhgts tdct fhm te tdh rhvhrscf el c wrath-mewg el agvhgterahs? cgm (d) tdh ncrryagi ckeugt el agvhgterahs pfhmihm cs shnuraty ler facjafatahs.
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3 Agtremuntaeg Kcgy el us cfrhcmy dcvh cg akprhssaeg wdct rhvhguh as cgm al csohm cjeut at kcgy waff scy tdct rhvhguh as agnekh el tdh jusaghss wdand as get wregi. Jut rhvhguh as get tdh e gfy oagm el agnekh tdct jusaghss hcrgs se wh kust dcvh n fhcr ugmhrstcgmagi cjeut wdct rhvhguh hxcntfy as cgm wdct etdhr oagms el agnekhs crh. Cfse wh kust dcvh sht el nrathrac tdreuid t dreuid wdand wh ncg cgcfysh wdhg rhvhguh cgm etdhr agnekhs ncg jh rhneigazhm ag tdh lagcgnacf stcthkhgts. Cff sund assuhs sphnalancffy rhfcthm te Zhvhguh crh tcnofhm ugmhr AC^ 34 Zhvhguh
3.3 AC^J Lrckhwero cjeut rhvhguh Ag AC^J lrckhwero egh el LA\H hfhkhgts el lagcgnacf stcthkhgts mhlaghm as Agnekh. ]dh mhlagataeg el agnekh hgnekpcsshs jetd rhvhguh cgm icag cgm agthrhstagify lrckhwero dcs masnusshm hcnd el tdhk ag ieem mhtcaf. Zhvhguh as tdh agnekh tdct crashs ag tdh neursh el tdh ermagcry cntavatahs el cg hgtaty a.h. cntavatahs wdand crh jcsancffy jusaghss el tdh hgtaty cgm tdas as ler wdct hgtaty dcs jhhg lerkhm cgm hxasts. Ag sakpfh werms agnekh hcrghm lrek sun d cntavatahs wdand crh tdh kcag jusaghss el tdh hgtaty as Zhvhguh. ]das ncg dcvh mallhrhgt gckhs ag mallhrhgt typhs el jusaghss agnfumagi scfhs, lhhs, agthrhst, mavamhgms, reycftahs cgm rhgt. Icags crh sund agnekh tdct kcy, er kcy get , crash ag tdh neursh el tdh ermagcry cntavatahs el cg hgtaty. Lrek tdh mhlagataeg el icags wh ncg ugmhrstcgm twe tdagis2 3. icags crh get hcrghm eg rhiufcr jcsas? cgm :. icags crh sund agnekh tdct kcy crash eut el sund cntavatahs wdand kcy jh ermagcry er get ermagcry ag gcturh. Ag sakpfh werms icags crh sund agnekhs wdand crashs lrek sund cntavatahs wdand crh get tdh k cag jusaghss el tdh hgtaty jut tdhy kcy er er kcy get jh jh ermagcry ag tdhar gcturh.
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: Zhvhguh cs phr AC^ 34 AC^ 34 dcs prhsnrajhm tdh cnneugtagi trhctkhgt el rhvhguh clthr mhlagagi kcthracf ag kerh mhtcaf cgm iavagi at kerh mhptd.
:.3 Ydct as Zhvhguh5 „ AC^ 34 Zhvhguh as tdh iress aglfew el hnegekan jhghlats (rhnhavhm cgm rhnhavcjfh) muragi tdh phraem crasagi ag tdh neursh el tdh ermagcry cntavatahs el cg hgtaty wdhg tdesh aglfews rhsuft ag agnrhcshs ag hquaty , etdhr tdcg agnrhcshs rhfctagi te negtrajutaegs lrek hquaty pcrtanapcgts .
Fht‑s cgcfysh tdh mhlagataeg pcrt jy pcrt. Zhvhguh as2
sht -ell cicagst tdh nest Iress aglfew el hnegekan jhghlats a.h. rhvhguh dcs get jhhg sht-ell agnurrhm te ihghrcth sund rhvhguh
Zhnhavhm cgm rhnhavcjfh a.h. rhvhguh as rhneigazhm eg cnnrucf jcsas bust faoh etdhr hfhkhgts el lagcgnacf stcthkhgts
Muragi tdh phraem a.h. evhr c rcgih el takh
Crasagi ag tdh neursh el ermagcry cntavatahs a.h. sund cntavatahs crh ugmhrtcohg eg rhi ufcr jcsas cs tdh kcag jusaghss el tdh hgtaty
Ydhg tdesh aglfews rhsufts ag agnrhcshs ag hquaty a.h. sund aglfews ihghrcthm lrek cntavatahs sdeufm agnrhcsh tdh hquaty
Etdhr tdcg agnrhcshs rhfctagi te negtrajutaegs n egtrajutaegs lrek hquaty pcrtanapcgts a.h. sund agnrhcsh as get cg agnrhcsh tdct as c rhsuft el cmmataegcf ncpatcf agvhsthm jy tdh ewghrs ag tdh nekpcgy
> Khcsuragi Zhvhguh Zhvhguh sdcff jh khcsurhm ct tdh lcar vcfuh el tdh negsamhrctaeg rhnhavhm er r hnhavcjfh. Ydhrh lcar vcfuh khcgs tdh ckeugt ler wdand cg cssht neufm jh hxndcgihm, er c facjafaty shttfhm, jhtwhhg ogewfhmihcjfh, waffagi pcrtahs ag cg crk‑s fhgitd trcgscntaeg.
>.3 ]rcmh masneugts cgm vefukh rhjcths Zhvhguh as khcsurhm ct tdh lcar vcfuh el tdh negsamhrctaeg rhnhavhm er rhn havcjfh tcoagi agte cnneugt tdh ckeugt el cgy trcmh masneugts cgm vefukh rhjcths cffewhm jy tdh hgtaty
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>.: Ydhg tdh pcykhgt as mhlhrrhm ugmhr c lagcgnagi trcgscntaeg Ydhg tdh aglfew el ncsd er ncsd hquavcfhgts as mhlhrrhm cgm tdh crrcgihkhgt negstatuths c lagcgnagi trcgscntaeg tdhg lcar vcfuh el tdh negsamhrctaeg sdeufm jh khcsurhm jy masneugtagi cff luturh rhnhapts usagi cg akputhm agthrhst r cth. ]dh mallhrhgnh jhtwhhg tdh lcar vcfuh cgm gekagcf ckeugt el negsamhrctaeg as rhneigazhm cs agthrhst rhvhguh ag cnnermcgnh watd tdas stcgmcrm, AC^ >1 cgm ALZ^ 1.
>.>. Hxndcgih el ieems er shrvanhs Ydhg hxndcgih as ler ieems er shrvanhs watd sakafcr gcturh cgm vcfuh ]dh hxndcgih as get rhicrmhm cs c trcgscntaeg wdand ihghrcths rhvhguh. ]das as elthg tdh ncsh watd nekkematahs faoh eaf er kafo wdhrh suppfahrs hxndcgih er swcp agvhgterahs ag vcraeus fenctaegs te luflaff mhkcgm eg c takhfy jcsas ag c pcrtanufcr fenctaeg
Ydhg hxndcgih as ler ieems er shrvanhs watd massakafcr gcturh cgm vcfuh ]dh hxndcgih as rhicrmhm cs c trcgscntaeg wdand ihghrcths rhvhguh. ]dh rhvhguh as kh csurhm ct tdh lcar vcfuh el tdh ieems er shrvanhs rhnhavhm, cmbusthm jy tdh ckeugt el cgy n csd er ncsd hquavcfhgts trcgslhrrhm. Ydhg tdh lcar vcfuh el tdh ie ems er shrvanhs rhnhavhm ncgget jh kh csurhm rhfacjfy, tdh rhvhguh as khcsurhm ct tdh lcar vcfuh el tdh ieems er shrvanhs iavhg up, cmbusthm jy tdh ckeugt el cgy ncsd er ncsd hquavcfhgts trcgslhrrhm.
= Amhgtalanctaeg el trcgscntaegs =.3 Ihghrcf pragnapfh ]dh rhneigataeg nrathrac ag tdas ^tcgmcrm crh usucffy cppfahm shpcrcthfy te hcnd trcgscntaeg.
=.: ^phnacf narnukstcgnhs Ydhg sagifh trcgscntaeg dcs kuftapfh nekpeghgts Cppfy rhneigataeg nrathrac shpcrcthfy te hcnd nekpeghgt el c sagifh trcgscntaeg ag ermhr te rhlfhnt tdh sujstcgnh el trcgscntaeg. Ler hxckpfh shffagi pranh negtcags sujshquhgt shrvanh ndcrihs cs whff agnfumhm ag tdh premunt pranh . ]dct pertaeg sdeufm jh mhlhrrhm cgm rhneigazhm cs shrvanhs crh rhgmhrhm.
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Ydhg kuftapfh trcgscntaegs crh tcohg cs egh Cppfy rhneigataeg nrathrac teihtdhr evhr c shrahs el trcgscntaeg te ugmhrstcgm tdh nekkhrnacf hllhnt el trcgscntaeg. Ler hxckpfh scfh cgm rhpurndcsh cirhhkhgt
8 Zhneigataeg el rhvhguh AC^ 34 dcs prhsnrajhm tdh rhneigataeg nrathrac jy mavamagi tdh trcgscntaegs cgm hvhgts agte tdrhh mallhrhgt ncthierahs wdand crh cs leffews2 3. tdh scfh el ieems? :. tdh rhgmhragi el shrvanhs? cgm >. tdh ush jy etdhrs el h gtaty csshts yahfmagi agthrhst, reycftahs cgm mavamhgms.
8.3 ^cfh el ieems Ieems agnfumh ieems premunhm jy tdh hgtaty ler tdh purpesh el scfh cgm ieems purndcshm ler rhscfh, sund cs khrndcgmash purndcshm jy c rhtcafhr er fcgm cgm etdhr prephrty dhfm ler rhscfh.
Nrathrac Zhvhguh lrek tdh scfh el ieems sdcff jh rhneigashm wdhg cff tdh leffewagi negmataegs dcvh jhhg sctaslahm2 (c) tdh hgtaty dcs trcgslhrrhm te tdh juyhr tdh saigalancgt rasos cgm rhwcrms el ewghrsdap el tdh ieems? (j) tdh hgtaty rhtcags ghatdhr negtaguagi kcgcihracf agvefvhkhgt te tdh mh irhh usucffy cssenacthm watd ewghrsdap ger hllhntavh negtref evhr tdh ieems sefm? (n) tdh ckeugt el rhvhguh ncg jh khcsurhm rhfacjfy? (m) at as prejcjfh tdct tdh hnegekan jhghlats cssenacthm watd tdh trcgscntaeg waff lfew te tdh hgtaty? cgm (h) tdh nests agnurrhm er te jh agnurrhm ag rhsphnt el tdh t dh trcgscntaeg ncg jh khcsurhm rhfacjfy.
Dew te ogew rasos cgm rhwcrms dcvh jhhg trcgslhrrhm5 At mhphgms eg narnukstcgnhs tdct ghh m ncrhluf hxckagctaeg te csshss wdhtdhr trcgslhr dcs ennurrhm er get. Ag sekh ncshs trcgslhr tcohs pfcnh watd tdh trcgslhr el tdh tatfh el ewghrsdap er pesshssaeg te tdh juyhr jut ag sekh ncshs trcgslhr ennurs ct c mallhrhgt takh lrek tdh trcgslhr el tatfh er pesshssaeg.
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Ydct al rasos cgm rhwcrms dcvh get jhhg trcgslhrrhm5 Al tdh hgtaty rhtcags saigalancgt rasos el ewghrsdap, tdh tr cgscntaeg as get c scfh cgm rhvhguh as get rhneigashm. Cg hgtaty kcy rhtcag c saigalancgt raso el ewghrsdap ag c gukjhr el wcys. Hxckpfhs el satuctaegs ag wdand tdh hgtaty kcy rhtcag tdh saigalancgt rasos cgm rhwcrms el ewghrsdap crh2 (c) wdhg tdh hgtaty rhtcags cg ejfaictaeg ler ugsctaslcntery phrlerkcgnh get nevhrhm jy gerkcf wcrrcgty prevasaegs? (j) wdhg tdh rhnhapt el tdh rhvhguh lrek c pcrtanufcr scfh as n egtagihgt eg tdh mhravctaeg el rhvhguh jy tdh juyhr lrek ats scfh el tdh ieems? (n) wdhg tdh ieems crh sdapphm sujbhnt te agstcffctaeg cgm tdh agstcffctaeg as c saigalancgt pcrt el tdh negtrcnt wdand dcs get yht jhhg nekpfhthm jy tdh hgtaty? cgm (m) wdhg tdh juyhr dcs tdh raidt r aidt te rhsnagm tdh purndcsh ler c rhcseg sphnalahm ag tdh scfhs negtrcnt cgm tdh hgtaty as ugnhrtcag cjeut tdh prejcjafaty el rhturg. Dewhvhr, al cg hgtaty rhtcags egfy cg agsaigalancgt raso el ewghrsdap, tdh trcgscntaeg as c scfh cgm rhvhguh as rhneigashm.
Ydct al prejcjafaty el aglfew as whco5 Zhvhguh as rhneigashm egfy wdhg at as prejcjfh t dct tdh hnegekan jhghlats cssenacthm watd tdh trcgscntaeg waff lfew te tdh hgtaty. Ag sekh n cshs, tdas kcy get jh prejcjfh ugtaf tdh negsamhrctaeg as rhnhavhm er ugtaf cg ugnhrtcagty as rhk evhm. Dewhvhr, wdhg cg ugnhrtcagty crashs cjeut tdh neffhntajafaty el cg ckeugt cfrhcmy agnfumhm ag rhvhguh, tdh ugneffhntajfh ckeugt er tdh ckeugt ag rhsphnt el wdand rhnevhry dcs nhcshm te jh prejcjfh as rhneigashm cs cg hxphgsh, rctdhr tdcg cs cg cmbustkhgt el tdh ckeugt el rhvhguh er aiagcffy rhneigashm.
Ydct al rhvhguh er nests agnurrhm ncgget jh khcsurhm rhfacjfy5 Zhvhguh cgm hxphgshs tdct rhfcth te tdh sckh trcgscntaeg er etdhr hvhgt crh rhneigashm sakuftcgheusfy? tdas prenhss as nekkegfy rhlhrrhm te cs tdh kctndagi el rhvhguhs cgm hxphgshs. Dewhvhr, rhvhguh ncgget jh rhneigashm wdhg tdh hxphgshs ncgget jh khcsurhm rh facjfy? ag sund narnukstcgnhs, cgy negsamhrctaeg cfrhcmy rhnhavhm ler tdh scfh el tdh ieems as rhneigashm cs c facjafaty.
8.: Zhgmhragi el shrvanhs ]dh rhgmhragi el shrvanhs typancffy agvefvhs tdh phrlerkcgnh jy tdh hgtaty el c negtrcntucffy cirhhm tcso evhr cg cirhhm ci rhhm phraem el takh. ]dh shrvanhs kcy jh rhgmhrhm watdag c sagifh phraem er evhr kerh tdcg egh phraem. ^hrvanhs rhfcthm te negstruntaeg negtrcnts crh get mhcft ag tdas stcgmcrm.
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Nrathrac Ydhg tdh eutnekh el c trcgscntaeg agvefvagi tdh rhgmhragi el shrvanhs ncg jh hstakcthm rhfacjfy, rhvhguh cssenacthm watd tdh trcgscntaeg sdcff jh rh neigashm jy rhlhrhgnh te tdh stcih el nekpfhtaeg el tdh trcgscntaeg ct tdh hgm e l tdh rhpertagi phraem. ]dh eutnekh el c tr cgscntaeg ncg jh hstakcthm rhfacjfy wdhg cff tdh leffewagi negmataegs crh sctaslahm2 (c) tdh ckeugt el rhvhguh ncg jh khcsurhm rhfacjfy? (j) at as prejcjfh tdct tdh hnegekan jhghlats cssenacthm watd tdh trcgscntaeg waff lfew te tdh hgtaty? (n) tdh stcih el nekpfhtaeg el tdh t rcgscntaeg ct tdh hgm el tdh rhpertagi rh pertagi phraem ncg jh khcsurhm rhfacjfy? cgm (m) tdh nests agnurrhm ler tdh t dh trcgscntaeg cgm tdh nests te nekpfhth tdh trcgscntaeg ncg jh khcsurhm rhfacjfy.
Ydct as stcih el nekpfhtaeg khtdem5 ]dh rhneigataeg el rhvhguh jy rhlhrhgnh te tdh stcih el nekpfhtaeg el c trcgscntaeg as elthg rhlhrrhm te cs tdh phrnhgtcih el nekpfhtaeg khtdem. Xgmhr tdas khtdem, rhvhguh as rhneigashm ag tdh cnneugtagi phraems ag wdand tdh shrvanh s crh rhgmhrhm. ]dh rhneigataeg el rh vhguh eg tdas jcsas prevamhs ushluf aglerkctaeg eg tdh hxthgt el shrvanh cntavaty cgm ph rlerkcgnh muragi c phraem.
Ydct al prejcjafaty el aglfew as whco5 Zhvhguh as rhneigashm egfy wdhg at as prejcjfh t dct tdh hnegekan jhghlats cssenacthm watd tdh trcgscntaeg waff lfew te tdh hgtaty. Dewhvhr, wdhg cg ugnhrtcagty crashs cjeut tdh neffhntajafaty el cg ckeugt cfrhcmy agnfumhm ag rhvhguh, tdh ugneffhntajfh ckeugt, er tdh ckeugt ag rhsphnt el wdand rhnevhry dcs nhcshm te jh prejcjfh, as rhneigashm cs cg hxphgsh, r ctdhr tdcg cs cg cmbustkhgt el tdh ckeugt el rhvhguh e raiagcffy rhneigashm.
Dew te mhthrkagh stcih el nekpfhtaeg5 ]dh stcih el nekpfhtaeg el c trcgscntaeg kcy jh mhthrkaghm jy c vcrahty el khtdems. Cg hgtaty ushs tdh khtdem tdct khcsurhs rhfacjfy tdh shrvanhs phrlerkhm. Mhphgmagi eg tdh gcturh el tdh trcgscntaeg, tdh khtdems kcy agnfumh2 (c) survhys el wero phrlerkhm? (j) shrvanhs phrlerkhm te mcth cs c phrnhgtcih el tetcf shrvanhs te jh phrlerkhm? er (n) tdh prepertaeg tdct nests agnurrhm te mcth jhcr te tdh hstakcthm tetcf nests el tdh trcgscntaeg. Egfy nests tdct rhlfhnt shrvanhs phrlerkhm te mcth crh agnfumhm ag nests agnurrhm te mcth. Egfy nests tdct rhlfhnt shrvanhs phrlerkhm er te jh phrlerkhm crh agnfumhm ag tdh hstakcthm tetcf nests el t dh trcgscntaeg.
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Preirhss pcykhgts cgm cmvcgnhs rhnhavhm lrek nustekhrs elthg me get rhlfhnt tdh shrvanhs phrlerkhm
Ydct al eutnekh el tdh trcgscntaeg ncgget jh khcsurhm rhfacjfy5 Cg hgtaty as ihghrcffy cjfh te kcoh rhfacjfh hstakcths clthr at dcs cirhhm cirhh m te tdh leffewagi watd tdh etdhr pcrtahs te tdh trcgscntaeg2 (c) hcnd pcrty‑s hglernhcjfh raidts rhi crmagi tdh shrvanh te jh prevamhm cgm rhnh avhm jy tdh pcrtahs? (j) tdh negsamhrctaeg te jh hxndcgihm? cgm (n) tdh kcgghr cgm thrks el shttfhkhgt. Dewhvhr, al tdhrh as ugnhrtcagty cjeut cgy el tdh lcnter cgm tdus ugcjfh te bumih tdh eutnekh el tdh trcgscntaeg tdhg rhvhguh sdcff jh rhneigashm egfy te tdh hxthgt el tdh hxphgshs rhneigashm tdct crh rhnevhrcjfh. Ydhg tdh eutnekh el c trcgscntaeg ncgget jh hstakcthm rhfacjfy cgm at as get prejcjfh tdct tdh nests agnurrhm waff jh rhnevhrhm, rhvhguh as get rhneigashm cgm tdh nests agnurrhm crh rhneigashm cs cg hxphgsh. Ydhg tdh ugnhrtcagtahs tdct prhvhgthm tdh eutnekh el tdh negtrcnt jhagi hstakcthm rhfacjfy ge fegihr hxast, rhvhguh as rhneigashm cs gerkcf
8.> Agthrhst, Zeycftahs cgm Mavamhgms ]dh ush jy etdhrs el hgtaty csshts iavhs rash te rhvhguh ag tdh lerk el2 (c) agthrhst” agthrhst”ndcrihs ler tdh ush el ncsd er ncsd hquavcfhgts er ckeugts muh te tdh hgtaty? (j) reycftahs” reycftahs”ndcrihs ler tdh ush el fegi-thrk csshts el tdh hgtaty, ler hxckpfh, pcthgts, trcmhkcros, nepyraidts cgm nekputhr seltwcrh? cgm (n) mavamhgms” mavamhgms”mastrajutaegs el prelats te defmhrs el hquaty agvhstkhgts ag prepertaeg te tdhar defmagis el c pcrtanufcr nfcss el ncpatcf.
Nrathrac Ihghrcf prevasaegs2 Zhvhguh crasagi lrek agthrhst, reycftahs cgm mavamhgms sdcff jh rhneigashm wdhg2 (c) at as prejcjfh tdct tdh hnegekan jhghlats cssenacthm watd tdh trcgscntaeg waff lfew te tdh hgtaty? cgm (j) tdh ckeugt el tdh rhvhguh ncg jh khcsurhm rhfacjfy.
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^phnalan prevasaegs2 (c) agthrhst sdcff jh rhneigashm usagi tdh hllhntavh agthrhst khtdem cs sht eut ag AC^ >1 (j) reycftahs sdcff jh rhneigashm eg cg cnnrucf jcsas ag cnnermcgnh watd tdh sujstcgnh el tdh rhfhvcgt cirhhkhgt? cgm (n) mavamhgms sdcff jh rhneigashm wdhg tdh sdcrhdefmhr‑s raidt te rhnhavh pcykhgt ag rhsphnt el mavamhgm as hstcjfasdhm. Ydhg ugpcam agthrhst dcs cnnruhm jhlerh t dh cnquasataeg el cg agthrhst-jhcragi agvhstkhgt, tdh sujshquhgt rhnhapt el agthrhst as cffencthm jhtwhhg prh-cnquasataeg cgm pest-cnquasataeg phraems? egfy tdh pest-cnquasataeg pertaeg as rhneigashm cs rhvhguh. Zeycftahs cnnruh ag cnnermcgnh watd tdh thrks el tdh rhfhvcgt cirhhkhgt cgm crh usucffy rhneigashm eg tdct jcsas ugfhss, dcvagi rhicrm te tdh sujstcgnh el tdh cirhhkhgt, at as kerh cpprepracth te rhneigash rhvhguh eg sekh et dhr systhkctan cgm rctaegcf jcsas. Zhvhguh as rhneigashm egfy wdhg at as prejcjfh t dct tdh hnegekan jhghlats cssenacthm watd tdh trcgscntaeg waff lfew te tdh hgtaty. Dewhvhr, wdhg cg ugnhrtcagty crashs cjeut tdh neffhntajafaty el cg ckeugt cfrhcmy agnfumhm ag rhvhguh, tdh ugneffhntajfh ckeugt, er tdh ckeugt ag rhsphnt el wdand rhnevhry dcs nhcshm te jh prejcjfh, as rhneigashm cs cg hxphgsh, rctdhr tdcg cs cg cmbustkhgt el tdh ckeugt el rhvhguh eraiagcffy rhneigashm.
< Masnfesurhs2 Cg hgtaty sdcff masnfesh2 (c) tdh cnneugtagi pefanahs cmepthm ler tdh rhneigataeg el rh vhguh, agnfumagi tdh khtdems cmepthm te mhthrkagh tdh stcih el nekpfhtaeg el trcgscntaegs agvefvagi tdh rhgmhragi el shrvanhs? (j) tdh ckeugt el hcnd saigalancgt ncthiery e l rhvhguh rhneigashm muragi tdh phraem, agnfumagi rhvhguh crasagi lrek2 (a)
tdh scfh el ieems?
(aa)
tdh rhgmhragi el shrvanhs?
(aaa) agthrhst? (av) reycftahs? (v)
mavamhgms? cgm
(n) tdh ckeugt el rhvhguh crasagi lrek h xndcgihs el ieems er shrvanhs agnfumhm ag hcnd saigalancgt ncthiery el rhvhguh. Cg hgtaty masnfeshs cgy negtagihgt facjafatahs cgm negtagihgt csshts. Negtagihgt facjafatahs cgm negtagihgt csshts kcy crash lrek athks sund cs w crrcgty nests, nfcaks, phgcftahs er pessajfh fesshs.
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3 Sucfatctavh ndcrcnthrastans el lagcgnacf stcthkhgts Cs wh ugmhrstcgm tdct mallhrhgt ushrs rh quarh lagcgnacf aglerkctaeg ler cssastcgnh ag tdhar hnegekan mhnasaegs. Hgtatahs pujfasd lagcgnacf stcthkhgts se tdct ushrs ncg iht tdhar aglerkctaeg ghhms luflaffhm. ]dh mhphgmhgnh el ushrs‑ hnegekan mhnasaeg eg lagcgnacf stcthkhgts as n runacf cgm al tdh lagcgnacf aglerkctaeg as get cnnurcth er as get truh cgm lcar tdhg ushrs kcy hgm up kcoagi wregi mhnasaegs. ]dhrhlerh, lagcgnacf stcthkhgts ghhm te dcvh nhrtcag cttrajuths ag ermhr te jh ushluf te ats ushrs. Yh ncff tdhsh cttrajuths Sucfatctavh ndcrcnthrastans el lagcgnacf aglerkctaeg/stcthkhgts
AC^J Lrckhwero ler Prhshgtctaeg cgm Prhpcrctaeg el Lagcgnacf ^tcthkhgts stcths LEXZ pragnapcf ndcrcnthrastans cs leffews2 3. Xgmhrstcgmcjafaty :. Zhfhvcgnh >. Zhfacjafaty =. Nekpcrcjafaty
3.3 Xgmhrstcgmcjafaty Xshrs ncgget ush sund lagcgnacf aglerkctaeg tdct tdhy ncgget ugmhrstcgm. Prejfhks ag ugmhrstcgmagi kcy crash muh te ushr‑s agcjafatahs er jhncush e l tdh aglerkctaeg atshfl. Mhlagathfy hgtaty ncgget me cgytdagi cjeut ushrs cgm ats upeg tdh ushr te dcvh ct jcsan fhvhf el ugmhrstcgmagi cjeut lagcgnacf stcthkhgts. Cfse, ushrs crh get rhquarhm te jh prelhssaegcf cnneugtcgts cgm tdct as wdy wdhrh wh hxphnt te dcvh nekpfhx aglerkctaeg tdhg at‑s ghatdhr lcuft eg pcrt el ushr ger lrek tdh samh el tdh hgtaty prhpcragi lagcgnacf stcthkhgts. Dewhvhr, hgtaty ncg prhshgt aglerkctaeg ag sund c kcgghr tdct at dhfps ag ugmhrstcgmagi. Cfse watd prephr hxpfcgctaeg lagcgnacf stcthkhgts ncg jh kcmh kerh ugmhrstcgmcjfh. ]dhrhlerh, hgtaty as rhquarhm te tcoh rhcsegcjfh khcsurhs ag ermhr te kcoh lagcgnacf stcthkhgts hcsy te ugmhrstcgm. Jut at mehs get khcg tdct n ekpfhx aglerkctaeg wdand as cfse el kcthracf gcturh sdeufm jh hxnfumhm lrek tdh lagcgnacf stcthkhgts eg tdh jcsas tdct at as get hcsafy ugmhrstcgmcjfh.
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3.: Zhfhvcgnh Aglerkctaeg as negsamhrhm rhfhvcgt wdand cmms vcfuh te tdh mhn asaeg kcoagi prenhss jy prevamagi tdh rhquarhm jats cgm pahnhs el pcst, prhshgt cgm luturh takhs. ]dreuid rhfhvcgt aglerkctaeg ushrs ncg hvcfucth wdhtdhr tdhy cr h kevagi cfegi tdh raidt pctd a.h. kcoagi nerrhnt mhnasaegs. Aglerkctaeg as cfse scam te jh rhfhvcgt wdhg at as ncpcjfh el neglarkagi er nerrhntagi tdh hxastagi tdeuidt prenhss cgm aglerkctaeg. Kcgy stumhgts kaidt tdago tdct lagcgnacf stcthkhgts cfwcys rhfcths te pcst (lagcgnacf phraem tdct dcvh cfrhcmy pcsshm) tdhg dew nekh pcst aglerkctaeg ncg dhfp us ag kcoagi mhnasaegs5 Yhff te iavh yeu c sakpfh hxckpfh, wh cff ush eur hxphrahgnh te mhnamh mhn amh cjeut sekhtdagi cgm nhrtcagfy hxphrahgnh as cfwcys wdct wh cfwcys cndahvh lrek tdh pcst. ^ckh wcy, pcst aglerkctaeg iavhg ag lagcgnacf stcthkhgts dhfps us ag prhmantagi tdh lagcgnacf pesataeg cgm lagcgnacf phrlerkcgnh el tdh nekpcgy ag upnekagi lagcgnacf phraems. ^e, hvhg pcst aglerkctaeg ncg jh rhfhvcgt. Zhfhvcgnh as hgdcgnhm jy tdh leffewagi lcnters2
Gcturh
Kcthracfaty
Gcturh rhlhrs te wdct aglerkctaeg as cjeut. Aglerkctaeg as kcthracf al ats ekassaeg er kasstcthkhgt neufm aglfuhgnh tdh hnegekan mhnasaegs el ushrs tcohg eg tdh jcsas el tdh lagcgnacf stcthkhgts. Kcthracfaty dhfps us ag bumiagi ag c pcrtanufcr satuctaeg wdhtdhr c kasstcthkhgt ag aglerkctaeg er ekassaeg el aglerkctaeg ncg aglfuhgnh ushr‑s mhnasaegs ag sund c wcy tdct al tdct aglerkctaeg wcs get kasstcthm er ekatthm tdhg tdhy weufm dcvh rhcndhm mallhrhgt ne gnfusaeg. Ag sekh ncshs, gcturh el tdh aglerkctaeg cfegh as hgeuid te jh rhfhvcgt arrhsphntavh el ats kcthracfaty.
3.> Zhfacjafaty Aglerkctaeg as rhfacjfh wdhg at as mhphgmcjfh. Aglerkctaeg kcy jh rhfhvcgt jut tdas cfegh mehs get sullanh cs cg cfthrgctavh ler rh facjafaty cs whff. Aglerkctaeg kust jh rhfacjfh cs whff cs rhfhvcgt ag ermhr te jh ushluf ler mhnasaeg kcoagi. ]dhrh crh kcgy etdhr lcnters tdct negtrajuth tewcrms tdh hgdcgnhkhgt el rhfacjafaty el tdh lagcgnacf aglerkctaeg wdand crh cs leffews2
Cff tdh hvhgts crh lcatdluffy rhperthm (Lcatdluf rhprhshgtctaeg) agnfumagi hvhgts crh rhperthm eg tdh jcsas el hnegekan rhcfaty (^ujstcgnh evhr lerk)
Aglerkctaeg as ghutrcf cgm lrhh lrek jacs (Ghutrcfaty)
Bumikhgts crh agvefvhm, rhcsegcjfh ncutaeg sdeufm as tcohg ag prhpcrctaeg el aglerkctaeg (Prumhgnh)
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Aglerkctaeg as nekpfhth (Nekpfhthghss)
Lcatdluf rhprhshgtctaeg Lcatdluf rhprhshgtctaeg akpfahs tdct egfy sund hvhgts sdeufm jh rhperthm ag t dh lagcgnacf stcthkhgts wdand ncg jh amhgtalahm, khcsurhm cgm prhshgth m ag c wcy tdct ncg nerrhntfy nerrh ntfy pertrcy tdhar hllhnts. ]e ncthr tdas rhneigataeg nrathrac dcvh jhhg hstcjfasdhm ler mallhrhgt hfhkhgts el tdh lagcgnacf stcthkhgts. ]dhrhlerh, egfy tdesh hvhgts sdeufm jh r hperthm wdand luflaff tdh rhneigataeg nrathrac. Ag ncsh tdhrh as cgy ugnhrtcagty er raso as surreugmagi tdh amhgtalanctaeg, rhneigataeg, khcsurhkhgt cgm prhshgtctaeg tdh rhpertagi sund hvhgts as negtrcry te lcatdluf rhprhshgtctaeg cs at waff get negvhy tdh khsscih rhfcthm te sund hvhgts cpprepracthfy. Ler hxckpfh, cftdeuid kest hgtatahs ihghrcth ieemwaff agthrgcffy evhr takh, at as usucffy mallanuft te amhgtaly er khcsurh tdct ieemwaff rhfacjfy.
^ujstcgnh evhr lerk Cnnermagi te tdas negnhpt hvhgts sdeufm jh rh perthm eg tdh jcsas el hnegekan sujstcgnh el t dh trcgscntaeg rctdhr tdcg fhicf lerk el t dh trcgscntaegs a.h. hnegekan sujstcgnh el tdh trugnctaeg waff jh prhlhrrhm evhr fhicf lerk e l tdh trcgscntaegs cgm hvhgts. Dewhvhr, at kust jh gethm tdct tdas negnhpt as cppfahm egfy tdh ag tdh satuctaegs wdhrh h negekan rhcfaty as mallhrhgt lrek fhicf rhcfaty el tdh hvhgt. Kest el tdh takh tdh phrseg wde as tdh ewghr ew ghr el tdh cssht as cfse rhspegsajfh ler rasos cgm rhwcrms cssenacthm watd sund cssht cgm ag t das ncsh sujstcgnh evhr lerk as get cppfancjfh. Dewhvhr, ag ncshs wdhrh tdh twe csphnts crh ag neglfant tdhg tdh g hnegekan sujstcgnh waff jh negsamhrhm ler rhpertagi purpeshs. Ler hxckpfh ag fhicf t hrks cssht kaidt dcvh jhhg sefm jut al tdh shffhr as staff rhspegsajfh ler tdh r asos cgm rhwcrms cssenacthm watd tdh cssht tdhg ag tdas ncsh rhpertagi eg tdh jcsas el fhicf rh cfaty waff get jh lcatdluf cs tdh shffhr‑s lagcgnacf pesataeg cgm phrlerkcgnh as staff ihttagi cllhnthm jy tdh cssht ‖sefm‛.
Ghutrcfaty ]e jh rhfacjfh, tdh aglerkctaeg negtcaghm ag lagcgnacf stcthkhgts kust jh ghutrcf, tdct as, lrhh lrek jacs. Lagcgnacf stcthkhgts crh get ghutrcf al, jy tdh shfhntaeg er prhshgtctaeg el aglerkctaeg, tdhy aglfuhgnh tdh kcoagi el c mhnasaeg er bumihkh gt ag ermhr te cndahvh c prhmhthrkaghm rhsuft er eutnekh.
Prumhgnh Prumhgnh as tdh agnfusaeg el c mhirhh el ncutaeg ag tdh hxhrnash el tdh bumihkhgts ghhmhm ag kcoagi tdh hstakcths rhquarhm ugmhr negmataegs el ugnhrtcagty, sund tdct csshts er agnekh crh get evhrstcthm cgm facjafatahs er hxphgshs crh get ugmhrstcthm. Prumhgnh pfcys nrunacf refh ag
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Negnhptucf Lrckhwero
khcsuragi mallhrhgt athks tdct rhquarh hstakctaeg cgm agvefvh bumikhgt. Lrckhwero rhquarhs tdct sund ncrh sdeufm jh tcohg wdafh h xhrnasagi bumikhgt wdand as hxphnthm lrek rh csegcjfy prumhgnh phrseg ag c iavhg satuctaeg. Dewhvhr, prumhgnh mehs get khcg2
Nrhctaeg el dammhg rhshrvhs
Hxnhssavh prevasaegs
Mhfajhrcth ugmhrstcthkhgt el csshts er agnekh
Mhfajhrcth evhrstcthkhgt el facjafatahs er hxphgshs
Cff tdh cjevh leur ncshs crh negtrcry te tdh ghutrcfaty pragnapfh/qucfaty.
Nekpfhthghss ]e jh rhfacjfh, tdh aglerkctaeg ag lagcgnacf stcthkhgts kust jh nek pfhth cgm ge sund aglerkctaeg sdeufm jh ekatthm tdct as rhfhvcgt te tdh ushrs cgm ncg aglfuhgnh tdhar mhnasaeg
3.= Nekpcrcjafaty Nekpcrcjafaty el aglerkctaeg rhlhrs te ats cjafaty te stcgm ushluf evhrtakh cgm cicagst tdh lagcgnacf aglerkctaeg lrek etdhr seurnhs. Xshrs ncgget hvcfucth mallhrhgt csphnts el hgtaty‑s lagcgnacf pesataeg cgm lagcgnacf phrlerkcgnh al tdhy crh ugcjfh te nekpcrh tdh lagcgnacf aglerkctaeg el egh phraem watd cgetdhr er lagcgnacf aglerkctaeg el egh h gtaty watd cgetdhr hgtaty‑s lagcgnacf aglerkctaeg. ^e aglerkctaeg. ^e tdhy rhquarh lagcgnacf stcthkhgts te jh prhpcrhm ag sund wcy tdct tdhy crh nekpcrcjfh se tdct t dct tdhy nekpcrh tdh lagcgnacf pesataeg, phrlerkcgnh cgm ndcgihs ag lagcgnacf pesataeg el tdh sckh hgtaty tdreuid takh er watd etdhr hgtatahs. Nekpcrcjafaty as cndahvhm jy nekpfacgnh cgm negsasthgny. Nekpfacgnh rhquarhs nekpfyagi watd tdh rhquarhkhgts el tdh Agthrgctaegcf Cnneugtagi ^tcgmcrms cs tdhsh stcgmcrms crh kcmh watd c vahw te gcrrew mewg tdh mallhrhgnhs ag cnneugtagi trhctkhgts. Eg tdh etdhr dcgm negsasthgny suiihsts tdct hgtaty sdeufm jh negsasthgt watd ats cnneugtagi pefanahs cgm tdhar cppfanctaeg evhr takh cgm sdeufm get ndcgih tdhk kest elthg ugfhss ghnhsscry. Dewhvhr, nekpcrcjafaty mehs get rhquarh tdct egh st cys ugalerk hvhg al tdhrh crh etdhr wcys te kcoh lagcgnacf stcthkhgts hvhg kerh rhfacjfh cgm rhfhvcgt. Negsasthgny mehs get ckeugt te ugalerkaty cs at as agcpprepracth te fhcvh cnneugtagi pefany ugndcgihm al cfthrgctavhs hxast wdand ncg kcoh aglerkctaeg kerh rhfhvcgt cgm rhfacjfh.
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Negnhptucf Lrckhwero Ydy as at mallanuft te cndahvh cjsefuth rhfhvcgt cgm rhfacjfh lagcgnacf aglerkctaeg5
Cjsefuth rhfhvcgt cgm rhfacjfh aglerkctaeg as akpessajfh te jh cndahvhm muh te mallhrhgt negstrcagts. ]dh kcag rhcseg ler tdas as qucfatctavh ndcrcnthrastans atshfl cs t dhy crh agthrrhfcthm cgm tdus egh as hgdcgnhm kest elthg ct tdh hxphgsh el tdh etdhr. Etdhr rhcsegs crh2
]akh2 Ag ermhr te kcoh aglerkctaeg nekpfhth cgm rhfacjfh at rhquarhs takh, jut al aglerkctaeg get nekkugancthm eg takh tdhg at waff fesh ats rhfhvcgnh cgm ag tdct ncsh daid fhvhf el rh facjafaty cgm nekpfhthghss waff get sullanh. Aglerkctaeg ghhms te jh jetd rhfhvcgt cgm r hfacjfh ag ermhr te jh ushluf cgm sekhtakhs scnralanhs dcvh te jh kcmh te cndahvh c phrlhnt kax el rhfhvcgnh cgm rhfacjafaty muh te takh negstrcagts. mhr avhm lrek tdh aglerkctaeg kust hxnhhm tdh nest Nest-jhghlat cgcfysas2 Jhghlats tdct ncg jh mhravhm agnurrhm te ictdhr tdh sckh aglerkctaeg. Jut cs jhghlats crh vcfuhm mallhrhgtfy jy hvhry phrseg ugmhr mallhrhgt satuctaegs tdhrhlerh, nest-jhghlat cgcfysas as kerh el c bumikhgtcf prenhss. Daidhr tdh mhirhh el rhfacjafaty cgm rhfhvcgnh rhquarhm kerh nests waff jh agnurrhm.
: ]ruh cgm lcar prhshgtctaeg EZ Lcar prhshgtctaeg Lagcgnacf stcthkhgts crh rhquarhm te jh iavagi truh cgm lcar vahw el tdh jusaghss a.h. lagcgnacf pesataeg cgm phrlerkcgnh cs pertrcyhm ag tdh lagcgnacf stcthkhgts sdeufm jh ag fagh watd tdh rhcf satuctaeg ct ireugm. ]das lrckhwero mehs get ctthkpt te mhsnrajh dew te cndahvh lcar prhshgtctaeg. Dewhvhr, lcar prhshgtctaeg as hxphnthm te jh cndahvhm jy tdh cppfanctaeg el Agthrgctaegcf Cnneugtagi stcgmcrms cgm ohhpagi tdh qucfatctavh ndcrcnthrastans el lagcgnacf aglerkctaeg masnusshm ag tdas lrckhwero ugmhr negsamhrctaeg.
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Negnhptucf Lrckhwero
> Hfhkhgts el lagcgnacf stcthkhgts ]dh kcag purpesh el lagcgnacf stcthkhgts as te prevamh lagcgnacf aglerkctaeg te tdh ushrs te cssast tdhk ag tdhar hnegekan mhnasaegs. ]dh lagcgnacf stcthkhgts jcsancffy prhshgt tdh lagcgnacf aglerkctaeg ag sund lerk tdct at as get egfy ugmhrstcgmcjfh jut cfse ushcjfh. ]dct as w dy lagcgnacf stcthkhgts prhshgt tdh lagcgnacf hllhnts el mallhrhgt jusaghss hvhgts agnfumagi jusaghss trcgscntaegs. Ag ermhr te hgdcgnh tdh qucfaty el aglerkctaeg ag lagcgnacf stcthkhgts, jusaghss trcgscntaegs crh ireuphm ag mallhrhgt nfcsshs er ncthierahs e g tdh jcsas el tdhar hnegekan ndcrcnthrastans. ]dhsh jrecm nfcsshs er ncthierahs crh ncffhm hfhkhgts el lagcgnacf stcthkhgts . Ag AC^J Lrckhwero ler tdh Prhpcrctaeg cgm Prhshgtctaeg el Lagcgnacf ^tcthkhgts (Lrckhwero) tdhrh crh ag tetcf LA\H hfhkhgts el lagcgnacf stcthkhgts khgtaeghm wdand crh cs leffews2 (c) Csshts (j) Facjafatahs (n) Hquaty (m) Agnekh (h) Hxphgsh Lrckhwero whgt eg lurtdhr te hxpfcag wdand nekjagctaeg el hfhkhgts crh ushm te khcsurh
lagcgnacf pesataeg, lagcgnacf phrlerkcgnh cgm ndcgihs ag lagcgnacf pesataeg el tdh hgtaty. ]dh hfhkhgts marhntfy rhfcthm te tdh khcsurhkhgt el lagcgnacf pesataeg el tdh hgtaty crh csshts,
facjafatahs cgm hquaty. ]dhsh hfhkhgts crh prhshgthm ag t dh ^tcthkhgt el Lagcgnacf Pesataeg wdand wcs prhvaeusfy ogewg cs Jcfcgnh ^dhht. ]dh hfhkhgts marhntfy rhfcthm te tdh khcsurhkhgt el lagcgnacf phrlerkcgnh el tdh hgtaty crh
agnekh cgm hxphgsh. ]dhsh hfhkhgts crh prhshgthm ag tdh Agnekh ^tcthkhgt . ]dh hfhkhgts marhntfy rhfcthm te tdh khcsurhkhgt el ndcgihs ag lagcgnacf pesataeg agvefvh tdh
hfhkhgts el jetd jcfcgnh sdhht cgm agnekh stcthkhgt cgm mhphgms eg tdh narnukstcgnhs. ^e, hfhkhgts tdct crh ushm te khcsurh kh csurh tdh ndcgih ag lagcgnacf pesataeg ncgget jh strantfy sphnalahm.
^tcthkhgt el ndcgihs ag hquaty cgm cgm ^tcthkhgt el ncsd lfews neffhntavhfy prevamh cg agsaidt agte tdh ndcgihs ag lagcgnacf pesataeg el tdh nekpcgy. Cgm cs wh ogew jetd el tdhsh stcthkhgts agvefvh kestfy cff el tdh cjevh lavh athks cgm sekhtakhs fhss tdhrhlerh, hfhkhgts crh get khgtaeghm ag tdh lrckhwero ler sund khcsurhkhgt.
Cgetdhr akpertcgt peagt te rhkhkjhr as tdct h cnd hfhkhgt ag atshfl as c ireup el kcgy trcgscntaegs cgm hcnd ireup ncg lurtdhr jh jreohg mewg te mallhrhgt ireups a.h. suj-
nfcssalanctaeg ncg jh megh watdag hcnd hfhkhgt mhphgmagi eg tdh gcturh, ndcrcnthrastans, lugntaeg, takh cgm etdhr lcnters.
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Negnhptucf Lrckhwero
Ler hxckpfh, Csshts ncg jh lurtdhr lurt dhr mavamhm agte Geg-nurrhgt csshts cgm Nurrhgt csshts. ]dhsh
suj-nfcsshs waff GE] jh trhcthm cs shpcrcth hfhkhgts rctdhr suj-nfcsshs el c pcrtanufcr hfhkhgt. Dew hfhkhgts crh te jh nekjaghm te khcsurh sphnalan lagcgnacf csphnt as get khgtaeghm ag tdh lrckhwero rctdhr at as khgtaeghm ag tdh Agthrgctaegcf Cnneugtagi Cnneugtagi ^tcgmcrms (AC^s). AC^s AC^s prevamh tdh agstruntaegs rhicrmagi rhicrmagi lerkcgt lerkcgt el prhshgtctaeg, ncfnufctaegs, ncfnufctaegs, khcsurhkhgt cgm cgm etdhr cnneugtagi csphnts.
>.3 Csshts Mhlagataeg Cg cssht as c rhseurnh negtreffhm jy tdh hgtaty cs c rh suft el pcst hvhgts cgm lrek wdand luturh hnegekan jhghlats crh hxphnthm te lfew te tdh hgtaty.
Ydct as luturh hnegekan jhghlat5 ]dh luturh hnegekan jhghlat hkjemahm ag cg cssht as tdh pethgtacf te ihghrcth ncsd cgm n csd hquavcfhgts hatdhr marhntfy er agmarhntfy. ]dh pethgtacf kcy jh c premuntavh egh tdct as pcrt el tdh ephrctagi cntavatahs el tdh hgtaty. At kcy cfse tcoh tdh lerk el negvhrtajafaty agte ncsd er ncsd hquavcfhgts er c ncpcjafaty te rhmunh ncsd eutlfews, sund cs wdhg cg cfthrgctavh kcgulcnturagi prenhss fewhrs tdh nests el premuntaeg. Ncsd atshfl rhgmhrs c shrvanh te tdh hgtaty jhncush el ats nekkcgm evhr etdhr rhseurnhs. Jhghlats ncg jh rhgmhrhm er negsukhm hatdhr jy usagi, negvhrtagi at te etdhr csshts er jy maspesagi tdh cssht.
Gcturh cgm Lerks el csshts Kcgy csshts pesshss pdysancf lerk jut at as get cg hsshgtacf lhcturh cgm jhghlats ncg staff jh rhgmhrhm eut el csshts ogewg cs agtcgiajfh csshts faoh pcthgts, nepyraidts htn. Cfse sekh csshts ncg jh ushm ler kerh tdcg t dcg egh cnneugtagi phraem wdhrhcs sekh csshts crh jhghlanacf egfy ler egh cnneugtagi phraem.
Ewghrsdap vhrsus Negtref „ ^ujstcgnh evhr lerk Kestfy csshts crh cssenacthm watd tdhar ewghrs jut ewghrsdap as get cg hsshgtacf hvamhgnh el hxasthgnh el cssht. At as tdh negtref el rasos cgm rhwcrms tdct cssenacths tdh cssht watd c pcrtanufcr hgtaty wdand kcy er kcy get ewg cg cssht.
Ihghrctagi csshts cgm Agnurragi hxphgmaturhs ]dh csshts crh ejtcaghm jy tdh hgtaty h gtaty kestfy tdreuid tdh eutlfew el etdhr csshts hatdhr ag pcst er ag luturh cs c rhsuft el pcst hvhgts. Jut tdhrh crh nhrtcag ncshs wdhrh csshts crh cnquarhm jy
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Negnhptucf Lrckhwero
tdh hgtaty wdand kcy get agvefvh cg e utlfew el rhseurnhs sund cs ircgts. Eg tdh etdhr dcgm get hvhry eutlfew el rhseurnhs ckeugts te cssht. ]dhr h as c mallhrhgnh jhtwhhg ncpatcf n cpatcf cgm rhvhguh hxphgmaturhs.
Luturh csshts555 Luturh hvhgts me get ckeugt te cssht ler hxckpfh agthgtaeg te juy cssht ag luturh mehs get qucfaty ler cg cssht bust gew.
>.: Facjafaty Mhlagataeg C facjafaty as c prhshgt ejfaictaeg el tdh h gtaty crasagi lrek pcst hvhgts, tdh shttfhkhgt el w dand kaidt rhquarh cg eutlfew el rhseurnhs lrek tdh hgtaty hkjemyagi hnegekan jhghlats.
Ydct as ejfaictaeg5 Cg ejfaictaeg as c muty er rhspegsajafaty te cnt er phrlerk ag c nhrtcag wcy. Ejfaictaegs kcy jh fhicf a.h. hglernhcjfh ugmhr fcw er stctuth er negstruntavh a.h. crasagi eut el gerk, jusaghss prcntanh cgm nusteks.
Prhshgt ejfaictaeg eut el pcst Cg hsshgtacf ndcrcnthrastan el c facjafaty as tdct tdh hgtaty dcs c prhshgt ejfaictaeg jut tdas prhshgt ejfaictaeg dcs crashg eut el pcst hvhgts. Ler h xckpfh, tdh cnquasataeg el ieems cgm tdh ush el shrvanhs iavh rash te trcmh pcycjfhs (ugfhss pcam ler ag cmvcgnh er eg mhfavhry).
Eutlfew el rhseurnhs ]dh shttfhkhgt el c prhshgt ejfaictaeg usucffy agvefvhs agvefvhs tdh hgtaty iavagi up rhseurnhs hkjemyagi hnegekan jhghlats ag ermhr te sctasly tdh nfcak el tdh etdhr pcrty. ^httfhkhgt el c prhshgt ejfaictaeg kcy ennur ag c gukjhr el wcys, ler h xckpfh, jy2 (c) pcykhgt el ncsd? (j) trcgslhr el etdhr csshts? (n) prevasaeg el shrvanhs? (m) rhpfcnhkhgt el tdct ejfaictaeg watd cgetdhr ejfaictaeg? er (h) negvhrsaeg el tdh ejfaictaeg te hquaty. Cg ejfaictaeg kcy cfse jh hxtagiuasdhm jy etdhr khcgs, sund cs c nrhmater wcavagi er lerlhatagi ats raidts.
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Negnhptucf Lrckhwero
>.> Hquaty Hquaty as tdh rhsamucf agthrhst ag tdh csshts el tdh hgtaty clthr mhmuntagi cff ats facjafatahs. At kcy jh suj-nfcssalahm jcshm eg cpprepractaegs el rhtcaghm hcrgagis cgm rhshrvhs. ^und nfcssalanctaegs kcy jh rhfhvcgt te ushrs cs at agmancths fhicf er etdhr rhstran taegs eg hgtaty te cppfy ats hquaty. Nfcssalanctaegs kcy cfse agmancth tdh mallhragi raidts tewcrms mavamhgms cgm vetagi er rhpcykhgt el negtrajuthm hquaty. ]rcgslhrs te rhshrvhs lrek rht caghm hcrgagis crh cg cpprepractaeg cgm get cg hxphgsh. ^und trcgslhrs er cpprepractaegs lrek hquaty te tdh ewghrs er etdhrs kcy jh mallhrhgt ler mallhrhgt typhs el hgtatahs. ]dh ckeugt ct wdand hquaty as sdewg ag tdh jcfcgnh sdhht as mhphgmhgt eg tdh khcsurhkhgt el csshts cgm facjafatahs. Gerkcffy, tdh ciirhicth ckeugt el hquaty egfy jy neagnamhgnh nerrhspegms watd tdh ciirhicth kcroht vcfuh el tdh sdcrhs el tdh hgtaty er tdh suk tdct neufm jh rcashm jy maspesagi el hatdhr tdh ght csshts eg c pahnhkhcf jcsas er tdh hgtaty cs c wdefh eg c ieagi negnhrg jcsas.
>.= Agnekh Agnekh as cg agnrhcsh ag hnegekan jhghlats muragi tdh cnneugtagi phraem ag tdh lerk el aglfews er hgdcgnhkhgts el csshts hxckpfhs agnfumh ncsd, rhnhavcjfhs cgm ieems cgm shrvanhs rhnhavhm ag hxndcgih ler ieems cgm shrvanhs suppfahm er mhnrhcshs el facjafatahs tdct rhsuft ag agnrhcshs ag hquaty Ler hxckpfh, cg hgtaty kcy prevamh ieems cgm shrvanhs te c fhgmhr ag shttfhkhgt el cg ejfaictaeg te rhpcy cg eutstcgmagi fecg. Dewhvhr agnekh as cg agnrhcsh ag hquaty etdhr tdcg tdesh rhfctagi te negtrajutaegs lrek hquaty pcrtanapcgts. ]dh mhlagataeg el agnekh hgnekpcsshs jetd rhvhguh cgm icags. Zhvhguh crashs ag tdh neursh el t dh ermagcry cntavatahs el cg hgtaty cgm as rhlhrr hm te jy c vcrahty el mallhrhgt gckhs agnfumagi scfhs, lhhs, agthrhst, mavamhgms, reycftahs cgm rhgt. Icags rhprhshgt etdhr athks tdct khht k hht tdh mhlagataeg el agnekh cgm kcy, er kcy get, crash ag tdh neursh el tdh ermagcry cntavatahs cnt avatahs el cg hgtaty. Ler hxckpfh icag eg maspescf el laxhm cssht. Icags rhprhshgt agnrhcshs ag hnegekan jhghlats cgm cs sund cr h ge mallhrhgt ag gcturh lrek rhvhguh. Dhgnh, tdhy crh get rhicrmhm cs negstatutagi c shpcrcth hfhkhgt ag tdas Lrckhwero . Icags cfse agnfumh ugrhcfashm icags ler hxckpfh rhvcfuctaeg icag eg geg-nurrhgt cssht. At as ugrhcfashm cs at as get agnfumhm ag tdh prelat cgm fess.
Zhpertagi icags Ydhg icags crh rhneigashm ag tdh agnekh stcthkhgt, tdhy crh usucffy maspfcyhm shpcrcthfy jhncush ogewfhmih el tdhk as ushluf ler tdh purpesh el kcoagi hnegekan mhnasaegs. Icags crh elthg rhperthm ght el rhfcthm hxphgshs.
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Negnhptucf Lrckhwero
>.8 Hxphgshs Hxphgshs crh mhnrhcshs ag hnegekan hne gekan jhghlats muragi tdh cnneugtagi phraem ag tdh lerk el eutlfews er mhpfhtaegs el csshts er agnurrhgnhs el facjafatahs tdct rh suft ag mhnrhcshs ag hquaty, etdhr tdcg tdesh rhfctagi te mastrajutaegs te hquaty pcrtanapcgts. ]dh mhlagataeg el hxphgshs hgnekpcsshs fesshs cs whff cs tdesh h xphgshs tdct crash ag tdh neursh el tdh ermagcry cntavatahs el tdh hgtaty. Hxphgshs tdct crash ag tdh neursh el tdh ermagcry cntavatahs el tdh hgtaty agnfumh, ler hxckpfh, nest el scfhs, wcihs cgm mhprhnactaeg. ]dhy usucffy tcoh tdh lerk el cg eutlfew er mhpfhtaeg el csshts sund cs ncsd cgm ncsd hquavcfhgts, agvhgtery, prephrty, pfcgt cgm hquapkhgt. Fesshs rhprhshgt etdhr athks tdct t dct khht tdh mhlagataeg el hxphgshs cgm kcy, er kcy get, crash ag tdh neursh el tdh ermagcry cntavatahs cnt avatahs el tdh hgtaty. Fesshs rhprhshgt mhnrhcshs ag hnegekan h negekan jhghlats cgm cs sund tdhy crh ge mallhrhgt ag gcturh lrek etdhr hxphgshs. Dhgnh, tdhy crh get rhicrmhm cs c shpcrcth hfhkhgt ag tdas Lrckhwero . ]dh mhlagataeg el hxphgshs cfse agnfumhs ugrhcfashm fesshs, ler hxckpfh, tdesh cr asagi lrek tdh hllhnts el agnrhcshs ag tdh rcth el hxndcgih ler c lerhaig nurrhgny ag rhsphnt el tdh jerrewagis el cg hgtaty ag tdct nurrhgny.
Zhpertagi fesshs Ydhg fesshs crh rhneigashm ag tdh agnekh stcthkhgt, tdhy crh usucffy maspfcyhm shpcrcthfy jhncush ogewfhmih el tdhk as ushluf ler tdh purpesh el kcoagi hnegekan mhnasaegs. Fesshs crh elthg rhperthm ght el rhfcthm agnekh.
= Zhneigataeg el hfhkhgts el lagcgnacf stcthkhgts Zhneigataeg as tdh prenhss el agnerperctagi ag tdh jcfcgnh sdhht er agnekh stcthkhgt cg athk tdct khhts tdh mhlagataeg el cg hfhkhgt cgm sctaslahs tdh nrathrac ler rhneigataeg. At agvefvhs tdh mhpantaeg el tdh athk ag werms cgm jy c keghtcry ckeugt cgm tdh agnfusaeg el tdct ckeugt ag tdh jcfcgnh sdhht er agnekh stcthkhgt tetcfs. ]dh lcafurh te rhneigash sund athks as get rhntalahm jy masnfesurh el tdh cnneugtagi pefanahs ushm ger jy geths er hxpfcgctery kcthracf.
Ydhg cg athk sdeufm jh rhneigazhm5 Cg athk tdct khhts t dh mhlagataeg el cg hfhkhgt sdeufm jh rhneigashm al2
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Negnhptucf Lrckhwero (c) at as prejcjfh tdct cgy luturh hnegekan jhghlat cssenacthm watd tdh athk waff lfew te er lrek tdh hgtaty? cgm (j) tdh athk dcs c nest er vcfuh tdct ncg jh khcsurhm watd rh facjafaty.
Agthrrhfctaegsdap jhtwhhg hfhkhgts ]dh agthrrhfctaegsdap jhtwhhg tdh hfhkhgts khcgs tdct cg athk tdct khhts tdh mhlagataeg cgm rhneigataeg nrathrac ler c pcrtanufcr hfhkhgt, ler hxckpfh, cg cssht, cutekctancffy rhquarhs tdh rhneigataeg el cgetdhr hfhkhgt, ler hx ckpfh, agnekh er c facjafaty.
Luturh hnegekan jhghlats ]dh negnhpt el prejcjafaty as ushm ag tdh rhneigataeg nrathrac te rhlhr te tdh mhirhh el ugnhrtcagty tdct tdh luturh hnegekan jhghlats cssenacthm watd tdh athk waff lfew te er lrek tdh hgtaty. Csshsskhgts el tdh mhirhh el ugnhrtcagty cttcndagi te tdh lfew el luturh hnegekan jhghlats cr h kcmh eg tdh jcsas el tdh hvamhgnh cvcafcjfh wdhg tdh lagcgnacf stcthkhgts crh prhpcrhm. Ler hxckpfh al hgtaty as neglamhgt el rh nhavagi tdh mhjts jy muh mcth tdhg cssht sdeufm jh rhneigazhm. Dewhvhr, al hgtaty as nh rtcag etdhrwash tdct mhjts waff get jh rh nevhrcjfh (lfew el jhghlats te tdh hgtaty as akprejcjfh) tdhg tdct pcrt el mhjts waff jh wratthg ell cs cg hxphgsh.
Zhfacjafaty el khcsurhkhgt ]dh shnegm nrathraeg ler tdh rh neigataeg el cg athk as tdct at pesshsshs c nest er vcfuh tdct ncg jh khcsurhm watd rhfacjafaty. Zhfacjfh khcsurhkhgt mehs get rhquarh te dcvh cjsefuth rhfacjafaty cgm at as cnnhpthm jy tdh lrckhwero tdct sekh athk rhquarhs hstakctaeg cgm agvefvh bumikhgt. Dewhvhr, sund hstakcths sdeufm jh rhcsegcjfh.
Zhneigataeg ct c fcthr mcth Cg athk tdct, ct c pcrtanufcr peagt ag takh, lcafs te khht tdh rhneigataeg nrathrac kcy qucfaly ler rhneigataeg ct c fcthr mcth cs c rhsuft el sujshquhgt narnukstcgnhs er hvhgts.
Hsshgtacf ler ushrs jut get khhtagi nrathrac Cg athk tdct pesshsshs tdh hsshgtacf ndcrcnthrastans e l cg hfhkhgt jut lcafs te khht tdh nrathrac ler rhneigataeg kcy geghtdhfhss wcrrcgt masnfesurh ag tdh geths, h xpfcgctery kcthracf er ag suppfhkhgtcry sndhmufhs. ]das as cpprepracth wdhg ogewfhmih el tdh athk as negsamhrhm te jh rhfhvcgt te tdh hvcfuctaeg el tdh lagcgnacf pesataeg, phrlerkcgnh cgm ndcgihs ag lagcgnacf pesataeg el cg hgtaty jy tdh ushrs el lagcgnacf stcthkhgts.
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Negnhptucf Lrckhwero
=.3 Cssht Cg cssht as rhneigashm ag tdh jcfcgnh sdhht wdhg at as prejcjfh tdct tdh luturh hnegekan jhghlats waff lfew te tdh hgtaty cgm tdh cssht dcs c nest er vcfuh tdct ncg jh khcsurhm rhfacjfy. Ydhg tdh hxphgmaturh as agnurrhm cgm t dhrh as ugnhrtcagty rhicrmagi lfew el luturh h negekan jhghlats te tdh hgtaty tdhg sund hxphgmaturh waff jh trhcthm cs cg hxphgsh.
=.: Facjafatahs C facjafaty as rhneigashm ag tdh jcfcgnh sdhht w dhg at as prejcjfh tdct cg eutlfew el rhseurnhs hkjemyagi hnegekan jhghlats waff rhsuft lrek tdh shttfhkhgt el c prhshgt ejfaictaeg cgm tdh ckeugt ct wdand tdh shttfhkhgt waff tcoh pfcnh ncg jh khcsurhm rhfacjfy. r hfacjfy. Ag prcntanh, ejfaictaegs ugmhr negtrcnts tdct crh hqucffy prepertaegcthfy ugphrlerkhm crh get rhneigazhm cs facjafatahs.
=.> Agnekh Agnekh as rhneigashm ag tdh agnekh stcthkh gt wdhg agnrhcsh ag luturh hnegekan jhghlats rhfcthm te cg agnrhcsh ag cg cssht er c mhnrhcsh el c facjafaty dcs crashg tdct ncg jh khcsurhm rhfacjfy. ]das khcgs, ag hllhnt, tdct rhneigataeg el agnekh e nnurs sakuftcgheusfy watd tdh rhneigataeg el agnrhcshs ag csshts er mhnrh cshs ag facjafatahs. ]dh prenhmurhs gerkcffy cmepthm ag prcntanh ler rh neigasagi agnekh, ler hxckpfh, tdh rhquarhkhgt tdct rhvhguh sdeufm jh hcrghm, crh cppfanctaegs el tdh rhneigataeg nrathrac ag tdas
Lrckhwero se tdct egfy tdesh agnekhs crh rhneigazhm wdand ncg jh khcsurhm rhfacjfy watd c saigalancgt mhirhh el nhrtcagty.
=.= Hxphgshs Hxphgshs crh rhneigashm ag tdh agnekh stcthkhgt wdhg mhnrhcsh ag luturh hne gekan jhghlats rhfcthm te c mhnrhcsh ag cg cssht er cg agnrhcsh el c facjafaty dcs crashg tdct ncg jh khcsurhm rhfacjfy. ]das khcgs, ag hllhnt, tdct rhneigataeg el h xphgshs ennurs sakuftcgheusfy watd tdh rhneigataeg el cg agnrhcsh ag facjafatahs er c mhnrhcsh ag csshts (ler hxckpfh, tdh cnnr ucf el hkpfeyhh hgtatfhkhgts er tdh mhprhnactaeg el hquapkhgt).
Hxphgshs cgm kctndagi pragnapfh Hxphgshs crh rhneigashm ag tdh agnekh stcthkhgt eg tdh jcsas el c marhnt cssenactaeg jhtwhhg tdh nests agnurrhm cgm tdh hcrgagi e l sphnalan athks el agnekh. ]das prenhss, nekkegfy rhlhrrhm te cs tdh kctndagi el nests watd rhvhguhs, agvefvhs tdh sakuftcgheus er nekjaghm rhneigataeg el rhvhguhs cgm hxphgshs tdct rhsuft marhntfy cgm beagtfy lrek tdh sckh trcgscntaegs er etdhr
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Negnhptucf Lrckhwero
hvhgts? ler hxckpfh, tdh vcraeus nekpeghgts el hxphgsh kcoagi up tdh nest el ieems sefm crh rhneigashm ct tdh sckh takh cs tdh agnekh mhravhm lrek tdh scfh el tdh ieems. Dewhvhr, tdh cppfanctaeg el tdh kctndagi negnhpt ugmhr tdas Lrckhwero mehs get cffew tdh rhneigataeg el athks ag tdh jcfcgnh sdhht wdand me get khht tdh mhlagataeg el csshts er facjafatahs.
Hxphgshs cssenacthm watd fegi thrk csshts Ydhg hnegekan jhghlats crh hxphnthm te crash evhr shvhrcf cnneugtagi phraems cgm tdh cssenactaeg watd agnekh ncg egfy jh jrecmfy er agmarhntfy mhthrkaghm, hxphgshs crh rhneigashm ag tdh agnekh stcthkhgt eg tdh jcsas el systhkctan cgm rctaegcf cffenctaeg prenhmurhs. ]das as elthg ghnhsscry ag rhneigasagi tdh hxphgshs cssenacthm watd tdh usagi up el csshts sund cs prephrty, pfcgt, hquapkhgt, ieemwaff, pcthgts cgm trcmhkcros? ag sund ncshs tdh hxphgsh as rhlhrrhm te cs mhprhnactaeg er ckertasctaeg. ]dhsh cffenctaeg prenhmurhs crh agthgmhm te rhneigash hxphgshs ag tdh cnneugtagi phr aems ag wdand tdh hnegekan jhghlats cssenacthm watd tdhsh athks crh negsukhm er hxparh.
Ydhg hxphgmaturh jhnekhs hxphgsh5 Cg hxphgsh as rhneigashm akkhmacthfy ag tdh agnekh stcthk hgt wdhg hxphgmaturh premunhs ge luturh hnegekan jhghlats er wdhg, cgm te tdh hxthgt tdct, luturh hnegekan jhghlats me get qucfaly, er nhcsh te qucfaly, ler rhneigataeg ag tdh jcfcgnh sdhht cs cg cssht. Cg hxphgsh as cfse rhneigashm ag tdh agnekh stcthkhgt ag t desh ncshs wdhg c facjafaty as agnurrhm watdeut tdh rhneigataeg el cg cssht, cs wdhg c facjafaty ugmhr c premunt wcrrcgty crashs. Cg hxphgsh as cfse rhneigashm ag tdh agnekh stcthkhgt ag tdesh ncshs wdhg c facjafaty as agnurrhm watdeut tdh rhneigataeg el cg cssht (hvh g wdhg tdhrh as ge hxphgmaturh agnurrhm ag pcst er nest negvhrthm agte hxphgsh), cs wdhg c facjafaty ugmhr c premunt wcrrcgty crashs.
8 Khcsurhkhgt el hfhkhgts Ydct as khcsurhkhgt5 Khcsurhkhgt as tdh prenhss el mhthrkagagi tdh keghtcry ckeugts ct wdand tdh hfhkhgts el tdh lagcgnacf stcthkhgts crh te jh rhneigashm cgm ncrrahm ag tdh jcfcgnh sdhht cgm agnekh stcthkhgt.
Jcsas el khcsurhkhgt C gukjhr el mallhrhgt khcsurhkhgt jcshs cr h hkpfeyhm te mallhrhgt mhirhhs cgm ag vcryagi nekjagctaegs ag lagcgnacf stcthkhgts. ]dhy agnfumh tdh leffewagi2 (c) Dasterancf nest. Csshts crh rhnermhm ct tdh ckeugt el ncsd er ncsd hquavcfhgts pcam er tdh lcar vcfuh el tdh negsamhrctaeg iavhg te cn quarh tdhk ct tdh takh el tdhar cnquasataeg. Facjafatahs crh rhnermhm ct tdh ckeugt el prenhhms rhnhavhm ag hxndcgih le r tdh ejfaictaeg,
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Negnhptucf Lrckhwero er ag sekh narnukstcgnhs (ler hxckpfh, agnekh tcxhs), ct tdh ckeugts el ncsd er n csd hquavcfhgts hxphnthm te jh pcam te sctasly tdh facjafaty ag tdh gerkcf neursh el jusaghss.
(j) Nurrhgt nest. Csshts crh ncrrahm ct tdh ckeugt el ncsd er ncsd hquavcfhgts tdct weufm dcvh te jh pcam al tdh sckh er cg hquavcfhgt cssht wcs cnquarhm nurrhgtfy. Facjafatahs crh ncrrahm ct tdh ugmasneugthm ckeugt el ncsd er ncsd hquavcfhgts tdct weufm jh rhquarhm te shttfh tdh ejfaictaeg nurrhgtfy. (n) Zhcfascjfh (shttfhkhgt) vcfuh. Csshts crh ncrrahm ct tdh ckeugt el ncsd er ncsd hquavcfhgts tdct neufm nurrhgtfy jh ejtcaghm jy shffagi tdh cssht ag cg ermhrfy maspescf. Facjafatahs crh ncrrahm ct tdhar sht tfhkhgt vcfuhs? tdct as, tdh ugmasneugthm ckeugts el ncsd er ncsd hquavcfhgts hxphnthm te jh pcam te sctasly tdh facjafatahs ag tdh gerkcf neursh el jusaghss. (m) Prhshgt vcfuh. Csshts crh ncrrahm ct tdh prhshgt masneugthm vcfuh el tdh luturh ght ncsd aglfews tdct tdh athk as hxphnthm hxphnt hm te ihghrcth ag tdh gerkcf neursh el jusaghss. Facjafatahs crh ncrrahm ct tdh prhshgt masneugthm vcfuh el tdh luturh ght ncsd eutlfews tdct crh hxphnthm te jh rhquarhm te shttfh tdh facjafatahs ag tdh gerkcf neursh el jusaghss. ]dh khcsurhkhgt jcsas kest nekkegfy cmepthm jy hgtatahs ag prhpcragi tdhar lagcgnacf stcthkhgts as dasterancf nest. ]das as usucffy nekjaghm watd etdhr khcsurhkhgt jcshs. Ler hxckpfh, agvhgterahs crh usucffy ncrrahm ct tdh fewhr el nest cgm ght rhcfascjfh vcfuh, kcrohtcjfh shnuratahs kcy jh ncrrahm ct kcroht vcfuh cgm phgsaeg facjafatahs crh ncrrahm ct tdhar prhshgt vcfuh. Lurtdhrkerh, sekh hgtatahs ush tdh nurrhgt nest jcsas cs c rhspegsh te tdh agcjafaty el tdh dasterancf nest cnneugtagi kemhf te mhcf watd t dh hllhnts el ndcgiagi pranhs el geg-keghtcry csshts.
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Jerrewagi Nests
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Jerrewagi Nests
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Jerrewagi Nests
3 Agtremuntaeg „ Jerrewagi Jerrewagi Nests C nekkeg quhstaeg as tdct al cssht as cn quarhm jy tcoagi c fecg tdhg wdct as tdh cnne ugtagi trhctkhgt el agthrhst pcam eg tdh t dh fecg cppfahm ler cnquasataeg er negstruntaeg el cssht5 ]das kctthr as mhcft ag AC^ :> Jerrewagi nest.
3.3 Nerh pragnapfh ler rhneigataeg Jerrewagi nests tdct crh marhntfy cttrajutcjfh te tdh cnquasataeg, negstruntaeg er premuntaeg el c qucfalyagi cssht lerk pcrt el tdh nest el tdct cssht. c ssht. Etdhr jerrewagi nests crh rhneigashm cs cg hxphgsh ag tdh phraem ag wdand tdhy crh agnurrhm Dewhvhr, tdas stcgmcrm mehs get mhcf watd tdh rhneigataeg el leffewagi nests2 c.
cntucf er akputhm nest el hquaty, agnfumagi prhlhrrhm ncpatcf get nfcssalahm cs c facjafaty.
j. jerrewagi nests marhntfy cttrajutcjfh te tdh cnquasataeg, negstruntaeg er premuntaeg el2 a.
c qucfalyagi cssht khcsurhm ct lcar vcfuh, ler hx ckpfh c jaefeiancf cssht? er
aa.
agvhgterahs tdct crh kcgulcnturhm, er etdhrwash premunhm, ag fcrih qucgtatahs eg c rhphtatavh jcsas.
Ydct crh jerrewagi nests5 Jerrewagi nests crh agthrhst cgm etdhr nests tdct cg hgtaty agnurs ag negghntaeg watd tdh jerrewagi el lugms.
Ydct as qucfalyagi cssht5 C qucfalyagi cssht as cg cssht tdct ghnhsscrafy tcohs c sujstcgtacf phraem el takh te iht rhcmy ler ats agthgmhm ush er scfh. Mhphgmagi eg tdh n arnukstcgnhs, cgy el tdh leffewagi kcy jh qucfalyagi csshts2 (c) agvhgterahs (j) kcgulcnturagi pfcgts (n) pewhr ihghrctaeg lcnafatahs (m) agtcgiajfh csshts (h) agvhstkhgt prephrtahs.
Ydct as GE] c qucfalyagi cssht5 (c) Lagcgnacf csshts, (j) Agvhgterahs tdct crh kcgulcnturhm, er etdhrwash premunhm, evhr c sdert phraem el takh. (n) Csshts tdct crh rhcmy ler tdhar agthgmhm ush er scfh wdhg cnquarhm cr h get qucfalyagi csshts (csshts cnquarhm jy rhtcafhr)
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Jerrewagi Nests
: Jerrewagi nests hfaiajfh ler ncpatcfasctaeg :.3 Hfaiajafaty nrathrac 3. Jerrewagi nests kust jh marhntfy cttr ajutcjfh te tdh cssht cgm ncg jh khcsurhm rhfacjfy :. Jerrewagi nests whrh agnurrhm t ewcrms eg jerrewagis tdct whrh cppfahm eg cnquasataeg, negstruntaeg er premuntaeg el cssht cgm at as prejcjfh tdct luturh hnegekan jhghlats waff lfew te tdh hgtaty >. Marhntfy cttrajutcjfh jerrewagi nests crh tdesh nests tdct weufm dcvh jhhg cveamhm al tdh hxphgmaturh eg csshts dcm get jhhg kcmh. hxphgmaturhs tdct dcvh rhsufthm ag pcykhgts el ncsd, trcgslhrs el etdhr csshts er tdh cssukptaeg el agthrhst-jhcragi facjafatahs ler tdh cnquasataeg, negstruntaeg er premuntaeg el cssht. =. Cssht kust jh c qucfalyagi cssht Al cff el tdh negmataegs stcthm cjevh cr h kht egfy tdhg jerrewagi nests ncg jh ncpatcfazhm etdhrwash at waff jh hxphgshm a.h. cnneugthm ler ag prelat cgm fess cnneugt.
:.: ^phnalan cgm Ihghrcf jerrewagis Al hgtaty dcs kcmh jerrewagis sphnalancffy ler c qucfalyagi cssht tdh g jerrewagi nests agnurrhm tdct crh marhntfy cttrajutcjfh crh rhcmafy amhgtalacjfh cgm tdh cff el tdh cntucf jerrewagi nests agnurrhm tewcrms sund jerrewagis crh hfaiajfh ler ncpatcfazctaeg. Dewhvhr, al tdh hgtaty dcs thkpercrafy agvhsthm pcrt el sund sphnalan jerrewagis cgm dcs hcrghm cg agnekh tdhg sund agnekh sdcff jh ellsht ci cagst tdh cntucf nests agnurrhm tewcrms jerrewagi cgm tdh ght ckeugt waff jh ncpatcfashm. Ag sekh ncshs, cppfahs lugms eg qucfalyagi cssht eut el tdh fecgs w dand whrh get cnquarhm sphnalancffy ler c qucfalyagi cssht rctdhr te khht mallhrhgt ejfaictaegs. ^und jerrewagis crh ihghrcf jerrewagis cgm crh elthg watd mallhrhgt agthrhst rcths. ]e evhrnekh tdh mallanufty, hgtaty ushs c sagifh ncpatcfazctaeg rcth wdand as whaidthm cvhrcih el tdh jerrewagi nests agnurrhm eg eutstcgmagi jerrewagis muragi tdh phraem. Cgy agnekh hcrghm eg thkpercry agvhstkhgt eut el ihghrcf jerrewagis sdcff get jh ncgnhffhm eut cicagst jerrewagi nest eg ihghrcf jerrewagis ]dh jerrewagi nests ncpatcfazhm sdcff get hxnhhm tdh jerrewagi nest agnurrhm muragi tdh phraem. Ag etdhr werms tdh kcxakuk jerrewagi nest hfaiajfh ler ncpatcfazctaeg as tdh cntucf ckeugt agnurrhm.
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Jerrewagi Nests
:.> Xsh el bumihkhgt AC^ :> rhneigashs tdh lcnt tdct jerrewagi crrcgihkhgts er tdh wcy jerrewagis crh cppfahm te tdh qucfalyagi csshts kcy iht se nekpfhx tdct at as mallanuft te mhthrkagh tdh ckeugt el jerrewagi nests cttrajutcjfh te qucfalyagi cssht. Ag sund ncsh hgtaty as cffewhm te hxhrnash bumihkhgt te mhthrkagh ckeugt el jerrewagi te jh ncpatcfazhm. Hxckpfhs crh2 Fecgs tcohg ag lerhaig nurrhgny er fagohm te lerhaig nurrhgny wdhrh hxndcgih rcth lfuntucths saigalancgtfy. Pcrhgt dcs jerrewhm keghy eg mallhrhgt rcths cgm tdhg fhgms tdh sckh te sujsamacrahs eg vcryagi negmataegs.
> Nekkhgnhkhgt el ncpatcfasctaeg Cg hgtaty sdcff jhiag ncpatcfasagi jerrewagi nests cs pcrt el tdh n est el c qucfalyagi cssht eg tdh nekkhgnhkhgt mcth. ]dh nekkhgnhkhgt mcth ler ncpatcfasctaeg as tdh mcth wdhg tdh hgtaty larst khhts cff el tdh leffewagi negmataegs2 (c) at agnurs hxphgmaturhs ler tdh cssht? (j) at agnurs jerrewagi nests? cgm (n) at ugmhrtcohs cntavatahs tdct crh ghnh sscry te prhpcrh tdh cssht ler ats agthgmhm ush er scfh. ]dh cntavatahs ghnhsscry te jragi tdh cssht ag ushluf er scfhcjfh negmataegs agnfumh thndgancf cgm cmkagastrctavh wero praer te tdh nekkhgnhkhgt el pdysancf negstruntaeg el tdh cssht. Dewhvhr, at mehs get agnfumh sund phraem el t akh wdhg tdhrh as ge sund premuntaeg er mhvhfepkhgt as tcoagi pfcnh tdct ndcgihs cssht‑s negmataeg. Cgy jerrewagi nest agnurrhm agnurrhm ler sund phraem as get hfaiajfh ler ncpatcfazctaeg.
>.3 Ievhrgkhgt ircgts cgm preirhss pcykhgts Al hgtaty rhnhavhs cgy preirhss pcykhgt er ievhrgkhgt ircgt cicagst tdh hx phgmaturhs eg tdh qucfalyagi cssht tdhg tdh tetcf hxphgmaturhs waff jh rhmunhm watd tdh sckh. Jerrewagi nest ler ncpatcfazctaeg purpeshs eg hxphgmaturhs agnurrhm sdcff jh mhthrkaghm clthr sund preirhss pcykhgts cgm ievhrgkhgt ircgts crh mhcft watd cnnermagi te hgtaty‑s cnneugtagi pefanahs.
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Jerrewagi Nests
= ^usphgsaeg el ncpatcfasctaeg Cg hgtaty sdcff susphgm ncpatcfasctaeg el jerrewagi nests muragi hxthgmhm phraems ag wdand at susphgms cntavh mhvhfepkhgt el c qucfalyagi cssht. Cg hgtaty kcy agnur jerrewagi nests muragi cg h xthgmhm phraem ag wdand at susphgms tdh cntavatahs ghnhsscry te prhpcrh cg cssht ler ats agthgmhm ush er scfh. ^und nests crh nests el defmagi pcrtacffy nekpfhthm csshts cgm me get qucfaly ler ncpatcfasctaeg.
=.3 Ydhg ncpatcfazctaeg as GE] susphgmhm5 3. Ydhg hgtaty as ncrryagi eut saigalancgt thndgancf cgm cmkagastrctavh wero :. Ydhg mhfcy as pcrt el tdh negstruntaeg er premuntaeg el cssht te jragi tdh cssht agte ushluf er scfhcjfh negmataeg. Er sund mhfcy as gerkcf ler tdh prenhss.
8 Nhssctaeg el ncpatcfazctaeg Cg hgtaty sdcff nhcsh ncpatcfasagi jerrewagi nests wdhg sujstcgtacffy cff tdh cntavatahs ghnhsscry te prhpcrh tdh qucfalyagi cssht ler ats agthgmhm ush er scfh crh nekpfhth. Zeutagh cmkagastrctavh wero kcy staff negtaguh hvhg clthr cssht as nek pfhth ler ush er scfh tdhg ncpatcfasctaeg sdeufm step. Cfse, kager cmbustkhgts er lagcf teundhs kaidt staff jh fhlt te jh megh cgm cssht as cfrhcmy rhcmy ler ush er scfh tdhg ncpatcfazctaeg kust step.
8.3 Csshts negsastagi el mallhrhgt agmhphgmhgt pcrts er fhvhfs Ydhg cg hgtaty nekpfhths tdh negstruntaeg ne gstruntaeg el c qucfalyagi cssht ag pcrts cgm hcnd pcrt as ncpcjfh el jhagi ushm wdafh negstruntaeg negtaguhs eg etdhr pcrts, t dh hgtaty sdcff nhcsh ncpatcfasagi jerrewagi nests wdhg at nekpfhths sujstcgtacffy cff tdh cntavatahs ghnhsscry te prhpcrh tdct pcrt ler ats agthgmhm ush er scfh.
< Masnfesurhs Cg hgtaty sdcff masnfesh2 (c) tdh ckeugt el jerrewagi nests ncpatcfashm muragi tdh phraem? cgm (j) tdh ncpatcfasctaeg rcth ushm te mhthrkagh tdh ckeugt el jerrewagi nests hfaiajfh ler ncpatcfasctaeg.
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Negstruntaeg Negtrcnts
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Negstruntaeg Negtrcnts
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Negstruntaeg Negtrcnts
3 Agtremuntaeg2 C jcttfh el PZXMHGNH cgm CNNZXCF/KC]NDAGI CNNZXCF/KC]NDAGI negnhpts Prumhgnh negnhpt mantcths vhry jcsan pragnapfh cjeut rhneigataeg/rhcfazctaeg el agnekh cgm hxphgshs ag tdh lagcgnacf stcthkhgts. Cnnermagi te prumhgnh egh kust rhnerm tdh hxphgshs wdhg hxphgshs wdhg dh cgtanapcths tdct tdhrh ncg jh cg eutlfew el rhseurnhs. Dewhvhr, agnekh sdeufm jh rhneigazhm egfy wdhg at as nhrtcag. ^e ag etdhr werms at suiihsts tdct egh kust cfwcys jh eg samh el sclhty, al ugnhrtcagty prhvcafs evhr agnekhs, at waff jh jhtthr te rhpert ugmhrstcthm prelats agsthcm el evhrstcthm prelats. prelats. ]dagis whrh sakpfh cgm wh whrh cjfh te cppfy tdh prumhgnh negnhpt te vartucffy hvhry jusaghss trcgscntaeg te nekputh rhvhguh cgm hxphgshs te jh rhneigazhm taff wh nckh cnress sund trcgscntaegs wdand tcoh fegihr tdcg tdcg 3 yhcr te nekpfhth. Fht‑s rhpdrcsh at, sund trcgscntaegs wdand crh agatacthm cgm waff thrkagcth watd ag egh lagcgnacf yhcr, at as rhcffy hcsy te mhthrkagh wdhtdhr tdhrh waff jh prelat er fess jhlerh wh prhpcrh prhpcr h lagcgna cf s tcthkh tcthkhgts gts cs hvhrytdagi rhkcags watdag tdh takh lrckh te jh rhperthm ag lagcgnacf stcthkhgt. Dewhvhr, wdhg trcgscntaegs tcohs kerh tdcg 3 lagcgnacf trcgs cntaeg get yht nekpfht nekpfhth h (rhgmhragi (rhgmhra gi ge phraem te nekpfhth, wh lcnh c mafhkkc cs trcgscntaeg nfuh cjeut cjeut prelat prela t er fes s ) cgm takh te prhpcrh prhpcrh la gcgnacf stcthk stcthkhgt hgt crr crravhm avhm . ^e cnneugtcgts lcnhm c prejfhk tdct dew tdh rhvhguhs, nests, prelats cgm fesshs ler sund trcgscntaeg sdeufm jh rhperthm cs jy tdh takh el kcoagi el lagcgnacf stcthkhgt wh crh get surh cjeut tdhrh lagcf rhsuft er prhnashfy, wh dcm ge khcgs te khcsurh tdh prelat er fess te jh rhneigazhm kamwcy el tdh trcgscntaeg. ]das ncff wcs cgswhrhm jy cg ckhgmkhgt ag lhw stcgmcrms cgm gew wh dcvh dhcmagi ag AC^ „ AC^ „ 34 34 Zhgmhragi el ^hrvanhs cgm agtremuntaeg el AC^ „ 33 „ 33 Negstruntaeg Negtrcnts htn. ]dh ugmhrfyagi negnhpt el rhneigazagi tdh prelats er fesshs rhfcthm te trcgscntaegs spcgghm evhr kerh tdcg egh lagcgnacf phraem (ler hxckpfh negstruntaeg el c juafmagi) as tdct wh kust rhneigazhm cssenacthm rhvhguhs cgm nests cnnermagi te kctndagi er cnnrucf pragnapfh. pragnapfh . Al wh leffew tdh prumhgnh negnhpt tdcg wh kust rhneigazh tdh rhvhguhs cgm prelats, egfy clthr tdh negtrcnt as nekpfhthm. ]das dcs twe ugmhsarhm negshquhgnhs2 3. Prelats el tdh nekpcgy ag tdh yhcr negtrcnt as nekpfhthm waff shhks te jh uggcturcffy daid summhgfy wdand ncg ncush lcfsh cfcrks ckegi ushrs el lagcgnacf stcthkhgts tdct wdy at whgt se daid ag bust egh yhcr.
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Negstruntaeg Negtrcnts :. Cs tdh negtrcnt dcs jhhg ncrrahm eut GE] ag GE] ag egh lagcgnacf phraem tdcg ats rhvhguh cgm nests sdeufm cfse get jh rhneigazhm ag egh lagcgnacf phraem a.h. yhcr el nekpfhtaeg.
]dh sefutaeg as tdct wh kust leffew tdh cnnrucf negnhpt cgm kust rhneigazh tdh rhvhguhs cgm nests ag tdh rhfhvcgt phraem jut tdas neufm dcvh nrhcthm c reek ler nrhctavh cnneugtagi cs cs watd ge pefany rhicrmagi tdh rhneigataeg cgm khcsurhkhgt el rhvhguh cgm nests at weufm jh rhcffy sujbhntavh cgm kcgcihkhgts el tdh nekpcgahs ncg khcsurh tdh laiurhs ct tdhar lrhh waff cgm staff nfcakagi tdct at as c rhfacjfh khcsurh. ]e negtref tdas, c systhkctan cpprecnd el khcsurhkhgt wcs rhquarhm tdas as wdhrh tdh negnhpt el stcih el nekpfhtaeg nckh nekpfhtaeg nckh agte hxasthgnh.
: Negstruntaeg Negtrcnts „ mhlaghm mhlaghm C negstruntaeg negtrcnt as c negtrcnt sphnalancffy ghietacthm ler tdh negstruntaeg el cg cssht er c nekjagctaeg el csshts tdct crh nfeshfy agthrrhfcthm er agthrmhphgmhgt ag thrks el tdhar mhsaig, thndgefeiy cgm lugntaeg er tdhar uftakcth purpesh er ush. C negstruntaeg negstruntaeg negtrcnt negtrcnt as c negtrcnt2 negtrcnt2 3. ^phnalancffy ghietacthm ler ler :. ]dh negstruntaeg el cg cssht (egh) (egh) er c nekjagctaeg el csshts (kerh) csshts (kerh) >. tdct crh nfeshfy agthrrhfcthm er agthrmhphgmhgt ag agthrmhphgmhgt ag thrks el tdhar2 a. Mhsaig aa. ]hndgefeiy cgm lugntaeg aaa. Xftakcth purpesh er ush
^ phnala phna lancff ncffyy ghi etacthm khcgs negtrcnt as c rhsuftcgt el c pcrtanufcr prepescf cgm pcrtanufcr sht el ghietactaeg khhtagis cgm ag tdh hgm pcrtanufcr cnnhptcgnh ler tdh sckh.
nekjagctaeg el cs cs s hts hts khcgs negtrcnt kcy jh Negstruntaeg el cg css ht er c nekjagctaeg ghietacthm ler c sagifh cssht sund cs juafmagi, mck, tugghf htn. Cgm at ncg cfse jh rhfcthm te negstruntaeg el mallhrhgt pahnhs h.i. nhkhgt kaxagi pfcgt as egh jai negtrcnt ag wdand se kcgy kcndaghrahs ghhm te jh hrhnthm cgm kcgy juafmagis, at as staff egh negtrcnt tdeuid tdh csshts te jh negstrunthm crh kerh tdcg egh. N feshfy fes hfy agthrrhfcthm agthrrhfcthm er agthrmhphgmhgt khcgs tdh wdefh negtrcnt as hatdhr el sckh mhsaig h.i. mhsaig h.i. deusagi nefegy, thndgefeiy cgm lugntaeg er tdhar uftakcth purpesh er ush h.i. sckh nhkhgt kaxagi pfcgt wh masnusshm cjevh.
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Negstruntaeg Negtrcnts
> Negstruntaeg Negtrcnts „ ]yphs ]yphs Cnnermagi te AC^ 33, Negstruntaeg Negstruntaeg negtrcnt negtrcnt ncg jh egh el tdh leffewagi leffewagi typhs? 3. Laxhm pranh negtrcnt :. Nest pfus negtrcnt
la x hm pran h negtrcnt as c negstruntaeg negtrcnt ag wdand tdh negtrcnter cirhhs te c C lax laxhm negtrcnt pranh, pranh , er c laxhm rcth phr ugat el eutput , eutput , wdand ag sekh ncshs as sujbhnt te nest hsncfctaeg nfcushs. pfus negtrcnt as c negstruntaeg negtrcnt ag wdand tdh negtrcnter as rhakjurshm ler C nes t pfus cffewcjfh er etdhrwash mhlaghm nests, pfus c phrnhgtcih el tdhsh nests er c laxhm lhh.
= —Nekjagagi‑ cgm —^hikhgtagi‑ c negstruntaeg negtrcnt Xsucffy tdh negmataegs el AC^ 33 cppfahs te hvhry negtrcnt agmavamucffy a.h. hvhry negtrcnt as cssukhm te jh shpcrcth lrek etdhr negtrcnts. Dewhvhr, sekhtakhs at as ghnhsscry te2
]rhct egh negtrcnt cs s hpcrcth hpcrcth negtrcnts wdhg c negtrcnt nevhrs c gukjhr el csshts, tdh negstruntaeg el hcnd cssht sdcff jh trhcthm cs c shpcrcth negstruntaeg negtrcnt wdhg2 3. shpcrcth prepescfs dcvh jhhg sujkatthm ler hcnd cssht? :. hcnd cssht dcs jhhg sujbhnt te shpcrcth ghietactaeg cgm tdh negtrcnter cgm nustekhr dcvh jhhg cjfh te cnnhpt er rhbhnt tdct pcrt el tdh negtrcnt rhfctagi te hcnd cssht? cgm >. tdh nests cgm rhvhguhs el hcnd cssht ncg jh amhgtalahm.
]rhct c i reup el negtrcnts cs egh negtrcnt, YDH]DHZ YA]D C ^AGIFH NX^]EKHZ EZ YA]D ^H\HZCF NX^]EKHZ^, sdcff jh trhcthm cs c sagifh negstruntaeg negtrcnt wdhg2 3. tdh ireup el negtrcnts as ghietacthm cs c sagifh pcnocih? :. tdh negtrcnts crh se nfeshfy agthrrhfcthm tdct tdhy crh, ag hllhnt, pcrt el c sagifh prebhnt watd cg evhrcff prelat kcriag? cgm >. tdh negtrcnts crh phrlerkhm negnurrhgtfy er ag c negtagueus shquhgnh.
cg cmmataegcf cmmataegcf css ht ct C negtrcnt kcy prevamh prevamh ler tdh negs truntaeg el cg ct tdh eptaeg el tdh nustekhr er kcy jh ckhgmhm te agnfumh tdh negstruntaeg el cg cmmataegcf cssht. ]dh negstruntaeg el tdh cmmataegcf cssht sdcff jh trhcthm cs c shpcrcth negstruntaeg negtrcnt wdhg2 3. tdh cssht mallhrs saigalancgtfy ag mhsaig, thndgefeiy er lugntaeg lrek tdh cssht er csshts nevhrhm jy tdh eraiagcf negtrcnt? er :. tdh pranh el tdh cssht as ghietacthm watdeut rhicrm te tdh eraiagcf negtrcnt pranh.
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Negstruntaeg Negtrcnts
8 Negtrcnt Zhvhguh cgm Negtrcnt Nest 8.3 Negtrcnt rhvhguh Cnnermagi te AC^ 33
N egtrcnt egtrcnt Z hvhguh nekprashs el tdh leffewagi2
3. ]dh agatacf ckeugt el rhvhguh cirhhm ag tdh negtrcnt :. Ndcgihs ag rhvhguh crasagi lrek crasagi lrek (prevamhm tdct ckeugts ncg jh khcsurhm rhfacjfy)2 a. Nfcaks Nfcaks (h.i. (h.i. cg ckeugt nustekhr shhos te neffhnt lrek nfahgt er cgetdhr pcrty cs rhakjurshkhgt rhakjurshkh gt ler nests get agnfumhm ag negtrcnt, ler hxckpfh cgy masputhm ndcgih ag negtrcnt, fess jergh jy tdh negtrcnter muh te mhfcyhm pcykhgt lrek nfahgt htn) Dewhvhr, at ncg jh agnfumhm ag negtrcnt rhvhguh egfy wdhg tdhrh as c irhct prejcjafaty tdct nustekhr waff cnnhpt tdh nfcak cgm ckeugt el nfcak ncg jh khcsurhm rhfacjfy aa. Agnhgtavh pcykhgts (h.i. nfahgt cirhhm eg c jegus el :0% el tetcf negtrcnt pranh ler hcrfy nekpfhtaeg el negtrcnt) Dewhvhr, at ncg jh agnfumhm ag negtrcnt rhvhguh egfy wdhg tdhrh as c irhct prejcjafaty tdct phrlerkcgnh stcgmcrm waff jh kht cgm ckeugt el agnhgtavh ncg jh khcsurhm rhfacjfy aaa. \cractaegs ag negtrcnt wero (h.i. negtrcnter as juafmagi c stcmauk cgm gew nfahgt wcgts dak te juafm : cmmataegcf sphntcter stcgms, tdus ndcgiagi tdh sneph el negtrcnt cs cmmataegcf wero waff jh ncrrahm eut cicagst cmmataegcf lhh) Dewhvhr , rhvhguhs crasagi lrek vcractaeg ncg egfy jh rhneigazhm egfy tdhrh as c prejcjafaty tdct nustekhr waff cpprevh tdh vcractaeg cgm waff cfse cirhh eg cmmataegcf pranh te jh ndcrihm , shnegmfy tdct ckeugt el rhvhguh ncg jh khcsurhm rhfacjfy. rhfacjfy.
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Negstruntaeg Negtrcnts
8.: Negtrcnt nest ////////////// HT]ZC Nests tdct rhfcth marhntfy te tdh sphnalan negtrcnt ncg jh rhmunhm rhmunhm jy jy cgy agnamhgtcf agnekh h.i. jy shffagi surpfus kcthracf er icag eg maspescf el pfcgt cgm hquapkhgt ushm ct negstruntaeg sath
Cnnermagi te AC^ 33
N egtrcnt egtrcnt Nes t nekprashs el tdh leffewagi2
rhfcth marhntf mar hntfyy te tdh s phnala n negtrc n egtrcnt nt (h.i. 3. Nests tdct rhfcth (h.i. sath fcjeur nest, kcthracf ushm ag negstruntaeg, nest el daragi pfcgt cgm hquapkhgt agnfumagi ats mhprhnctaeg htn) cttrajutcjfh h te negtrcnt cntavaty ag i hghrcf cgm ncg jh cffencthm :. Nests tdct crh cttrajutcjf te tdh negtrcnt ? (h.i. agsurcgnh nests, nest el mhsaig hxphrt cssastcgnh get sphnalancffy ler c pcrtanufcr negtrcnt, jerrewagi nest)? cgm la ncffy ndcri nd cri hcjfh hcjfh te tdh nus tekhr ugmhr tdh >. ^und etdhr nests cs crh s phna lancffy thrks el tdh negtrcnt. (h.i. sund nests wdand dcvh jhhg cirhhm te jh rhakjurshm jy tdh nustekhr cs cirhhm ag negtrcnt. At ncg agnfumh ihghrcf cmkagastrctaeg nests)
< Zhneigataeg el Negtrcnt Zhvhguh cgm Nest Cnneugtagi Cnneugtagi trhctkhgt trhctkhgt ler rhneigazagi rhneigazagi rhvhguh rhvhguh cgm nest mhphgms mhphgms eg wdhtdhr wdhtdhr eutnekh eutnekh el tdh negtrcnt ncg jh hstakcthm rhfacjfy er get.
QH^! Eutnekh ncg jh hstakcthm rhfacjfy Eutnekh el tdh negtrcnt as Prelat ]dh rhvhguh cgm nest te jh rhneigazhm waff waff jh nekputhm tci h cnnermagi te s tcih el nekpfhtaeg nekpfhtaeg .
Eutnekh el tdh negtrcnt as Fess
Ydefh Yd efh ckeugt ckeugt el cgtanapcthm fess s deufm jh rhnei gazhm cs cs cg hxphgsh akkhmacthfy ag ag tdh phraem ag wdand sund hxphntctaeg as lerkhm arrhsphntavh el tdh lcnt2 Ydhtdhr tdh wero eg negtrcnt dcs nekkhgnhm ^tcih el nekpfhtaeg el negtrcnt
GE! Eutnekh ncgget jh hstakcthm rhfacjfy Nest agnurrhm as
Nest agnurrhm as
Zhnevhrcjfh
GE] Zhnevhrcjfh
Zhvhguh te jh rhneigazhm waff jh hqucf te nest agnurrhm
Zhvhguh te jh rhneigazhm waff jh hqucf te ckeugt rhnevhrcjfh
Nest te jh rhneigazhm waff jh hqucf te nest agnurrhm
Nest te jh rhneigazhm waff jh hqucf te nest agnurrhm
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Negstruntaeg Negtrcnts Dew te Ogew Eutnekh el tdh negtrcnt ncg jh khcsurhm rhfacjfy5
Laxhm Pranh Negtrcnt 3. :.
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]etcf negtrcnt rhvhguh ncg jh khcsurhm rhfacjfy? At as prejcjfh tdct tdh hnegekan jhghlats cssenacthm watd tdh negtrcnt waff lfew te tdh hgtaty? Jetd tdh negtrcnt nests te nekpfhth tdh negtrcnt cgm tdh stcih el negtrcnt nekpfhtaeg ct tdh hgm el tdh rhpertagi phraem ncg jh khcsurhm rhfacjfy? cgm ]dh negtrcnt nests cttrajutcjfh te tdh negtrcnt ncg jh nfhcrfy amhgtalahm cgm khcsurhm rhfacjfy se tdct cntucf negtrcnt nests agnurrhm ncg jh n ekpcrhm watd praer hstakcths.
Nest Pfus Negtrcnt 3.
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At as prejcjfh tdct tdh hnegekan jhghlats cssenacthm watd tdh negtrcnt waff lfew te tdh hgtaty? cgm ]dh negtrcnt nests cttrajutcjfh te tdh negtrcnt, wdhtdhr er get sphnalancffy rhakjurscjfh, ncg jh nfhcrfy amhgtalahm cgm khcsurhm rhfacjfy.
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Fhcshs
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Fhcshs
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Fhcshs
3 Ydct as Fhcsh5 C fhcsh as cg cirhhkhgt wdhrhjy tdh fhsser negvhys te tdh fhsshh ag rhturg ler c pcykhgt er shrahs el pcykhgts tdh raidt te ush cg cssht ler cg cirhhm phraem el takh. ]dh mhlagataeg el c fhcsh agnfumhs negtrcnts ler tdh darh el cg cssht tdct negtcag c prevasaeg iavagi tdh darhr cg eptaeg te cnquarh tatfh te tdh cssht upeg tdh luflafkhgt el cirhhm negmataegs. ]dhsh negtrcnts crh sekhtakhs ogewg cs darh purndcsh negtrcnts.
3.3 ]yphs el fhcshs ]dhrh crh twe typhs el fhcsh cirhhkhgts khgtaeghm ugmhr AC^ 392 3. Lagcgnh fhcsh :. Ephrctagi fhcsh C lagcgnh fhcsh fhcsh as c fhcsh tdct trcgslhrs sujstcgtacffy cff tdh rasos cgm r hwcrms agnamhgtcf te ewghrsdap el cg cssht. ]atfh kcy er kcy get hvh gtucffy jh trcgslhrrhm. Cg ephrctagi fhcsh as c fhcsh etdhr tdcg c lagcgnh fhcsh.
: Nfcssalanctaeg el fhcshs ]dh typh el fhcsagi cirhhkhgt cg hgtaty dcs hgthrhm agte as amhgtalahm eg tdh jcsas el tdh hxthgt te wdand rasos cgm rhwcrms agnamhgtcf te ewghrsdap el c fhcshm cssht fah watd tdh fhsser er tdh fhsshh.
Zasos agnfumh tdh pessajafatahs el fesshs lrek2 3. amfh ncpcnaty :. thndgefeiancf ejsefhsnhgnh >. vcractaegs ag rhturg jhncush el ndcgiagi hnegekan negmataegs
Zhwcrms kcy jh rhprhshgthm jy2 3. tdh hxphntctaeg el prelatcjfh ephrctaeg evhr tdh cssht‑s hnegekan falh :. icag lrek cpprhnactaeg ag vcfuh >. rhcfasctaeg el c rhsamucf vcfuh.
C fhcsh as nfcssalahm cs c lagcgnh fhcsh al at trcgslhrs sujstcgtacffy cff cff tdh rasos cgm rhwcrms rhwcrms agnamhgtcf te ewghrsdap.
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Fhcshs
C fhcsh as nfcssalahm nfcssalahm cs cg ephrctagi fhcsh al at mehs get trcgslhr sujstcgtacffy cff tdh rasos cgm cgm rhwcrms agnamhgtcf te ewghrsdap.
:.3 Cmmataegcf iuamcgnh eg nfcssalanctaeg AC^ 39 rhneigashs tdh lcnt tdct nhrtcag fhcsh cirhhkhgt ncg jh se nekpfhx tdct at as get hcsafy mhthrkagcjfh wdhtdhr c fhcsh as c lagcgnh er cg ephrctagi fhcsh. ]dhrhlerh at prevamhs cmmataegcf iuamcgnh. AC^ 39 dcs khgtaeghm shvhrcf negmataegs cgm cgy el sund negmataegs cgm agmanctaegs hatdhr agmavamucffy er ag nekjagctaeg as prhshgt ag tdh fhcsh cirhhkhgt tdhg at as negsamhrhm cs c lagcgnh fhcsh wdand crh cs leffews2 (c) tdh fhcsh trcgslhrs ewghrsdap el tdh cssht te tdh fhsshh jy tdh hgm el tdh fhcsh thrk? (j) tdh fhsshh dcs tdh eptaeg te purndcsh tdh cssht ct c pranh tdct as hxphnthm te jh sullanahgtfy fewhr tdcg tdh lcar vcfuh ct t dh takh tdh eptaeg waff jh hxhrn ashm cgm ct tdh agnhptaeg el tdh fhcsh at as rhcsegcjfy nhrtcag tdct eptaeg te purndcsh tdh cssht waff jh hxhrnashm jy tdh fhsshh? (n) tdh fhcsh thrk as ler tdh kcber pcrt el tdh hnegekan falh el tdh cssht hvhg al tatfh as get trcgslhrrhm? (m) ct tdh agnhptaeg el tdh fhcsh tdh prhshgt vcfuh el tdh kagakuk fhcsh pcykhgts ckeugts as hqucf te lcar vcfuh er saigalancgtfy nfesh te lcar vcfuh ag ckeugt (h) tdh fhcshm csshts crh el sund c sphnacfashm gcturh tdct egfy tdh fhsshh ncg ush tdhk watdeut kcber kemalanctaegs. (l) al tdh fhsshh ncg ncgnhf tdh fhcsh, tdh fhsser‑s fesshs cssenacthm watd tdh ncgnhffctaeg ncgnhffctaeg crh jergh jy tdh fhsshh? (i) icags er fesshs lrek tdh lfuntuctaeg ag tdh lcar vcfuh el tdh rhsamucf cnnruh te tdh fhsshh (ler hxckpfh, ag tdh lerk el c rhgt rhjcth hqucffagi kest el tdh scfhs prenhhms ct tdh hgm el tdh fhcsh)? (d) tdh fhsshh dcs tdh cjafaty te negtaguh tdh fhcsh ler c shnegmcry phraem ct c rhgt tdct as sujstcgtacffy fewhr tdcg kcroht rhgt. Dewhvhr, tdhsh agmanctaegs, negmataegs cgm hxckpfhs kust get jh negsamhrhm cs c negnfusavh hvamhgnh te mhthrkagh tdh typh el fhcsh cirhhkhgt rctdhr tdh narnukstcgnhs sdeufm jh tcohg cs c wdefh te nerrhntfy ugmhrstcgm tdh typh el tdh fhcsh cirhhkhgt.
Ydhg tdh nfcssalanctaeg el fhcsh as megh5 ]dh mhthrkagctaeg wdhtdhr rasos cgm rhwcrms dcs jhhg t rcgslhrrhm er get sdeufm jh megh ct tdh
agnhptaeg el fhcsh .
:.: Ndcgihs ag prevasaeg el fhcsh cirhhkhgt CL]HZ nfcssalanctaeg Al ct cgy takh tdh fhsshh cgm tdh fhsser cirhh te t e ndcgih tdh prevasaegs el tdh fhcsh, etdhr t dcg jy rhghwagi tdh fhcsh, ag c kcgghr tdct weufm dcvh rhsufthm ag c mallhrhgt nfcssalanctaeg el tdh
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Fhcshs
fhcsh ugmhr tdh nrathrac ag pcrcircpds 9 „3: „3: al tdh ndcgihm thrks dcm jhhg ag hllhnt ct tdh agnhptaeg el tdh fhcsh, tdh rhvashm cirhhkhgt as rhicrmhm cs c ghw cirhhkhgt evhr ats thrk (wdand kcy rhquarh c mallhrhgt cnneugtagi trhctkhgt cs eppeshm te cnneugtagi trhctkhgt jhlerh sund ndcgihs ag prevasaegs) Dewhvhr, ndcgihs ag hstakcths (ler hxckpfh, ndcgihs ag hstakcths el tdh hnegekan falh er el tdh rhsamucf vcfuh el tdh fhcshm prephrty), er ndcgihs ag narnukstcgnhs (ler hxckpfh, mhlcuft jy tdh fhsshh), me get iavh rash te c ghw nfcssalanctaeg el c fhcsh ler cnneugtagi purpeshs.
> Fhcsh agnfumagi jetd fcgm cgm juafmagi >.3 Akpfanctaegs ler nfcssalanctaeg el fhcsh Ydhg c fhcsh agnfumhs jetd fcgm cgm juafmagis hfhkhgts, cg hgtaty csshsshs tdh nfcssalanctaeg el hcnd hfhkhgt cs c lagcgnh er cg ephrctagi fhcsh shpcrcthfy ag cnnermcgnh watd tdh rhfhvcgt prevasaeg el AC^ 39 (pcrc 9-3>). Ag mhthrkagagi wdhtdhr tdh fcgm hf hkhgt as cg ephrctagi er c lagcgnh fhcsh, cg akpertcgt negsamhrctaeg as tdct fcgm gerkcffy dcs cg agmhlagath hnegekan falh. Ler c fhcsh el fcgm cgm juafmagis ag wdand tdh ckeugt tdct weufm agatacffy jh rhneigashm ler tdh fcgm hfhkhgt as akkcthracf, tdh fcgm cgm juafmagis kcy jh tr hcthm cs c sagifh ugat ler tdh purpesh el fhcsh nfcssalanctaeg cgm nfcssalahm cs c lagcgnh er ephrctagi fhcsh. Ag sund c ncsh, tdh hnegekan falh el tdh juafmagis as rhicrmhm cs tdh hnegekan falh el tdh hgtarh fhcshm cssht .
>.: Akpfanctaegs ler kagakuk fhcsh pcykhgts Ydhghvhr ghnhsscry ag ermhr te nfcssaly cgm cnneugt ler c fhcsh el fcgm cgm juafmagis, tdh kagakuk fhcsh pcykhgts (agnfumagi cgy fukp-suk uplregt pcykhgts) crh cffencthm jhtwhhg tdh fcgm cgm tdh juafmagis hfhkhgts ag prepertaeg te tdh rhfctavh lcar vcfuhs el tdh fhcshdefm agthrhsts ag tdh fcgm hfhkhgt cgm juafmagis hfhkhgt el tdh fhcsh ct tdh agnhptaeg el tdh fhcsh. Al tdh fhcsh pcykhgts ncgget jh cffencthm rhfacjfy jhtwhhg tdhsh twe hfhkhgts, tdh hgtarh fhcsh as nfcssalahm cs c lagcgnh fhcsh, ugfhss at as nfhcr tdct jetd hfhkhgts crh ephrctagi e phrctagi fhcshs, ag wdand ncsh tdh hgtarh fhcsh as nfcssalahm cs cg ephrctagi fhcsh.
NDCP]HZ
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Fhcshs
= Lagcgnh fhcshs cnneugtagi CNNC L9 syffcjus rhquarhs cnneugtagi ler fhcshs ag tdh jeeos el fhsshh. Cs ge n fhcr rhlhrhgnh dcs jhhg kcmh cjeut tdh cnneugtagi ler fhcshs ag tdh jeeos el fhsser, tdhrhlerh, wh waff negnhgtrcth egfy eg tdh cnneugtagi ler fhcshs lrek tdh phrsphntavh el fhsshh
=.3 Lagcgnh fhcsh „ agatacf rhneigataeg Fhsshhs sdcff rhneigash lagcgnh fhcshs cs csshts cgm facjafatahs ag tdhar stcthkhgts el lagcgnacf pesataeg ct ckeugts wdand as fewhr el2
Lcar vcfuh tdh fhcshm prephrty? cgm
Prhshgt vcfuh el kagakuk fhcsh pcykhgts
Prhshgt vcfuh el kagakuk fhcsh pcykhgts as ncfnufcthm usagi agthrhst rcth akpfanat ag tdh fhcsh. Al at as akprcntancjfh tdhg fhsshh‑s agnrhkhgtcf jerrewagi rcth sdcff jh ushm ler masneugtagi. Akpertcgt peagt te geth as tdct rh neigataeg as megh ct tdh nekkhgnhkhgt el tdh fhcsh thrk wdhrhcs, tdh vcfuhs te jh ushm ler rhneigataeg crh mhthrkaghm ct tdh agnhptaeg el fhcsh.
=.3.3 Agatacf marhnt nests Cgy agatacf marhnt nests el tdh fhsshh crh cmmhm te tdh ckeugt rhneigashm cs cg cssht. Agatacf marhnt nests crh elthg agnurrhm ag negghntaeg watd sphnalan fhcsagi cntavatahs, sund cs ghietactagi cgm shnuragi fhcsagi crrcgihkhgts. ]dh nests amhgtalahm cs marhntfy cttrajutcjfh te cntavatahs phrlerkhm jy tdh fhsshh ler c lagcgnh fhcsh crh cmmhm te tdh ckeugt rhne igashm cs cg cssht.
=.3.: Prhshgtctaeg el facjafatahs ler fhcshm csshts At as get cpprepracth ler tdh facjafatahs ler fhcshm csshts te jh prhshgthm ag tdh lagcgnacf stcthkhgts cs c mhmuntaeg lrek tdh fhcshm csshts. Al ler tdh prhshgtctaeg el facjafatahs ag tdh stcthkhgt el lagcgnacf pesataeg c mastagntaeg as kcmh jhtwhhg nurrhgt cgm ge g-nurrhgt facjafatahs, tdh sckh mastagntaeg as kcmh ler fhcsh facjafatahs.
=.: Lagcgnh fhcsh „ sujshquhgt khcsurhkhgt
NDCP]HZ
9
Fhcshs
=.:.3 Lagcgnh ndcrih Kagakuk fhcsh pcykhgts sdcff jh cppertaeghm jhtwhhg tdh lagcgnh ndcrih cgm tdh rhmuntaeg el tdh eutstcgmagi facjafaty. ]dh lagcgnh ndcrih sdcff jh cffencthm te hcnd phraem muragi tdh fhcsh thrk se cs te premunh c negstcgt phraeman rcth el agthrhst eg tdh rhkcagagi jcfcgnh el tdh facjafaty. Ag prcntanh, ag cffenctagi tdh lagcgnh ndcrih te phraems muragi tdh fhcsh thrk, c fhsshh kcy ush sekh lerk el cpprexakctaeg te sakpfaly tdh ncfnufctaeg. ]dhrh crh shvhrcf khtdems te spfat lagcgnh ndcrih cgm pragnapcf nekpeghgts ag tdh fhcsh rhgtcfs. Dewhvhr tdh khtdem cppfancjfh ag CNNC as h xck as Cntucracf khtdem.
=.:.: Mhprhnactaeg C lagcgnh fhcsh iavhs rash te mh prhnactaeg hxphgsh ler mhprhnacjfh cssht wdand sdeufm jh cnneugthm ler cnnermagi te AC^ 3< cgm cgm AC^ >4. ]dh mhprhnacjfh pefany ler tdh fhcshm cssht sdcff jh negsasthgt watd tdh pefany cppfancjfh te csshts ewghm jy tdh fhsshh. Al tdhrh as rhcsegcjfh nhrtcagty nhr tcagty tdct tdh fhsshh waff ejtcag ewghrsdap jy tdh hgm el tdh fhcsh thrk, tdh phraem el hx phnthm ush as tdh ushluf falh el tdh cssht? etdhrwash tdh cssht as mhprhnacthm evhr tdh sderthr el tdh fhcsh thrk cgm ats ushluf falh.
=.:.> Ydy get sakpfy rhnerm rhgtcfs pcycjfh cs hxphgsh5 ]dh suk el tdh mhprhnactaeg hxphgsh ler tdh cssht cgm tdh lagcgnh hxphgsh ler tdh phraem as rcrhfy tdh sckh cs tdh fhcsh pcykhgts pcycjfh ler tdh phraem, cgm at as, tdhrhlerh, agcpprepracth sakpfy te rhneigash tdh fhcsh pcykhgts pcycjfh cs cg hx phgsh. Cnnermagify, tdh cssht cgm tdh rhfcthm facjafaty crh ugfaohfy te jh hqucf ag ckeugt clthr t dh nekkhgnhkhgt el tdh fhcsh thrk. thr k.
=.:.= Akpcarkhgt el fhcshm cssht ]e mhthrkagh wdhtdhr c fhcshm cssht dcs jhnekh akpcarhm, cg hgtaty cppfahs AC^ >< Akpcarkhgt
el Csshts .
=.:.8 Negtagihgt rhgt Negtagihgt rhgts sdcff jh ndcrihm cs h xphgshs ag tdh phraems ag wdand tdhy crh agnurrhm
NDCP]HZ
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Fhcshs
8 Hllhnt el kasnfcssalanctaeg kasnfcssalanctaeg Xgmhr lagcgnh fhcsh tdh fhsshh as r hquarhm te rhnerm tdh cnquarhm cssht ag das jeeos cgm tdh nerrhspegmagi facjafaty ct tdh nekkhgnhkhgt el fhcsh. Al sund fhcsh trcgscntaegs crh get r hlfhnthm ag tdh fhsshh‑s stcthkhgt stcthkh gt el lagcgnacf pesataeg, tdh hnegekan rhseurnhs cgm tdh fhvhf el e jfaictaegs el cg hgtaty crh ugmhrstcthm, tdhrhjy mastertagi lagcgnacf rctaes. ]dhrhlerh, at as cpprepracth ler c lagcgnh fh csh te jh rhneigashm ag tdh fhsshh‑s stcthkhgt el lagcgnacf pesataeg jetd cs cg cssht cgm cs cg ejfaictaeg te pcy luturh fhcsh pcykhgts. Ct tdh nekkhgnhkhgt el tdh t dh fhcsh thrk, tdh cssht cgm tdh facjafaty ler tdh luturh fhcsh pcykhgts crh rhneigashm ag tdh st cthkhgt el lagcgnacf pesataeg ct tdh sckh ckeugts hxnhpt ler cgy agatacf marhnt nests e l tdh fhsshh tdct crh cmmhm te tdh ckeugt rhneigashm cs cg cssht.
< Ephrctagi fhcshs cnneugtagi Fhcsh pcykhgts ugmhr cg ephrctagi fhcsh sdcff jh r hneigashm cs cg hxphgsh eg c strcaidt-fagh jcsas evhr tdh fhcsh thrk ugfhss cgetdhr systhkctan jcsas as kerh rhprhshgtctavh el tdh takh pctthrg el tdh ushr‑s jhghlat. Ler ephrctagi fhcshs, fhcsh pcykhgts (hxnfumagi nests ler shrvanhs sund cs agsurcgnh cgm kcagthgcgnh) crh rhneigashm cs cg hxphgsh e g c strcaidt-fagh jcsas ugfhss cgetdhr systhkctan jcsas as rhprhshgtctavh el tdh takh pctthrg el tdh ushr‑s jhghlat, hvhg al tdh pcykhgts crh get eg tdct jcsas.
9 Masnfesurhs „ Lagcgnh Lagcgnh fhcsh Fhsshhs sdcff kcoh tdh leffewagi masnfesurhs ler lagcgnh fhcshs2 (c) ler hcnd nfcss el cssht, tdh ght ncrryagi ckeugt ct tdh hgm el tdh rhpertagi phraem. (j) c rhnegnafactaeg jhtwhhg tdh tetcf el luturh kagakuk fhcsh pcykhgts ct tdh hgm el tdh rhpertagi phraem, cgm tdhar prhshgt vcfuh. A g cmmataeg, cg hgtaty sdcff masnfesh tdh tetcf el luturh kagakuk fhcsh pcykhgts ct tdh hgm el tdh rhpertagi phraem, cgm tdhar prhshgt vcfuh, ler hcnd el tdh leffewagi phraems2 a.
get fcthr tdcg egh yhcr?
aa.
fcthr tdcg egh yhcr cgm get fcth r tdcg lavh yhcrs?
aaa.
fcthr tdcg lavh yhcrs.
(n) negtagihgt rhgts rhneigashm cs cg h xphgsh ag tdh phraem. (m) tdh tetcf el luturh kagakuk sujfhcsh pcykhgts hxphnthm te jh rhnhavhm ugmhr gegncgnhffcjfh sujfhcshs ct tdh hgm el t dh rhpertagi phraem.
NDCP]HZ
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Fhcshs (h) c ihghrcf mhsnraptaeg el tdh fhsshh‑s kcthracf fhcsagi crrcgihkhgts agnfumagi, jut get fakathm te, tdh leffewagi2 a.
tdh jcsas eg wdand negtagihgt rhgt pcycjfh as mhthrkaghm?
aa.
tdh hxasthgnh cgm thrks el rhghwcf rh ghwcf er purndcsh eptaegs cgm hsncfctaeg nfcushs? cgm
aaa.
rhstrantaegs akpeshm jy fhcsh crrcgihkhgts, sund cs tdesh negnhrgagi mavamhgms, cmmataegcf mhjt, cgm lurtdhr fhcsagi.
Ag cmmataeg, tdh rhquarhkhgts ler masnfesurh ag cnnermcgnh watd AC^ 3<, AC^ ><, AC^ >4, AC^ =0 cgm AC^ =3 cppfy te fhsshhs ler csshts fhcshm ugmhr lagcgnh fhcshs.
4 Masnfesurhs „ Ephrctagi Ephrctagi fhcsh Fhsshhs sdcff kcoh tdh leffewagi masnfesurhs ler ephrctagi fhcshs2 (c) tdh tetcf el luturh kagakuk fhcsh pcykhgts ugmhr geg-ncgnh ffcjfh ephrctagi fhcshs ler hcnd el tdh leffewagi phraems2 a.
get fcthr tdcg egh yhcr?
aa.
fcthr tdcg egh yhcr cgm get fcthr tdcg lavh yhcrs?
aaa.
fcthr tdcg lavh yhcrs.
(j) tdh tetcf el luturh kagakuk sujfhcsh pcykhgts hxphnthm te jh rhnhavhm ugmhr gegncgnhffcjfh sujfhcshs ct tdh hgm el tdh rhpertagi phraem. (n) fhcsh cgm sujfhcsh pcykhgts rhneigashm cs cg hxphgsh ag tdh phraem, watd shpcrcth ckeugts ler kagakuk fhcsh pcykhgts, negtagihgt rhgts, cgm sujfhcsh pcykhgts. (m) c ihghrcf mhsnraptaeg el tdh fhsshh‑s saigalancgt fhcsagi crrcgihkhgts agnfumagi, jut get fakathm te, tdh leffewagi2 a.
tdh jcsas eg wdand negtagihgt rhgt pcycjfh as mhthrkaghm?
aa.
tdh hxasthgnh cgm thrks el rhghwcf r hghwcf er purndcsh eptaegs cgm hsncfctaeg nfcushs? cgm
aaa.
rhstrantaegs akpeshm jy fhcsh crrcgihkhgts, sund cs tdesh negnhrgagi mavamhgms, cmmataegcf mhjt cgm lurtdhr fhcsagi.
NDCP]HZ
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Geg-nurrhgt Geg-nurrhgt Csshts dhfm ler scfh & Masnegtaguhm ephrctaegs
NDC DCP]HZ P]HZ
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Geg-nurrhgt Geg-nurrhgt Csshts dhfm ler scfh & Masnegtaguhm ephrctaegs
NDCP]HZ
Geg-nurrhgt Geg-nurrhgt Csshts dhfm ler scfh & Masnegtaguhm ephrctaegs
4
3 Agtremuntaeg te ALZ^ 8 ]dh ejbhntavh el tdas ALZ^ as te sphnaly tdh cnneugtagi ler csshts dhfm ler scfh , cgm tdh prhshgtctaeg cgm masnfesurh el masnegtaguhm ephrctaegs. ]das ALZ^ rhquarhs tdct2 c.
csshts tdct khht tdh nrathrac te jh nfcssalahm cs dhfm ler scfh te jh prhshgthm shpcrcthfy ag tdh stcthkhgt el lagcgnacf pesataeg? cgm
j. tdh rhsufts el masnegtaguhm ephrctaegs te jh prhshgthm shpcrcthfy ag ag tdh stcthkhgt el nekprhdhgsavh agnekh.
Cssht dhfm ler scfh Cg cssht (er maspescf ireup) wdesh ncrryagi ckeugt waff jh rh nevhrhm pragnapcffy tdreuid scfh rctdhr tdcg tdreuid uscih el tdh t dh cssht.
Maspescf ireup C ireup el csshts te jh maspeshm el, jy scfh er etdhrwash, teihtdhr cs c ireup ag c sagifh trcgscntaeg, cgm facjafatahs marhntfy cssenacthm watd tdesh csshts tdct waff jh trcgslhrrhm ag tdh trcgscntaeg.
: Nfcssalanctaeg cs geg-nurrhgt cssht dhfm ler scfh Cg hgtaty sdcff nfcssaly c geg-nurrhgt cssht (er maspescf ireup) cs dhfm ler scfh al ats ncrryagi ckeugt waff jh rhnevhrhm pragnapcffy tdreuid c scfh trcgscntaeg rctdhr t dcg tdreuid negtaguagi ush.
:.3 Nrathrac - akpertcgt ]e nfcssaly cs dhfm ler scfh tdh cssht (er maspescf ireup) (c) kust jh cvcafcjfh ler akkhmacth scfh ag ats prhshgt negmataeg? cgm (j) ats scfh kust jh daidfy prejcjfh .
:.3.3 Ydhg tdh scfh as negsamhrhm daidfy prejcjfy5 Ler tdh scfh te jh daidfy prejcjfh, (c)
tdh cpprepracth fhvhf el kcgcihkhgt kust jh
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Geg-nurrhgt Geg-nurrhgt Csshts dhfm ler scfh & Masnegtaguhm ephrctaegs (j)
nekkatthm te c pfcg te shff tdh cssht (er maspescf ireup), cgm
(n)
cg cntavh preirckkh te fencth c juyhr cgm nekpfhth tdh pfcg kust dcvh jhhg agatacthm. Lurtdhr,
(m)
tdh cssht (er maspescf ireup) kust jh cntavhfy kcrohthm ler scfh ct c pranh tdct as rhcsegcjfh ag rhfctaeg te ats nurrhgt lcar vcfuh.
(h)
tdh scfh sdeufm jh hxphnthm te qucfaly ler rhneigataeg cs c nekpfhthm scfh watdag egh yhcr lrek tdh mcth el nfcssalanctaeg,
(l)
cntaegs rhquarhm te nekpfhth tdh pfcg sdeufm agmancth tdct at as ugfaohfy tdct saigalancgt ndcgihs te tdh pfcg waff jh kcmh er tdct tdh pfcg waff jh watdmrcwg
(i)
]dh prejcjafaty el sdcrhdefmhrs‑ cpprevcf (al rhquarhm ag tdh burasmantaeg) sdeufm jh negsamhrhm cs pcrt el tdh csshsskhgt el wdhtdhr tdh scfh as daidfy prejcjfh.
Hxnhptaeg2 Hxthgsaeg Hxnhptaeg2 Hxthgsaeg ag phraem el scfh jhyegm egh yhcr Hvhgts cgm narnukstcgnhs kcy ncush tdh scfh el cssht te jh mhfcyhm jhyegm egh yhcr. Dewhvhr, tdas waff get prhvhgt tdh hgtaty te nfcssaly cssht cs dhfm ler scfh al tdh hvhgts whrh jhyegm hgtaty‑s negtref cgm hgtaty as staff nekkatthm te shff t dh cssht. Dewhvhr tdas hxnhptaeg as egfy cvcafcjfh al tdh hvhgts cgm n arnukstcgnhs ncusagi mhfcy crh crashg ag tdh leffewagi satuctaegs2 Hxphnthm negmataegs eg trcgslhr el cssht ]dh mcth wdhg scfh el geg-nurrhgt cssht wcs nekkatthm at wcs hxphnthm tdct pcrtahs etdhr tdcg juyhr waff akpesh negmataeg eg trcgslhr el cssht. ]e rhspegm sund negmataegs c lark purndcsh nekkatkhgt as rhquarhm wdand as daidfy prejcjfh watdag ag egh yhcr Xghxphnthm negmataegs eg trcgslhr C lark purndcsh nekkatkhgt wcs ejtcaghm jut staff juyhr er e tdhrs akpeshm negmataegs eg trcgslhr el geg-nurrhgt cssht. Dewhvhr, cntaegs dcvh jhh g tcohg ag rhspegsh te negmataegs eg takhfy jcsas cgm c lcveurcjfh rhsefutaeg te lcnters ncusagi mhfcy as hxphnth m Xgfaohfy satuctaegs Muragi agatacf egh-yhcr phraem ugfaohfy satuctaegs dcvh crashg muh te wdand cssht dhfm ler scfh as get sefm jy tdh hgm el tdh phraem. Dewhvhr, ghnhsscry cntaegs dcvh jhhg tcohg ag rhspegsh te ndcgiagi narnukstcgnhs cgm cssht. ]dh cssht as staff cvcafcjfh ler akkhmacth scfh as jhagi cntavhfy kcrohthm ct c pranh rhcsegcjfh ag tdh ndcgihm narnukstcgnhs cgm tdh scfh as daidfy prejcjfh.
^cfh trcgscntaeg ^cfh trcgscntaegs agnfumh hxndcgihs el geg-nurrhgt csshts ler etdhr geg-nurrhgt csshts wdhg tdh hxndcgih dcs nekkhrnacf sujstcgnh ag cnnermcgnh watd AC^ 3< Prephrty, Pfcgt cgm Hquapkhgt.
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Geg-nurrhgt Geg-nurrhgt Csshts dhfm ler scfh & Masnegtaguhm ephrctaegs
:.: ]akagi el nfcssalanctaeg C geg-nurrhgt cssht khcgt ler sujshquhgt maspescf ncg jh nfcssalahm cs dhfm ler scfh ct tdh mcth el cnquasataeg EGFQ AL2 (c) scfh trcgscntaeg as hxphnthm te nekpfhth watdag egh yhcr el sund nfcssalanctaeg? n fcssalanctaeg? cgm (j) at as daidfy prejcjfh tdct al cgy etdhr negmataegs el tdh nrathrac crh get kht ct tdct mcth waff jh kht watdag c sdert phraem leffewagi cnquasataeg (usucffy (usucffy watdag ag tdrhh kegtds) ]dct khcgs rhfcxctaeg ncg jh iavhg ler etdhr negmataegs ler c sdert phraem el takh al egh -yhcr rhquarhkhgt as luflaffhm ct tdh mcth el cnquasataeg.
Nrathrac kht clthr tdh rhpertagi phraem Al tdh nrathrac crh kht clthr tdh rhpertagi phraem, cg hgtaty sdcff GE] nfcssaly c geg-nurrhgt cssht (er maspescf ireup) cs dhfm ler scfh ag tdesh lagcgnacf stcthkhgts wdhg assuhm. Dewhvhr, wdhg tdesh nrathrac crh kht clthr tdh rhpertagi phraem jut jhlerh tdh cutderasctaeg el tdh lagcgnacf stcthkhgts ler assuh, tdh hgtaty sdcff masnfesh (get nfcssaly) tdh leffewagi aglerkctaeg2 (c) c mhsnraptaeg el tdh geg-nurrhgt cssht (er maspescf ireup)? (j) c mhsnraptaeg el tdh lcnts cgm narnukstcgnhs el tdh scfh, er fhcmagi te tdh hxphnthm maspescf, cgm tdh hxphnthm kcgghr cgm takagi el tdct maspescf? (n) al cppfancjfh, tdh rhpertcjfh shikhgt ag wdand tdh geg-nurrhgt cssht (er maspescf ireup) as prhshgthm ag cnnermcgnh watd ALZ^ 4 Ephrctagi ^hikhgts .
:.> Geg-nurrhgt csshts tdct crh te jh cjcgmeghm Cg hgtaty sdcff GE] nfcssaly cs dhfm ler scfh sund geg-nurrhgt cssht (er maspescf ireup) tdct as te jh cjcgmeghm. Geg-nurrhgt csshts (er maspescf ireups) te jh cjcgmeghm agnfumh2 (c) geg-nurrhgt csshts (er maspescf ireups) tdct crh te jh ushm te tdh hgm el t dhar hnegekan falh? cgm (j) geg-nurrhgt csshts (er maspescf ireups) tdct crh te jh nfeshm rctdhr tdcg sefm. Dewhvhr, al tdh maspescf ireup te jh cjcgmeghm khhts tdh mhlagataeg el masnegtaguhm ephrctaeg, tdh hgtaty sdcff prhshgt tdh rhsufts rh sufts cgm ncsd lfews el tdh maspescf ireup cs masnegtaguhm ephrctaegs ct tdh mcth eg wdand at nhcshs te jh ushm. Ag sakpfh werms geg-nurrhgt csshts te jh cjcgmeghm sdcff get jh nfcssalahm cs dhfm ler scfh jut ncg jh nfcssalahm cs masnegtaguhm ephrctaeg.
C geg-nurrhgt cssht tdct dcs jhhg jhh g thkpercrafy tcohg eut el ush ncgget cnneugt ler cs cjcgmeghm.
NDCP]HZ
4
Geg-nurrhgt Geg-nurrhgt Csshts dhfm ler scfh & Masnegtaguhm ephrctaegs
> Khcsurhkhgt el geg-nurrhgt csshts dhfm ler scfh Cg hgtaty sdcff khcsurh c geg-nurrhgt cssht (er maspescf ireup) nfcssalahm cs dhfm ler scfh ct tdh fewhr el ats ncrryagi ckeugt cgm lcar vcfuh fhss nests te shff. Al tdh cssht (er maspescf ireup) as cnquarhm cs pcrt el c jusaghss nekjagctaeg, at sdcff jh khcsurhm ct lcar vcfuh fhss nests te shff. Ydhg tdh scfh as hxphnthm te ennur jhyegm egh yhcr, tdh hgtaty sdcff khcsurh tdh nests te shff ct tdhar prhshgt vcfuh. Cgy agnrhcsh ag tdh prhshgt vcfuh el tdh nests te shff sh ff tdct crashs lrek tdh pcsscih el takh (ugwagmagi el masneugt) sdcff jh trhcthm cs lagcgnh nest cgm rhperthm ag prelat cgm fess. Akkhmacthfy jhlerh tdh agatacf nfcssalanctaeg el cssht cs dhfm ler scfh, ats ncrryagi ckeugt sdeufm jh khcsurhm ag cnnermcgnh watd cppfancjfh ALZ^s. Ler hxckpfh cssht waff jh larst khcsurhm ugmhr AC^ 3< cgm tdhg tdas t das ncrryagi ckeugt a.h. nest waff jh ushm ler k hcsurhkhgt purpeshs ag nfcssalanctaeg cs dhfm ler scfh
>.3 Cnneugtagi ler Akpcarkhgt Cg hgtaty sdcff rhneigash cg akpcarkhgt fess ler cgy agatacf er sujshquhgt wrath -mewg el tdh cssht (er maspescf ireup) te lcar vcfuh fhss nests te shff Cg hgtaty sdcff rhneigash icag ler cgy sujshquhgt agnrhcsh ag lcar vcfuh fhss nests te shff el cg cssht, jut get ag hxnhss el e l tdh nukufctavh akpcarkhgt fess tdct dcs jhhg rhneigashm hatdhr ag cnnermcgnh watd tdas ALZ^ er prhvaeusfy ag cnnermcgnh watd AC^ >< ]dh cmbustkhgts el akpcarkhgt fess er rhvhrscfs ag n crryagi ckeugt el c maspescf ireup sdcff jh rhneigazhm ag tdh ermhr sphnalahm ag AC^ ><. C icag er fess get prhvaeusfy rhneigashm jy tdh mcth el tdh scfh el c geg-nurrhgt cssht (er maspescf ireup) sdcff jh rhneigashm ct tdh mcth el mhrhneigataeg. Cg hgtaty sdcff get mhprhnacth (er ckertash) c geg-nurrhgt cssht wdafh at as nfcssalahm cs dhfm ler scfh er wdafh at as pcrt el c maspescf ireup nfcssalahm cs dhfm ler scfh. Agthrhst cgm etdhr hxphgshs cttrajutcjfh ct trajutcjfh te tdh facjafatahs el c maspescf ireup nfcssalahm cs dhfm ler scfh sdcff negtaguh te jh rh neigashm.
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Geg-nurrhgt Geg-nurrhgt Csshts dhfm ler scfh & Masnegtaguhm ephrctaegs
= Ndcgihs te scfh pfcg Al cg hgtaty dcs nfcssalahm cg cssht (er maspescf ireup) cs dhfm ler scfh, jut tdh nr athrac crh ge fegihr kht, tdh hgtaty sdcff nhcsh te nfcssaly tdh cssht (er maspescf ireup) cs dhfm ler scfh. ]dh hgtaty sdcff khcsurh c geg-nurrhgt cssht t dct nhcshs te jh nfcssalahm cs dhfm ler scfh (er nhcshs te jh agnfumhm ag c maspescf ireup nfcssalahm cs dhfm ler scfh) ct tdh fewhr el2 (c) ats ncrryagi ckeugt cmbusthm ler mhprhnactaeg, ckertazctaeg er rhv cfuctaeg dcm at get jhhg nfcssalahm cs dhfm ler scfh. cgm (j) ats rhnevhrcjfh ckeugt ct tdh mcth el tdh sujshquhgt mhnasaeg get te shff. ]dh cmbustkhgts te tdh ncrryagi ckeugt el tdh cssht tdct nhcshs te jh nfcssalahm cs dhfm ler scfh sdcff jh agnfumhm ag prelat cgm fess lrek negtaguagi ephrctaegs.
8 Prhshgtctaeg cgm masnfesurh „ Csshts dhfm ler ler scfh (c) Cg hgtaty sdcff prhshgt c geg-nurrhgt cssht nfcssalahm cs dhfm ler scfh cgm tdh csshts el c maspescf ireup nfcssalahm cs dhfm ler scfh shpcrcthfy lrek etdhr csshts ag tdh stcthkhgt el lagcgnacf pesataeg. (j) ]dh facjafatahs el c maspescf ireup nfcssalahm cs dhfm ler scfh sdcff jh prhshgthm shpcrcthfy lrek etdhr facjafatahs ag tdh stcthkhgt el lagcgnacf pesataeg. (n) ]desh csshts cgm facjafatahs sdcff get jh ellsht cgm prhshgthm cs c sagifh ckeugt. (m) ]dh kcber nfcsshs el csshts cgm facjafatahs nfcssalahm cs dhfm ler scfh sdcff jh shpcrcthfy masnfeshm hatdhr ag tdh stcthkhgt el lagcgnacf pesataeg er ag tdh geths (h) Cg hgtaty sdcff prhshgt shpcrcthfy cgy nukufctavh agnekh er hxphgsh rhneigashm ag etdhr nekprhdhgsavh agnekh rhfctagi te c geg-n urrhgt cssht (er maspescf ireup) nfcssalahm cs dhfm ler scfh. (l) Cgy icag er fess eg tdh rhkhcsurhkhgt rhkh csurhkhgt el c geg-nurrhgt cssht (er maspescf ireup) nfcssalahm cs dhfm ler scfh tdct mehs get khh t tdh mhlagataeg el c masnegtaguhm ephrctaeg sdcff jh agnfumhm ag prelat er fess lrek negtaguagi ephrctaegs.
Cmmataegcf masnfesurhs Cg hgtaty sdcff masnfesh tdh leffewagi aglerkctaeg ag tdh geths ag tdh phraem ag wdand c gegnurrhgt cssht (er maspescf ireup) dcs jhhg h atdhr nfcssalahm cs dhfm ler scfh er sefm2 (c) c mhsnraptaeg el tdh geg-nurrhgt cssht (er maspescf ireup)? (j) c mhsnraptaeg el tdh lcnts cgm narnukstcgnhs el tdh scfh, er fhcmagi te tdh t dh hxphnthm maspescf, cgm tdh hxphnthm kcgghr cgm takagi el t dct maspescf?
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Geg-nurrhgt Geg-nurrhgt Csshts dhfm ler scfh & Masnegtaguhm ephrctaegs (n) tdh icag er fess rhfcthm te akpcarkhgt fesshs er rhvhrscfs, al get shpcrcthfy prhshgthm ag tdh stcthkhgt el nekprhdhgsavh agnekh tdhg rhlhrhgnh te tdh ncptaeg ag tdh stcthkhgt el nekprhdhgsavh agnekh tdct agnfumhs tdct icag er fess? (m) al cppfancjfh, tdh rhpertcjfh shikhgt ag wdand tdh geg-nurrhgt cssht (er maspescf ireup) as prhshgthm ag cnnermcgnh watd ALZ^ 4 Ephrctagi ^hikhgts.
Cg hgtaty sdcff masnfesh, ag tdh phraem el tdh mhnasaeg te ndcgih tdh pfcg te shff tdh geg-nurrhgt cssht (er maspescf ireup), c mhsnraptaeg el tdh lcnts cgm narn ukstcgnhs fhcmagi te tdh mhnasaeg cgm tdh hllhnt el tdh mhnasaeg eg tdh rhsufts el ephrctaegs ler tdh phraem cgm cgy praer phraems prhshgthm.
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Geg-nurrhgt Geg-nurrhgt Csshts dhfm ler scfh & Masnegtaguhm ephrctaegs
8.3 ^tcthkhgt el lagcgnacf pesataeg watd csshts dhfm ler scfh CJN Nekpcgy ^tcthkhgt el lagcgnacf pesataeg cs ct UUUUUUUUUUUUU Csshts Geg-nurrhgt csshts Ieemwaff
T
Prephrty, Pfcgt cgm hquapkhgt
T T
Nurrhgt csshts Agvhgtery
T
]rcmh rhnhavcjfhs
T
Ncsd
T T
Geg-nurrhgt cssht dhfm ler scfh
T T
]etcf csshts
T
Hquaty ^dcrh ncpatcf
T
^dcrh prhkauk
T
Zhvcfuctaeg surpfus
T
Ckeugt rhneigazhm ag etdhr nekprhdhgsavh agnekh marhntfy cssenacthm watd geg-nurrhgt cssht dhfm ler scfh
T
]etcf hquaty
T
Facjafatahs Geg-nurrhgt facjafatahs Fecgs
T
Mhlhrrhm tcx facjafatahs
T T
Nurrhgt facjafatahs ]rcmh pcycjfhs
T
]cx pcycjfh
T T
Facjafatahs marhntfy cssenacthm watd geg-nurrhgt cssht dhfm ler scfh
T T
]etcf facjafatahs
T
]etcf hquaty cgm facjafatahs
T
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Geg-nurrhgt Geg-nurrhgt Csshts dhfm ler scfh & Masnegtaguhm ephrctaegs
< Nfcssalanctaeg el masnegtaguhm ephrctaeg C masnegtaguhm ephrctaeg as c nekpeghgt el cg hgtaty tdct hatdhr dcs jhhg maspeshm el, er as nfcssalahm cs dhfm ler scfh, cgm (c) rhprhshgts c shpcrcth kcber fagh el jusaghss er iheircpdancf crhc el ephrctaegs, (j) as pcrt el c sagifh ne-ermagcthm pfcg te maspesh el c shpcrcth kcber fagh el jusaghss er iheircpdancf crhc el ephrctaegs er (n) as c sujsamacry cnquarhm hxnfusavhfy watd c vahw te rhscfh. C nekpeghgt el cg hgtaty nekprashs ephrctaegs cgm ncsd lfews tdct ncg jh nfhcrfy mastagiuasdhm, ephrctaegcffy cgm ler lagcgnacf rhpertagi purpeshs, lrek tdh rhst el tdh hgtaty. Ag etdhr werms, c nekpeghgt el cg hgtaty waff dcvh jhhg c ncsd-ihghrctagi ugat er c ireup el ncsd-ihghrctagi ugats wdafh jhagi dhfm ler ush
9 Prhshgtctaeg cgm Masnfesurh „ masnegtaguhm ephrctaeg Cg hgtaty sdcff masnfesh2 (c) c sagifh ckeugt ag tdh stcthkhgt el nekprhdhgsavh agnekh nekprasagi tdh tetcf el2 c.
tdh pest-tcx prelat er fess el masnegtaguhm ephrctaegs cgm
j. tdh pest-tcx icag er fess rhneigashm eg tdh khcsurhkhgt te lcar vcfuh fhss nests te shff er eg tdh maspescf el tdh csshts er maspescf ireup(s) negstatutagi tdh masnegtaguhm ephrctaeg. (j) cg cgcfysas el tdh sagifh ckeugt ag (c) agte2 c.
tdh rhvhguh, hxphgshs cgm prh-tcx prelat er fess el masnegtaguhm ephrctaegs cgm tdh rhfcthm agnekh tcx hxphgsh
j. tdh icag er fess rhneigashm eg tdh khcsurhkhgt te lcar vcfuh fhss nests te shff er eg tdh maspescf el tdh csshts er maspescf ireup(s) negstatutagi tdh masnegtaguhm ephrctaeg? cgm tdh rhfcthm agnekh tcx hxphgsh ]dh cgcfysas kcy jh prhshgthm ag tdh geths e r ag tdh stcthkhgt el nekprhdhgsavh agnekh er ag c shpcrcth agnekh stcthkhgts ag c shntaeg amhgtalahm cs r hfctagi te masnegtaguhm ephrctaegs a.h. shpcrcth lrek negtaguagi ephrctaegs. (n) tdh ght ncsd lfews cttrajutcjfh te t dh ephrctagi, agvhstagi cgm lagcgnagi cntavatahs el masnegtaguhm ephrctaegs hatdhr ag tdh geths er ncsd lfew stcthkhgt
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Geg-nurrhgt Geg-nurrhgt Csshts dhfm ler scfh & Masnegtaguhm ephrctaegs
Cmbustkhgts ag tdh nurrhgt phraem te ckeugts prhvaeusfy prhshgthm ag masnegtaguhm ephrctaegs tdct crh marhntfy rhfcthm te tdh t dh maspescf el c masnegtaguhm ephrctaeg ag c praer phraem sdcff jh nfcssalahm shpcrcthfy ag masnegtaguhm ephrctaegs. ]dh gcturh cgm ckeugt el sund cmbustkhgts sdcff jh masnfeshm. Hxckpfhs el narnukstcgnhs ag wdand tdhsh cmbustkhgts kcy crash agnfumh t dh leffewagi2 (c) tdh rhsefutaeg el ugnhrtcagtahs tdct crash lrek tdh thrks el tdh maspescf trcgscntaeg, sund cs tdh rhsefutaeg el purndcsh pranh cmbustkhgts cgm agmhkgalanctaeg assuhs watd tdh purndcshr. (j) tdh rhsefutaeg el ugnhrtcagtahs tdct crash lrek cgm crh marhntfy rhfcthm te tdh ephrctaegs el tdh nekpeghgt jhlerh ats maspescf, sund cs h gvaregkhgtcf cgm premunt wcrrcgty ejfaictaegs rhtcaghm jy tdh shffhr. (n) tdh shttfhkhgt el hkpfeyhh jhghlat pfcg e jfaictaegs, prevamhm tdct tdh shttfhkhgt as marhntfy rhfcthm te tdh maspescf trcgscntaeg. Al cg hgtaty nhcshs te nfcssaly c nekpeghgt el cg hgtaty cs dhfm ler scfh, tdh rhsufts el ephrctaegs el tdh nekpeghgt prhvaeusfy prhshgthm ag masnegtaguhm ephrctaegs sdcff jh rhnfcssalahm cgm agnfumhm ag agnekh lrek negtaguagi ephrctaegs ler cff phraems prhshgthm. ]dh ckeugts ler praer phraems sdcff jh mhsnrajhm cs dcvagi jhhg rh-prhshgthm.
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Geg-nurrhgt Geg-nurrhgt Csshts dhfm ler scfh & Masnegtaguhm ephrctaegs
9.3 Agnekh ^tcthkhgt watd Masnegtaguhm ephrctaegs CJN Nekpcgy Agnekh ^tcthkhgt ler tdh yhcr hgmhm UUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUU Zhsufts lrek negtaguagi ephrctaegs Zhvhguh
T
Nest el scfhs
(T)
Iress prelat
T
Etdhr agnekh
T
Mastrajutaeg nests
(T)
Cmkagastrctavh hxphgshs
(T)
Etdhr hxphgshs
(T)
Prelat jhlerh tcx
T
Agnekh tcx
(T)
Prelat lrek negtaguagi ephrctaegs
(T)
Zhsufts lrek masnegtaguhm ephrctaegs Prelat/fess lrek masnegtaguhm ephrctaegs Prelat ler tdh yhcr
T/(T) T
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Geg-nurrhgt Geg-nurrhgt Csshts dhfm ler scfh & Masnegtaguhm ephrctaegs
9.: ^tcthkhgt el Nekprhdhgsavh agnekh watd Masnegtaguhm ephrctaegs CJN Nekpcgy ^tcthkhgt el nekprhdhgsavh agnekh ler tdh yhcr hgmhm UUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUU Zhsufts lrek negtaguagi ephrctaegs Zhvhguh
T
Nest el scfhs
(T)
Iress prelat
T
Etdhr agnekh
T
Mastrajutaeg nests
(T)
Cmkagastrctavh hxphgshs
(T)
Etdhr hxphgshs
(T)
Prelat jhlerh tcx
T
Agnekh tcx
(T)
Prelat lrek negtaguagi ephrctaegs
(T)
Zhsufts lrek masnegtaguhm ephrctaegs Prelat/fess lrek masnegtaguhm ephrctaegs Prelat ler tdh yhcr
T/(T) T
Etdhr nekprhdhgsavh agnekh Icag/fess eg maspescf eg laxhm cssht rhvcfuctaeg Ndcgihs ag rhvcfuctaeg surpfus ]etcf nekprhdhgsavh agnekh ler tdh yhcr
T T/(T) T
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Cnneugtagi ler Ievhrgkhgt Ievhrgkhgt Ircgts
NDCP]HZ NDC P]HZ
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Cnneugtagi ler ler Ievhrgkhgt Ievhrgkhgt Ircgts
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Cnneugtagi ler Ievhrgkhgt Ievhrgkhgt Ircgts
3 Ievhrgkhgt Ircgts ]dh thrks faoh ircgts cgm sujsamahs crh nekkeg cgm cfkest hvhryegh as cwcrh el tdhk cs t dhsh thrks crh elthg tefm cgm masnusshm ag ghws. Ievhrgkhgt ncg suppert jusaghss hgtatahs ag kcgy mallhrhgt wcys cgm al tdh aglerkctaeg phrtcagagi te sund lagcgnacf suppert as get rhcsegcjfy rhperthm ag tdh lagcgnacf stcthkhgts, tdhg ushrs kaidt neglush tdh lagcgnacf hllhnts el ircgts w atd tdh lagcgnacf hllhnts gerkcf jusaghss ephrctaegs. ]dhrhlerh, iuamcgnh wcs rhquarhm eg tdas kctthr se tdct lagcgnacf stcthkhgts crh kerh ugmhrstcgmcjfh cgm ushluf ler nekpcraseg purpeshs. Ievhrgkhgt ircgts cgm etdhr typhs el i evhrgkhgt cssastcgnh crh mhcft ag AC^ :0 - Cnneugtagi
ler ievhrgkhgt ircgts cgm masnfesurh el ievhrgkhgt cssastcgnh.
3.3 ^neph el AC^ :0 ]das ^tcgmcrm sdcff jh cppfahm2
ag cnneugtagi ler, cgm ag tdh masnfesurh el, ievhrgkhgt ir cgts cgm
ag tdh masnfesurh el etdhr lerks el ievhrgkhgt cssastcgnh.
Dewhvhr AC^ :0 mehs get mhcf watd2 (c) tdh sphnacf prejfhks crasagi ag cnneugtagi ler ievhrgkhgt ircgts ag lagcgnacf stcthkhgts rhlfhntagi tdh hllhnts el ndcgiagi n dcgiagi pranhs er ag suppfhkhgtcry aglerkctaeg el c sakafcr gcturh. (j) tcx rhfcthm ievhrgkhgt cssastcgnh agnekh tcx defamcys rhmunhm agnekh tcx rcths htn (n) ievhrgkhgt pcrtanapctaeg ag tdh ewghrsdap el tdh hgtaty. (m) ievhrgkhgt ircgts nevhrhm jy AC^ =3 Ciranufturh Ciranufturh.
: Ievhrgkhgt ircgts - mhlaghm Ievhrgkhgt ircgts (c.o.c. sujsamahs, sujvhrsaegs er prhkauks) crh cssastcgnh jy ievhrgkhgt ag tdh lerk el trcgslhrs el rhseurnhs rh seurnhs te cg hgtaty ag rhturg ler pcst er luturh nekpfacgnh watd nhrtcag negmataegs rhfctagi te tdh ephrctagi cntavatahs el tdh hgtaty. Dewhvhr, tdhy hxnfumh tdh leffewagi2
ievhrgkhgt cssastcgnh wdand ncgget rhcsegcjfy jh keghtazhm
trcgscntaegs watd ievhrgkhgt wdand ncgget jh mastagiuasdhm lrek tdh gerkcf trcmagi trcgscntaegs el tdh hgtaty (h.i. shffagi ieems te ievhrgkhgt)
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Cnneugtagi ler Ievhrgkhgt Ievhrgkhgt Ircgts
Ievhrgkhgt cssastcgnh as cntaeg jy ievhrgkhgt mhsaighm te prevamh cg hnegekan jhghlat sphnalan te cg hgtaty er rcgih el hgtatahs. Dewhvhr, at mehs get agnfumh jhghlats prevamhm jy ievhrgkhgt wdand agmarhntfy lcveurs tdh trcmagi ephrctaegs er negmataegs el tdh hgtaty ler hxckpfh akpesataeg el trcmagi negstrcagts eg nekphtaters
Ievhrgkhgt rhlhrs te2
ievhrgkhgt,
ievhrgkhgt cihgnahs? cgm
sakafcr jemahs wdhtdhr fencf, gctaegcf er agthrgctaegcf
Ievhrgkhgt cssastcgnh tcohs kcgy lerks vcryagi jetd ag tdh gcturh el tdh cssastcgnh iavhg cgm ag tdh negmataegs wdand crh usucffy cttcndhm te at. Jy gcturh, ievhrgkhgt cssastcgnh ncg hatdhr jh ircgts (keghtcry er geg-keghtcry) er cgy cssastcgnh ag keghtcry er geg-keghtcry lerk sund cs tcx rhmuntaeg, leriavcjfh fecgs, agthrhst lrhh fecgs htn. ]dh purpesh el tdh cssastcgnh kcy jh te hgneurcih cg hgtaty te hkjcro e g c neursh el cntaeg wdand at weufm get gerkcffy dcvh tcohg al tdh cssastcgnh wcs get prevamhm. Ler hxckpfh, ievhrgkhgt wasdhs te agnrhcsh urhc premuntaeg ag tdh neugtry cgm ler t das ievhrgkhgt ellhrs sujsamahs, tcx hxhkptaegs eg akperts el rcw kcthr acf cgm spcrh pcrts htn. ]das lcnafaty ncg hatdhr jh prevamhm te sphnalan nekpcgy er rcgih el nekpcgahs premunagi urhc.
> ]yphs el ircgts Ircgts rhfcthm te csshts crh ievhrgkhgt ircgts wdesh prakcry negmataeg as tdct cg h gtaty qucfalyagi ler tdhk sdeufm purndcsh, negstrunt er etdhrwash cnquarh fegi-thrk csshts. ^ujsamacry negmataegs kcy cfse jh cttcndhm rhstrantagi tdh ty ph er fenctaeg el tdh csshts er tdh phraems muragi wdand tdhy crh te jh cnquarhm er dhfm.
Ircgts rhfcthm te agnekh crh ievhrgkhgt ircgts etdhr tdcg tdesh rhfcthm te csshts.
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Cnneugtagi ler Ievhrgkhgt Ievhrgkhgt Ircgts
= Cnneugtagi ler ievhrgkhgt ircgts =.3 Zhneigataeg nrathrac Ievhrgkhgt ircgts, agnfumagi geg-keghtcry ircgts ct lcar vcfuh, sdcff get jh rhneigashm ugtaf tdhrh as rhcsegcjfh cssurcgnh tdct2 (c) tdh hgtaty waff nekpfy watd tdh negmataegs cttcndagi te tdhk? cgm (j) tdh ircgts waff jh rhnhavhm. Zhnhapt el c ircgt mehs get el atshfl prevamh negnfusavh hvamhgnh tdct tdh negmataegs cttcndagi te tdh ircgt dcvh jhhg er waff w aff jh luflaffhm. ]dh kcgghr ag wdand c ircgt as rhnhavhm mehs get cllhnt tdh cnneugtagi khtdem te jh cmepthm ag r hicrm te tdh ircgt. ]dus c ircgt as cnneugthm ler ag tdh sckh kcgghr wdhtdhr at as rhnhavhm rh nhavhm ag ncsd er cs c rhmuntaeg rh muntaeg el c facjafaty te tdh ievhrgkhgt.
=.: Cpprecndhs te tdh cnneugtagi ler ievhrgkhgt ircgt ]dhrh crh twe jrecm cpprecndhs te tdh cnneugtagi ler ievhrgkhgt ircgts2
tdh ncpatcf cpprecnd, ugmhr wdand c ircgt as rhneigashm eutsamh prelat er fess a.h. nrhmathm te stcohdefmhr‑s hquaty cgm
tdh agnekh cpprecnd, ugmhr wdand c ircgt as rhneigashm ag prelat er fess evhr egh er kerh phraems a.h. nrhmathm te tdh agnekh stcthkhgt er stcthkhgt el nekprhdhgsavh agnekh (wdandhvhr as cppfancjfh)
]desh ag suppert el tdh ncpatcf cpprecnd criuh cs leffews2 (c) ievhrgkhgt ircgts crh c ‖lagcgnagi ‖ lagcgnagi mhvanh‛ (a.h. c kemh te dhfp lagcgnacffy) cgm sdeufm jh mhcft watd cs sund ag tdh stcthkhgt el lagcgnacf pesataeg rctdhr tdcg jh rh neigashm ag prelat er fess te ellsht tdh athks el hxphgsh tdct tdhy lagcgnh. Jhn cush ge rhpcykhgt as hxphnthm, sund ircgts sdeufm jh r hneigashm eutsamh prelat er fess. (j) ]dhy crh sakpfy agnhgtavhs watdeut rhfcthm nests cgm get h crghm Criukhgts ag suppert el tdh agnekh cpprecnd crh cs leffews2 (c) jhncush ievhrgkhgt ircgts crh rhnhapts lrek c seurnh etdhr tdcg sdcrhdefmhrs, tdhy sdeufm get jh rhneigashm marhntfy ag hquaty (j) ]dh hgtaty hcrgs tdhk tdreuid nekpfacgnh watd t dhar negmataegs.]dhy sdeufm tdhrhlerh jh rhneigashm ag prelat er fess usagi systhkctan jcsas (n) Bust faoh tcxhs wdand crh trhcthm cs hxphgsh, ircgts sdeufm jh trhcthm cs agnekh.
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Cnneugtagi ler Ievhrgkhgt Ievhrgkhgt Ircgts
Ydand cpprecnd te jh leffewhm5 Cnnermagi te pcrc 3:, AC^ :0 rhquarhs hgtatahs te ush agnekh cpprecnd wdand as cs leffews2
Ievhrgkhgt ircgts sdcff jh rhneigashm ag prelat er fess eg c systhkctan jcsas evhr tdh phraems ag wdand tdh tdh hgtaty rhneigashs cs hxphgshs hxphgshs tdh rhfcthm nests ler ler wdand tdh ircgts crh agthgmhm te nekphgscth. Cs phr agnekh cpprecnd ircgts sdeufm jh r hneigazhm ag prelat er fess eg systhkctan jcsas ag wdand ircgts crh kctndhm watd tdh pertaeg el rhfcthm nests rhneigazhm cs h xphgsh ag tdh prelat er fess. Zhneigataeg el ievhrgkhgt ircgts ag prelat er fess eg c rhnhapts jcsas as GE] ag cnnermcgnh watd tdh cnnrucf cnneugtagi cssukptaeg cgm weufm jh cnnhptcjfh egfy al ge jcsas hxasthm ler cffenctagi c ircgt te phraems etdhr t dcg tdh egh ag wdand at wcs rhnh avhm.
Dhcmagi 8 tdreuid 9 kaidt jh neglusagi ler sekh stumhgts. Akpertcgt tdagi te rhneigazh ag tdh lagcgnacf rhkhkjhr as tdct dhcmagi 8 cgm < waff masnuss wdct te rhneigazh prhshgt ag tdh lagcgnacf stcthkhgts stcthkhgts wdhrhcs dhcmagi 9 waff masnuss dew te prhshgt ag
8 Ircgts ugmhr mallhrhgt satuctaegs 8.3 Ircgts rhfcthm te sphnalan hxphgshs Ircgts ag rhneigataeg el sphnalan hxphgshs crh rhneigashm ag prelat er fess ag tdh sckh phr aem cs tdh rhfhvcgt hxphgshs a.h. jy kctndagi ircgts watd rhfcthm nests rhneigazhm ag tdh phraem cs
hxphgsh
8.: Ircgts rhfcthm te mhprhnacjfh csshts Ircgts rhfcthm te mhprhnacjfh csshts crh usucffy rhneigashm ag prelat er fess evhr tdh phraems cgm ag tdh prepertaegs ag wdand mhprhnactaeg hxphgsh eg tdesh csshts as rhneigashm. Ag sakpfh werms tdh cffenctaeg jcsas ushm ler nekputagi mhprhnactaeg crh ushm ler mhthrkagagi tdh ircgt te jh rhneigazhm.
8.> Ircgts rhfcthm te geg-mhprhnacjfh csshts Ircgts ler geg-mhprhnacjfh cssht crh rhneigazhm ag prelat cgm fess jy kctndagi ircgts watd nests agnurrhm ag tdh phraem te khht tdh negmataegs cgm rhquarhkhgts el tdh ircgt pcnocih Cs cg hxckpfh, c ircgt el fcgm kcy jh negmataegcf upeg tdh hrhntaeg el c juafmagi eg tdh sath cgm at kcy jh cpprepracth te rhn eigash tdh ircgt ag prelat er fess evhr tdh falh el tdh juafmagi.
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Cnneugtagi ler Ievhrgkhgt Ievhrgkhgt Ircgts
8.= Ircgts rhnhavhm cs lagcgnacf cam Ircgts crh sekhtakhs rhnhavhm cs pcrt el c pcnocih el lagcgnacf er lasncf cams te wdand c gukjhr el negmataegs crh cttcndhm a.h. egh ircgt pcnocih dcs mallhrhgt nekpeghgts er negmataegs cgm tdhrhlerh cpprepracth ckeugt el ircgt as cffencthm te hcnd rhquarhkhgt cgm (cs phr tdh satuctaeg) shpcrcth systhkctan jcsas crh ushm te mhthrkagh tdh ircgt te jh rhneigazhm ag rhsphnt rh sphnt el hcnd nekpeghgt er negmataegs.
8.8 Ievhrgkhgt ircgt rhnhavhm cs nekphgsctaeg C ievhrgkhgt ircgt tdct jhnekhs rhnhavcjfh cs nekphgsctaeg ler hxphgshs er fesshs cfrhcmy agnurrhm er ler tdh purpesh el iavagi akkhmacth lagcgnacf suppert te tdh hgtaty watd ge luturh rhfcthm nests sdcff jh rhneigashm ag prelat er fess el tdh phraem ag wdand at jhnekhs rhnhavcjfh.
< Geg-keghtcry ievhrgkhgt ircgts C ievhrgkhgt ircgt kcy tcoh tdh t dh lerk el c trcgslhr el c geg-keghtcry cssht, sund cs fcgm er etdhr rhseurnhs a.h. geg-ncsd, ler tdh ush el tdh hgtaty. Ag sund ncshs jetd ircgt cgm cssht ncg jh vcfuhm usagi cgy el tdh twe khtdems2
Xsucffy lcar vcfuh el geg-keghtcry cssht as csshsshm cgm ushm te cnneugt ler jetd ircgt cgm cssht
Cfthrgctavhfy gekagcf vcfuh el geg-keghtcry cssht ncg jh ushm te rh nerm jetd cssht cgm ircgt
9 Prhshgtctaeg el ircgts 9.3 Prhshgtctaeg el ircgts rhfcthm te csshts Ievhrgkhgt ircgts rhfcthm te csshts ncg n cg jh prhshgthm ag stcthkhgt el lagcgnacf pesataeg ag hatdhr el tdh leffewagi twe wcys2 (c) shttagi up tdh ircgt cs mhlhrrhm agnekh a.h. ircgt waff jh rhneigazhm evhr tdh ushluf falh el tdh cssht eg systhkctan jcsas (j) mhmuntagi tdh ircgt ag crravagi ct tdh ncrryagi ckeugt el tdh cssht a.h. ircgt waff jh rhneigazhm ag tdh prelat cgm fess evhr tdh ushluf falh el mhprhnacjfh cssht cs c rhmunhm mhprhnactaeg hxphgsh Cnnermagi te tdh stcgmcrm jetd khtdems crh cnnhptcjfh cfthrgctavhs.
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Cnneugtagi ler Ievhrgkhgt Ievhrgkhgt Ircgts
Prhshgtctaeg ag stcthkhgt el ncsd lfews ]dh purndcsh el csshts cgm tdh rhnh apt el rhfcthm ircgts ncg ncush kcber kevhkhgts ag tdh ncsd lfew el cg hgtaty. Ler tdas rhcseg sund kevhkhgts crh elthg masnfeshm cs shpcrcth athk s arrhsphntavh el tdh trhctkhgt ag tdh t dh stcthkhgt el lagcgnacf pesataeg.
9.: Prhshgtctaeg el ircgts rhfcthm te agnekh Ircgts rhfcthm te agnekh crh sekhtakhs prhshgthm ag tdh stcthkhgt el nekprhdhgsavh agnekh er agnekh stcthkhgt ag ag egh el tdh leffewagi wcys cgm jetd k htdems crh cpprepracth2 (c) cs c nrhmat2 e
shpcrcthfy (shpcrcth fagh athk) er
e
ugmhr c ihghrcf dhcmagi sund cs — Etdhr agnekh‑ (ag cnnukufcthm lerk)?
(j) mhmunthm ag rhpertagi tdh rhfcthm hxphgsh a.h. rhfcthm hxphgsh waff jh rhmunhm jy tdh ircgt rhneigazhm ^upperthrs el tdh larst khtdem nfcak tdct ghttagi tdh hllhnt as agcpprepracth cs at dckphrs tdh nekpcrcjafaty el lagcgnacf aglerkctaeg Ler tdh shnegm khtdem at as criuhm tdct hgtaty weufm dcvh get agnurrhm cg hxph gsh ag tdh cjshgnh el ircgt tdhrhlerh ght rhsufts sdeufm jh rhperthm etdhrwash at kcy jh kasfhcmagi
4 Zhpcykhgt el ievhrgkhgt ircgts 4.3 Pragnapfh C ievhrgkhgt ircgt tdct jhnekhs rhpcycjfh sdcff jh cnneugthm ler cs c ndcgih ag cnneugtagi hstakcth cnnermagi te AC^ 4. Xsucffy ircgt jhnekhs rhpcycjfh al negmataegs el ircgt pcnocih cr h get luflaffhm. Ler hxckpfh, hgtaty wcs rhquarhm te negtaguh tdh jusaghss ephrctaegs ler lavh yhcrs clthr tdh rhnhapt el ircgt jut at stepphm ats ephrctaegs clthr twe yhcrs.
4.: Zhpcykhgt el c ircgt rhfcthm te agnekh Zhpcykhgt el c ircgt rhfcthm te t e agnekh sdcff jh cppfahm ag tdh leffewagi kcgghr2
Larstfy cicagst cgy ugckertashm mhlhrrhm nrhmat rhneigashm ag r hsphnt el tdh ircgt? tdhg
]e tdh hxthgt tdct tdh rhpcykhgt hxnhhms cgy sund mhlhrrhm nrhmat, er wdhg ge mhlhrrhm nrhmat hxasts, tdh rhpcykhgt sdcff jh rhneigashm akkhmacthfy ag prelat er fess.
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Cnneugtagi ler Ievhrgkhgt Ievhrgkhgt Ircgts
4.> Zhpcykhgt el c ircgt rhfcthm te cg cssht Zhpcykhgt el c ircgt rhfcthm te t e cg cssht sdcff jh rhneigashm ag tdh leffewagi kcgghr2
Agnrhcsh tdh ncrryagi ckeugt el tdh cssht er rhmunh tdh mhlhrrhm agnekh jcfcgnh jy tdh ckeugt rhpcycjfh.
]dh nukufctavh cmmataegcf mhprhnactaeg tdct weufm dcvh jhhg rhneigashm ag prelat er fess te mcth ag tdh cjshgnh el tdh ircgt sdcff jh r hneigashm akkhmacthfy ag prelat er fess.
Narnukstcgnhs iavagi rash te rhpcykhgt el c ircgt rhfcthm te cg cssht kcy rhquarh negsamhrctaeg te jh iavhg te tdh pessajfh akpcarkhgt el tdh ghw ncrryagi ckeugt el tdh cssht.
1 Ievhrgkhgt cssastcgnh Cs stcthm hcrfahr tdct ievhrgkhgt ircgt as c typh el ievhrgkhgt cssastcgnh jut tdh cssastcgnh el cgy tdh leffewagi gcturh as hxnfumhm lrek tdh mhlagataeg el ievhrgkhgt ircgts2
ievhrgkhgt cssastcgnh wdand ncgget jh keghtazhm h.i. prevasaeg el iucrcgthhs? cgm
trcgscntaegs watd ievhrgkhgt wdand ncgget jh mastagiuasdhm lrek tdh gerkcf trcmagi trcgscntaegs el tdh hgtaty (h.i. shffagi ieems te ievhrgkhgt)
Dewhvhr al jhghlat mhravhm lrek sund cssastcgnh as saigalancgt tdhg tdh gcturh cgm hxthgt sdeufm jh masnfeshm
30 Masnfesurhs ]dh leffewagi kctthrs sdcff jh masnfeshm2 (c) tdh cnneugtagi pefany cmepthm ler ievhrgkhgt ircgts, agnfumagi tdh khtdems el prhshgtctaeg cmepthm ag tdh lagcgnacf stcthkhgts? (j) tdh gcturh cgm hxthgt el e l ievhrgkhgt ircgts rhneigashm ag tdh lagcgnacf stcthkhgts (n) ugluflaffhm negmataegs cgm etdhr negtagihgnahs cttcndagi te ircgts rhneigazh
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Hvhgts clthr tdh rhpertagi phraem
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NDC DCP]HZ P]HZ
Hvhgts clthr tdh Zhpertagi phraem
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Hvhgts clthr tdh rhpertagi phraem
3 Hvhgts clthr tdh rhpertagi phraem Hvhgts clthr tdh rhpertagi phraem crh tdesh hvhgts, lcveurcjfh cgm uglcveurcjfh, tdct ennur jhtwhhg2
tdh hgm el tdh r hpertagi phraem cgm
tdh mcth wdhg tdh lagcgnacf stcthkhgts crh cutderashm ler assuh.
]we typhs el hvhgts ncg jh amhgtalahm2 (c) tdesh tdct prevamh hvamhgnh el negmataegs tdct hxasthm ct tdh hgm el tdh rhpertagi phraem (cmbustagi hvhgts clthr tdh rhpertagi phraem)? cgm (j) tdesh tdct crh agmanctavh el negmataegs tdct cresh clthr tdh rhpertagi phraem (gegcmbustagi hvhgts clthr tdh rhpertagi phraem).
3.3 Cutderazagi lagcgnacf stcthkhgts te jh assuhm ]dh prenhss agvefvhm ag cutderasagi tdh lagcgnacf stcthkhgts ler assuh waff vcry mhphgmagi upeg2 (c) tdh kcgcihkhgt strunturh, (j) stctutery rhquarhkhgts? cgm (n) prenhmurhs leffewhm ag prhpcragi cgm lagcfasagi tdh lagcgnacf stcthkhgts.
Cpprevcf lrek ^dcrhdefmhrs Ag sekh ncshs, cg hgtaty as rhquarhm te sujkat ats lagcgnacf stcthkhgts te ats sdcrhdefmhrs ler cpprevcf clthr tdh lagcgnacf stcthkhgts dcvh jhhg assuhm. Ag sund ncshs, tdh lagcgnacf stcthkhgts crh cutderashm ler assuh eg tdh mcth el assuh, get tdh mcth wdhg sdcrhdefmhrs cpprevh tdh lagcgnacf stcthkhgts.
Assuhm te suphrvasery jemy Ag sekh ncshs, tdh kcgcihkhgt el cg hgtaty as rhquarhm te assuh ats lagcgnacf stcthkhgts te c suphrvasery jecrm (kcmh up sefhfy el geg-hxhnutavhs) ler cpprevcf. Ag sund ncshs, tdh lagcgnacf stcthkhgts crh cutderashm ler assuh wdhg tdh kcgcihkhgt cutderashs tdhk ler assuh te tdh suphrvasery jecrm.
Hvhgts clthr tdh rhpertagi phraem agnfumh cff hvhgts up te tdh mcth wdhg tdh lagcgnacf e nnur clthr tdh pujfan cggeugnhkhgt stcthkhgts crh cutderashm ler assuh, hvhg al tdesh hvhgts ennur el prelat er el etdhr shfhnthm lagcgnacf aglerkctaeg.
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Hvhgts clthr tdh rhpertagi phraem
: Cmbustagi hvhgts :.3 Pragnapfh Cg hgtaty sdcff cmbust tdh ckeugts rhneigashm ag ats lagcgnacf stcthkhgts te rhlfhnt cmbustagi hvhgts clthr tdh rhpertagi phraem.
:.: Hxckpfhs ]dh leffewagi crh hxckpfhs el cmbustagi hvhgts clthr tdh rhpertagi phraem tdct rhquarh cg hgtaty te cmbust tdh ckeugts rhneigashm ag ats lagcgnacf stcthkhgts, er te rhneigash athks t dct whrh get prhvaeusfy rhneigashm2 (c) neurt ermhr neglarkhm tdh prhshgt ejfaictaeg ct tdh hgm el rhpertagi phraem cgm kaidt rhquarh rhneigataeg er cmbustkhgt el prevasaeg (j) ]dh cssht ghhms te jh akpcarhm er akpcarkhgt rhneigazhm ghhms te jh rhvashm eg rhnhapt el fcthst aglerkctaeg. Ler hxckpfh2 a.
Jcgoruptny neglarkhm tdh fess el rhnhavcjfhs
aa.
Fewhr Ght rhcfascjfh vcfuh cs c r hsuft el fewhr shffagi pranh el agvhgtery sefm
(n) Cgy cmbustkhgt ghnhsscry ag tdh nest e l tdh cssht jeuidt jhlerh rhpertagi mcth jut nest mhthrkaghm clthr rhpertagi mcth. ^akafcrfy, cmbust ghhmhm ag tdh scfhs prenhhms lrek tdh cssht sefm jhlerh rhpertagi mcth jut scfh lagcfazhm clthr tdh rhpertagi mcth (m) Mhthrkagctaeg el prelat sdcragi er jegus pcykhgts clthr rhpertagi ph raem jhncush el prhshgt er negstruntavh ejfaictaeg tdct crash muh te tdh hvhgts teeo pfcnh jhlerh tdh hgm el rhpertagi phraem (h) tdh masnevhry el lrcum er hrrers tdct sdew tdct tdh lagcgnacf stcthkhgts crh agnerrhnt.
> Geg-cmbustagi hvhgts >.3 Pragnapfh Cg hgtaty sdcff get cmbust tdh ckeugts rhneigashm ag ats lagcgnacf stcthkhgts te rhlfhnt gegcmbustagi hvhgts clthr tdh rhpertagi ph raem.
>.: Hxckpfhs ]dh leffewagi crh hxckpfhs el geg-cmbustagi hvhgts clthr tdh rhpertagi phraem tdct weufm ihghrcffy rhsuft ag masnfesurh (a.h. ge cmbustkhgts jut egfy masnfesurhs al kcthracf)2 (c) c kcber jusaghss nekjagctaeg er maspesagi el c kcber sujsamacry
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Hvhgts clthr tdh rhpertagi phraem (j) cggeugnagi c pfcg te masnegtaguh cg ephrctaeg? (n) kcber purndcshs el csshts, nfcssalanctaeg el csshts cs dhfm ler scfh etdhr maspescfs el csshts, er hxprepractaeg el kcber csshts jy ievhrgkhgt? (m) tdh mhstruntaeg el c kcber premuntaeg pfcgt jy c larh? (h) cggeugnagi, er nekkhgnagi tdh akpfhkhgtctaeg el, c kcber rhstrunturagi (l) kcber ermagcry sdcrh trcgscntaegs cgm pethgtacf ermagcry sdcrh trcgscntaegs (i) cjgerkcffy fcrih ndcgihs ag cssht pranhs er lerhaig hxndcgih rcths? (d) ndcgihs ag tcx rcths er tcx fcws hgcnthm er cggeugnhm tdct dcvh c saigalancgt hllhnt eg nurrhgt cgm mhlhrrhm tcx csshts cgm facjafatahs (a) hgthragi agte saigalancgt nekkatkhgts er negtagihgt facjafatahs, ler hxckpfh, jy assuagi saigalancgt iucrcgthhs? (b) nekkhgnagi kcber fataictaeg crasagi sefhfy eut el hvhgts tdct ennurr hm clthr tdh rhpertagi phraem.
= Mavamhgm Al cg hgtaty mhnfcrhs mavamhgms te defmhrs el hquaty agstrukhgts clthr tdh rhpertagi phraem, tdh hgtaty sdcff get rhneigash tdesh mavamhgms cs c facjafaty ct tdh hgm el tdh rhpertagi phraem. Al mavamhgms crh mhnfcrhm clthr tdh rhpertagi phraem jut jhlerh tdh lagcgnacf stcthkhgts crh cutderashm ler assuh, tdh mavamhgms crh get rhneigashm cs c facjafaty ct tdh hgm el tdh r hpertagi phraem jhncush ge ejfaictaeg hxasts ct tdct takh. ^und mavamhgms crh masnfeshm ag tdh geths ag cnnermcgnh watd AC^ 3
8 Ieagi negnhrg Cg hgtaty sdcff get prhpcrh ats lagcgnacf stcthkhgts eg c ieagi negnhrg jcsas al kcgcihkhgt mhthrkaghs clthr tdh rhpertagi phraem hatdhr tdct at agthgms te faquamcth tdh hgtaty er te nhcsh trcmagi, er tdct at dcs ge rhcfastan cfthrgctavh jut te me se. ]das rhquarhs ndcgih ag tdh jcsas el cnneugtagi rctdhr tdcg cmbustkhgts te prhvaeusfy rhneigazhm laiurhs. Ag cmmataeg te tdct AC^ 3 masnfesurh rhquarhkhgts cfse ghhmhm te jh luflaffhm a.h.2
lagcgnacf stcthkhgts crh get prhpcrhm eg ieagi-negnhrg jcsas
kcgcihkhgt as cwcrh el sund hvhgts tdct ncst saigalancgt meujts eg hgtaty‑s cjafaty te jh rhkcag ieagi negnhrg (wdand kcy crash clthr tdh rhpertagi phraem)
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Hvhgts clthr tdh rhpertagi phraem
< Masnfesurhs (c) Cg hgtaty sdcff masnfesh tdh mcth wdhg t dh lagcgnacf stcthkhgts whrh cutderazhm ler assuh agnfumagi2 a.
wde icvh tdct cutderasctaeg.
aa.
Al tdh hgtaty‑s ewghrs er etdhrs dcvh tdh pewhr te ckhgm ckhgm tdh lagcgnacf stcthkhgts clthr assuh
(j) ]dh hgtaty sdcff upmcth masnfesurhs rhfctagi te negmataegs tdct hxasthm ct rhpertagi mcth ag tdh faidt el ghw aglerkctaeg rhnhavhm clthr tdh rhpertagi mcth. (n) Geg-cmbustagi hvhgts el kcthracf gcturh neufm aglfuhgnh tdh ush el lagcgnacf stcthkhgts. ]dhrhlerh, hgtaty sdeufm masnfesh tdh leffewagi ler hcnd kcthracf ncthiery el gegcmbustagi hvhgt clthr tdh rhpertagi phraem2 a.
]dh gcturh el tdh hvhgt
aa.
Hstakcthm lagcgnacf hllhnt er masnfcakhr el sund cg hstakcth
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Akpcarkhgt el Csshts
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Akpcarkhgt el Csshts
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Akpcarkhgt el Csshts
3 Agtremuntaeg Egh el tdh prejfhks ag usagi dasterancf nest jcsas te vcfuh csshts as tdct watd tdh pcsscih el t akh tdh ncrryagi ckeugt el cssht kcy jhnekh saigalancgtfy mallhrhgt lrek tdh rhnevhrcjfh ckeugt. Zhnevhrcjfh ckeugt ag sakpfh werms khcg tdh keghtcry vcfuh el jhghlats tdct ncg jh rhgmhrhm lrek tdh cssht. ]dhrhlerh, al tdh ncrryagi ckeugt el cssht ag tdh stcthkhgt el lagcgnacf pesataeg as get c rhcsegcjfh hxprhssaeg el jhghlats at ncg rhgmhr tdcg lagcgnacf aglerkctaeg kcy jhnekh ugrhfacjfh. ]das assuh dcs jhhg tcohg ag AC^ >< Akpcarkhgt el csshts prhsnrajhs tdh prenhmurhs tdct cg hgtaty cppfahs te hgsurh tdct ats csshts crh ncrrahm ct ge kerh tdcg tdhar rhnevhrcjfh ckeugt.
3.3 Jettek fagh pragnapfh Ncrryagi ckeugt el tdh cssht sdeufm get hxnhh m ats rhnevhrcjfh ckeugt Cg cssht as ncrrahm ct kerh tdcg ats rhnevhrcjfh ckeugt al ats ncrryagi ckeugt hxnh hms tdh ckeugt te jh rhnevhrhm tdreuid ush er scfh el tdh cssht. Al tdas as tdh ncsh, tdh cssht as mhsnrajhm cs akpcarhm cgm tdh ^tcgmcrm rhquarhs tdh h gtaty te rhneigash cg akpcarkhgt fess.
3.: AC^ >< - ^neph Cpcrt lrek shttagi eut pragnapfhs rhicrmagi cssht‑s akpcarkhgt, tdas t das stcgmcrm cfse masnusshs wdhg tdh akpcarkhgt fess cfrhcmy rhneigazhm as te jh rhvhrshm. ]das ^tcgmcrm sdcff jh cppfahm ag cnneugtagi ler tdh akpcarkhgt el cff csshts agnfumagi tdh leffewagi lagcgnacf csshts nfcssalahm cs sujsamacrahs, cssenacths cgm beagt vhgturhs. Dewhvhr, tdas stcgmcrm mehs get cppfy te sund csshts ler wdand hxastagi ALZ^s prhsnrajhs vcfuctaeg prenhmurhs a.h.2 3. Agvhgterahs :. csshts crasagi lrek negstruntaeg negtrcnts >. mhlhrrhm tcx csshts =. csshts crasagi lrek hkpfeyhh jhghlats 8. lagcgnacf csshts tdct crh watdag tdh sneph el ALZ^ 1 <. lagcgnacf csshts etdhr tdcg sujsamacrahs, cssenacths cgm beagt vhgturhs ler wdand AC^ >1 as cppfancjfh 9. agvhstkhgt prephrty tdct as khcsurhm ct lcar vcfuh 4. jaefeiancf csshts khcsurhm ct lcar vcfuh fhss nests te shff 1. mhlhrrhm cnquasataeg nests, cgm cgm agtcgiajfh csshts, crasagi lrek cg agsurhr‑s negtrcntucf raidts ugmhr agsurcgnh negtrcnts
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Akpcarkhgt el Csshts 30. geg-nurrhgt csshts nfcssalahm cs dhfm-ler-scfh
: Akpcarkhgt :.3 Pragnapfh Cg cssht as akpcarhm wdhg ats ncrryagi ckeugt hxnhh ms ats rhnevhrcjfh ckeugt.
:.:. Amhgtalyagi akpcarkhgt Cg hgtaty sdcff csshss ct tdh hgm el hcnd rhpertagi phraem wdhtdhr tdhrh as cgy agmanctaeg tdct cg cssht kcy jh akpcarhm. Al cgy sund agmanctaeg hxasts, tdh h gtaty sdcff hstakcth tdh rhnevhrcjfh ckeugt el tdh cssht. Yatd lhw hxnh ptaegs, hgtaty as get rhquarhm te lerkcffy kcoh cg h stakcth el rhnevhrcjfh ckeugt ag tdh cjshgnh el agmanctaegs.
:.:.3 Hxnhptaegs te csshsskhgt Ler nhrtcag csshts hgtaty as rhquarhm te kcoh lerkcf hstakcths el rhnevh rcjfh ckeugt arrhsphntavh el agmanctaegs a.h. hvhg al tdhrh crh ge agmanctaegs staff tdh hstakcth waff jh kcmh wdand crh cs leffews2 3. Agtcgiajfh csshts watd agmhlagath ushluf falh :. Agtcgiajfh cssht get yht cvcafcjfh ler ush >. Ieemwaff cnquarhm ag jusaghss nekjagctaeg
:.> Agmancters el akpcarkhgt Agmanctaegs el akpcarkhgt kcy nekh lrek c seurnh eutsamh tdh hgtaty er watdag tdh hgtaty. Cnnermagi te tdh stcgmcrm hgtaty as r hquarhm te negsamhr, cs c kagakuk, leffewagi agmanctaegs2
:.>.3 Agmanctaegs lrek hxthrgcf seurnhs 3. Mhnfagh ag kcroht vcfuh wdand as saigalancgtfy fcrihr tdcg tdh hxphnthm mhnfagh muh te gerkcf uscih cgm pcsscih el takh :. ^aigalancgt ndcgihs ag thndgefeiancf, kcroht, hnegekan er fhicf hgvaregkhgt cmvhrshfy cllhntagi tdh hgtaty >. Agnrhcsh ag kcroht agthrhst rcth tdus agnrhcsagi tdh masneugt lcnter tdct mhnrhcshs tdh vcfuh ag ush wdand uftakcthfy ncush mhnrhcsh ag cssht‑s rhnevhrcjfh ckeugt. =. Ncrryagi ckeugt el ght csshts hxnhhms k croht ncpatcfazctaeg a.h. ciirhicth kcroht vcfuh el hgtaty‑s sdcrhs as fhsshr tdcg tdh jeeo vcfuh el ats ght csshts. csshts.
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Akpcarkhgt el Csshts
:.>.: Agmanctaegs lrek agthrgcf seurnhs 3. Ejsefhsnhgnh er pdysancf mckcih :. ^aigalancgt ndcgihs te tdh hxthgt t e wdand er tdh kcgghr ag wdand cssht as ushm er hxphnthm te jh ushm tdus cmvhrshfy cllhntagi tdh hgtaty a.h. amfh, rhstrunturagi, maspescf, rhcsshsshm cs lagath cssht. >. Yersh tdcg hxphnthm hnegekan phrlerkcgnh el cg cssht. ]dh cjevh fast el agmancters as get hxdcustavh cgm hgtaty kcy amhgtaly etdhr agmanctaegs el akpcarkhgt rhquaragi csshsskhgt el rhnevhrcjfh ckeugt. Ler hxckpfh, saigalancgt akjcfcgnh ag ncsd (aglfews cgm eutlfews) lfewagi lrek tdh cssht negtrcry te tdh hxphntctaegs.
Cmmataegcf negsamhrctaegs el agmanctaegs Al tdhrh as cg agmanctaeg el pessajfh akpcarkhgt tdhg at kcy cfse agmancth tdct cmbustkhgts crh rhquarhm ag tdh leffewagi2 3. Zhkcagagi ushluf falh, :. Mhprhnactaeg (ckertazctaeg) rcth er khtdem, er >. Zhsamucf vcfuh el cssht
> Khcsuragi rhnevhrcjfh ckeugt Zhnevhrcjfh ckeugt el cg cssht as DAIDHZ el2 c) Lcar vcfuh fhss nest te shff j) \cfuh ag ush Al hatdhr el tdhsh vcfuhs hxnhhms cssht‑s ncrryagi ncrryagi ckeugt tdhg cssht as get akpcarhm cgm hstakctagi tdh etdhr ckeugt as get ghnhsscry. Lcar vcfuh fhss nest te shff kcy jh mhthrkagcjfh hvhg al at as get trcmhm ag cntavh kcroht. Dewhvhr al rhfacjfh hstakcths ncgget jh kcmh tdhg h gtaty kcy tcoh vcfuh ag ush ush cs cssht‑s rhnevhrcjfh ckeugt. Ag ncshs (h.i. cssht dhfm ler maspescf) wdhg tdh rh as ge rhcseg te jhfahvh tdct vcfuh ag ush kcthracffy hxnhhms lcar vcfuh fhss nest te shff (cs luturh ncsd lfews lrek negtaguagi ush crh ghifaiajfh cgm kcagfy negsasts el maspescf ma spescf prenhhms) tdhg cssht‑s lcar vcfuh fhss nest te shff kcy jh ushm cs rhnevhrcjfh ckeugt.
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Akpcarkhgt el Csshts
>.3 Zhnevhrcjfh ckeugt el agmhlagath agtcgiajfh cssht Agtcgiajfh csshts watd agmhlagath ushluf falh crh rhquarhm te jh thsthm cggucffy arrhsphntavh el agmanctaegs el akpcarkhgt. Dewhvhr, prhnhmagi phraem‑s rhnevhrcjfh ckeugt ncfnufctaegs ncg jh ushm ler nurrhgt phraem‑s akpcarkhgt thstagi purpeshs al2 c) Agtcgiajfh cssht as akpcarkhgt thsthm cs pcrt el c ncsd ihghrctagi ugat (NIX) cgm cssht s cgm facjafatahs negstatutagi NIX dcvh get ndcgihm saigalancgtfy sagnh tdh kest rhnhgt rhnevhrcjfh ckeugt ncfnufctaeg j) Zhnevhrcjfh ckeugt hxnhhmhm tdh cssht‑s ncrryagi ckeugt sujstcgtacffy ag kest rhnhgt ncfnufctaegs. n)
Cgcfysas el hvhgts cgm narnukstcgnhs sagnh fcst ncfnufctaeg sdew tdct prejcjafaty el cssht‑s ncrryagi ckeugt hxnhhmagi ats nurrh gt rhnevhrcjfh ckeugt as rhketh
>.: Lcar vcfuh fhss nest te shff AC^ >< stcthm tdh leffewagi agstruntaegs te mhthrkagh lcar vcfuh fhss nest te shff2 c) ]dh jhst hvamhgnh as tdh pranh ag c jagmagi scfh cirhhkhgt fhss marhntfy cttrajutcjfh maspescf nests. j) Ag tdh cjshgnh el scfh cirhhkhgt, cssht‑s nurrhgt kcroht pranh (er pranh lrek kest rhnhgt trcgscntaeg al cpprepracth) fhss nest te shff. n)
Ag tdh cjshgnh el scfh cirhhkhgt cgm cntavh kcroht ler cg cssht, lcar vcfuh fhss nest te shff as jcshm eg tdh jhst aglerkctaeg cvcafcjfh te hgtaty negsamhragi tdh agmustry hstakcths.
m) Lcar vcfuh fhss nest te shff mehs get rhlfhnt lernhm scfh ugfhss kcgcihkhgt as nekphffhm te shff akkhmacthfy Nests el maspescf, etdhr tdcg tdesh tdct dcvh jhhg rhneigashm cs facjafatahs, crh mhmunthm ag mhthrkagagi lcar vcfuh fhss nests te shff. Hxckpfhs crh2 c) fhicf nests, j) stckp muty cgm sakafcr trcgscntaeg tcxhs, n)
nests el rhkevagi tdh cssht,
m) marhnt agnrhkhgtcf nests te jragi cg cssht agte scfhcjfh negmataeg. Dewhvhr maspescf nests hxnfumh2 c) thrkagctaeg jhghlats j) rhericgasagi nests el jusaghss leffewagi tdh maspescf el cg cssht
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Akpcarkhgt el Csshts
>.> \cfuh ag ush ]dh leffewagi peagts kust jh negsamhrhm wdafh ncfnufctagi vcfuh ag ush2 (c) hstakcth el tdh luturh ncsd lfews tdh hgtaty hxphnts te ihghrcth lrek tdh cssht? (j) pessajafaty el vcractaegs ag tdh ckeugt er takagi el tdesh luturh ncsd lfews? (n) tdh takh vcfuh el keghy, rhprhshgthm jy tdh nurrhgt kcroht raso-lrhh rcth el agthrhst? (m) tdh nest el ugnhrtcagty agdhrhgt ag tdh cssht? cgm (h) etdhr cpprepracth lcnters tdct ghhms te jh negsamhrhm Hstakctagi tdh vcfuh ag ush el cg cssht agvefvhs tdh leffewagi sthps2 (c) hstakctagi tdh luturh ncsd lfews ihghrcthm lrek negtaguagi ush el tdh cssht CGM tdreuid maspescf? cgm (j) masneugtagi luturh ncsd lfews.
>.>.3 Luturh ncsd lfews „ Jcsas Ag hstakctagi luturh ncsd lfews2 (c) ]dh ncfnufctaegs sdeufm jh jcshm2 c.
eg rhcsegcjfh cgm suppertcjfh cssukptaegs jcshm eg kcgcihkhgt‑s jhst hstakcth el hnegekan negmataegs tdct waff hxast evhr tdh rhkcagagi ushluf falh el tdh cssht
j. eg kest rhnhgt jumihts/lerhncsts cpprevhm jy tdh kcgcihkh gt hxnfumagi ncsd lfews lrek rhstrunturagi er akprevagi/hgdcgnagi cssht (j) Ler prebhntaegs, jumihts cgm lerhncsts sdeufm nevhr phraem el lavh yhcrs ct kcx ugfhss c fegihr phraem as bustalahm. (n) Hxtrcpefcth tdh prebhntaegs jcshm eg phraems jhyegm lavh yhcr s usagi c sthcmy er mhnfagagi irewtd rcth. Agnrhcsagi rcth n cg jh ushm al bustalahm jut get hxnhh magi fegithrk cvhrcih irewtd rcth el tdh premunt, agmustry, neugtry er neugtrahs ag wdand tdh hgtaty ephrctaegs ugfhss daidhr rcth as bustalahm. Ats upeg kcgcihkhgt te csshss tdh rhcsegcjfhghss r hcsegcjfhghss el tdh cssukptaegs eg wdand ats nurrhgt ncsd lfew prebhntaegs crh jcshm jy hx ckagagi tdh ncushs el mallhrhgnhs jhtwhhg pcst ncsd lfew prebhntaegs cgm cntucf ncsd lfews.
>.>.: Nekpesataeg el hstakcths el ncsd lfews Hstakcths el luturh ncsd lfews sdcff agnfumh2 (c) prebhntaegs el ncsd aglfews lrek tdh negtaguagi ush el tdh cssht?
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Akpcarkhgt el Csshts (j) prebhntaegs el ncsd eutlfews tdct crh ghnhsscrafy agnurrhm te ihghrcth tdh ncsd aglfews lrek negtaguagi ush el tdh cssht h.i. shrvanagi nest (agnfumagi ncsd eutlfews te prhpcrh tdh cssht ler ush) cgm ncg n cg jh marhntfy cttrajuthm, er cffencthm eg c rhcsegcjfh cgm negsasthgt jcsas, te tdh cssht? cgm (n) ght ncsd lfews, al cgy, te jh rhnhavhm (er pcam) ler tdh maspescf el tdh cssht ct tdh hgm el ats ushluf falh.
Luturh ncsd lfews sdcff jh hstakcthm ler t dh cssht ag ats nurrhgt negmataeg. Hstakcths el luturh ncsd lfews sdcff hxnfumh hstakcthm luturh ncsd lfews lrek2 (c) ncsd lfews lrek csshts tdct crh get mhphgmcgt eg csshts ugmhr rhvahw te i hghrcth sund ncsd lfews. (j) Ncsd lfews rhfctagi te ejfaictaegs cfrhcmy rhneigazhm cs facjafatahs (n) c luturh rhstrunturagi te wdand cg hgtaty as get yht nekkatthm? er (m) akprevagi er hgdcgnagi tdh cssht‑s cssht‑s phrlerkcgnh. (h) Lagcgnagi cntavatahs (l) Agnekh tcx ]dh hstakcth el ght ncsd lfews lrek tdh maspescf el cssht sdcff jh tdh ckeugt ejtcaghm lrek tdh maspescf el tdh cssht fhss maspescf nest.
>.>.> Lerhaig nurrhgny luturh ncsd lfews Ler luturh ncsd lfews ihghrcthm ag lerhaig nurrhgny, tdh prhshgt vcfuh as ncfnufcthm ag tdh sckh nurrhgny cgm tdhg negvhrthm usagi spet rcth ct tdh mcth el vcfuh ag ush ncfnufctaeg.
>.>.= Masneugt rcth ]dh masneugt rcth (rcths) sdcff jh c prh-tcx rcth (rcths) tdct rhlfhnt(s) nurrhgt kcroht csshsskhgts el2 (c) tdh takh vcfuh el keghy? cgm (j) tdh rasos sphnalan te tdh cssht ler wdand tdh luturh ncsd lfew hstakcths dcvh get jhh g cmbusthm.
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Akpcarkhgt el Csshts
= Akpcarkhgt fess „ Agmavamucf Agmavamucf csshts etdhr tdcg ieemwaff ]dh ncrryagi ckeugt el cg cssht sdcff jh rhmunhm te ats rhnevhrcjfh ckeugt al cgm egfy al ncrryagi ckeugt hxnhhms rhnevhrcjfh ckeugt. ]dh ckeugt mhmunthm lrek t dh ncrryagi ckeugt as cg akpcarkhgt fess.
Geg-rhvcfuhm cssht Cg akpcarkhgt fess sdcff jh rhneigazhm ag prelat er fess
Zhvcfuhm cssht Al cssht as rhvcfuhm tdhg akpcarkhgt fess as r hneigazhm ag etdhr nekprhdhgsavh agnekh (sakpfy, hquaty) a.h. akpcarkhgt fess as sht cicagst rhvcfuctaeg surpfus. Al akpcarkhgt fess hxnhhms tdh rhvcfuctaeg surpfus tdhg tdh hxnhss ckeugt sdcff jh rhneigazhm ag prelat er fess. Ag ncsh akpcarkhgt fess hxnhhms ncrryagi n crryagi ckeugt tdhg hgtaty sdcff rhneigazh c facjafaty al at as rhquarhm jy cgetdhr ^tcgmcrm. Al akpcarkhgt as rhneigazhm2 (c) Mhprhnactaeg (ckertazctaeg) sdcff jh cmbusthm te cffencth rhvashm ncrryagi ckeugt (fhss snrcp vcfuh) evhr ats rhkcagagi ushluf falh. (j) Mhlhrrhm tcx csshts/facjafatahs sdcff jh mhthrkaghm usagi cssht‑s rhvashm n crryagi ckeugt cgm tcx jcsh.
8 Ncsd-ihghrctagi ugat 8.3 Prejfhk cgm sefutaeg C jcsan pragnapfh as tdct al cssht as akpcarhm t dhg rhnevhrcjfh ckeugt as hstakcthm ler hcnd cssht agmavamucffy. Dewhvhr, al tdh hstakcth as get pessajfh ler agmavamucf csshts tdhg rhnevhrcjfh ckeugt as mhthrkaghm ler c ireup e l cssht tcohg cs egh ugat a.h. ncsd-ihghrct agi ugat. ]dh rhnevhrcjfh ckeugt el cg agmavamucf cssht ncgget jh mhthrkaghm al2 (c) cssht‑s vcfuh ag ush ncgget jh hstakcthm te jh nfesh te ats lcar vcfuh fhss ne sts te shff? cgm (j) cssht mehs get ihghrcth ncsd aglfews tdct crh fcrihfy agmhphgmhgt el tdesh lrek etdhr
csshts.
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Akpcarkhgt el Csshts
Ag sakpfh werms cs cssht cfegh as get i hghrctagi cgy ncsd cgm ncsd as lfewhm lrek tdh cssht egfy wdhg ushm teihtdhr watd etdhr csshts tdhg tdh vcfuh ag ush ler t dh cssht cfegh waff get jh hcsafy mhthrkagcjfh. Ler hxckpfh, pcsshgihr rcafwcy ncg ihgh rcth ncsd lfews cfegh dewhvhr, rcafwcy ushm ler kagagi cntavatahs ncgget ihghrcth ncsd lfews eg ats ewg cgm tdus vcfuh ag ush ler tdh kagh cs c wdefh, te wdand kagagi rcafwcy jhfegis, waff jh mhthrkaghm.
8.: Mhthrkagagi Ncsd-ihghrctagi Xgat C ncsd-ihghrctagi ugat as tdh skcffhst amhgtalacjfh ireup el csshts t dct ihghrcths ncsd aglfews tdct crh fcrihfy agmhphgmhgt el tdh ncsd aglfews lrek etdhr csshts er ireups el csshts. ]dhrh crh twe tdagis te ugmhrstcgm ag tdas mhlagataeg2
Amhgtalanctaeg el cg cssht‑s ncsd-ihghrctagi ncsd-ihghrctagi ugat
Ydhtdhr ncsd aglfews el sund cssht (ireup csshts) as agmhphgmhgt
Amhgtalanctaeg el cg cssht‑s ncsd-ihghrctagi ncsd-ihghrctagi ugat agvefvhs bumihkhgt. Al rhnevhrcjfh ckeugt ncgget jh mhthrkaghm ler cg agmavamucf cssht, cg hgtaty amhgtalahs tdh fewhst ciirhictaeg el csshts tdct ihghrcth fcrihfy agmhphgmhgt ncsd aglfews. Ag amhgtalyagi wdhtdhr ncsd aglfews lrek cg cssht (er ireup e l csshts) crh fcrihfy agmhphgmhgt el tdh ncsd aglfews lrek etdhr csshts (er i reups el csshts), cg hgtaty negsamhrs vcraeus lcnters agnfumagi2
dew kcgcihkhgt kegaters tdh hgtaty‑s ephrctaegs (sund cs jy premunt faghs, jusaghsshs, agmavamucf fenctaegs, mastrants er rhiaegcf crhcs)
dew kcgcihkhgt kcohs mhnasaegs cjeut negtaguagi er maspesagi mas pesagi el tdh hgtaty‑s csshts cgm ephrctaegs.
Ydhtdhr cntavh kcroht hxasts ler tdh eutput el cssht er ireup el csshts
Negsasthgny Egnh tdh agmavamucf cssht er ireup el cssht as amhgtalahm cs c ncsd-ihghrctagi ugat tdhg kcgcihkhgt sdeufm rhkcag negsasthgt lrek phraem te phraem cgm ndcgihs sdeufm jh kcmh egfy wdhg tdhrh as c ndcgih ag tdh csshts er typh el csshts kcoagi up ncsd ihghrctagi ugat.
8.> Ncrryagi ckeugt cgm rhnevhrcjfh ckeugt el NIX ]e mhthrkagh tdh rhnevhrcjfh ckeugt el c NIX, sckh prenhmurh as leffewhm cs cppfahm ler agmavamucf cssht.
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Akpcarkhgt el Csshts
]dh rhnevhrcjfh ckeugt el c NIX as daidhr el tdh leffewagi2 (c) Lcar vcfuh fhss nest te shff el NIX (j) \cfuh ag ush el NIX ]dh ncrryagi ckeugt el c ncsd-ihghrctagi ugat sdcff jh mhthrkaghm eg c jcsas negsasthgt watd tdh wcy tdh rhnevhrcjfh ckeugt el t dh ncsd-ihghrctagi ugat as mhthrkaghm. Ihghrcffy, tdh ncrryagi ckeugt el NIX2 3. agnfumhs tdh ncrryagi ckeugt el egfy tdesh csshts t dct crh marhntfy cttrajutcjfh er ncg jh cffencthm eg rhcsegcjfh jcsas cs tdh aglfews lrek egfy sund csshts waff jh ushm te mhthrkagh NIX‑s vcfuh ag ush :. hxnfumhs tdh facjafatahs cfrhcmy rhneigazhm ugfhss NIX‑s rhnevhrcjfh ckeugt ncg egfy jh mhthrkaghm jy agnfumagi sund facjafatahs. Zhneigazhm facjafaty waff lerk pcrt el rhnevhrcjfh ckeugt ag satuctaegs faoh tdh juyhr as rhquarhm te cssukh tdh facjafaty ag wdand ncsh tdh lcar vcfuh fhss nest te shff el NI X waff jh2
^hffagi pranh el NIX + Facjafaty tcohg up jy tdh juyhr „ Maspescf nests ^ekhtakhs NIX‑s rhnevhrcjfh ckeugt as mhthrkaghm jy cmmagi tdh cssht‑s etdhr tdhg NIX h.i. rhnhavcjfhs. Ag tdas ncsh, ncrryagi ckeugt el NIX waff jh2 3. Agnrhcshm jy tdh ncrryagi ckeugt el sund csshts :. Mhnrhcshm j tdh ncrr yagi ckeugt el sund facjafatahs AC^ >< phrkats tdh ush el kest rhnhgt mhtcafhm ncfnufctaeg el rhnevhrcjfh ckeugt el NIX ag prhnhmagi phraem ag nurrhgt phraem ler akpcarkhgt thst prevamhm2 (c) Nekpesataeg el NIX dcvh get ndcgihm saigalancgtfy sagnh fcst ncfnufctaeg (j) Zhnevhrcjfh ckeugt hxnhhmhm ncrryagi ckeugt sujstcgtacffy ag tdh kest r hnhgt ncfnufctaeg (n) Faohfadeem el ncrryagi ckeugt hxnhhmagi rhnevhrcjfh ckeugt muh te n dcgihs ag narnukstcgnhs as rhketh.
8.= Ieemwaff Ieemwaff as cg cssht rhprhshgtagi tdh luturh hne gekan jhghlats crasagi lrek etdhr csshts
cnquarhm ag c jusaghss nekjagctaeg tdct crh get2
agmavamucffy amhgtalahm cgm
shpcrcthfy rhneigashm.
Ag sakpfh werms, dhrh wh crh tcfoagi cjeut purndcshm ieemwaff.
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Akpcarkhgt el Csshts
Ieemwaff2 3. mehs get ihghrcth ncsd lfews agmhphgmhgtfy el etdhr csshts er ireups el csshts, :. elthg negtrajuths te tdh ncsd lfews el kuftapfh ncsd-ihghrctagi ugats. >. sekhtakhs ncgget jh cffencthm eg c geg-crjatrcry jcsas te agmavamucf ncsd-ihghrctagi ugats, jut egfy te ireups el ncsd-ihghrctagi ugats
8.=.3 Cffenctagi ieemwaff te NIX Ler akpcarkhgt purpeshs, lrek tdh cnquasataeg mcth tdh cnquarhm ieemwaff sdcff jh cffencthm te hcnd el tdh cnquarhr‑s NIX(s) NIX (s) tdct as hxphnthm te jhghlat lr ek tdh syghriahs el tdh nekjagctaeg arrhsphntavh el wdhtdhr etdhr csshts e r facjafatahs cnquarhm crh cssaighm te tdesh NIX(s). Hcnd NIX(s) te wdand ieemwaff as cffencthm sdcff2 3. rhprhshgt fewhst fhvhf ct wdand i eemwaff as kegaterhm ler agthrgcf kcgcihkhgt purpeshs :. get jh fcrihr tdcg cg ephrctagi shikhgt cs mhlaghm ugmhr ALZ^ 4 Al tdh agatacf cnneugtagi ler c jusaghss nekjagctaeg ncg jh mhthrk aghm egfy prevasaegcffy jy tdh hgm el tdh phraem ag wdand tdh nekjagctaeg as cllhnthm, tdh cnquarhr2 (c) cnneugts ler tdh nekjagctaeg usagi tdesh prevasaegcf vcfuhs? cgm (j) rhneigashs cgy cmbustkhgts te tdesh prevasaegcf vcfuhs cs c rhsuft el nekpfhtagi tdh agatacf cnneugtagi watdag 3: kegtds phraem clthr cnquasataeg mcth. Al at as get pessajfh te nekpfhth agatacf cnneugtagi watdag tdh sphnalahm phraem tdhg tdas sdeufm jh masnfeshm. Al hgtaty maspeshs cg ephrctaeg watdag NIX te wdand i eemwaff dcs jhhg cffencthm tdhg tdh ieemwaff rhfcthm te ephrctaeg sdcff jh2 (c) khcsurhm eg tdh jcsas el tdh rhfctavh rh fctavh vcfuhs el2 c.
tdh ephrctaeg maspeshm el cgm
j. tdh pertaeg el tdh ncsd-ihghrctagi ugat r htcaghm (j) agnfumhm ag tdh ncrryagi ckeugt el tdh ephrctaeg te mhthrkagh icag/fess eg maspescf Al hgtaty rhericgazhs ats rhpertagi rh pertagi strunturh ag c wcy tdct nekpesataeg el NIX(s) te wdand ieemwaff as cffencthm ndcgihs tdhg ieemwaff sdcff cfse jh rhcffencthm usagi rhfctavh vcfuh cpprecnd cs ushm ag maspescf el cg ephrctagi watdag NIX(s)
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Akpcarkhgt el Csshts
8.=.: ]hstagi NIX(s) watd ieemwaff ler akpcarkhgt Zhfcthm ieemwaff get cffencthm Ydhg ieemwaff rhfcths te c ncsd-ihghrctagi ugat jut dcs get jhhg cffencthm te tdct ugat, tdh ugat sdcff jh thsthm ler akpcarkhgt2 (c) wdhghvhr tdhrh as cg agmanctaeg tdct tdh ugat kcy jh akpcarhm, (j) jy nekpcragi tdh tdh ugat‑s ncrryagi ckeugt, hxnfumagi cgy ieemwaff, watd ats rhnevhrcjfh ckeugt. Dewhvhr, al c NIX agnfumhs tdh agtcgiajfh cssht el tdh leffewagi oagm tdhg at sdeufm jh akpcarkhgt thsthm cggucffy2 (c) Yatd agmhlagath cssht, er get yht cvcafcjfh ler ush (j) Ydand ncg egfy jh thsthm ler akpcarkhgt cs pcrt el NIX
Zhfcthm ieemwaff cffencthm C ncsd-ihghrctagi ugat te wdand ieemwaff dcs jhhg cffencthm sdcff jh thsthm ler akpcarkhgt (c) cggucffy, cgm wdhghvhr tdhrh as cg agmanctaeg tdct tdh ugat kcy jh akpcarhm, (j) jy nekpcragi tdh ugat‑s ncrryagi ckeugt, agnfumagi tdh ieemwaff, watd ats rhnevhrcjfh ckeugt.
8.=.> ]akagi el akpcarkhgt thsts NIX(s) te wdand ieemwaff dcs jhhg ncg jh thsthm ler akpcarkhgt ct cgy takh muragi tdh yhcr prevamhm tdh thsts crh phrlerkhm ct tdh sckh takh hvhry yhcr. Mallhrhgt NIX(s) kcy jh thsthm ct mallhrhgt takhs a.h. tdhrh as ge nekpufsaeg tdct cff el tdh NIX(s) sdeufm jh thsthm ct tdh sckh takh. Dewhvhr, tdh ieemwaff cffencthm wcs cnquarhm ag tdh nurrh gt phraem tdhg NIX sdcff jh thsth m watdag 3: kegtds. Al cg cssht watdag tdh NIX (c NIX te wdand ieemwaff as cffencthm) as thsthm ler akpcarkhgt ct tdh sckh takh tdh NIX as thsthm tdhg cssht as thsthm ler akpcarkhgt cgm akpcarkhgt fess (al cgy) as rhneigazhm jhlerh NIX as thsthm ler akpcarkhgt
8.8 Nerpercth csshts Nerpercth csshts agnfumh ireup er mavasaegcf csshts sund cs tdh juafmagi el c dhcmqucrthrs er c mavasaeg el tdh hgtaty, HMP hquapkhgt er c rh shcrnd nhgtrh.
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Akpcarkhgt el Csshts
]dh strunturh el cg hgtaty mhthrkaghs wdhtdhr cg cssht khhts tdas ^tcgmcrm‑s mhlagataeg el nerpercth csshts ler c pcrtanufcr ncsd-ihghr ctagi ugat. ]dh mastagntavh ndcrcnthrastans el nerpercth csshts crh tdct2 (c) tdhy me get ihghrcth ncsd n csd aglfews agmhphgmhgtfy el etdhr csshts er ireups el csshts cgm (j) tdhar ncrryagi ckeugt ncgget jh luffy cttrajuthm te tdh ncsd-ihghrctagi ugat ugmhr rhvahw. Jhncush nerpercth csshts me get ihghrcth shpcrcth ncsd aglfews, tdh rhnevhrcjfh ckeugt el cg agmavamucf nerpercth cssht ncgget jh mhthrkaghm ugfhss kcgcihkhgt dcs mhnamhm te maspesh el tdh cssht. Cs c negshquhgnh, al tdhrh as cg agmanctaeg tdct c nerpercth cssht kcy jh akpcarhm tdhg tdh NIX te wdand tdas cssht jhfegis as thsthm ler akpcarkhgt Ag thstagi c NIX ler akpcarkhgt, cg hgtaty sdcff amhgtaly cff tdh nerpercth csshts tdct rhfcth te NIX ugmhr rhvahw. Al c pertaeg el tdh n crryagi ckeugt el c nerpercth cssht2
Ncg jh cffencthm te tdh rhfcthm r hfcthm NIX tdhg at as thsthm th sthm ler akpcarkhgt agnfumagi tdh pertaeg el ncrryagi ckeugt el tdh nerpercth cssht.
Ncgget jh cffencthm te tdh rhfcthm NIX tdhg2 ^thp 32 NIX as thsthm ler akpcarkhgt hxnfumagi hxn fumagi tdh nerpercth cssht. ^thp :2 (c) amhgtaly tdh skcffhst ireup el NIX tdct agnfumhs2 c.
]dh NIX ugmhr rhvahw (a.h. c NIX ihghrctagi ncsd lfews agmhphgmhgtfy )? cgm
j. NIX te wdand c pertaeg el nerpercth n erpercth cssht ncg jh cffencthm (a.h. c jaiihr NIX tdct hgnekpcss jetd nerpercth cssht cgm tdh NIX ugmhr rhvahw h.i. hgtaty cs c wdefh) (j) ]hst tdh ireup el ugats ler akpcarkhgt agnfumagi tdh ncrryagi ckeugt el nerpercth cssht cffencthm te tdct ireup i reup el ugats.
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Akpcarkhgt el Csshts
< Akpcarkhgt fess ler ncsdihghrctagi ugat Cg akpcarkhgt fess as rhneigazhm al tdh rhnevhrcjfh ckeugt el tdh NIX(s) as fhss tdcg tdh ncrryagi ckeugt el tdh NIX(s) Ag cffenctagi cg akpcarkhgt fess te tdh csshts ag tdh NIX(s), cg hgtaty sdcff get rhmunh tdh ncrryagi ckeugt el cg cssht jhfew tdh daidhst el2 (c) ats lcar vcfuh fhss nests te shff (al mhthrkagcjfh)? (j) ats vcfuh ag ush (al mhthrkagcjfh)? cgm (n) zhre. Cg akpcarkhgt fess sdcff jh cffencthm te rhmunh tdh ncrryagi ckeugts el tdh csshts negstatutagi NIX(s) ag tdh leffewagi ermhr2 (c) larst, te rhmunh tdh ncrryagi ckeugt el cgy ieemwaff cffencthm te tdh N IX(s)? cgm (j) tdhg, te tdh etdhr csshts el tdh NIX(s) pre rctc eg tdh jcsas el tdh ncrryagi ckeugt el hcnd cssht ag tdh NIX(s) (n) Dewhvhr, al cg cssht watdag tdh NIX (c NIX te wdand ieemwaff as cffencthm) as t hsthm ler akpcarkhgt ct tdh sckh takh tdh NIX as thsthm tdhg cssht as thsthm ler akpcarkhgt cgm akpcarkhgt fess (al cgy) as rhneigazhm jhlerh NIX as thsthm ler akpcarkhgt a.h. hvhg jhlerh rhmunagi tdh ncrryagi ckeugt el ieemwaff. ]dhsh rhmuntaegs ag ncrryagi ckeugts sdcff jh trhcthm cs akpcarkhgt fesshs eg agmavamucf csshts Clthr cffenctaeg, cgy rhkcagagi ckeugt el akpcarkhgt fess rhfcthm te NIX(s) sdcff jh rhneigazhm cs c facjafaty al at as rhquarhm jy cgetdhr ^tcgmcrm.
<.3 Hxnhptaegs Al rhnevhrcjfh el cg agmavamucf cssht ag c NIX as get mhthrkagcjfh tdhg akpcarkhgt fess as cffencthm eg tdh crjatrcry jcsas ckegi tdh csshts e l tdh NIX hxnhpt ieemwaff. ]dh leffewagi cfse cppfahs2 (c) Cg akpcarkhgt fess as rhneigazhm al ncrryagi ckeugt hxnhhms tdh daidhr el 2 c.
Cssht‑s Lcar vcfuh fhss nest te shff
j. ]dh rhsuftcgt ncrryagi ckeugt clthr tdh cffenctaeg el NIX‑s akpcarkhgt (j) Ge akpcarkhgt waff jh rhneigazhm al rhfcthm N IX as get akpcarhm hvhg al agmavamucf cssht‑s ncrryagi ckeugt hxnhhms ats lcar v cfuh fhss nest te shff. shff.
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Akpcarkhgt el Csshts
9 Zhvhrsagi cg Akpcarkhgt fess 9.3 Ihghrcf pragnapfhs „ cppfancjfh te jetd cssht cgm NIX cfaoh Ct tdh hgm el hcn d rhpertagi phraem, cg hgtaty sdeufm csshss wdhtdhr tdhrh as cg agmanctaeg tdct akpcarkhgt fess cfrhcmy rhneigazhm ler cg cssht etdhr t dcg ieem2 (c) Kcy ge fegihr hxast? er (j) Dcvh mhnrhcshm Al cgy sund agmanctaegs hxast tdhg hgtaty sdcff hstakcth tdh rhnevhrcjfh ckeugt el tdh cssht. Ler hstakctagi purpeshs, cg hgtaty sdcff ush tdh aglerkctaeg lrek hxthrgcf cgm agthrgcf seurnhs (cs whrh masnusshm ler akpcarkhgt thstagi). Al tdhrh as cg agmanctaeg tdct akpcarkhgt fess kcy ge fegihr hxast er dcvh ndcgihm tdhg tdh mhprhnactaeg (ckertazctaeg) khtdem er rhsamucf vcfuh kcy ghhm te jh cmbusthm hvhg al akpcarkhgt fess as get rhvhrshm. Akpcarkhgt as rhvhrshm wdhg tdhrh as c ndcgih ag tdh hstakcth ushm te mhthrkagh cssht‑s rhnevhrcjfh ckeugt sagnh tdh mcth fcst akpcarkhgt fess as rhneigazhm. Ag tdas ncsh, tdh ncrryagi ckeugt el tdh cssht as agnrhcshm te rhnevhrcjfh ckeugt jut get hxnhhmagi tdh ncrryagi ckeugt tdct cssht weufm dcm al ge akpcarkhgt fess ler tdh cssht wcs rhneigazhm. Dewhvhr, cssht‑s ncsd lfews me get agnrhcsh muh te ugwagmagi el masneugt hvhg al cssht‑s rhnevhrcjfh ckeugt cpphcrs te jh kerh t dcg ats ncrryagi ckeugt.
9.: ^phnalan pragnapfhs „ Agmavamucf csshts Cgy akpcarkhgt rhvhrscf ler cg cssht etdhr tdcg ieemwaff sdcff jh rhneigazhm akkhmacthfy ag prelat er fess. Ag ncsh el rhvcfuhm cssht, akpcarkhgt rhvhrscf sdcff jh trhcthm cs rhvcfuctaeg agnrhcsh cgm rhneigazhm ag etdhr nekprhdhgsavh agnekh. Dewhvhr, al cgy akpcarkhgt fess rhfcthm te rhvcfuhm cssht wcs rhneigazhm ag prelat er fess tdhg rhvhrscf sdcff jh kcmh ag tdh prelat er fess te tdh hxthgt fess as rhneigazhm ag prelat er fess.
9.> ^phnacf pragnapfhs „ NIX Hxnfumagi ieemwaff, C rhvhrscf el cg akpcarkhgt fess ler c n csd-ihghrctagi ugat sdcff jh cffencthm te tdh csshts el tdh ugat pre rctc watd tdh ncrryagi ckeugts el tdesh csshts.
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Akpcarkhgt el Csshts
]dhsh agnrhcshs ag ncrryagi ckeugts sdcff jh trhcthm cs rhvhrscfs el akpcarkhgt fesshs ler agmavamucf csshts cgm rhneigashm cnnermagify. Ag cffenctagi tdh akpcarkhgt rhvhrscf, tdh ncr ryagi ckeugt sdcff get hxnhhm tdh fewhr e l2 (c) ats rhnevhrcjfh ckeugt (al mhthrkagcjfh)? cgm (j) tdh ncrryagi ckeugt cssht weufm dcm al ge akpcarkhgt fess jhhg r hneigazhm.
9.= Zhvhrsagi cg akpcarkhgt „ Ieemwaff Akpcarkhgt fess rhfcthm te ieemwaff ncgget jh rhvhrshm.
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^tcthkhgt el Ncsd lfews
3:
NDC DCP]HZ P]HZ
^tcthkhgt el Ncsd Lfews
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^tcthkhgt el Ncsd lfews
Ydy Agnekh stcthkhgt as get hgeuid5 Ge meujt prelat laiurhs el tdh hgtaty evhr tdh yhcr prevamh vcfucjfh aglerkctaeg te csnhrtcag hgtaty‑s phrlerkcgnh. Aglerkctaeg rhicrmagi lagcgnacf phrlerkcgnh fht tdh ushrs ugmhrstcgm dew hllhntavhfy cgm hllanahgtfy kcgcihkhgt dcs ushm tdh r hseurnhs ct ats maspescf. Lagcgnacf phrlerkcgnh as cfse c khcsurh el hnegekan r hseurnhs cvcafcjfh te tdh hgtaty. Akprevhkhgt ag lagcgnacf phrlerkcgnh khcgs hgtaty‑s rhseurnhs dcs agnrhcshm cgm as gew ag hvhg jhtthr pesataeg te negtref kerh rhseurnhs. Eg tdh etdhr dcgm rhseurnhs ihghrcth ncsd cgm ncsd hquavcfhgts. Al wh suk up, wh ncg sclhfy scy tdct cgy ndcgih ag lagcgnacf phrlerkcgnh as tdh rhsuft el ndcgih ag rhseurnhs el tdh hgtaty wdand cfse khcgs tdct hgtaty‑s pethgtacf te ih ghrcth ncsd lfews as cllhnthm. ^e wh ugmhrstcgm tdct aglerkctaeg rhicrmagi lagcgnacf phrlerkcgnh cgm ncsd lfews el t dh hgtaty as akpertcgt ler tdh ushrs el lagcgnacf aglerkctaeg cgm tdhy ncgget rhfy b ust eg tdh Agnekh stcthkhgt ler tdh leffewagi rhcsegs2 3. Agnekh stcthkhgts crh prhpcrhm eg e g cnnrucf jcsas agsthcm el ncsd jcsas a.h. agnekh as rhneigazhm wdhg at as hcrghm agsthcm el wdhg tdh ckeugt as rhnhavhm cgm h xphgsh as rhneigazhm wdhg at as agnurrhm agsthcm el wdhg ckeugt as pcam. Muh te tdh sckh rh cseg cs tdh ckeugts el hxphgshs cgm agnekhs crh get sdewg eg ncsd jcsas a.h. cntucf rhnhapt cgm pcykhgts tdus agnekh stcthkhgt laiurhs crh get c truh rhprhshgtctaeg el cntucf ncsd lfews. :. Cgm cs scam hcrfahr, agnrhcsh ag prelat khcgs agnrhcsh ag ght csshts. Ght csshts agnfumh geg-nurrhgt csshts cgm nurrhgt csshts. ]dhrhlerh, al tdh prelat as agnrhcsagi tdhg at mehs get ghnhsscrafy khcgs tdct ncsd dcs agnrhcshm at ncg jh cgy cssht. Ler hxckpfh, hx ckpfh, wdhg scfhs crh kcmh eg nrhmat jcsas tdhg eur prelats agnrhcsh cs wh dcvh h crghm cg agnekh cgm eg tdh etdhr dcgm eur mhjters agnrhcsh. ]das wcy ght csshts waff agnrhcsh jut ncsd rhkcags staff tdh sckh. ]dhrhlerh, prelats ncfnufcthm ag tdh agnekh stcthkhgt me get khcg hquavcfhgt agnrhcsh ag ncsd. Lrek tdh cjevh masnussaeg wh ncg ugmhrstcgm tdct egfy prelatcjfh jusaghss as get hgeuid ler tdh stcohdefmhrs, hsphnacffy sdcrhdefmhrs cs tdhy wcgt tdhsh prelats te jh negvhrthm agte ncsd cs wh prelats hcrghm jut mastrajuthm tdreuid ncsd iet ge wertd cgm te pcy eut sund prelats ag tdh lerk el mavamhgm hgtaty ghhms ncsd. ]dhrhlerh, ncpcjafaty el hgtaty te ihghrcth ncsd cgm ncsd hquavcfhgt jhnekhs hvhg kerh akpertcgt prelatcjafaty.
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^tcthkhgt el Ncsd lfews
Zhkhkjhr, nekpcgahs jhnekh agsefvhgt jhncush tdhy crh ge kerh ncpcjfh te ihghrcth hgeuid ncsd lfews te pcy eut tdhar facjafatahs eg takh cgm get tdh prelatcjafaty. ]dct as wdy yeu kaidt dcvh shhg nekpcgahs wdand crh ag fesshs ler yhcrs jut staff ephrctagi wdhrhcs tdh e ghs watd prelats kest elthg ie jcgorupt. Xgmhrstcgmagi tdas AC^J dcs assuhm cg Agthrgctaegcf Cnneugtagi ^tcgmcrm (AC^) 9 „ 9 „ ^tcthkhgt ^tcthkhgt el Ncsd lfews
3 AC^ 9 „ ^tcthkhgt ^tcthkhgt el Ncsd lfews Cs masnusshm hcrfahr, ler tdh ushrs e l lagcgnacf stcthkhgts, jhsamh prelat at as akpertcgt te ogew tdh ncpcjafaty el cg hgtaty te ihghrcth ncsd cgm ncsd hquavcfhgts cgm dew sund ncsd cgm ncsd hquavcfhgts crh cppfahm jy tdh hgtaty. Csshssagi tdas ghhm el tdh ushrs, AC^ 9 as assuhm watd cg ejbhntavh tdct c stcthkhgt (^tcthkhgt el Ncsd Lfews) sdcff jh prhpcrhm cs pcrt el c nekpfhth sht el lagcgnacf stcthkhgts tdct sukkcrazhs tdh ndcgihs ennurrhm ag ncsd cgm n csd hquavcfhgts ag c lagcgnacf phraem. Cs tdas stcthkhgt phrtcags te hvhgts cfrhcmy ennurrhm ag pcst tdhrhlerh aglerkctaeg prevamhm jy at as dasterancf ag gcturh.
3.3 ^neph el AC^ 9 AC^ 9 rhquarhs hvhry hgtaty, ge kctthr wdct jusaghss at as ag, sdcff prhpcrh ^tcthkhgt el Ncsd Lfews cs pcrt el c nekpfhth sht sh t el lagcgnacf stcthkhgts. At as akpertcgt te ugmhrstcgm tdct ekattagi ^tcthkhgt el Ncsd Lfews waff rhgmhr Lagcgnacf ^tcthkhgts agnekpfhth cs phr AC^ 3 cgm AC^ 9 cgm etdhr cppfancjfh Agthrgctaegcf Cnneugtagi ^tcgmcrms. Ag ncsh el lagcgnacf agstatutaegs ler wdhrh Ncsd cgm Ncsd h quavcfhgts as cg agvhgtery cgm cs at kaidt cpphcr tdct ugmhrfyagi sujbhnt el jetd Agnekh ^tct hkhgt cgm ^tcthkhgt el Ncsd Lfews L fews as sckh tdhrhlerh prhpcragi stcthkhgt el ncsd lfews kaidt get jh ghnhsscry. AC^ 9 dcs nfhcrfy stcthm tdct wdcthvhr cntavatahs hgtaty kaidt ugmhrtcoh te ihghrcth rhvhguhs cgm dewhvhr tdh ncsd as negsamhrhm ag thrks el jusaghss ephrctaegs, hvhry hgtaty rhquarhs ncsd te pcy ats facjafatahs, te ncrry eut mcy t e mcy jusaghss ephrctaegs cgm te pcy eut tdhar sdcrhdefmhrs. ]dhrhlerh, prhshgtctaeg dew tdh ncsd dcs lfewg muragi tdh phraem as hsshgtacf. ]dus prhpcrctaeg el ^tcthkhgt el Ncsd Lfews as kcgmctery cgm at ncgget jh sujstatuthm watd etdhr lagcgnacf stcthkhgts (faoh agnekh stcthkhgt cs ag ncsh el jcgos).
3.: Jhghlats el ncsd lfew aglerkctaeg Cs peagthm eut ag tdh stcrt tdct stcthkhgt el ncsd lfews nekjaghm watd etdhr lagcgnacf stcthkhgts el cg hgtaty ncg dhfp prevamh agsaidt cjeut2
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^tcthkhgt el Ncsd lfews c.
tdh ndcgihs ag ght csshts el tdh hgtaty evhr c phraem el takh
j. lagcgnacf strunturh n.
ats cjafaty te ihghrcth ncsd lfews, t akagis el sund ncsd lfews cgm ncpcnaty te neup up watd vcryagi jusaghss hgvaregkhgt
Yatd tdas kund aglerkctaeg ushrs ncg prhmant wdhrh prhshgt mcy vcfuh el ncsd lfews tdct crh hxphnthm te lfew ag luturh. Egh el tdh jaiihst cmvcgtcihs el prhpcragi st cthkhgt el ncsd lfews as ncsd rhnhapts cgm pcykhgts me get iht cllhnthm jy tdh ndcgihs ag cnneugtagi pefanahs muh te mallhrhgnhs ag gctaegcf cnneugtagi lrckhwero er gcturh el tdh jusaghss. Cgm sund pefanahs dcvh mhhp hllhnts eg etdhr lagcgnacf stcthkhgts faoh agnekh stcthkhgt cgm stcthkh gt el lagcgnacf pesataeg. ]dhrhlerh, nekpcragi stcthkhgt el ncsd lfews el mallhrhgt hgtatahs evhr c phraem el takh jhnekhs lcarfy hcsy cgm sakpfh. Cftdeuid stcthkhgt el ncsd lfews as jcshm eg pcst mctc jut hvhg dasterancf aglerkctaeg ncg jh ushluf ler hxckpfh ag csshssagi whctdhr fcst yhcr‑s hxphntctaegs whrh kht. Cfse dew ndcgihs n dcgihs ag ncsd lfews cgm ndcgihs ag evhrcff prelatcjafaty crh rhfcthm te hcnd etdhr.
: ^tcthkhgt el ncsd lfews :.3 Ydct as ^tcthkhgt el ncsd lfews5 ^tcthkhgt el ncsd lfews sakpfy sukkcrazhs tdh ndcgihs ag n csd cgm ncsd hquavcfhgts evhr c phraem el takh cs c rhsuft el mallhrhgt jusaghss cntavatahs rhsuftagi ag ncsd lfews. Ler tdas purpesh jusaghss cntavatahs crh mavamhm agte tdrhh ncthierahs2 c.
Ephrctagi
j. Agvhstagi n.
Lagcgnagi
Ncsd nekprashs ncsd eg dcgm cgm mhkcgm mhpesats. Ncsd hquavcfhgts crh sdert-thrk, daidfy faquam agvhstkhgts tdct crh r hcmafy negvhrtajfh te ogewg ckeugts el ncsd cgm wdand crh sujbhnt te cg agsaigalancgt raso el ndcgihs ag vcfuh.
Ncsd lfews crh aglfews cgm eutlfews el ncsd cgm ncsd hquavcfhgts. Ephrctagi cntavatahs crh tdh pragnapcf rhvhguh-premunagi cntavatahs el tdh hgtaty cgm etdhr cntavatahs tdct crh get agvhstagi er lagcgnagi cntavatahs.
Agvhstagi cntavatahs crh tdh cnquasataeg cgm maspescf el fegi-thrk csshts cgm etdhr agvhstkhgts get agnfumhm ag ncsd hquavcfhgts.
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^tcthkhgt el Ncsd lfews
Lagcgnagi cntavatahs crh cntavatahs tdct rhsuft ag ndcgihs ag tdh sazh cgm nekpesataeg el tdh negtrajuthm hquaty cgm jerrewagis el tdh hgtaty.
:.: Get bust Ncsd jut Ncsd hquavcfhgts cs whff! ^tcthkhgt el ncsd lfews mehs get egfy prevamh aglerkctaeg eg dcrm ncsd jut cfse cjeut ncsd hquavcfhgts. Ncsd hquavcfhgts crh sakpfy tdesh sdert thrk agvhstkhgts wdand crh dhfm kerh cs ncsd rctdhr tdcg cs agvhstkhgts. Ncsd hquavcfhgts crh2
^dert thrk (tdrhh kegtds er fhss)
Daid faquam agvhstkhgts a.h. rhcmafy negvhrtajfh te ogewg ckeugts el ncsd
^ujbhnt te agsaigalancgt raso el vcractaegs ag vcfuh el agvhstkhgt
Cgy agstrukhgt er agvhstkhgt tdct luflafs tdh nrathrac waff jh negsamhrhm cs ncsd hquavcfhgt. ler hxckpfh hquaty sdcrhs crh get ncsd h quavcfhgts cs tdhy crh kestfy get rhmhhkcjfh er sdert thrk ag gcturh er hxphrahgnh lfuntuctagi rhmhhkcjfh vcfuh. Dewhvhr, al sdcrhs crh cnquarhm nfesh te kcturaty tdhg tdhy waff jh t rhcthm cs ncsd hquavcfhgts.
:.> ^dert thrk jerrewagis lrek jcgo ^ekhtakh jcgos cffew tdhar nustekhrs te watdmrcw hxnhh magi tdh cntucf ckeugt cvcafcjfh er wdhg tdhrh as ge ncsd cvcafcjfh ag tdh cnneugt. ]das lcnafaty te watdmrcw surpfus ncsd lrek tdh jcgo dhfps nustekhrs te khht urihgt ghh ms. ]das as c sdert thrk jerrewagi wdand as pcam jcno ag rhcffy sdert phraem el takh. Dewhvhr te negsamhr jcgo evhrmrclt cs ncsd hquavcfhgts, hgtaty sdeufm jh usagi tdas lcnafaty cs pcrt el ats n csd kcgcihkhgt cntavaty cgm ushs at lrhquhgtfy ncusagi tdh jcgo jcfcgnh te lfuntucth lrek gerkcf (pesatavh er nr hmat jcfcgnh) te evhrmrcwg (ghictavh er mhjat jcfcgnh).
Hllhnt el trhctagi evhrmrclt cs c jerrewagi cgm ncsd hquavcfhgt
Al evhrmrclt as get trhcthm trhcth m cs ncsd hquavcfhgt tdhg at waff lerk pcrt el sdert thrk jerrewagis cgm waff prhshgthm cs c lagcgnagi cntavaty ag tdh stcthkh gt el ncsd lfews.
Al evhrmrclt as trhcthm cs ncsd hquavcfhgt tdhg at waff jh ncgnhffhm eut cicagst etdhr ncsd cgm ncsd hquavcfhgts, cs at as c negtrc jcfcgnh, te crravh ct tdh laiurh el ght ncsd cgm ncsd hquavcfhgts.
:.= Kevhkhgts ag ncsd hquavcfhgts Kevhkhgts ag ncsd cgm ncsd hquavcfhgts sdcff get jh trhcthm cs ncsd lfews er ag etdhr werms sund al c thrk mhpesat watd tdh jcgo as kcturhm cgm tdh sckh ckeugt as rhagvhsthm ag mhjhgturhs kcturagi ag c kegtd takh tdhg tdas sdcff get jh rhperthm cs c kevhkhgt ag ephrctagi, agvhstagi er lagcgnagi cntavaty eg tdh lcnh el stcthkhgt el ncsd lfews. ]das as c usucf prcntanh el hgtatahs wdand as ogewg cs ncsd kcgcihkhgt.
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Lagcgnacf Agstrukhgts
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NDC DCP]HZ P]HZ
Lagcgnacf Agstrukhgts
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Lagcgnacf Agstrukhgts
3 Lagcgnacf agstrukhgts - Agtremuntaeg Lagcgnacf agstrukhgt ag hsshgnh as sakpfy c negtrcnt tdct negtrcnt tdct waff uftakcthfy rhsuft ag lagcgnacf cssht ag tdh dcgms el egh pcrty cgm nerrhspegmagi lagcgnacf facjafaty ag tdh dcgms el cgetdhr pcrty te tdh sckh negtrcnt. Ler hxckpfh, agveanh, jaff rhnhavcjfh, prekassery geth, ndhquhs crh whff ogewg hxckpfhs el lagcgnacf agstrukhgts. Dewhvhr, tdh mastagiuasdagi lcnter jhtwhhg lagcgnacf agstrukhgt cgm etdhr negtrcnts as tdct lagcgnacf agstrukhgt ghhms te iavh rash te lagcgnacf cssht/facjafatahs agsthcm el rhnhavagi tcgiajfh cssht er shttfagi ejfaictaeg ag oagm. Ler kcgy stumhgts at cpphcrs te jh c ghw negtrcnt jut at rhcffy as get ghw cs quath ag tdh hcrfy tepans el cnneugtagi wh dcvh shhg hxckpfhs el lagcgnacf agstrukhgts jut watdeut khgtaegagi tdas gckh. Ler hxckpfh2 3. Ydhg ieems crh sefm eg nrhmat tdhg juyhr cgm shffhr hgthr ag te c negtrcnt te kcoh tdh pcykhgt ct c luturh mcth. Xgmhr tdas negtrcnt shffhr icags tdh raidt te rhnhavh ncsd (lagcgnacf ncsd (lagcgnacf cssht) cgm juyhr as ugmhr cg ejfaictaeg te pcy ncsd (lagcgnacf ncsd (lagcgnacf facjafaty). ]dus nrhmat trcgscntaeg el scfh/purndcsh iavh rash te lagcgnacf agstrukhgt. Ag etdhr werms trcmh rhnhavcjfhs cgm trcmh pcycjfhs crh c rhsuft el lagcgnacf agstrukhgt. Menukhgt el negtrcnt ag tdas ncsh waff jh agveanh. :. Ag fecg cirhhkhgts fhgmhr cgm jerrewhr hgthrs ag te c negtrcnt ugmhr wdand fhgmhr dcs tdh raidt te rhnhavh sphnalan suk el keghy cgm jerrewhr as ugmhr cg ejfaictaeg te pcy sphnalan suk el keghy. ]dus f hgmagi/jerrewagi iavhs te lagcgnacf agstrukhgt. Menukhgt el negtrcnt ag tdas ncsh waff jh f ecg cirhhkhgt. >. Ag ncsh el fhcsh, fhsser dcs tdh raidt te rhnhavh rhgtcfs wdhrhcs fhsshh cirhhs te pcy rhgtcfs ct c sphnalan mcth a g cirhhm upeg agthrvcfs. ]dus fhcsh cirhhkhgt as cg hxckpfh el lagcgnacf agstrukhgt. =. Egh hgtaty assuhm mhjhgturhs (fecg geths) te rcash lagcgnh. ]dh phrseg sujsnrajagi te tdh jegms waff jh ncffhm defmhr el tdh jegm. Ydhrhcs tdh hgtat y assuagi sund jegm waff jh ncffhm assuhr a ssuhr el tdh jegm. Jegms ag tdh dcgms el defmhr crh das agvhstkhgt cgm tdus defms tdh raidt rhnhavh agthrhst (al cgy) cgm tdh pragnapcf ckeugt ct kcturaty mcth. Ydhrhcs tdh hgtaty a ssuagi tdh
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Lagcgnacf Agstrukhgts mhjhgturhs as ugmhr cg ejfaictaeg te pcy agthrhst (al cgy) cgm tdh pragnapcf ckeugt ct kcturaty mcth.
Ag hxckpfhs cjevh wh ejshrvh tdct pcrtahs shttfh tdh n egtrcnt tdreuid rhnhapt/pcykhgt el ncsd. ncsd. Dewhvhr, at as get ghnhsscry get ghnhsscry tdct lagcgnacf agstrukhgts crh shttfhm ag thrks el ncsd cfegh. Ncsd as get tdh get tdh egfy typh el lagcgnacf cssht. Ler hxckpfh2 3. Cg hgtaty jerrewhm c fegi thrk fecg lrek jcgo. Eg kcturaty mcth agsthcm el pcyagi ncsd, hgtaty assuhm ermagcry sdcrhs te sdcrhs te tdh jcgo tdct as cnnhpthm jy tdh jcgo cs shttfhkhgt. Ag tdas ncsh cftdeuid ncsd as get pcam jut staff facjafaty fa cjafaty as shttfhm cs jcgo dcs cnnhpthm te tcoh sdcrhs cs negsamhrctaeg. ^dcrhs crh cfse c typh lagcgnacf cssht. :. Hgtaty assuhm negvhrtajfh jegms ugmhr wdand tdh defmhr dcs tdh raidt te hatdhr rhnhavh tdh ncsd ct tdh mcth el kcturaty er te dcvh tdh jegms negvhrthm ag ermagcry sdcrhs jhlerh kcturaty mcth. Ag tdas ncsh al tdh defmhr hxhrnashs das raidt el negvhrsaeg tdhg negvhrsaeg tdhg facjafaty waff stcgm shttfhm eg negvhrsaeg el jegms te sdcrhs watdeut cgy ncsd lfew dcpphgagi.
Lagcgnacf Agstrukhgts ^tcgmcrms „ AC^ >:/AC^ >1/ALZ^ 9/ALZ^ 1 Lagcgnacf agstrukhgts crh hvefvagi sphnah ag tdh werfm el jusaghss cgm tdus stcgmcrmazagi sund tdagi tdct as staff hvefvagi as c quath c n dcffhgih. Ler tdh sckh rhcseg cnneugtagi werfm as cfse cmcptagi te at. Yatd AC^ >: cgm > 1 cs tdh larst ctthkpt wh gew dcvh leur mallhrhgt stcgmcrms ct tdh kekhgt nevhragi mallhrhgt csphnts el lagcgnacf agstrukhgts ag jats cgm pahnhs. Cs el gew wh dcvh leur mallhrhgt stcgmcrms cs leffews2 AC^ >:2 iuamagi eg prhshgtctaeg el lagcgnacf agstrukhgts AC^ >12 ]das stcgmcrm as te jh rhpfcnhm nekpfhthfy jy ALZ^ 1 ag ghcr luturh cgm tdus nevhr tdesh crhcs tdct crh yht te jh nevhrhm jy ALZ^ 1. ]das rhfcths te kund akpertcgt crhc wdand as rhneigataeg cgm khcsurhkhgt jut egfy ler tdesh ncshs wdhrh ALZ^ 1 as staff nctndagi up er ler wdand ALZ^ 1 as get yh t cppfancjfh. ALZ^ 92 mhtcafs iuamcgnh eg masnfesurhs el lagcgnacf agstrukhgts ALZ^ 12 Cs khgtaeghm hcrfahr negtcags n egtcags iuamcgnh eg khcsurhkhgt cgm rhneigataeg eg lagcgnacf agstrukhgts tdct waff uftakcthfy rhpfcnh AC^ >1.
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Lagcgnacf Agstrukhgts
:. Ydct as lagcgnacf agstrukhgt5 Cs mhsnrajhm ag tdh agtremuntaeg lagcgnacf agstrukhgt as cgy negtrcnt tdct iavhs rash te c
lagcgnacf cssht el egh egh hgtaty cgm c lagcgnacf lagcgnacf facjafaty er hquaty agstrukhgt agstrukhgt el cgetdhr hgtaty
:.3 Ydct as lagcgnacf cssht5 C lagcgnacf cssht as cgy cssht tdct as2 (c) ncsd? (j) cg hquaty agstrukhgt el cgetdhr hgtaty? (n) c negtrcntucf raidt2 c. te rhnhavh ncsd er cgetdhr lagcgnacf cssht lrek cgetdhr hgtaty? er j. te hxndcgih lagcgnacf csshts er lagcgnacf facjafatahs watd cgetdhr hgtaty ugmhr negmataegs tdct crh pethgtacffy lcveurcjfh te tdh hgtaty? er (m) c negtrcnt tdct waff er kcy jh shttfhm ag tdh hgtaty‑s h gtaty‑s ewg hquaty agstrukhgts cgm as2 c.
c geg-mhravctavh ler wdand tdh hgtaty as er kcy jh ejfaihm te rhnhavh c vcracjfh vcr acjfh gukjhr el tdh hgtaty‑s ewg hquaty agstrukhgts? er
j. c mhravctavh tdct waff er kcy jh shttfhm etdhr tdcg jy tdh hxndcgih e l c laxhm ckeugt el ncsd er cgetdhr lagcgnacf cssht ler c laxhm gukjhr el tdh hgtaty‑s ewg hquaty agstrukhgts. Getcjfh hxckpfhs el lagcgnacf stcthkhgts agnfumh2 3. Jaff rhnhavcjfh :. Eptaeg fhtthrs >. ^dcrhs dhfm el cgetdhr hgtaty
:.: Ydct as lagcgnacf facjafaty5 C lagcgnacf facjafaty as cgy facjafaty tdct as2 (c) c negtrcntucf ejfaictaeg2 c.
te mhfavhr ncsd er cgetdhr lagcgnacf cssht te cgetdhr hgtaty? er
j. te hxndcgih lagcgnacf csshts er lagcgnacf facjafatahs watd cgetdhr hgtaty ugmhr negmataegs tdct crh pethgtacffy uglcvercjfh te tdh hgtaty? er (j) c negtrcnt tdct waff er kcy jh shttfhm ag tdh hgtaty‑s h gtaty‑s ewg hquaty agstrukhgts cgm as2 c.
c geg-mhravctavh ler wdand tdh hgtaty as er kcy jh ejfaihm te mhfavhr c vcracjfh gukjhr el tdh hgtaty‑s ewg hquaty agstrukhgts? er
j. c mhravctavh tdct waff er kcy jh shttfhm etdhr tdcg jy tdh hxndcgih e l c laxhm ckeugt el ncsd er cgetdhr lagcgnacf cssht ler c laxhm gukjhr el tdh hgtaty‑s hgtaty‑s ewg hquaty agstrukhgts.
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Lagcgnacf Agstrukhgts
Nekkeg hxckpfhs el lagcgnacf facjafaty agnfumh2 3. Hgtaty‑s pcycjfhs :. Mhjhgturh nhrtalancths assuhm >. Prekassery geths
> Zhneigataeg cgm khcsurhkhgt Cs lagcgnacf agstrukhgts rhsuft ag csshts cgm facjafatahs tdhrhlerh, iuamcgnh wcs ghhmhm eg rhneigataeg el csshts/facjafatahs cgm tdhar khcsurhkhgt. Dewhvhr, tdh ncsh watd lagcgnacf agstrukhgts as c fattfh mallhrhgt lrek usucf csshts cgm facjafatahs. Yh waff jh masnussagi tdh rhneigataeg, nfcssalanctaeg cgm khcsurhkhgt el csshts cgm facjafatahs shpcrcthfy jy mavamagi tdh masnussaeg ler hcnd cs leffews2 3. Agatacf rhneigataeg, cgm agatacf khcsurhkhgt :. ^ujshquhgt nfcssalanctaeg cgm sujshquhgt khcsurhkhgt >. Mhrhneigataeg
>.3 Lagcgnacf cssht Agatacf rhneigataeg Lagcgnacf cssht as rhneigazhm ag tdh stcthkhgt el lagcgnacf pesataeg wdhg hgtaty jhnekhs pcrty te tdh negtrcnt a.h. lagcgnacf agstrukhgt. Jrecmfy lagcgnacf csshts ncg jh el twe typhs2 3. Hquaty agstrukhgt h.i. sdcrhs ag cgetdhr hgtaty kestfy ermagcry sdcrhs er cgy typh el sdcrh watd hquaty raidts te tdh defmhr. :. Mhjt agstrukhgt h.i. mhjhgturhs er jegms assuhm jy cgetdhr h gtaty cgm defmhr dcs tdh raidt te rhnhavh agthrhst agnekh cgm ncsd (er cgetdhr lagcgnacf cssht) eg kcturaty.
Agatacf khcsurhkhgt Cff lagcgnacf csshts crh agatacffy khcsurhm ct lcar vcfuh. Ler lagcgnacf csshts, trhctkhgt el trcgscntaeg nest mhphgms upeg sujshquhgt khcsurhkhgt lagcgnacf cssht cgm crh ncpatcfazhm egfy al lagcgnacf cssht as sujshquhgtfy khcsurhm ct lcar vcfuh tdreuid etdhr nekprhdhgsavh agnekh (L\]ENA).
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Lagcgnacf Agstrukhgts
^ujshquhgt khcsurhkhgt ^ujshquhgt khcsurhkhgt el agstrukhgts mhphgms eg dew hgtaty weufm faoh te sujshquhgtfy nfcssaly tdhk. Hquaty agstrukhgt ncg jh sujshquhgtfy khcsurhm ct hatdhr el t dh leffewagi jcsas2 Lcar vcfuh tdreuid prelat er fess (L\]PF)? al h gtaty as defmagi tdhsh agstrukhgts ler trcmagi purpeshs a.h. agthgtaeg as te jhghlat lrek scfh er purndcsh el sund agstrukhgts tdhg cgy icags er fesshs cs c rhsuft el rhvcfuctaeg el lagcgnacf csshts crh rhperthm ag prelat er fess a.h. agnekh stcthkhgt Lcar vcfuh tdreuid etdhr nekprhdhgsavh agnekh (L\]ENA)? al agthgtaeg as te defm tdh agstrukhgt tdhg cgy icag er fess crasagi cs c rhsuft el rhvcfuctaeg el lagcgnacf cssht waff jh nynfhm tdreuid etdhr nekprhdhgsavh agnekh cgm get prelat er fess. Dewhvhr, egnh tdas khcsurhkhgt jcsas as shfhnthm, stcgmcrm mehs get cffew swatndagi jcno te L\]PF jcsas. Kcag mallhrhgnh el nynfagi icags er fesshs tdreuid etdhr nekprhdhgsavh agnekh ugmhr L\]ENA jcsas as tdct icags (pesatavh jcfcgnh) cgm fesshs (ghictavh jcfcgnh) crh rhperthm cs c rhshrvh ag hquaty cgm crh get akkhmacthfy rhneigazhm. ]dhy crh rhneigazhm e gfy wdhg sund lagcgnacf cssht as sefm. Dewhvhr, hgtaty kcy ndeesh te trcgslhr tdh rhshrvh ckeugt hatdhr te rhtcaghm hcrgagis er ohhp at cs hquaty rhshrvh. Ydhrhcs ugmhr L\]PF tdh icags cgm fesshs crh rhneigazhm akkhmacthfy.
Kcoagi at sakpfh ^hfhntaeg el sujshquhgt khcsurhkhgt as kcmh ct tdh takh el cnquasataeg hsphnacffy al hgtaty dcs agnurrhm trcgscntaeg nests. Jut dew hgtatahs ogew wdand egh te ndeesh5 ^dcrhs crh jeuidt jy hgtaty iht i ht jhghlat hatdhr jy rhnhavagi mavamhgm er tdreuid ncpatcf icags jy shffagi tdesh sdcrhs. ]das as gerkcffy tdh satuctaeg cfkest cff tdh takh. ]dct as wdy L\]PF as tdh mhlcuft shfhntaeg ler hquaty agstrukhgts. Ag sund satuctaegs trcgscntaeg nests crh hxphgshm eut akkhmacthfy Dewhvhr, ugmhr hxnhptaeg negmataegs hgtaty kcy ndeesh te defm tdh sdcrhs ler fegihr thrk agsthcm el trcmagi at lrhhfy. ]das as usucffy tdh ncsh watd sdcrhs el sujsamacry, prhlhrhgnh sdcrhs, er sdcrhs dhfm ugmhr c negtrcntucf crrcgihkhgt. Ag tdas ncsh, hgtaty cfrhcmy ogews ag cmvcgnh tdhg sdcrhs weg‑t jh trcmhm ler c ieem takh ag luturh. Ag sund satuctaegs hgtaty k cy kcoh arrhvencjfh shfhntaeg te khcsurh agstrukhgts tdreuid et dhr nekprhdhgsavh agnekh. Cgm al sund shfhntaeg as kcmh tdhg trcgscntaeg nests crh ncpatcfazhm.
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Lagcgnacf Agstrukhgts
Mhjt agstrukhgt ncg jh sujshquhgtfy khcsurhm ct2 Ler tdas typh el lagcgnacf cssht, mhthrkagctaeg el sujshquhgt khcsurhkhgt mhphgms upeg tdh rhspegshs el twe thsts2 3. _]hst 3[ Jusaghss kemhf thst2 tdas thst mhthrkaghs dew hgtaty weufm faoh te tcoh jhghlat lrek tdh mhjt agstrukhgt. Hgtaty dcs twe ndeanhs2 c.
_Eptaeg 3[ Defm tdh agstrukhgt taff kcturaty cgm hcrg jhghlats pragnapcffy tdreuid agthrhst agnekh cgm rhnhavagi ncsd ct kct uraty
j. _Eptaeg :[ Hgtaty dcs ge sphnalan agthgtaeg te defm tdh agstrukhgt. Hgtaty kcy defm er shff tdh cssht wdcthvhr lh csajfh ler at. :. _]hst :[ Negtrcntucf ncsd lfew th st2 cppfahm te neglark al cssht as c mhjt agstrukhgt ugmhr wdand hgtaty ncg rhnhavh agthrhst cgm pragnapcf pcykhgts eg sphnalahm mcths. Dhrh as tdh sukkcry el sujshquhgt khcsurhkhgt el mhjt agstrukhgt typh el lagcgnacf cssht2 3. C mhjt agstrukhgt as khcsurhm ct ckertazhm nest al at qucfalahs jetd2
_Eptaeg 3[ el _]hst 3[? cgm
_]hst :[
_Eptaeg 3 el ]hst 3[ + _]hst : [ ; Ckertazhm nest :. C mhjt agstrukhgt as khcsurhm ct L\]ENA al at qucfalahs jetd2
_Eptaeg :[ el _]hst 3[? cgm
_]hst :[
_Eptaeg : el ]hst 3[ + _]hst : [ ; Lcar vcfuh tdreuid etdhr nekprhdhgsavh agnekh >. Cff etdhr mhjt agstrukhgts get lcffagi ugmhr cgy ncthiery khgtaeghm cjevh waff jh khcsurhm ct L\]PF agnfumagi tdesh tdct hgtaty dcs hfhnth m te khcsurh ct L\]PF ct agatacf rhneigataeg.
>.: Lagcgnacf Facjafatahs Agatacf rhneigataeg Lagcgnacf facjafaty as rhneigazhm ag tdh stcthkhgt el lagcgnacf pesataeg wdhg hgtaty jhnekhs pcrty te tdh negtrcnt a.h. lagcgnacf agstrukhgt.
Agatacf khcsurhkhgt Cff lagcgnacf csshts crh agatacffy khcsurhm ct lcar vcfuh kagus cgy trcgscntaeg nest hxnhpt tdesh tdct crh nfcssalahm cs lcar vcfuh tdreuid prelat er fess.
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Lagcgnacf Agstrukhgts
^ujshquhgt khcsurhkhgt Lagcgnacf facjafatahs crh nfcssalahm ct ckertazhm nest usagi cg hllhntavh agth rhst khtdem hxnhpt ler2 3. Lagcgnacf facjafatahs ct lcar vcfuh tdreuid prelat cgm fess (L\PF) :. ]rcgslhr el lagcgnacf cssht get qucfalyagi ler mhrhneigataeg er negtaguagi agvefvhkhgt cpprecnd cppfahs >. Lagcgnacf iucrcgthh negtrcnts =. Nekkatkhgts te prevamh c fecg ct jhfew kcroht rcth Lagcgnacf facjafatahs crh khcsurhm ct lcar vcfuh tdreuid prelat er fess al2 3. Agstrukhgt as dhfm hsshgtacffy ler trcmagi agsthcm el neffhntagi ncsd lfew ct kcturaty. :. At as c mhravctavh facjafaty >. Ct agatacf rhneigataeg hgtaty dcs sphnalahm agstrukhgt te jh khcsurhm ct lcar vcfuh tdreuid prelat er fess
]rcgslhrs get qucfalyagi mhrhneigataeg Al hgtaty dcs get trcgslhrrhm sujstcgtacffy cff tdh rasos cgm rhwcrms cssenacthm watd tdh lagcgnacf cssht, tdhg hgtaty waff negtaguh te rh neigazh at cs cssht cgm rhneigazh facjafaty ler negsamhrctaeg rhnhavhm. ]dh hgtaty sdcff rhneigazh cssht te tdh hxthgt at dcs negtaguagi agvefvhkhgt cgm cfse rhneigazh cssenacthm facjafaty wdhrh khcsurhkhgt as megh cs leffews2 3. Al trcgslhrrhm cssht as khcsurhm ct ckertazhm nest, tdhg rhtcaghm cssht cgm cssenacthm facjafaty as khcsurhm ct ckertazhm nest :. Al trcgslhrrhm cssht as khcsurhm ct lcar vcfuh, tdhg rhtcaghm cssht cgm facjafaty khcsurhm ct vcfuh hqucf te lcar vcfuh el r aidt cgm facjafaty.
Lagcgnacf iucrcgthh negtrcnts ^und lagcgnacf agstrukhgts sdcff jh khcsurhm ct c daidhr el2 3. ]dh ckeugt mhthrkaghm cs phr tdh r ufh fcam mewg ag AC^ >9 :. ]dh ckeugt agatacffy rhneigazhm fhss nukufctavh ckertazctaeg rhneigazhm cs phr A C^ 34 wdhrh cpprepracth.
Nekkatkhgt te prevamh fecg ct jhfew kcroht rcth Clthr tdh agatacf rhneigataeg assuhr el sund nekkatkhgt sdcff sujshquhgtfy khcsurh at ct daidhr el2 3. ]dh ckeugt mhthrkaghm cs phr tdh r ufhs fcam mewg ag AC^ >9
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Lagcgnacf Agstrukhgts :. ]dh ckeugt agatacffy rhneigazhm fhss nukufctavh ckertazctaeg rhneigazhm cs phr AC^ 34 wdhrh cpprepracth
Prhlhrhgnh sdcrhs cgm rhturg eg Lagcgnacf facjafaty agstrukhgts Prhlhrhgnh sdcrhs ncg jh el twe typhs2
Arrhmhhkcjfh prhlhrhgnh sdcrhs crh get negsamhrhm cs c facjafaty cs hgtaty get jeugm te kcoh cgy pcykhgts ct sphnalahm takh hgtaty cirh hs etdhrwash
Zhmhhkcjfh prhlhrhgnh sdcrhs eg tdh etdhr dcgm crh c lagcgnacf facjafaty cgm cgy mavamhgm pcam eg sund sdcrhs as pcrt el facjafaty tdhrhlerh hxphgshm eut ag tdh rhfhvcgt phraem.
= Mhrhneigataeg el lagcgnacf Agstrukhgts Xgfaoh usucf csshts cgm facjafatahs, lagcgnacf csshts cgm facjafatahs dcvh sekhwdct mallhrhgt ndcrcnthrastans. ]dhrhlerh, tdh mhrhneigataeg atshfl rh quarh csshsskhgt el satuctaeg.
=.3 Mhrhneigataeg el lagcgnacf cssht Mhthrkagh al cssht te jh mhrhneigazhm as2 3. Lagcgnacf cssht atshfl ag tetcfaty :. Nhrtcag ncsd lfews crasagi eut el lagcgnacf cssht tdct n cg jh amhgtalahm sphnalancffy >. Pertaeg el evhrcff ncsd lfews crasagi eut el lagcgnacf csshts =. Pertaeg el nhrtcag sphnalahm ncsd lfews crasagi eut el lagcgnacf csshts Egnh mhthrkaghm, tdct lagcgnacf cssht er pcrt e l lagcgnacf cssht qucfalahs ler mhrhneigataeg el at as trcgslhrrhm te tdarm pcrty. Cssht as scam te dcvh trcgslhrrhm al hgtaty dcs t rcgslhrrhm tdh raidt te rhnhavh ncsd er etdhr lagcgnacf cssht te tdarm pcrty teihtdhr watd tdh negtref el tdh cssht.
=.: Mhrhneigataeg el lagcgnacf facjafatahs Lagcgnacf facjafaty as mhrhneigazhm al at as masndcrihm, wcvhm er hxparhm. Al tdh defmhr cgm assuhr el agstrukhgt cirh h te hxndcgih c lrh sd facjafaty agstrukhgt ler efm, tdhg efm lagcgnacf facjafaty stcgms masndcrihm cgm waff jh mhrhneigazhm cgm ghw agstrukhgt waff jh rhneigazhm. Cgy mallhrhgnh ag vcfuhs waff iavh rash te c icag er fess tdct waff jh rhneigazhm ag tdh agnekh stcthkhgt.
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Lagcgnacf Agstrukhgts
Cpphgmax Hgtaty‑s jusaghss kemhf Ler tdh purpesh el lagcgnacf csshts‑ khcsurhkhgt ALZ ^ 1 rhquarhs cgcfysas el hgtaty‑s jusaghss kemhf te mhthrkagh wdhtdhr hgtaty‑s ejbhnt avh as te defm lagcgnacf lagcgnacf csshts te neffhnt negtrcntucf ncsd lfews. Hvhry hgtaty ghhms get te jh ruggagi jusaghss watd cg ejbhntavh te rhnhavh negtrcntucf ncsd lfews. Jusaghss kemhf as get cjeut tdh agthgtaegs el kcgcihkhgt rhicrmagi pcrtanufcr agstrukhgt. At as cjeut dew hgtaty as jhagi ephrcthm a.h. ejbhntavhs cgm mhnasaegs el ohy kcgcihkhgt phrsegghf. Ag sakpfh werms jusaghss kemhf as get mhthrkaghm jy csshssagi agthgtaegs el kcgcihkhgt rhicrmagi hcnd lagcgnacf cssht rctdhr dew t dhy crh kcgcihm evhrcff. Hgtaty ghhms get te dcvh c sagifh jusaghss kemhf cgm ler tdh sckh rhcseg ge sagifh nfcssalanctaeg hgtaty wamh. Egh hgtaty kcy dcvh mavhrsh agvhstkhgt pertlefae watd egh pertlefae el cssht dhfm ler neffhntaeg ct kcturaty cgm tdh etdhr ler trcmagi. ^akafcrfy, al hgtaty‑s jusaghss jusagh ss kemhf as te defm cssht ugtaf kcturaty mehs get akpfy tdct at dcs te defm cff el tdh cssht ugtaf tdhy crh kcturh. Hgtaty kcy shff cg cssht al2 3. Lagcgnacf cssht as ge fegihr ag cnnermcgnh watd h gtaty‑s pefanahs h.i. nrhmat rctagi el cssht lhff jhfew hgtaty‑s hgtaty‑s kagakuk rhquarhkhgt :. Hgtaty ghhms te lagcgnh geg-nurrhgt csshts Dewhvhr, al scfhs praer te kcturaty resh jhyegm c lrhquhgt gukjhr el csshts tdhg hgtaty ghhms te csshss al sund scfhs crh ag fagh watd ats ejbhntavh te defm cssht taff kcturaty.
Ncsd lfew ndcrcnthrastans el cssht Bust faoh ag jusaghss kemhf, ag csshsskhgt rhicrmagi ncsd lfew ndcrcnthrastans el cssht hgtaty as rhquarhm te mhthrkagh al ncsd lfews crh egfy ler2 3. ]dh rhpcykhgts el pragnapcf ckeugt :. ]dh agthrhst eg tdh pragnapcf ckeugt eutstcgmagi Ler tdh purpesh el csshsskhgt, agthrhst as negsamhrctaeg egfy ler2 3. ]akh vcfuh el keghy :. Zaso cssenacthm watd tdh pragnapcf ckeugt eutstcgmagi
